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      "body": "Congratulations @jairolarottas! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@jairolarottas/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@jairolarottas) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=jairolarottas)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "body": "Hola @jairolarottas, upv0t3\r\nEste es un servicio <b>gratuito</b> para nuevos usuarios de steemit, para apoyarlos y motivarlos a seguir generando contenido de valor para la comunidad.\r\n<3 Este es un corazón, o un helado, tu eliges\r.\r\n\n<h1> : ) </h1>\r\nN0. R4ND0M: \r\n4835 8320 8101 4744\n8693 3079 8898 6419\n1189 3767 3914 6027\n4230 4714 2820 8636\n",
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      "author": "jairolarottas",
      "permlink": "4grgbd-failure-of-cryptocurrencies-petro-and-petro-oro-due-to-absence-of-bs-oro-currency",
      "title": "Failure of cryptocurrencies Petro and Petro Oro due to absence of Bs.Oro Currency",
      "body": "Many readers have asked me to clarify my position regarding the start of the auction of the cryptocurrency Petro and the upcoming cryptocurrency Petro Oro announced. Here is my opinion ratified by several recent articles. Therefore I refer only to repeat concepts already published and public domain.\n\nPetro and Petro Oro are cryptocurrencies backed by oil and gold respectively. Although they compromise the oil reserves. the only thing that these cryptocurrencies achieve is to facilitate obtaining financing and breaking the US siege to the international financial and banking blockade because central banks are jumping. But these cryptocurrencies can not be foreign currency and fail because they are not coupled with a VENEZUELAN CURRENCY referred to the Gold Patron of national circulation through coins and notes issued by the BCV. The Petros and Petros Oro, as well as the Petro Gas and Petros Diamante do not constitute circulation coins in Venezuela. Read the article: Criticisms of PETRO according to Decree 3196 of 08-12-2017 https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/a256809.html\n\nWhat does a common citizen do with the Petro or Petros Oro? Can you go to the auto market and pay with petros? Who owns them who negotiates to make a purchase in euros or dollars? Who would receive in exchange for an instant to yen for example 10 million petr to buy CKD for Japanese vehicles? Both the Petro and Petro Oro cryptocurrencies will never be used currency by the ordinary citizen. The Petro and Petro Oro will be of exclusive access to those who own dollars. Both cryptocurrencies will never be reserve currencies for the Venezuelan who wants to save in their own currency.\n\nGiven the government's repeated refusals to implant a Venezuelan currency, we conclude that it DOES NOT WANT TO DO IT, and in this way avoid losing control of bolivars dollars. For more than three years we have alerted with publications, forums, conferences, radio and TV interviews about the risk of keeping the economy dollarized by selling oil in dollars. But the government is still deaf and let inflation ruin the country causing flight (diaspora) of the country seeking to save life because there is no food, no medicines, no automotive or industrial parts, no appliances or spare parts, etc.\nThe Bolívar-Oro and the Bolívar-oil currency (I) 04-11-2014 https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/a186157.html\nThe bolivar-oro and the bolivar-oil currency (II) 04-18-2014 https://www.aporrea.org/contraloria/a186551.html\nWhy does not Venezuela sell its oil exports in bolivars? 08-14-2014 https://www.aporrea.org/energia/a193230.html\nWhat is the Exit to the current Venezuelan economic crisis? 11-01-2015 https://www.aporrea.org/energia/a200905.html\n\nTherefore, given that the current government has been deaf to publicly announced alerts to sell oil in Bs.Oro Venezuelan currency. For this reason, the government is TOTALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE Venezuelan ECONOMIC DEBACLE due to wsbsite DolarToday's attacks. This situation has caused speculative inflation, famine and death due to lack of medicines and scarcity of goods and services in general. Had we done so, we would have decoupled from the dollar and DolarToday would have been neutralized. With the Bolívar Oro currency, the financial, banking and commercial blockade implemented by the US and Europe against Venezuela would have been neutralized, because the Bolívar Oro currency would be INEMBARGABLE because it is the exclusive property of Venezuela.\n\nSelling oil in yuan does not de-dollarize the Venezuelan economy because we continue to receive dollars and buy dollars. Therefore the US has blocked us the bonds in dollars, the accounts in dollars, the bonds in dollars, because simply the owner of the dollars is the government of the USA and as owners they confiscate and seize. While we sell in Bolívares Oro with the associated PetrOro cryptocurrency, all the bonds, accounts, investments are made in Bolívares Oro and not in dollars or yuan. Anyone who wants to buy oil must first buy Bs.Oro to pay for it and therefore we save in our own currency that can not be seized.\n\nMore and more countries are beginning to see the advantages of a demarcated system of the US dollar. Iran and India, as well as Iran and Russia, sell hydrocarbons in exchange for raw material products, thus avoiding US sanctions. In addition, China's economic strength allowed it to allocate a 10 billion euro loan to Iran, which allowed it to bypass the recent sanctions. In addition Russia and China go to the gold standard of their Ruble Gold and Yuan Gold currencies, as well as the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)  will soon launch the BRICS Gold. In fact, China is selling yuan oil bonds to be exchanged in the future for gold yuan in the gold market. Shanghai energy.\n\nVenezuela began a refusal to sell oil in dollars doing it in yuan, thinking that this way we de-dollarized our economy, big mistake. Our country has the largest reserves 25% (560,000 million barrels) of the world's oil, and maybe it will certify (go 11,000 tons) the possible 25,000 tons of gold in mines and open skies (13% of the total gold extracted in the world at all times). This situation merits Venezuela to have a currency referring to the Gold Standard and backed by oil. The Bs.Oro currency would float with respect to the volume and price of the oil that we sell and it is shielded with respect to the value of the troy ounce of gold.\n\nChina buys oil from Venezuela in yuan and plans to buy gas and oil from Russia paying with yuan. Moscow will convert the yuan into gold in the Shanghai International Energy Exchange. This gas-yuan-gold mechanism represents revolutionary economic changes due to the gradual abandonment of the dollar in trade. But for Venezuela, because of its unique dependence on 97% of oil, it would be much more effective if the Bolívar Oro currency is implanted with the associated PetrOro cryptocurrency.\n\nTherefore, these cryptocurrencies are destined only for operations or \"shots\" of money without identification of the issuers (anonymous), without paying taxes to Venezuela. This situation allows the crimes of money laundering, drug trafficking, and avoids the payment of taxes to Venezuela.\n\nIn addition, the Venezuelan citizen would not have these Petros and Petros Oro cryptocurrencies because they must buy them at auctions at prices outside the reach of the people because of their high cost. For an ordinary citizen, 1.00 Petro is worth US $ 60.00 (one barrel of oil) or Bs. 13,800,000 at the current exchange rate of 230,000 Bs per dollar as an illegal and speculative parallel change. This is a price beyond the reach of the Venezuelan on foot.\n\nThis scenario changes radically if the government establishes a new Venezuelan DIVISA attached to the Gold Standard, such as the BOLIVAR ORO DIVISA with a value of 1/100 troy ounce of gold 999. In this way, the Petro Oro (PetrOro) would be a single CRIPTODIVISA. value equal to BOLIVAR ORO DIVISA and issued only by the BCV. This DIVISA Bolívar Oro would have coins and bills of free circulation in Venezuela and within the reach of ordinary citizens. Then: 1.00 Bs.Oro = 1.00 cryptocurrency PetrOro = US $ 13.00 at birth.\n\nPetro Oro (PetrOro) cryptocurrency must be subject to the following conditions:\n- Issued only by the Banco Central de Venezuela\n- With equal and constant parity with the Bolívar Oro currency that I proposed with a value of 1/100 of a troy ounce of gold 999, that is with a current value of US $ 13.00. That value of Bs.Oro is floating with respect to the oil that Venezuela sells in volumes, price and currency with which customers buy that oil. Therefore the weighted value described refers to the troy ounce price of 31.1 grams of 999 gold.\n- The BCV must generate software to regulate the use of the cryptocurrency PetrOro has in turn the following control factors: RIF of the issuer of the \"shot\", concept thereof, destination, ISLR to pay for the amount of that \"shot \" This avoids money laundering, the flight of money, the omission of tax payments and the identification of the issuer, destination and concept. This process would be carried out automatically with this software on a Blockchain platform or block chains that allow for example Etherom.\n- Foreign cryptocurrencies should be prohibited in Venezuela to avoid money laundering, swallow capital, capital flight and illegal use of money, such as drug trafficking, terrorism, human trafficking, etc.\n\nThe Petro and Petro Oro cryptocurrencies established and operational by the current government, although backed by oil and gold, do not manage to demarcate the Venezuelan economy from the dollar and yuan. Therefore we will continue selling and buying in dollars the oil, goods and services in foreign currencies that control us financially and with the dollar block us the commercial and financial operations. On the other hand, the Bolívar Oro and the associated cryptocurrency PetrOro would be INEMBARGABLE.\n\nThe Bolívar Oro and the PetrOro would have these additional advantages to only sell the oil in yuan:\n- Exclusive property of Venezuela of Bs.Oro and Petro which makes them unattachable.\n- Fixed parity of the Petro and Bs.Oro of 1/100 of troy ounce with fast equivalence to the Gold Ruble, Yuan Gold\n- Release of the change in Bs.Oro applying a heavy 55% tax on capital outflow for no reason and 15% tax for any other reason of the \"shot\".\n- End of the destabilizing and illegal Dollar Today.\n- End of the banking and financial blockade of the US and Europe against Venezuela.\n- Opening to the international capital markets on the Stock Exchanges using Bs.Oro and Petros.\n- Internal inflation in Venezuela of one digit and one-digit bank interest with total reactivation.\n- Availability of immediate liquidity when monetizing bonds in Bs.Oro which would be unattachable.\n- Savings of Venezuela in its own and very solid currency.\n- Repatriation of capital seeking safety and better returns.\nAll this is explained in: Petro currency announced and Bolívar Oro proposed 04-12-2017 https://www.aporrea.org/economia/a256085.html\n\nWe regret the deafness and lack of planning of the government of Maduro in the monetarist policy. The implementation of a Bolivar Gold currency of 1/100 oz gold troy as the official currency of circulation in Venezuela is essential. The cryptocurrencies Petro must become cryptocurrency with equal and unchanged value to the official Venezuelan currency. The current disasters of our economy are due to the absence of this official currency, of course accompanied by the cryptpdivisa Petro. God bless Venezuela and the Venezuelans to overcome this severe crisis.",
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      "title": "Failure of cryptocurrencies Petro and Petro Oro due to absence of Bs.Oro Currency",
      "body": "Many readers have asked me to clarify my position regarding the start of the auction of the cryptocurrency Petro and the upcoming cryptocurrency Petro Oro announced. Here is my opinion ratified by several recent articles. Therefore I refer only to repeat concepts already published and public domain.\n\nPetro and Petro Oro are cryptocurrencies backed by oil and gold respectively. The only thing that these cryptocurrencies achieve is to facilitate obtaining financing and breaking the US siege to the international financial and banking blockade because the central banks are jumping. But these cryptocurrencies can not be currency and fail because they are not coupled with a VENEZUELAN CURRENCY of national circulation through coins and notes issued by the BCV. The Petros and Petros Oro, as well as the Petro Gas and Petros Diamante do not constitute circulation coins in Venezuela. Read the article: Criticisms of PETRO according to Decree 3196 of 08-12-2017 https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/a256809.html\n\nWhat does a common citizen do with the Petro or Petros Oro? Can you go to the auto market and pay with petros? Who owns them who negotiates to make a purchase in euros or dollars? Who would receive in exchange for an instant to yen for example 10 million petr to buy CKD for Japanese vehicles? Both the Petro and Petro Oro cryptocurrencies will never be used currency by the ordinary citizen. The Petro and Petro Oro will be of exclusive access to those who own dollars. Both cryptocurrencies will never be reserve currencies for the Venezuelan who wants to save in their own currency.\n\nGiven the government's repeated refusals to implant a Venezuelan currency, we conclude that it DOES NOT WANT TO DO IT, and in this way avoid losing control of bolivars dollars. For more than three years we have alerted with publications, forums, conferences, radio and TV interviews about the risk of keeping the economy dollarized by selling oil in dollars. But the government is still deaf and let inflation ruin the country causing flight (diaspora) of the country seeking to save life because there is no food, no medicines, no automotive or industrial parts, no appliances or spare parts, etc.\nThe Bolívar-Oro and the Bolívar-oil currency (I) 04-11-2014 https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/a186157.html\nThe bolivar-oro and the bolivar-oil currency (II) 04-18-2014 https://www.aporrea.org/contraloria/a186551.html\nWhy does not Venezuela sell its oil exports in bolivars? 08-14-2014 https://www.aporrea.org/energia/a193230.html\nWhat is the Exit to the current Venezuelan economic crisis? 11-01-2015 https://www.aporrea.org/energia/a200905.html\n\nTherefore, given that the current government has been deaf to publicly announced alerts to sell oil in Bs.Oro Venezuelan currency. For this reason, the government is TOTALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE Venezuelan ECONOMIC DEBACLE due to DolarToday's attacks. This situation has caused speculative inflation, famine and death due to lack of medicines and scarcity of goods and services in general. Had we done so, we would have decoupled from the dollar and DolarToday would have been neutralized. With the Bolívar Oro currency, the financial, banking and commercial blockade implemented by the US and Europe against Venezuela would have been neutralized, because the Bolívar Oro currency would be INEMBARGABLE because it is the exclusive property of Venezuela.\n\nSelling oil in yuan does not de-dollarize the Venezuelan economy because we continue to receive dollars and buy dollars. Therefore the US has blocked us the bonds in dollars, the accounts in dollars, the bonds in dollars, because simply the owner of the dollars is the government of the USA and as owners they confiscate and seize. While we sell in Bolívares Oro with the associated PetrOro cryptocurrency, all the bonds, accounts, investments are made in Bolívares Oro and not in dollars or yuan. Anyone who wants to buy oil must first buy Bs.Oro to pay for it and therefore we save in our own currency that can not be seized.\n\nMore and more countries are beginning to see the advantages of a demarcated system of the US dollar. Iran and India, as well as Iran and Russia, sell hydrocarbons in exchange for raw material products, thus avoiding US sanctions. In addition, China's economic strength allowed it to allocate a 10 billion euro loan to Iran, which allowed it to bypass the recent sanctions. In addition Russia and China go to the gold standard of their Ruble Gold and Yuan Gold currencies, as well as the BRICS countries will soon launch the BRICS Gold. In fact, China is selling yuan oil bonds to be exchanged in the future for gold yuan in the gold market. Shanghai energy.\n\nVenezuela began a refusal to sell oil in dollars doing it in yuan, thinking that this way we de-dollarized our economy, big mistake. Our country has the largest reserves 25% (560,000 million barrels) of the world's oil, and maybe it will certify ( go 11,000 tons) the possible 25,000 tons of gold in mines and open skies (13% of the total gold extracted in the world at all times). This situation merits Venezuela to have a currency referring to the Gold Standard and backed by oil. The Bs.Oro currency would float with respect to the volume and price of the oil that we sell and it is shielded with respect to the value of the troy ounce of gold.\n\nChina buys oil from Venezuela in yuan and plans to buy gas and oil from Russia paying with yuan. Moscow will convert the yuan into gold in the Shanghai International Energy Exchange. This gas-yuan-gold mechanism represents revolutionary economic changes due to the gradual abandonment of the dollar in trade. But for Venezuela, because of its unique dependence on 97% of oil, it would be much more effective if the Bolívar Oro currency is implanted with the associated PetrOro cryptocurrency.\n\nTherefore, these cryptocurrencies are destined only for operations or \"shots\" of money without identification of the issuers (anonymous), without paying taxes to Venezuela. This situation allows the crimes of money laundering, drug trafficking, and avoids the payment of taxes to Venezuela.\n\nIn addition, the Venezuelan citizen would not have these Petros and Petros Oro cryptocurrencies because they must buy them at auctions at prices outside the reach of the people because of their high cost. For an ordinary citizen, 1.00 Petro is worth US $ 60.00 (one barrel of oil) or Bs. 13,800,000 at the current exchange rate of 230,000 Bs per dollar as an illegal and speculative parallel change. This is a price beyond the reach of the Venezuelan on foot.\n\nThis scenario changes radically if the government establishes a new Venezuelan DIVISA attached to the Gold Standard, such as the BOLIVAR ORO DIVISA with a value of 1/100 troy ounce of gold 999. In this way, the Petro Oro (PetrOro) would be a single CRIPTODIVISA. value equal to BOLIVAR ORO DIVISA and issued only by the BCV. This DIVISA Bolívar Oro would have coins and bills of free circulation in Venezuela and within the reach of ordinary citizens.\n\n1.00 Bs.Oro = 1.00 cryptocurrency PetrOro = US $ 13.00 at birth.\n\nPetro Oro (PetrOro) cryptocurrency must be subject to the following conditions:\n\n- Issued only by the BCV\n- With equal and constant parity with the Bolívar Oro currency that I proposed with a value of 1/100 of a troy ounce of gold 999, that is with a current value of US $ 13.00. That value of Bs.Oro is floating with respect to the oil that Venezuela sells in volumes, price and currency with which customers buy that oil. Therefore the weighted value described refers to the troy ounce price of 31.1 grams of 999 gold.\n- The BCV must generate software to regulate the use of the cryptocurrency PetrOro has in turn the following control factors: RIF of the issuer of the \"shot\", concept thereof, destination, ISLR to pay for the amount of that \"shot \" This avoids money laundering, the flight of money, the omission of tax payments and the identification of the issuer, destination and concept. This process would be carried out automatically with this software on a Blockchain platform or block chains that allow for example Etherom.\n- Foreign cryptocurrencies should be prohibited in Venezuela to avoid money laundering, swallow capital, capital flight and illegal use of money, such as drug trafficking, terrorism, human trafficking, etc.\n\nThe Petro and Petro Oro cryptocurrencies established and operational by the current government, although backed by oil and gold, do not manage to demarcate the Venezuelan economy from the dollar and yuan. Therefore we will continue selling and buying in dollars the oil, goods and services in foreign currencies that control us financially and with the dollar block us the commercial and financial operations. On the other hand, the Bolívar Oro and the associated cryptocurrency PetrOro would be INEMBARGABLE.\n\nThe Bolívar Oro and the PetrOro would have these additional advantages to only sell the oil in yuan:\n- Exclusive property of Venezuela of Bs.Oro and Petro which makes them unattachable.\n- Fixed parity of the Petro and Bs.Oro of 1/100 of troy ounce with fast equivalence to the Gold Ruble, Yuan Gold\n- Release of the change in Bs.Oro applying a heavy 55% tax on capital outflow for no reason and 15% tax for any other reason of the \"shot\".\n- End of the destabilizing and illegal Dollar Today.\n- End of the banking and financial blockade of the US and Europe against Venezuela.\n- Opening to the international capital markets on the Stock Exchanges using Bs.Oro and Petros.\n- Internal inflation in Venezuela of one digit and one-digit bank interest with total reactivation.\n- Availability of immediate liquidity when monetizing bonds in Bs.Oro which would be unattachable.\n- Savings of Venezuela in its own and very solid currency.\n- Repatriation of capital seeking safety and better returns.\nAll this is explained in: Petro currency announced and Bolívar Oro proposed 04-12-2017 https://www.aporrea.org/economia/a256085.html\n\nWe regret the deafness and lack of planning of the Maduro government. They managed to eliminate the middle class and the institutions of the country, destroyed the SMEs and stimulated the flight of large companies. They destroyed Venezuela and only by not losing power are they resigned to stay even if the town succumbs. They do so because they have nowhere to go and they have threats of trials in the Hague and financial blockades around the world. Those who expect invasion from the US that will not happen. There could only be an international intervention if the OAS denounces the violation of the Democratic Charter by most of the member countries. God take pity on Venezuela and the Venezuelans.",
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      "title": "What are the origins of the bolivar as a Venezuelan currency?",
      "body": "The use of coins as a commercial pattern different from barter arose in Venezuela although it sounds incredible to us. According to this author, the coin did not emerge in Asia Minor or in China during the sixth century BC, as the ancient history tells. Some historians assert that in the Venezuelan Andes there existed an older culture, which, like the Mayan culture and the Egyptian culture, rendered a special cult to the serpent. \n\nIn the archaeological zone of the Tatuy in the Merida State, mysterious anthropomorphic figures with more than four thousand years of antiquity were found, which were looted by German archaeologists for private collectors and museums of the world, where today they are exhibited to the astonishment of the tourists .  \n\nThe Tatuy was the first universal culture that used gold coins as a commercial pattern. When the Spaniards saw the gold coins, the mythical city of \"El Dorado\" was born, from where that precious metal narrated by the conqueror Oviedo came, and which the Spaniards searched for uselessly. Indeed, the search for El Dorado became an obsession, which was credible by the gold coins of the Tatuy and the Mayas, which the Spaniards found in the Venezuela of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.\n\nAnother race of Venezuelan aborigines were the Arawaks, who were the first human groups to run into the Spanish conquistadors. They used the pearls of Cubagua as currency for commercial exchange. Also the indigenous natives of the Orinoco, used the so-called \"zamuro pepa\", as a monetary sign, which they exchanged with another currency of the Mayan culture of Central America. That other currency was the cocoa seed. That is why we say that before the arrival of Columbus, already in America there existed a monetary system that worked effectively, and that unlike the European was not subject to currency fluctuations, and therefore \"devaluation\" was not known.\n\nThe Spanish conquerors and invaders of these pre-Columbian civilizations used barter to achieve colonization through Catholic missionaries. The missionaries gave the Indians glass beads, mirrors, blankets and shoes, to make them submissive through evangelization. In return they received the gold that the natives used as coins. Our Indians did not understand wages as remuneration for their work. The Spaniards interrogated the natives to investigate the location of El Dorado, from where they supposedly obtained gold for their coins and ornaments. \n\nThe aborigines never specified the exact place where the gold was extracted. They only pointed vaguely to the region of Guayana, which was distant and diffuse due to the lack of cartographic maps.\n\nWhen the Indians were exterminated almost in their entirety, the population of slaves from Africa supplanted the Venezuelan workforce. During the first years of the Spanish conquest, foreign currencies circulated as negotiation instruments only among merchants, especially on the islands of the Caribbean. Aboriginal workers and slaves had no access to these foreign currencies. The Welsares began international trade in Venezuela, exporting the products required in Europe such as salt, gold, cocoa, coffee, precious stones, pearls, slaves. \n\nThus the foreign currencies displaced the pre-Columbian autochthonous currencies, destroying the pre-Columbian monetary economy. So for the occurrence of first attempts for the independence of Venezuela by Gual and Spain, only foreign currencies circulated.\n\nWith the wars of independence, how was the bolivar constituted as an official currency?\n\nAfter the independence cry of April 19, 1810, and the shortage of silver and gold required in the coinage of coins, the government of the First Republic went to paper money as a monetary innovation in Venezuela. In this regard Simón Bolívar said \"the issuance of papers without other support than the strength of being a government, was one of the causes of the fall of the Republic.\" \n\nThen the Liberator ordered the opening of the Mint to mint the silver coin. When losing the Second Republic, Pablo Morillo coined a new currency with the name Morillera. Later, after the Third Republic was consolidated after the Battle of Carabobo on June 24, 1821, the Liberator unified the monetary regime by fixing the weight of silver with the Venezuelan Currency Law.\n\nWhile the Liberator ruled, our monetary sign was strengthened in such a way that it took foreign currencies out of circulation. The Bolivarian silver coin, had for its manufacture with all the silver of Potosi and the gold mines of Guayana. The Liberator in its macroeconomic conception, worked for the just distribution of wealth, as the only formula to mitigate the misery: broke with all the traditional schemes of productivity controlled by economic powers, by encouraging the incorporation of the working masses into the system of micro-finance, to generate an economic dynamic of supply and demand, based not on excessive consumption (similar to the one that neoliberalism tries to impose on us), but based on productivity, economic independence, the incentive to exports, control of imports, and a monetary system based on huge reserves of precious metals. \n\nThus the bolivar was born as a currency, which was priced at par and the glory of the Liberator.  It must be remembered that Venezuela had won the war against the first world power of that era, which was Spain.   Later, in order to give greater strength to the bolivar, the Liberator incorporated the immense mining riches of the country into the gold and silver standard. \n\nOn October 24, 1829, Simón Bolívar signed a Decree in Quito where mines of any kind would correspond to the Republic. For the support in gold and silver, the great strength of the bolivar was generated as official currency of the Gran Colombia and later of Venezuela.   As we know the dollar began to \"penetrate\" our economy since José Antonio Páez (1830) as President decreed it as the official currency of Venezuela, after the death of the Liberator. \n\nDespite what the dollar was pursuing, it was simply that it was coined with Venezuelan gold from the immense mines of El Callao, since gold was scarce all over the world at that time. The bolívar was minted with the silver of Potosí and the gold of Guayana, while in the United States there was not enough gold to mint their coins, so in Venezuela the first \"morocotas\" that were worth 20 dollars gold, which was the coin, were coined. America's most valuable and therefore of limited circulation. \n\nThe gold morocota (US gold $ 20,00) circulated in Venezuela as an official currency during the government of Páez. That was the best proof of Páez's submission to the United States. With the bringing of the remains of the Liberator to Caracas, on March 29, 1842, the Congress orders the minting, in London, of Venezuelan copper coins and a national coin denominated cent, which represents one hundredth of a strong peso, and will carry the emblem of the Liberator with the inscription República de Venezuela \". \n\nOn June 12, 1865, Congress enacted a new Law on the monetary regime, establishing as a monetary unit the \"strong peso\" of the name \"Venezuelan gold\" with the effigy of the Liberator and the Coat of Arms of Venezuela. In the face of such announcement, the United States was once again threatened by the monetary solidity of the Venezuelan market with a currency much stronger than the dollar. After imposing their economic omnipotence, they forced Venezuela to return to the old bimetallism, to give legal course to the dollar.  \n\nIt was President Antonio Guzmán Blanco, who consolidated the Venezuelan monetary regime by the Decree of March 31, 1879, creating the \"silver bolivar\" as the monetary unit of Venezuela. The same Decree prohibited the circulation of foreign currencies, which in the future would only be accepted as goods according to their fine metal content. This was a hard blow to the US dollar circulating in Venezuela. The Venezuelan silver coin circulated freely from 1879 until the decade of the 70s of the 20th century, that is, more than 90 years. \n\nThe metric system was installed in the monetary system by necessity, to eliminate the European system that used the ratio of 1 kg of gold equal to 16 kg of silver. Guzmán Blanco in 1886, authorized to exploit the huge gold reserves of El Callao, to provide gold to the \"Casa de Moneda\", where the \"bolívar de Oro\", popularly called \"pachano\", was coined, in allusion to its director, General Jacinto Regino Pachano. During the twentieth century, the boom in monetary circulation in both the notes and the coinage of gold and silver, also brings an increase in gold reserves, which is why in the Constitution of June 24, 1918, it was decreed as a national monetary unit: the \"golden bolivar\". \n\nEveryone wants to invest in the country, and a migration of people from all corners of the planet begins. This arrogance of Venezuela, which was not seen since the time of Simón Bolívar, alerts the United States with its squalid dollar.\nBy the end of 1929, a political crisis financed by the Americans was generated with the support of the written press. The campaign achieved a devaluation of the bolivar against the dollar, before an audience that went to the banks to change their money. The exchange rate is set at Bs 3.90 per dollar. But such were the reserves of gold and oil revenues that the country had, that the \"Bolivar\" was revalued in May 1937, to settle at Bs. 3.35 per dollar, exchange rate pattern that remained unchanged for 23 years, as a record in the finances of a nation. \n\nVenezuela in 1960 was the envy of the world, while the US dollar, the British pound sterling, the Japanese yen, the German mark, and the French franc, which constituted the most powerful nations on the planet, fluctuated in the exchange market, the bolivar did not I suffered no variation. It was common to hear in international markets: all of them lower the bolivar less. Venezuela was the country with the pride of being the only country that had silver coins. \n\nOnce again the United States sets its strategy against Venezuela, and at the beginning of 1961, faced with a conjunctural crisis in the world oil markets, the government of Rómulo Betancourt established exchange controls to devalue the bolívar at 4.30 per dollar; and the silver that characterized the material par excellence of our coins, was replaced by nickel. \nBut even so, the strength of the bolivar is unquestionable in world markets and again Venezuela imposes another record of 22 years without currency fluctuation against the dollar; that added to the first 23 years, we became the only country that has achieved an invariable stability of its currency for 45 years (world record).\n\nWhat is the current state of the bolivar as a measure of our economy?\n\nThe US, with its neoliberal economic system and its policy of dollarization, uses the power of money to buy the conscience of the politicians of the day who take the country to a spiral of endless devaluations with an excessive demand of dollars for its operation. In this way, trade requires dollars, agro-industry is replaced by foreign products that demand dollars, all products depend on the dollar. Medicines, food, textiles, manufacturing, white goods, brown line (furniture), computer equipment and software, fixed and mobile telephony equipment, everything that is consumed in the country. \n\nThe \"port\" economy means that most of the Venezuelan companies are assemblers that require imported parts and pieces (CKD), causing a huge flow of foreign currency. The banks bought large amounts of dollars to play the devaluation and the exchange rate. Virtually all the dollars that came to us from the sale of oil, which belongs to Venezuelans, were sold to a privileged sector, which in turn returned them abroad with an inordinate purchase of imported products, or simply as a business to deposit them. in your bank accounts, betting on devaluation.\n\nThe balance of payment, that is, the difference in exports minus imports, was negative, international reserves fell, in a speculative market of buying and selling dollars, which ended up breaking the country's finances. \n\nWith this scenario occurred the infamous \"Black Friday\" on February 18, 1983, when the government of Luis Herrera Campins established a system of Regime of Differential Changes, RECADI, to restrict dollars from oil; and from then on, the bolivar fell precipitously into a speculative inflationary spiral sponsored by the successive devaluations, which in 21 years took it from Bs. 4.30 to more than Bs. 1920 per dollar, for the benefit of the economic empires that benefited of the brutal devaluation of the bolivar. \n\nIn addition, these economic empires continue in their attempt to continue devaluing Bs. 2150 for the year 2005 as reflected in the budget law for 2005. Meanwhile, most Venezuelans suffer the highest inflation in Latin America as a result of these unfair devaluations. the most disadvantaged are the Venezuelans of the professional middle class and the popular classes.\n\nAt present we live a hyperinflation, with commercial blockade. financial and banking of the USA against Venezuela that has the objective of overthrowing the current government but the politicians do not suffer the effects of this economic war but the Venezuelan people who today are suffering from hunger, lack of medicines, lack of spare parts for cars, lack of lubricants and fuels despite having the largest oil reserves on the planet estimated at 25% of the world's oil reserves.\n\nFor three years I have proposed a new currency for Venezuela, the Bolivar Oro, with a value of 1/100 of a troy ounce of monetary gold of purity 999. This new currency would allow us to sell our hydrocarbons in Bolívares Oro and at the same time we could buy the goods and necessary services paying with this new currency. For this we proposed the creation of a cryptocurrency associated with the official currency that we baptize BGCOIN whose letters mean Bolivar Gold Coin in the English language. \n\nIn other later articles we will give a detailed explanation of this new Venezuelan currency referring to the Gold Standard. It means that Venezuela also has the largest gold reserves in the world estimated at 25,000 tons of which 11,000 tons are certified.\n\nThe Bolivar Gold currency would float relative to the price of oil and would be shielded with the value of the troy ounce of gold. In this way the Venezuelan economy would be de-dollarized, avoiding the inexorable worldwide fall of the value of the dollar, which would affect our finances. \n\nSince 1914 Venezuela sells its oil in dollars to the present and this situation means the dollarization of the economy with an intermediate currency, the Bolivar Fuerte today so devalued. Venezuela with the Bolivar Oro currency would resume the strength of the currency that since the times of independence was manifested as the Gold Peso, the Bolivar Gold and the Gold Fort, the latter coined with 32 grams of 900 gold. \n\nHopefully the Venezuelan authorities will come to accept the convenience of having a currency of its own and of great strength such as the Bolívar Oro currency associated with the cryptocurrency BGCOIN issued by the BCV and assigned to Blockchain block chains.",
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      "permlink": "phenomena-to-analyze-in-venezuela-from-the-point-of-view-of-climate-change",
      "title": "Phenomena to analyze in Venezuela from the point of view of climate change",
      "body": "Twenty years after the ratification of a United Nations treaty on climate change, greenhouse gas emissions from the most industrialized countries lead us to global warming, pointing out the failure of these countries to the detriment of the entire planet. Carbon dioxide emissions rose 11 percent in the 1990s, and will grow another 50 percent globally by 2020.   In 1997 with the Kyoto Protocol it was agreed that by 2012, a group (38) of industrialized countries would reduce their emissions by an average of 7 percent below the levels of the year 1990. So far that did not meet, especially the US the largest CO2 producer in the world. Recently, the US renounced the treaty obligations, protecting highly polluting industries. For them, changing energy patterns with a view to reducing CO2 emissions means large investments and reduced productivity that would lead to large emerging economies such as Russia, China, India, Brazil, South Africa. These economies are grouped in the newly created BRICS Bank.\n\nThe effects of climate change are devastating. At present the self-regulating capacities of the atmosphere are being pushed to their limits and according to many specialists have already been surpassed. The solutions to the problems of thinning of the ozone layer, global warming and devastating climatic changes are not a matter of years, not even decades. That is why you can not wait for the effects become obvious and clear, because surely by that time it will be too late to act looking for solutions to the irreversible consequences. Venezuela collaborates with the production of ozone in an important way with the well-known Catatumbo Lightning, which acts without stopping every day and night.\n\nWhat are these consequences of global climate change?\n\nWithin the effects of climate change especially for the Caribbean region where Venezuela is located, we can point to hurricanes, storm surges, alteration of climatic seasons and especially the effect of \"child\" and \"girl\" that involves prolonged droughts or heavy floods due to a concentration of exceptional rainfall, earthquakes, landslides and landslides, fires.\n\nHurricanes are strong storms that form in the sea and have winds with speeds of 119 km/h and more.  Hurricanes are detected by satellites from the moment they begin to form and therefore there is usually a warning 3 or 4 days before the storm begins. A hurricane covers a circular area between 320 and 770 km in diameter. In the storm there are strong winds and rains that surround the central \"eye of the hurricane\", which is about 24 km in diameter. The winds of a hurricane can sometimes reach up to 320 km/h.  However, the greatest damage to life and property is not the result of the wind, but the rise of the tides and torrential floods.  A hurricane is a tropical storm with strong winds that circulate around a low pressure area. When the wind speed reaches 119 km per hour, the storm is officially classified as a hurricane.\n\nThe spiral bands of wind and rain that form a hurricane can extend hundreds of kilometers from the eye or vortex (it is a relatively quiet area). When the hurricanes reach warm waters (for example the waters of the Caribbean) then that hurricane grows in danger. We saw it with the hurricane that seriously affected Haiti, Jamaica and many Caribbean islands, as well as affecting the coasts of Venezuela. Other hurricanes like Maria, caused severe damage on the island of Puerto Rico last year. When the storm reaches the mainland, it can generate tornadoes on its shores. The most dangerous part of a hurricane is, however, the storm surge, a gigantic column of seawater, driven by the wind, which floods the coast when the hurricane enters the land. Even if the storm reaches the mainland during low tide, the water level can rise about 6 meters near the coast, although in extreme cases it can reach 13 meters.\n\nIn December of 1999, heavy rains produced a landslide in the Edo Vargas of Venezuela, and produced more than 20,000 dead and disappeared apart from enormous material losses. Usually, the heavy rains that are part of the hurricane cause serious floods while the storm is entering the mainland. To this we must add that they can create waves up to 18 meters high.  The hurricanes that affect the Caribbean territories have affected the northern part of Venezuela and especially the coastal areas. The hurricane season officially begins in June and ends in November.\n\nOn the other hand, the increase in sea level (between 1 to 3 cm per year) due to the thawing of the glaciers will undoubtedly affect the populated regions located near the sea. In addition to these effects, geotéctonics is affected when imbalances are generated by gravitational loads on sea beds, where the thickness of the earth's crust is lower than in the continent. Attending to the regular movements of tectonic plates and isostasy, these variations in sea level can produce increases in these movements with the consequent displacements of plate edge faults, which produce earthquakes and volcanism in the subduction zones. The volcanism in the Caribbean plate is located to the West in the countries of Central America and Mexico. \n\nThe volcanism to the East is the arc of the Lesser Antilles. We have seen the reactivation of some volcanoes in Colombia and Ecuador, neighbors of the Caribbean tectonic plate. Also in the orogenic belt of the Pacific has increased the activity of some volcanoes and generation of large earthquakes. Some of those earthquakes, especially those that occurred in Japan and Chile, have produced tsunamis that consist of subsidence of the earth's crust that cause a great wave of more than 20 meters high, traveling thousands of kilometers and affecting distant coasts such as Chile and the South Pacific islands.\n\nHow can we evaluate the threat, vulnerability and risk of any natural disaster such as hurricane, flood, earthquake, landslide, etc?\n\nRegardless of the uncertainties of the phenomenon to be considered (flood, hurricane, storm surge, earthquake) or of the knowledge we have of that phenomenon, the quantification of the Threat or Hazard must be done in probabilistic terms. It is usually expressed as the probability of a random variable X that exceeds a value Xo in a period of time t. So we have:  P ( X> Xo/t)\n\nThe random variable X can be some parameter that characterizes the intensity of the event considered, for example: wind speed for hurricanes, intensity of rainfall measured in millimeters, height of the waves, acceleration of the ground when there is a tremor.   Then the Hazard of this or that phenomenon is the probability of exceedance of the parameter that identifies the event considered, in a certain period of time (usually it is annual). The inverse of the annual exceedance probability is the return period of the considered event. Now, the probabilistic function to be considered is a function of the amount of data available. When there is a lot of data, the Gauss model or Normal distribution is used. When there are scarce events such as earthquakes, the extreme Poisson distribution is used. The decision of which to use corresponds to the experts who will work on these quantifications.\n\nTo sum up, the probability that a seismic event of a given intensity occurs within a specific period of time and within a certain area is called Hazard or Threat. It is called Vulnerability of geographical area, building, etc., to the degree of damage due to the occurrence of a seismic movement of a certain intensity. Then we define Risk as the consequence of the combination of danger or threat and vulnerability as expressed in the following equality:\n\nDANGER  x  VULNERABILITY  =  RISK\n\nThen the Risk increases with the vulnerability factor, considering that the danger is a natural phenomenon that can not be eliminated or reduced. The determination of the risk is made based on the projections of the classes of damages for the different types of geographical areas, buildings, or what will be studied. The risk is usually classified as follows:\n\nHigh Risk: They will probably have great damage.\nMedium Risk: They will have moderate damage.\nLow Risk: Probably they will not suffer damages or they will suffer slight damages.\n\nWhat is the situation in Venezuela in the face of the consequences of global climate change?\nVenezuela is located in the North of South America and belongs to the Caribbean area. For this reason the natural disasters that have occurred, occur and affect the country as a result of climate change. They can be classified into:\n\na. Floods due to the occurrence of heavy downpours.\nb. Landslides of mountains skirts due to the water saturation of the ground motivated by heavy showers of great duration.\nc. Hurricane winds during the rainy season, between June and November.\nd. Destructive earthquakes, because Venezuela is located between the tectonic plate of South America and the tectonic plate of the Caribbean (fault system of Boconó and San Sebastián, with more than 2000 km long).\nSwells with big waves due to hurricanes in the Caribbean Sea in the North of the country.\n\nThe damage produced is basically on the residents of the different areas susceptible to suffer the natural events mentioned, and the damage to movable property, on residential and office buildings, on roads and bridges, on ports and airports, on the sowings, on the industries, as well as the damages on the electrical services, of potable water, of domestic gas, of communications as much roads as of telephone transmission, of fax, data and Internet.\n\nDoes Venezuela have adequate prevention systems for all these natural disasters caused by climate changes?\n\nUnfortunately not for all the events mentioned. Venezuela has seismic resistant standards for the design of structures to resist earthquakes, for which it is prepared so that its buildings, bridges, dams, industrial works, etc., can withstand moderate to strong earthquakes, according to the geographical seismic zone in the which is the specific work. But fire prevention suffers from supervision and implementation in different susceptible areas. Perhaps the Petroleum Industry was prepared and organized to efficiently attend the fire emergencies in its facilities, but it is an exception when we evaluate the risk in other strategic installations. Today PDVSA is not prepared to efficiently and effectively address the risks that affect facilities, refineries, injection plants, pumping systems and polyduct networks.\n\nWith climate changes as a result of CO2 emissions and global warming, hurricanes have increased in the Caribbean, whose trajectories have slightly affected the Venezuelan coasts and some islands. Although for the constructions we have demanding seismic codes, the resistance checks against hurricane winds of, for example, more than 200 km per hour are not required. Of course, a reinforced concrete or steel structure building will be able to withstand such attacks, but the non-structural damage can be great and there is no need for it, especially for the roofs of humble dwellings located on the coasts of the Caribbean Sea.\n\nNeither is Venezuela prepared for swells with waves over 6 meters high. These events were not known in our country. With the acceleration of the effects of the warming of the earth these phenomena have been presented with considerable damage to property and some loss of human life.\n\nHowever, Venezuela has an integrated system of attention to natural disasters, led by Civil Defense, where the National Armed Forces, the different Fire Bodies, the Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Ministry of the Interior participate. and Justice through the security forces. The experiences of the Edo landslide. Vargas in December 1999, consolidated all these groups plus an immense group of volunteers, both national and international.\n\nWhat can be done to prevent and reduce vulnerability to these natural disasters?\n\nThe first thing that must be done is to evaluate the elements of Threat or Hazard, the Vulnerability and the Risk before these events. For this it is necessary to create multidisciplinary commissions to compile data and classify them, order them and model the probabilities of occurrence versus time. This will determine the Danger of geographic zones and islands, before the occurrence of hurricanes, tidal waves, floods, fires, isolation of communications by roads through landslides, paralysis of ports and airports, etc.\n\nWith the determination of the Danger of the events, the experts can classify the Vulnerability of the different zones and constructions that are in them. Likewise, risks can be quantified. With them, you can study how to reduce them through concrete actions in the short, medium and long term. This task can not be postponed and must be undertaken by the national government through the institutions to which this responsibility corresponds.\n\nShort-term actions must be implemented through local and regional governments, with specific budgets to reduce these vulnerabilities. Medium-term actions refer to the creation of mandatory national and local regulations, as well as the incorporation of those old buildings and facilities to comply with those standards. Long-term actions refer to research and development programs for new techniques to reduce risks and vulnerabilities. \n\nThese research and development programs should be included in the macro programs of the multilateral institutions dedicated to these tasks, in such a way that there is a reciprocity and exchange of technologies and methods to standardize the methods and units to be able to attack and solve those problems with the contest of several countries of the area.",
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      "permlink": "what-s-behind-some-characters-in-the-american-comics",
      "title": "What's behind some characters in the American comics?",
      "body": "Popeye the sailor is a character from the comics known to generations since the 1930s throughout the western world. We all know Popeye's strength when he ate the contents of a can of spinach. Popeye acquired an enormous strength that could overthrow his archenemy Brutus when he was subjected to an attack of jealousy by the courtesies of Brutus with his girlfriend Rosario. But as children and even adults we never understood that mystery of getting strength by eating spinach.\n\nWe remember pleasantly that our mothers showed us the hero Popeye so that we could imitate him in eating spinach that they usually gave us in soups that we did not like. As every child we rejected soups but when our mothers emulated the exploits of Popeye the sailor by his particular strength product of the intake of spinach, they convinced us to take that vegetable prepared in soups and as a companion of the lunches.\n\nCertainly that character created at the end of the 20s by the American cartoonist Elzie Segar, had a success at that time of the beginning of the silent film when the comics were fashionable in Chicago, a city where many comics were popularized in the known \"supplements\" They came to be sold in the Venezuela of the 40s, 50s and 60s. In the US, numerous characters were born from the comics drawn by the different creators, in which one of the most famous was Walt Disney. In each one of those characters there was a reason behind their creation, which in general the artists sought was to highlight virtues or defects of humans in different real life scenarios.\n\nI am not an expert in the history of these characters but I will try to explain the origin and reason of some of them, and I will do it only to illustrate the readers in the diversity of the culture that we have been inoculated as children by various means, starting with the comics written and finally with films from the sound cinema.\nPopeye tells his origin in his own name. It is the composition of two words of the language of Shakespeare: \"Pop\" and \"eye\", which together mean \"bulging eyes\". Well, those bulging eyes occur with the ingestion of a distorted yerba in spinach, which in reality was marijuana, and consumed by the US \"Marines\" when they had to go to the front of the battle, to drown the fear that every young soldier recruited was launched to war to perform military service and defend the American flag in the numerous battle fronts that have deployed throughout the world wars and other wars that have sustained the US in various continents from the last century to the nascent XXI century. We all know how in the Vietnam War of the late 1960s, the US occupation army received marijuana to \"enthuse\" the soldiers in those often suicidal missions they faced in that nation.\n\nIn the First World War, soldiers were \"enthusiastic\" mostly with the mixture of aspirin and coffee. For that reason in the field hospitals in the front, the soldiers made long lines to receive aspirin, to reduce fever or headache. But that was the excuse to receive the acetylsalicylic acid in dragees that mixed with the black coffee potion and took before going out in front. Other soldiers, especially the \"Marines\", used marijuana, which they supplied to the battalions, either by land or by sea, in the various war missions entrusted to them. Of course, that act of handing the yachts to the Marines was not legal, so their commanders did it very discreetly. Troops of the sea were passed on to them by Popeye the seaman, to distract the troops in the long missions on the high seas. The bride Rosario was the personification of the brides or wives of those marines who left at home and longed for through letters sent to them from the battle front. That is the truth behind that character Popeye.\n\nOther characters also have interesting origins to know. Walt Disney in its beginnings proposed in New York to the archimillonario Paul Getty will grant a loan him to make a film of long footage. Paul Getty, who was one of the owners of the oil company Standard Oil Company, denied it, alleging that he could lose money by announcing in advance Mr. Disney's failure. Then Walt Disney went to the mayor of New York to see if he participated in any civic campaign that the mayor could pay.  It was then when that mayor presented to Disney the urgency of convincing the New Yorkers to accept living with the mice and rats that swarmed in that port city in the sewers and invaded the residences of its inhabitants. Greatly Disney then created the Mouse Miguelito or Mickey Mouse, where he made mice friendly beings that were accepted by children in the comics that narrated cases of home in real life. We know today that Mickey Mouse became a star of cartoons and is one of the main characters of the Magic Kingdom of Disney in the first park called Disneyland or land of Disney, located in Anaheim, California. Later Disney World was created in the city of Orlando, Florida, which provides that State with the visit of more than 20 million tourists a year, being one of the main sources of income for that region of the USA.\n\nWalt Disney before the refusal of Paul Getty to lend money to him for his film, having observed that his office had numerous public telephones in the waiting room to avoid having to pay the calls of the restless citizens who waited for a hearing, said to him: Mr. Getty, I will not bother you again to borrow money. His attitude of lack of collaboration with the social needs of that city and especially for being such a pichirre will force me to immortalize him in some production that in the future I will realize without his help \". He fulfilled his promise and it was when he created the character \"Rico Mc Pato\" that we all know by the pichirre and avaricious that he is.\n\nOther authors created characters that highlighted, for example, citizens' defects. This is the case of Goofy. Goofy or Tribilín is a fictional character created by Art Babbitt from Walt Disney Studios. He is a dog with anthropomorphic characteristics and is one of Mickey Mouse's best friends. His first appearance was in the 30s in a short animation shows Mickey Mouse, Horacio horse and cow Clarabella singing and doing a dance show. In this era, Mickey's shorts and his animated gang made songs and numbers danced almost routinely. What would give this animation a distinctive character was the debut of a new character, whose way of acting would serve as a source of joke. But he highlighted the fact that the defect of car drivers who in real life became aggressive behind the wheel, despite being very friendly as ordinary citizens. Undoubtedly he had a positive message explaining the aggressiveness of drivers in large cities, subject to the stress of daily traffic.\n\nThe first appearance of Donald Duck was in the animation \"Silly Symphonies and The Little Hen\", in the 30s. The appearance that Donald had in this animation is similar to the current one. Many of Donald's shorts during the war period were propaganda films, released in the 1940s. Other notable shorts of this period include the so-called \"Army shorts\" and they were several films that followed life of Donald in the United States Navy, from his recruitment to his life in a camp under Sergeant Pete El Negro, going through his first commando mission where a Japanese air base is sabotaged.\n\nThe Donald character began to appear in most of Mickey Mouse's animations as a regular figure of his group with Minnie, Goofy and Pluto. In a short film appears the character of Daisy, Donald's girlfriend. His nephews Hugo, Paco and Luis also made their appearance in the movie \"Donald's nephews\". During the Second World War, the audience expected more overwhelming characters. It is not a coincidence the birth of lucky rabbit Bugs Bunny, who also witnessed the rise in popularity of Donald Duck.\n\nIn this way, dear readers, we illustrate the origins of those characters so familiar to the children of later generations (50s and 60s) and who came to our country as phenomena of subliminal transculturation, which persist today in our minds. These propaganda channels, under the naive figure of these characters, transmitted to us messages and values alien to our idiosyncrasies, in the most naive way, such as a cartoon or a children's film. Characters created in Chicago as Superman, try to replace the figure of Jesus Christ superpower who fights as a justice of good, explaining that comes from the cosmos as children of angels from other worlds (Ka El, Jor El) with names similar to Christian archangels whose names they end in the suffix \"el\" like Gabriel, Rafael, Miguel, and with adoptive parents (Kent spouses) similar to José and María.\n\nToday there are many new and varied characters imported from the US, Japan and other countries, which we must filter to prevent our children and grandchildren from receiving negative or distorted messages that harm their individual and collective mental development. Educators have the word and in some way direct and control the childhood distractions that come to our country through video games and fiction films. I take this opportunity to wish you all a Happy New Year 2018 full of health and prosperity and union with your loved ones.",
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      "body": "@@ -13572,617 +13572,28 @@\n e.%0A%0A\n-Why is it important for Venezuela to have a ptopia currency to sell its oil and other hydrocarbons?%0A%0AWe will remember two sentences:%0A%22Allow me to manufacture and control a nation's money, and I do not care who its rulers are anymore,%22 said banker Meyer Amschel Rothschil (1744-1812) who was the founder of the Rothschild dynasty.%0A%22Those who control the credit of a nation, not only direct the policy of their government, but also have in their hands the destiny of the people%22 This was said Reginald McKenna, member of the House of Commons, in a speech of January 1924 at the Midland Bank.%0A%0AIn Venezuela the 1\n+In Venezuela the Fir\n st R\n@@ -14133,115 +14133,8 @@\n or. \n- Fewer still attended the recommendations that for love of Venezuela from this platform I have humbly made.\n  His\n",
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      "title": "Bolivarian revolution of Venezuela",
      "body": "The word revolution derives historically from the discoveries of Copernicus, who established that the earth revolves around the sun, thus transforming the way we see the universe and our place in it. The social political revolution is a fundamental change in the power structure. Revolutions tend to be peaceful or violent when confronting conservative groups of the previous regime. This is the case of the Bolivarian Revolution that emerged after the change of government from Caldera to Chavez in 1998. Chavez in his electoral campaign never announced a change from capitalism to socialism. After several years he said it publicly without direct intervention of the people because he was never consulted in a referendum on this important issue.\n\nAristotle described two types of political revolutions: Complete change from one constitution to another or modification from an existing constitution. For Venezuela for almost two decades according to these last two governments we are in a revolution baptized as Bolivarian and that is turning violent because Venezuela is and has been capitalist par excellence and the conservative sectors are opposed to a socialism where liberal capitalism changed State capitalism that is what prevails in the country.  There is no change towards socialism and less inspired by what happened in Cuba. The United States is the one who really opposes and the traditionalist governments of the nations of the South and Central America. We saw this with the group from Lima in South America that groups Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Peru, Brazil and Colombia, who oppose the Bolivarian socialist revolution. In Central America, the countries that oppose the Bolivarian Socialist Revolution are all but Nicaragua and Cuba. The Caricom of the Caribbean region supported Venezuela's oil policies through Petrocaribe, because it eliminated the intermediation of the transnationals (7 sisters) that sold them the most expensive Venezuelan oil, with extra profit for those US oil transnationals. That is why Caricom supports Venezuela. This situation disgusts the US hegemony and aims to destroy Petrocaribe.\n\nThat is why Obama and Trump declared Venezuela as an unusual threat to US security. Of course, they feel affected because they lost those clients they had as intermediaries of the sale of Venezuelan oil. They also consider Venezuela a bad example for the continent subjugated to US hegemony as the backyard. On the other hand, Venezuela is indispensable for the resurgence of the US for oil, gold, gas, coltan, rhodium and finally, for the largest reserves of water in the world of the AlterDo Chao aquifer (5,000 feet of depth) shared by Venezuela. Brazil (Edo Roraima).\n\nRevolutions of global impact would be, for example, the liberal bourgeois Revolution of the Thirteen Colonies of the USA that ended the North-South War. The French Revolution was a social and political conflict, with periods of violence in France and by extension to other European nations. Concluded with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. The independence revolutions of Latin America of the nineteenth century where the Liberator Simon Bolivar had a special leading role with participation in the liberation of Spain of 5 + 1 nations. He failed with the liberation of the Floridian Republic, which in 1817 lasted only three months. Bolivar defeated Andrew Jackson Commander of the Union Army with 250 men in several skirmishes that took him from these lands of Florida. When Simón Bolívar returned to Venezuela, Andrew Jackson declared a bandit to General McGregor, president of that nascent nation, eliminating the Constitution written by Germán Rocio and the tricolor flag like Venezuela. The history of the winners indicates that the US bought Spain for what was the Floridian Republic without mentioning what really happened. They hid in history this transcendent fact of foundation and independence of Florida from Spain made by Simón Bolívar. Despite what happened, Simón Bolivar achieved independence from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Panama.\n\nThe October Revolution or Bolshevik in Russia that was a communist socialist proletarian revolution had the Russian civil war. The Chinese revolution that also had the Chinese civil war and ended with the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 with Mao Tse Tung through the Chinese Communist Party. All these revolutions took place violently and we believe that the Bolivarian revolution is heading towards this unfortunate fate. The Bolivarian revolution aims to change the social orientation of all Latin America to establish a single socialist bloc that confronts the US neoliberal capitalist hegemony.\n\nWhat are the results so far? What are the real results for the Venezuelan people?\n\nI am not a politician by profession, although I am a citizen with a political opinion. The term revolution in the discourse of politicians in these two decades who neglected to take care of the results for the people. The tests abound. Certainly the intentions of the present leaders have been noble and very applauded, especially by the failure of the last governments Carlos Andres Perez and Rafael Caldera of the so-called fourth republic. But the results of the fifth republic have been disastrous as we can see it in recent years. Wrong economic policies, falling GDP, rising inflation, falling income, scarcity, falling quality of life, falling education, falling health services, widespread corruption, manifest insecurity. The emigration to many countries of America and Europe of hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans and the current famine is the best demonstration with facts of failure. The road to hell is full of good intentions.\n\nWhat have been the errors of the Bolivarian revolution?\n\nThere are many other cases to illustrate the failure of the Bolivarian revolution for the consequences against the country and its inhabitants. Our purpose in this paper is to illustrate the errors of failed revolutions and the virtues of successful revolutions. The latter are those whose authors and leaders who promote it know the interests that affect and skilfully negotiate internal and external affected by these revolutions.\n\nExamples of victory of revolutions we have in Russia and China, who with much work, persistence and negotiation managed to economically defeat the US in recent times. Its success lay in the great capacity for negotiation, persistence in work and humility in its public actions. Examples of failures of recent revolutions are in the hemisphere where Chile and Cuba are two of the main examples.\n\nThe main big mistake was to face a war without bullets against a giant like the USA with chances of losing. He goes to wars to win, not to lose. It is the case of having confronted the US as an enemy of the country. Although the government and its operators, the large American companies backed by Washington are not little sisters of charity. Those transnationals and the United States showed great economic and media power, without allude to the military power which is indisputable. You can not face a giant like the US without negotiating. You can not be the icon of the change of the international status quo wielding a socialist revolution without bargaining power, without skilled interlocutors, without efficient diplomats because they affected the totality of US interests. One can not, for example, face a man against twenty in a fist fight. The consequences are obvious and that error that will cost the departure of Miraflores power with the danger of giving way to a right-wing dictatorship. Presidents Obama and Trump declared Venezuela an unusual threat to US security.\n\nThe second major error of the Bolivarian revolution is the lack of supervision of the government over the projects, plans, trust personnel, institutions and others that the government controls. Someone once said: A camel is a horse made without supervision, it is ugly and humpy, it walks crooked, but it walks. Certainly, this example of poor management demonstrates the consequences of improvisation, lack of supervision and of course the results of negotiation incompetence.\n\nIn all human spheres, sometimes the revolutions when they are carried in extremis lead to the extermination of the revolutionary leader either by isolation or by exit from power, although posterity recognizes the achievements. This is highlighted by the story with cases like Simón Bolívar with loss of the republic and separation of Venezuela from Colombia. According to the historian Jorge Mier Hoffman Bolívar was shot on 06-12-1830 at the La Ciénaga ranch due to the conspiracy of US President Andrew Jackson, Mariano Montilla and Santander. The story was supposedly changed to the death of Simón Bolívar for tuberculosis at Quinta San Pedro Alejandrino because the story was written by the winners. The historian Jorge Mier Hoffman demonstrated it with two volumes of his work The letter that will change history, which cost him his life for a hired killer less than three years ago.\n\nMahatma Ghandi who achieved the independence of India from England, was killed in New Delhi. Nelson Mandela whose recognition emerged as President of South Africa, came after 28 years in prison for fighting against the aparheit\n\nIn the field of music we have a striking example. If any composer was a revolutionary, it was Ludwig Van Beethoven. His production was extensive, including symphonies, piano and violin concertos, quartets, sonatas, songs and an opera. His music marked a break between the before and after Beethoven. His work affected the production of notable composers of the time who opposed Beethoven in his style. How did Beethoven end? He died almost in misery. Despite having financial actions, he wrote to his friends in London to ask for some money. After his death, his fame increased because his music impacted the world for two hundred years reaching the present time.\n\nIn the field of invention and technology we have a pathetic example, Nikola Tesla who was an inventor, mechanical, electrical and physical engineer of Serbian origin. Despite being the author of numerous inventions, many of them plagiarized by Americans, created a revolution. It consisted of creating a global system for the transmission of electrical energy without cables based on the electrical conductivity of the earth. The Tesla proposal worked by transmitting energy by various natural means and the subsequent use of the current transmitted between the two points to power electrical devices. Tesla claimed to have demonstrated wireless power transmission in early 1891. However, he was never able to put it into practice in an efficient way. Electricity was free for everyone and this did not suit J.P. Morgan, or Tomas Alva Edison or George Westinghouse. With the Westinghouse Electric Company he found a strong opponent of free wireless transmission because they saw the highly lucrative business of charging electricity and manufacturing cables, generators, transformer stations, etc.\n\nWhat were Tesla's mistakes? \n\nHis main mistake was that he did not know how to negotiate. The revolution of his inventions was going to impact the world and affect the business of alternating electricity transmission with cables. Engaged Tesla in showing the superiority of alternating current over Edison's direct current, what is known as \"war of currents\" was established. In 1893 a public display of alternating current was made in Chicago, demonstrating its superiority over Edison's direct current. That same year Tesla managed to transmit electromagnetic energy without wires, building the first radio transmitter. He filed the corresponding patent in 1897. Two years later Guglielmo Marconi achieved his first radio broadcast. Marconi registered his patent in 1900 and was rejected as a copy of Tesla's patent. Then a litigation between the company of Marconi and Tesla began. However, Thomas A. Edison tried to combat Tesla's theory through a campaign to promote to the public the danger they faced when using this type of current. Harold P. Brown, an employee of Thomas Edison was hired to investigate electrocution and thus developed the electric chair.\n\nHow did Tesla finish?   Of course, they did not electrocute but they isolated him in such a way that Tesla died ruined and alone in New York. As soon as he died, the FBI entered his house and appropriated all the notes with inventions still to-day. There is currently a demand for the genius of Tesla, especially in the US, which he chose to generate that immense work that has not yet been explored and exploited. Tesla is compared to Albert Einstein in the scope of his production.\n\nFor several years, I alerted the governments of Chavez and Maduro on www.aporrea.org about the consequences of the absence of efficient and effective economic measures for Venezuela. We demonstrated the importance of revaluing our monetary sign and establishing it as our own currency, and they were empty words for deaf dialogues. The current government of Maduro ignored, took the incomplete solution of Petro as an oil-backed cryptoactive, but without establishing a currency for Venezuela. These mistakes are paid dearly, we are suffering the consequences of all Venezuelans because the leaders eat full and have the medicines they require as well as protected against manifest insecurity. They have a lot of money coming from the embezzlement and corruption that they fostered due to the lack of justice and the bad example.\n\nWhy is it important for Venezuela to have a ptopia currency to sell its oil and other hydrocarbons?\n\nWe will remember two sentences:\n\"Allow me to manufacture and control a nation's money, and I do not care who its rulers are anymore,\" said banker Meyer Amschel Rothschil (1744-1812) who was the founder of the Rothschild dynasty.\n\"Those who control the credit of a nation, not only direct the policy of their government, but also have in their hands the destiny of the people\" This was said Reginald McKenna, member of the House of Commons, in a speech of January 1924 at the Midland Bank.\n\nIn Venezuela the 1st Republic (1810-1812) was lost because it had a fiduciary currency, paper without backing. Simon Bolivar said \"the issuance of papers without other support than the strength of being a government, was one of the causes of the fall of the Republic.\" I warned many times with writings on this website that the 5th Republic (1999-present) could be lost for the same reasons. Venezuela has long required a currency of its own and great strength such as the Bolivar Oro. The government did not attend the maxims of Simón Bolívar El Libertador.  Fewer still attended the recommendations that for love of Venezuela from this platform I have humbly made. History repeats itself.",
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      "title": "¿Qué hay detrás de algunos personajes de las tiras cómicas estadounidenses?",
      "body": "Popeye el marino es un personaje de las comiquitas conocido por las generaciones desde la década de los 30 en todo el mundo occidental. Todos conocemos la fortaleza de Popeye cuando se comía el contenido de una lata de espinacas. Popeye adquiría una fuerza descomunal que podía derribar a su archienemigo Brutus cuando era sometido a un ataque de celos por las cortesías de Brutus con su novia Rosario. Pero de niños y aún de adultos nunca entendimos ese misterio de obtener fuerzas al comer las espinacas.\n\nRecordamos gratamente que nuestras madres nos mostraban al héroe Popeye para que lo imitaramos en comer espinacas que usualmente nos las daban en sopas que no nos agradaban. Como todo niño rechazábamos las sopas pero cuando nuestra madres emulaban las hazañas de Popeye el marino por su particular fuerza producto de la ingesta de espinacas, nos convencían en tomarnos ese vegetal preparado en sopas y como acompañante de los almuerzos. \n\nCiertamente ese personaje creado a finales de los años 20 por el dibujante estadounidense Elzie Segar, tuvo un éxito en esa época de inicio del cine mudo cuando las historietas estaban de moda en Chicago, ciudad ésta donde se popularizaron numerosas historietas en los conocidos “suplementos” que llegaron a ser muy vendidos en la Venezuela de los años 40, 50 y 60. En los EEUU nacieron numerosos personajes de las comiquitas dibujadas por los diferentes creadores, en el cual uno de los más famosos fue Walt Disney. En cada uno de esos personajes había detrás una razón para su creación, lo cual en general perseguían los dibujantes era resaltar virtudes o defectos de los humanos en distintos escenarios de la vida real.\n\nNo soy experto en historia de esos personajes pero trataré de explicar el origen y razón de algunos de ellos, y lo haré solo para ilustrar a los lectores en la diversidad de la cultura que nos han inoculado de niños por diversos medios, iniciando por las historietas escritas y finalmente con películas del cine sonoro.\n\nPopeye relata en su propio nombre su origen. Es la composición de dos palabras de la lengua de Shakespeare: “Pop” y “eye”, que unidas significan “ojos saltones”. Pues bien, esos ojos saltones ocurren con la ingesta una yerba distorsionada en espinaca, que en la realidad era la marihuana, y que consumían los “marines” estadounidenses cuando les tocaba ir al frente de batalla, para ahogar el miedo que todo joven soldado reclutado era lanzado a la guerra para cumplir el servicio militar y defender la bandera estadounidense en los numerosos frentes de batalla que han desplegado a lo largo de las guerras mundiales y las otra guerras que han sostenido los EEUU en varios continentes desde el siglo pasado hasta el naciente siglo XXI. Todos conocemos como en la guerra de Vietnam de finales de los 60, el ejercito de ocupación estadounidense recibía marihuana para “entusiasmar” a los soldados en esas misiones muchas veces suicidas que enfrentaban en esa nación.\n\nEn la primera guerra mundial, los soldados se “entusiasmaban” en su mayoría con la mezcla de la aspirina con el cafecito. Por esa razón en los hospitales de campaña en el frente, hacían grandes colas los soldados para recibir la aspirina, para disminuir la fiebre o el dolor de cabeza. Pero esa era la excusa para recibir el ácido acetilsalicílico en grageas que mezclaban con la poción de café negro y tomaban antes de salir al frente. Otros soldados especialmente los “marines” consumían la marihuana, que les suministraban a los batallones, sea por tierra o por mar, en las diversas misiones de guerra que les encomendaban. Claro, esa acción de entregarles esa yerba a los marines no era legal, por tanto lo hacían sus comandantes muy discretamente. A las tropas del mar les pasaban cortometrajes de aventuras de Popeye el marino, para distraer a las tropas en las largas misiones en alta mar. La novia Rosario era la personificación de las novias o esposas de esos marines que dejaban en casa y que añoraban a través de cartas que les enviaban desde el frente de batalla. Esa es la verdad detrás de ese personaje Popeye.\n\nOtros personajes tienen también orígenes interesantes de conocer. Walt Disney en sus inicios propuso en New York al archimillonario Paul Getty le otorgara un préstamo para hacer una película de largo metraje. Paul Getty quién era uno de los dueños de la petrolera Standard Oil Company, se lo negó alegando que podía perder el dinero anunciando anticipadamente el fracaso del señor Disney. Entonces Walt Disney acudió al alcalde de New Cork para ver si participaba en alguna campaña cívica que esa alcaldía pudiera sufragar. Fue entonces cuando ese alcalde le planteo a Disney la urgencia de convencer a los newyorkinos de aceptar convivir con los ratones y ratas que pululaban en esa ciudad portuaria en las alcantarillas e invadían las residencias de sus habitantes. Genialmente Disney creó entonces el Ratón Miguelito o Mickey Mouse, donde hizo de los ratones unos seres amigables que eran aceptados por los niños en las historietas que narraban casos de casa en la vida real. Sabemos hoy que Mickey Mouse se convirtió en una estrella de los dibujos animados y es uno de los principales personajes del Reino Mágico de Disney en el primer parque llamado Disneylandia o tierra de Disney, ubicado en Anaheim, California. Posteriormente fue creado Disney World en la ciudad de Orlando, Florida, el cual provee a ese Estado de la visita de mas de 20 millones de turistas al año, siendo una de las principales fuentes de ingreso de esa región de los EEUU.\n\nWalt Disney ante la negativa de Paul Getty de prestarle dinero para su película, habiendo observado que su oficina tenía numerosos teléfonos públicos en la sala de espera para evitar tener que pagar las llamadas de los inquietos ciudadanos que esperaban por una audiencia, le dijo: “señor Getty, no volveré a molestarlo para pedirle dinero prestado. Su actitud de falta de colaboración con las necesidades sociales de esa ciudad y especialmente por ser tan pichirre me obligarán a inmortalizarlo en alguna producción que en un futuro realizaré sin su ayuda”. Cumplió su promesa y fue cuando creó el personaje “Rico Mc Pato” que todos conocemos por lo pichirre y avaro que es.\n\nOtros autores crearon personajes que resaltaban por ejemplo defectos de los ciudadanos. Es el caso de Goofy. Goofy o Tribilín es un personaje de ficción creado por Art Babbitt de los estudios de Walt Disney. Es un perro de características antropomórficas y es uno de los mejores amigos de Mickey Mouse. Su primera aparición fue en los años 30 en un corto de animación muestra a Mickey Mouse, el caballo Horacio y a la vaca Clarabella cantando y haciendo un espectáculo de baile. En esta época, los cortos de Mickey y su pandilla animada hacían canciones y números bailados casi rutinariamente. Lo que le daría a esta animación un carácter distintivo fue el debut de un nuevo personaje, cuya forma de actuar serviría como fuente de chiste. Pero destacó el hecho de destacar el defecto de los conductores de automóviles que en la vida real se convertían en seres agresivos detrás del volante, a pesar de ser muy simpáticos como ciudadanos de a pie. Indudablemente tenía un mensaje positivo de explicación de la agresividad de los conductores en las grandes ciudades, sometidos al estrés del tráfico diario.\nLa primera aparición del Pato Donald fue en la animación “Sinfonías tontas y La gallinita sabia”, en los años 30. La apariencia que tenía Donald en esta animación es similar a la actual. Muchos de los cortos de Donald durante el período de guerras fueron películas de propaganda, lanzadas en los años 40. Otros cortos notables de este período incluyen los llamados “cortos de la Armada” (Army shorts), y fueron varias películas que siguieron la vida de Donald en la Armada de Estados Unidos, desde su reclutamiento hasta su vida en un campamento bajo las órdenes del sargento Pete El Negro, pasando por su primera misión comando donde se sabotea una base aérea japonesa.\n\nEl personaje Donald comenzó a aparecer en la mayoría de las animaciones del Ratón Mickey como una figura habitual de su grupo con Minnie, Goofy o Tribilín y Pluto. En un cortometraje aparece el personaje de Daisy, novia de Donald. Sus sobrinos Hugo, Paco y Luis hicieron también su aparición en la película “Los sobrinos de Donald”. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la audiencia esperaba personajes más avasalladores. No es una coincidencia el nacimiento del conejo de la suerte Bugs Bunny, que también fue testigo del ascenso de popularidad del Pato Donald. \n\nDe esta manera apreciados lectores, ilustramos los orígenes de esos personajes tan familiares a los niños de las generaciones posteriores (años 50 y 60) y que llegaron a nuestro país como fenómenos de transculturización subliminal, que persisten hoy en día en nuestras mentes. Estas vías de propaganda bajo la ingenua figura de estos personajes, nos transmitieron mensajes y valores ajenos a nuestra idiosincrasia, de la manera más ingenua como es una historieta o una película infantil. Personajes creados en Chicago como Superman, tratan de sustituir la figura de Jesucristo superpoderoso que lucha como justiciero del bien, explicando que proviene del cosmos como hijos de ángeles de otros mundos (Ka El, Jor El) con nombres similares a los arcángeles cristianos cuyos nombres terminan en el sufijo “el” como Gabriel, Rafael, Miguel, y con padres adoptivos (esposos Kent) similares a José y María.\n\nHoy en día hay muchos y variados nuevos personajes importados de EEUU, de Japón y otros países, los cuales debemos filtrar para evitar que nuestros hijos y nietos reciban mensajes negativos o distorsionados que perjudiquen su desarrollo mental individual y colectivo. Tienen la palabra los educadores y quienes de alguna manera dirigen y controlan las distracciones infantiles que llegan a nuestro país a través de los videojuegos y películas de ficción. Aprovecho para desearles a todos un Feliz Año 2018 lleno de salud y prosperidad y unión con sus seres queridos.",
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      "body": "@@ -9956,10 +9956,10 @@\n o 20\n-09\n+18\n  lle\n",
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      "body": "There is no error, this is their plan, this is the plan of chavez, poverty, chaos, corruption, this was made with their hands, they know what they do and how to do it, there was no mistakes",
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      "author": "jairolarottas",
      "permlink": "bolivarian-revolution-of-venezuela",
      "title": "Bolivarian revolution of Venezuela",
      "body": "The word revolution derives historically from the discoveries of Copernicus, who established that the earth revolves around the sun, thus transforming the way we see the universe and our place in it. The social political revolution is a fundamental change in the power structure. Revolutions tend to be peaceful or violent when confronting conservative groups of the previous regime. This is the case of the Bolivarian Revolution that emerged after the change of government from Caldera to Chavez in 1998. Chavez in his electoral campaign never announced a change from capitalism to socialism. After several years he said it publicly without direct intervention of the people because he was never consulted in a referendum on this important issue.\n\nAristotle described two types of political revolutions: Complete change from one constitution to another or modification from an existing constitution. For Venezuela for almost two decades according to these last two governments we are in a revolution baptized as Bolivarian and that is turning violent because Venezuela is and has been capitalist par excellence and the conservative sectors are opposed to a socialism where liberal capitalism changed State capitalism that is what prevails in the country.  There is no change towards socialism and less inspired by what happened in Cuba. The United States is the one who really opposes and the traditionalist governments of the nations of the South and Central America. We saw this with the group from Lima in South America that groups Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Peru, Brazil and Colombia, who oppose the Bolivarian socialist revolution. In Central America, the countries that oppose the Bolivarian Socialist Revolution are all but Nicaragua and Cuba. The Caricom of the Caribbean region supported Venezuela's oil policies through Petrocaribe, because it eliminated the intermediation of the transnationals (7 sisters) that sold them the most expensive Venezuelan oil, with extra profit for those US oil transnationals. That is why Caricom supports Venezuela. This situation disgusts the US hegemony and aims to destroy Petrocaribe.\n\nThat is why Obama and Trump declared Venezuela as an unusual threat to US security. Of course, they feel affected because they lost those clients they had as intermediaries of the sale of Venezuelan oil. They also consider Venezuela a bad example for the continent subjugated to US hegemony as the backyard. On the other hand, Venezuela is indispensable for the resurgence of the US for oil, gold, gas, coltan, rhodium and finally, for the largest reserves of water in the world of the AlterDo Chao aquifer (5,000 feet of depth) shared by Venezuela. Brazil (Edo Roraima).\n\nRevolutions of global impact would be, for example, the liberal bourgeois Revolution of the Thirteen Colonies of the USA that ended the North-South War. The French Revolution was a social and political conflict, with periods of violence in France and by extension to other European nations. Concluded with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. The independence revolutions of Latin America of the nineteenth century where the Liberator Simon Bolivar had a special leading role with participation in the liberation of Spain of 5 + 1 nations. He failed with the liberation of the Floridian Republic, which in 1817 lasted only three months. Bolivar defeated Andrew Jackson Commander of the Union Army with 250 men in several skirmishes that took him from these lands of Florida. When Simón Bolívar returned to Venezuela, Andrew Jackson declared a bandit to General McGregor, president of that nascent nation, eliminating the Constitution written by Germán Rocio and the tricolor flag like Venezuela. The history of the winners indicates that the US bought Spain for what was the Floridian Republic without mentioning what really happened. They hid in history this transcendent fact of foundation and independence of Florida from Spain made by Simón Bolívar. Despite what happened, Simón Bolivar achieved independence from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Panama.\n\nThe October Revolution or Bolshevik in Russia that was a communist socialist proletarian revolution had the Russian civil war. The Chinese revolution that also had the Chinese civil war and ended with the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 with Mao Tse Tung through the Chinese Communist Party. All these revolutions took place violently and we believe that the Bolivarian revolution is heading towards this unfortunate fate. The Bolivarian revolution aims to change the social orientation of all Latin America to establish a single socialist bloc that confronts the US neoliberal capitalist hegemony.\n\nWhat are the results so far? What are the real results for the Venezuelan people?\nI am not a politician by profession, although I am a citizen with a political opinion that according to the Constitution allows opinion with the vote. The term revolution in the discourse of politicians in these two decades who neglected to take care of the results for the people. The tests abound. Certainly the intentions of the present leaders have been noble and very applauded, especially by the failure of the last governments Carlos Andres Perez and Rafael Caldera of the so-called fourth republic. But the results of the fifth republic have been disastrous as we can see it in recent years. Wrong economic policies, falling GDP, rising inflation, falling income, scarcity, falling quality of life, falling education, falling health services, widespread corruption, manifest insecurity. The emigration to many countries of America and Europe of hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans and the current famine is the best demonstration with facts of failure. The road to hell is full of good intentions.\nWhat have been the errors of the Bolivarian revolution?\n\nThere are many other cases to illustrate the failure of the Bolivarian revolution for the consequences against the country and its inhabitants. Our purpose in this paper is to illustrate the errors of failed revolutions and the virtues of successful revolutions. The latter are those whose authors and leaders who promote it know the interests that affect and skilfully negotiate internal and external affected by these revolutions.\n\nExamples of victory of revolutions we have in Russia and China, who with much work, persistence and negotiation managed to economically defeat the US in recent times. Its success lay in the great capacity for negotiation, persistence in work and humility in its public actions. Examples of failures of recent revolutions are in the hemisphere where Chile and Cuba are two of the main examples.\n\nThe main big mistake was to face a war without bullets against a giant like the USA with chances of losing. He goes to wars to win, not to lose. It is the case of having confronted the US as an enemy of the country. Although the government and its operators, the large American companies backed by Washington are not little sisters of charity. Those transnationals and the United States showed great economic and media power, without allude to the military power which is indisputable. You can not face a giant like the US without negotiating. You can not be the icon of the change of the international status quo wielding a socialist revolution without bargaining power, without skilled interlocutors, without efficient diplomats because they affected the totality of US interests. One can not, for example, face a man against twenty in a fist fight. The consequences are obvious and that error that will cost the departure of Miraflores power with the danger of giving way to a right-wing dictatorship. Presidents Obama and Trump declared Venezuela an unusual threat to US security.\n\nThe second major error of the Bolivarian revolution is the lack of supervision of the government over the projects, plans, trust personnel, institutions and others that the government controls. Someone once said: A camel is a horse made without supervision, it is ugly and humpy, it walks crooked, but it walks. Certainly, this example of poor management demonstrates the consequences of improvisation, lack of supervision and of course the results of negotiation incompetence.\n\nIn all human spheres, sometimes the revolutions when they are carried in extremis lead to the extermination of the revolutionary leader either by isolation or by exit from power, although posterity recognizes the achievements. This is highlighted by the story with cases like Simón Bolívar with loss of the republic and separation of Venezuela from Colombia. According to the historian Jorge Mier Hoffman Bolívar was shot on 06-12-1830 at the La Ciénaga ranch due to the conspiracy of US President Andrew Jackson, Mariano Montilla and Santander. The story was supposedly changed to the death of Simón Bolívar for tuberculosis at Quinta San Pedro Alejandrino because the story was written by the winners. The historian Jorge Mier Hoffman demonstrated it with two volumes of his work The letter that will change history, which cost him his life for a hired killer less than three years ago.\n\nMahatma Ghandi who achieved the independence of India from England, was killed in New Delhi. Nelson Mandela whose recognition emerged as President of South Africa, came after 28 years in prison for fighting against the aparheit\n\nIn the field of music we have a striking example. If any composer was a revolutionary, it was Ludwig Van Beethoven. His production was extensive, including symphonies, piano and violin concertos, quartets, sonatas, songs and an opera. His music marked a break between the before and after Beethoven. His work affected the production of notable composers of the time who opposed Beethoven in his style. How did Beethoven end? He died almost in misery. Despite having financial actions, he wrote to his friends in London to ask for some money. After his death, his fame increased because his music impacted the world for two hundred years reaching the present time.\n\nIn the field of invention and technology we have a pathetic example, Nikola Tesla who was an inventor, mechanical, electrical and physical engineer of Serbian origin. Despite being the author of numerous inventions, many of them plagiarized by Americans, created a revolution. It consisted of creating a global system for the transmission of electrical energy without cables based on the electrical conductivity of the earth. The Tesla proposal worked by transmitting energy by various natural means and the subsequent use of the current transmitted between the two points to power electrical devices. Tesla claimed to have demonstrated wireless power transmission in early 1891. However, he was never able to put it into practice in an efficient way. Electricity was free for everyone and this did not suit J.P. Morgan, or Tomas Alva Edison or George Westinghouse. With the Westinghouse Electric Company he found a strong opponent of free wireless transmission because they saw the highly lucrative business of charging electricity and manufacturing cables, generators, transformer stations, etc.\n\nWhat were Tesla's mistakes? His main mistake was that he did not know how to negotiate. The revolution of his inventions was going to impact the world and affect the business of alternating electricity transmission with cables. Engaged Tesla in showing the superiority of alternating current over Edison's direct current, what is known as \"war of currents\" was established. In 1893 a public display of alternating current was made in Chicago, demonstrating its superiority over Edison's direct current. That same year Tesla managed to transmit electromagnetic energy without wires, building the first radio transmitter. He filed the corresponding patent in 1897. Two years later Guglielmo Marconi achieved his first radio broadcast. Marconi registered his patent in 1900 and was rejected as a copy of Tesla's patent. Then a litigation between the company of Marconi and Tesla began. However, Thomas A. Edison tried to combat Tesla's theory through a campaign to promote to the public the danger they faced when using this type of current. Harold P. Brown, an employee of Thomas Edison was hired to investigate electrocution and thus developed the electric chair.\n\nHow did Tesla finish? Of course, they did not electrocute but they isolated him in such a way that Tesla died ruined and alone in New York. As soon as he died, the FBI entered his house and appropriated all the notes with inventions still to-day. There is currently a demand for the genius of Tesla, especially in the US, which he chose to generate that immense work that has not yet been explored and exploited. Tesla is compared to Albert Einstein in the scope of his production.\n\nFor several years, I alerted the governments of Chavez and Maduro on www.aporrea.org about the consequences of the absence of efficient and effective economic measures for Venezuela. We demonstrated the importance of revaluing our monetary sign and establishing it as our own currency, and they were empty words for deaf dialogues. The current government of Maduro ignored, took the incomplete solution of Petro as an oil-backed cryptoactive, but without establishing a currency for Venezuela. These mistakes are paid dearly, we are suffering the consequences of all Venezuelans because the leaders eat full and have the medicines they require as well as protected against manifest insecurity. They have a lot of money coming from the embezzlement and corruption that they fostered due to the lack of justice and the bad example.\n\nWhy is it important for Venezuela to have a ptopia currency to sell its oil and other hydrocarbons? We will remember two sentences:\n\"Allow me to manufacture and control a nation's money, and I do not care who its rulers are anymore,\" said banker Meyer Amschel Rothschil (1744-1812) who was the founder of the Rothschild dynasty.\n\"Those who control the credit of a nation, not only direct the policy of their government, but also have in their hands the destiny of the people\" This was said Reginald McKenna, member of the House of Commons, in a speech of January 1924 at the Midland Bank.\n\nIn Venezuela the 1st Republic (1810-1812) was lost because it had a fiduciary currency, paper without backing. Simon Bolivar said \"the issuance of papers without other support than the strength of being a government, was one of the causes of the fall of the Republic.\" I warned many times with writings on this website that the 5th Republic (1999-present) could be lost for the same reasons. Venezuela has long required a currency of its own and great strength such as the Bolivar Oro. The government did not attend the maxims of Simón Bolívar El Libertador.  Fewer still attended the recommendations that for love of Venezuela from this platform I have humbly made. History repeats itself.",
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      "parent_permlink": "historia",
      "author": "jairolarottas",
      "permlink": "que-hay-detras-de-algunos-personajes-de-las-tiras-comicas-estadounidenses",
      "title": "¿Qué hay detrás de algunos personajes de las tiras cómicas estadounidenses?",
      "body": "Popeye el marino es un personaje de las comiquitas conocido por las generaciones desde la década de los 30 en todo el mundo occidental. Todos conocemos la fortaleza de Popeye cuando se comía el contenido de una lata de espinacas. Popeye adquiría una fuerza descomunal que podía derribar a su archienemigo Brutus cuando era sometido a un ataque de celos por las cortesías de Brutus con su novia Rosario. Pero de niños y aún de adultos nunca entendimos ese misterio de obtener fuerzas al comer las espinacas.\n\nRecordamos gratamente que nuestras madres nos mostraban al héroe Popeye para que lo imitaramos en comer espinacas que usualmente nos las daban en sopas que no nos agradaban. Como todo niño rechazábamos las sopas pero cuando nuestra madres emulaban las hazañas de Popeye el marino por su particular fuerza producto de la ingesta de espinacas, nos convencían en tomarnos ese vegetal preparado en sopas y como acompañante de los almuerzos. \n\nCiertamente ese personaje creado a finales de los años 20 por el dibujante estadounidense Elzie Segar, tuvo un éxito en esa época de inicio del cine mudo cuando las historietas estaban de moda en Chicago, ciudad ésta donde se popularizaron numerosas historietas en los conocidos “suplementos” que llegaron a ser muy vendidos en la Venezuela de los años 40, 50 y 60. En los EEUU nacieron numerosos personajes de las comiquitas dibujadas por los diferentes creadores, en el cual uno de los más famosos fue Walt Disney. En cada uno de esos personajes había detrás una razón para su creación, lo cual en general perseguían los dibujantes era resaltar virtudes o defectos de los humanos en distintos escenarios de la vida real.\n\nNo soy experto en historia de esos personajes pero trataré de explicar el origen y razón de algunos de ellos, y lo haré solo para ilustrar a los lectores en la diversidad de la cultura que nos han inoculado de niños por diversos medios, iniciando por las historietas escritas y finalmente con películas del cine sonoro.\n\nPopeye relata en su propio nombre su origen. Es la composición de dos palabras de la lengua de Shakespeare: “Pop” y “eye”, que unidas significan “ojos saltones”. Pues bien, esos ojos saltones ocurren con la ingesta una yerba distorsionada en espinaca, que en la realidad era la marihuana, y que consumían los “marines” estadounidenses cuando les tocaba ir al frente de batalla, para ahogar el miedo que todo joven soldado reclutado era lanzado a la guerra para cumplir el servicio militar y defender la bandera estadounidense en los numerosos frentes de batalla que han desplegado a lo largo de las guerras mundiales y las otra guerras que han sostenido los EEUU en varios continentes desde el siglo pasado hasta el naciente siglo XXI. Todos conocemos como en la guerra de Vietnam de finales de los 60, el ejercito de ocupación estadounidense recibía marihuana para “entusiasmar” a los soldados en esas misiones muchas veces suicidas que enfrentaban en esa nación.\n\nEn la primera guerra mundial, los soldados se “entusiasmaban” en su mayoría con la mezcla de la aspirina con el cafecito. Por esa razón en los hospitales de campaña en el frente, hacían grandes colas los soldados para recibir la aspirina, para disminuir la fiebre o el dolor de cabeza. Pero esa era la excusa para recibir el ácido acetilsalicílico en grageas que mezclaban con la poción de café negro y tomaban antes de salir al frente. Otros soldados especialmente los “marines” consumían la marihuana, que les suministraban a los batallones, sea por tierra o por mar, en las diversas misiones de guerra que les encomendaban. Claro, esa acción de entregarles esa yerba a los marines no era legal, por tanto lo hacían sus comandantes muy discretamente. A las tropas del mar les pasaban cortometrajes de aventuras de Popeye el marino, para distraer a las tropas en las largas misiones en alta mar. La novia Rosario era la personificación de las novias o esposas de esos marines que dejaban en casa y que añoraban a través de cartas que les enviaban desde el frente de batalla. Esa es la verdad detrás de ese personaje Popeye.\n\nOtros personajes tienen también orígenes interesantes de conocer. Walt Disney en sus inicios propuso en New York al archimillonario Paul Getty le otorgara un préstamo para hacer una película de largo metraje. Paul Getty quién era uno de los dueños de la petrolera Standard Oil Company, se lo negó alegando que podía perder el dinero anunciando anticipadamente el fracaso del señor Disney. Entonces Walt Disney acudió al alcalde de New Cork para ver si participaba en alguna campaña cívica que esa alcaldía pudiera sufragar. Fue entonces cuando ese alcalde le planteo a Disney la urgencia de convencer a los newyorkinos de aceptar convivir con los ratones y ratas que pululaban en esa ciudad portuaria en las alcantarillas e invadían las residencias de sus habitantes. Genialmente Disney creó entonces el Ratón Miguelito o Mickey Mouse, donde hizo de los ratones unos seres amigables que eran aceptados por los niños en las historietas que narraban casos de casa en la vida real. Sabemos hoy que Mickey Mouse se convirtió en una estrella de los dibujos animados y es uno de los principales personajes del Reino Mágico de Disney en el primer parque llamado Disneylandia o tierra de Disney, ubicado en Anaheim, California. Posteriormente fue creado Disney World en la ciudad de Orlando, Florida, el cual provee a ese Estado de la visita de mas de 20 millones de turistas al año, siendo una de las principales fuentes de ingreso de esa región de los EEUU.\n\nWalt Disney ante la negativa de Paul Getty de prestarle dinero para su película, habiendo observado que su oficina tenía numerosos teléfonos públicos en la sala de espera para evitar tener que pagar las llamadas de los inquietos ciudadanos que esperaban por una audiencia, le dijo: “señor Getty, no volveré a molestarlo para pedirle dinero prestado. Su actitud de falta de colaboración con las necesidades sociales de esa ciudad y especialmente por ser tan pichirre me obligarán a inmortalizarlo en alguna producción que en un futuro realizaré sin su ayuda”. Cumplió su promesa y fue cuando creó el personaje “Rico Mc Pato” que todos conocemos por lo pichirre y avaro que es.\n\nOtros autores crearon personajes que resaltaban por ejemplo defectos de los ciudadanos. Es el caso de Goofy. Goofy o Tribilín es un personaje de ficción creado por Art Babbitt de los estudios de Walt Disney. Es un perro de características antropomórficas y es uno de los mejores amigos de Mickey Mouse. Su primera aparición fue en los años 30 en un corto de animación muestra a Mickey Mouse, el caballo Horacio y a la vaca Clarabella cantando y haciendo un espectáculo de baile. En esta época, los cortos de Mickey y su pandilla animada hacían canciones y números bailados casi rutinariamente. Lo que le daría a esta animación un carácter distintivo fue el debut de un nuevo personaje, cuya forma de actuar serviría como fuente de chiste. Pero destacó el hecho de destacar el defecto de los conductores de automóviles que en la vida real se convertían en seres agresivos detrás del volante, a pesar de ser muy simpáticos como ciudadanos de a pie. Indudablemente tenía un mensaje positivo de explicación de la agresividad de los conductores en las grandes ciudades, sometidos al estrés del tráfico diario.\nLa primera aparición del Pato Donald fue en la animación “Sinfonías tontas y La gallinita sabia”, en los años 30. La apariencia que tenía Donald en esta animación es similar a la actual. Muchos de los cortos de Donald durante el período de guerras fueron películas de propaganda, lanzadas en los años 40. Otros cortos notables de este período incluyen los llamados “cortos de la Armada” (Army shorts), y fueron varias películas que siguieron la vida de Donald en la Armada de Estados Unidos, desde su reclutamiento hasta su vida en un campamento bajo las órdenes del sargento Pete El Negro, pasando por su primera misión comando donde se sabotea una base aérea japonesa.\n\nEl personaje Donald comenzó a aparecer en la mayoría de las animaciones del Ratón Mickey como una figura habitual de su grupo con Minnie, Goofy o Tribilín y Pluto. En un cortometraje aparece el personaje de Daisy, novia de Donald. Sus sobrinos Hugo, Paco y Luis hicieron también su aparición en la película “Los sobrinos de Donald”. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la audiencia esperaba personajes más avasalladores. No es una coincidencia el nacimiento del conejo de la suerte Bugs Bunny, que también fue testigo del ascenso de popularidad del Pato Donald. \n\nDe esta manera apreciados lectores, ilustramos los orígenes de esos personajes tan familiares a los niños de las generaciones posteriores (años 50 y 60) y que llegaron a nuestro país como fenómenos de transculturización subliminal, que persisten hoy en día en nuestras mentes. Estas vías de propaganda bajo la ingenua figura de estos personajes, nos transmitieron mensajes y valores ajenos a nuestra idiosincrasia, de la manera más ingenua como es una historieta o una película infantil. Personajes creados en Chicago como Superman, tratan de sustituir la figura de Jesucristo superpoderoso que lucha como justiciero del bien, explicando que proviene del cosmos como hijos de ángeles de otros mundos (Ka El, Jor El) con nombres similares a los arcángeles cristianos cuyos nombres terminan en el sufijo “el” como Gabriel, Rafael, Miguel, y con padres adoptivos (esposos Kent) similares a José y María.\n\nHoy en día hay muchos y variados nuevos personajes importados de EEUU, de Japón y otros países, los cuales debemos filtrar para evitar que nuestros hijos y nietos reciban mensajes negativos o distorsionados que perjudiquen su desarrollo mental individual y colectivo. Tienen la palabra los educadores y quienes de alguna manera dirigen y controlan las distracciones infantiles que llegan a nuestro país a través de los videojuegos y películas de ficción. Aprovecho para desearles a todos un Feliz Año 2009 lleno de salud y prosperidad y unión con sus seres queridos.",
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      "author": "jairolarottas",
      "permlink": "que-es-patron-oro-monetario-y-que-implica-para-la-venta-del-petroleo-venezolano",
      "title": "Que es Patrón Oro monetario y que implica para la venta del petróleo venezolano",
      "body": "Cuando se habla de \"patrón oro\" no quiere decir que se esté hablando siempre de monedas circulantes de oro o de pagarés respaldados contra reservas de oro disponibles en el acto; sino de un sistema monetario respaldado por un bien tangible con valor en sí mismo. El miedo que existiría en aquellos detractores del Patrón Oro, alegan la historia cuando en 1971 el entonces presidente de Francia Charles De Gaulle le pidió al presidente de EEUU Richard Nixon el oro que respaldaba los dólares en papeles que tenía Francia para esa época. \n\nEl resultado fue que Nixon convocó la reunión de Bretton Woods para deslindar el dólar del patrón oro y convertirlo en un dólar fiduciario.  Los EEUU se abrogaron en Bretton Woods establecer al dólar dizque petrolero como patrón mundial de comercio.  Para eso EEUU hizo firmar convenios con cinco naciones productoras de petróleos de la naciente OPEP creada en 1960 por Venezuela para enfrentar el monopolio petrolero de las siete hermanas, empresas petroleras que lo comerciaban a nivel mundial y por tanto establecían los precios de hambre.\n\nEl dólar fiduciario desvinculado del patrón oro, tenía en EEUU 20.000 toneladas de oro monetario de muchos países en Fort Knox.  Pero ese oro lo vendieron ilegalmente, sin autorización de las naciones propietarias.  Hoy EEUU dice mantener 8.213 ton de oro pero en realidad no tiene oro.  Alemania le pidió las 3.400 ton de su propiedad, y ese año EEUU le dijo que no.  Claro, no las tienen, y aquellos funcionarios de organismos multilaterales y de la troika BM + FMI + BPI que se han atrevido a pedir una auditoría del oro en EEUU simplemente los desaparecen, los hacen renunciar.  El caso de Dominique Strauss-Kahn fue patético.\n\nResumiendo, adscribir una moneda al patrón oro no quiere decir que circulen monedas de oro ni mucho menos. Significa que el sistema monetario de ese país está respaldado por un bien tangible, ORO monetario 999, que reposa en las bóvedas del los Bancos Centrales emisores de las monedas de esos países.  \n\nCon la crisis mundial del dólar por la pérdida de confianza ha logrado ser desplazado del comercio mundial en más de un 60% de las operaciones comerciales. Tanto Rusia, China, La India, Suráfrica están comprando oro en cantidades importantes precisamente para respaldar el BRICS Oro y cada una de las monedas de esos países del BRICS: Rublo Oro, Panda Oro, Rupia Oro, el Rand Oro, el Rial Oro.  Hemos propuesto que todas y cada una de esas monedas sean bimetálicas y con 1/100 de onza troy ( 0,311 gramos de oro 999), que puede ser sustituido por 0,661 gramos de oro 10k para evitar el desgaste por manipulación. \n\nEntre esas monedas divisas hemos propuesto el BOLIVAR ORO, con valor actual de $13,00 porque el valor del oro es actualmente $1300 por onza troy.  Claro, este es un valor fluctuante de acuerdo al mercado de divisas.  Venezuela posee las mayores reservas de oro amarillo mayores del mundo, además de las primeras reservas mundiales de oro negro (petróleo) y las segundas reservas mundiales de oro Azul (coltan), enormes reservas de diamantes, de torium, de uranio, en fin de todos los minerales de la Tabla Periódica de los elementos químicos.  \n\nPor todas estas razones hemos propuesto al gobierno venezolano decretar la venta del petróleo en bolívares oro, convirtiendo en divisa de comercio mundial al adscribirlo en el sistema MIR ruso y CIPS chino mediante convenios del BCV y los Bancos Centrales de los países del BRICS. Las consecuencias de vender el petróleo en bolívares oro para Venezuela serían abrumadoramente positivas. Vender el petróleo en bolívares oro es deslindarse del dólar y es una decisión política que solo puede tomar el gobierno, más nadie, y sería para darle fortaleza a nuestra moneda. Hemos propuesto el Bolivar Oro divisa de 1/100 de onza troy asociado a una criptodivisa BGCOIN adscrita a las cadenas de bloque Blockchain, emitida unicamente por el BCV y prohibiendi todas las criptomonedas extranjeras para evitar fuga de capitales, lavado de dinero, narcotráfico, financiamiento al terrorismo y otros delitos.  El BGCOIN venezolano se identificaría con el RIF del emisor, procedencia del dinero, destino del mismo y pago de los impuestos de ley venezolana.\n\nVenezuela así se deslinda del dólar, libera el cambio en bolívares oro, mercadean en la Bolsa de Valores de Caracas y  Maracaibo en bolívares oro.  Se debe controlar la salida de capitales con fuertes impuestos (55% flat) e impedir que los capitales de inversión y repatriados en bolívares oro no puedan salir por lo menos en tres años solo permitiendo la salida de las utilidades que generan después de impuestos.\n\nQuizás muchas personas piensen que al establecer el bolívar oro se llevarán el oro venezolano en monedas a otros países como ocurrió en el siglo XIX con la morocota venezolana de 20 dólares oro.  No será así, y es el temor infundado  de establecer la divisa Bolivar Oro y la asociada criptodivisa BGCOIN. Las monedas de 1,00 Bs,Oro que se acuñen en la Casa de la Moneda serán para ser vendidas a coleccionistas.\n\nEl cono monetario sería así:\nMONEDAS: (equivalencias a $ al nacer el Bs.Oro, luego flota libre)\n1,00 Bs.Oro = 1/100 onza troy = 0,311 gr oro 999 = 13,00 US$ (bimetálica con 0,611 gr de oro 10k)\n0,50 Bs.Oro = 0,1555 gr oro 999 = 6,75 US$ (monometálica)\n0,25 Bs.Oro = 0,0778 gr oro 999 = 3,25 US$ (monometálica)\n0,10 Bs.Oro = 0,0311 gr oro 999 = 1,30 US$ (monometálica)\n0,01 Bs.Oro = 0,00311 gr oro 999 = 0,13 US$ (monometálica)\n\nBILLETES: (equivalencias a $ al nacer el Bs.Oro, luego flota libre)\n1,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 0,311 gr oro 999 = 13,00 US$\n5,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 1,555 gr oro 999 = 65,00 US$\n10,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 3,11 gr oro 999 = 130,00 US$\n20,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 6,22 gr oro 999 = 260,00 US$\n50,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 15,55 gr oro 999 = 650,00 US$\n100,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 31,1 gr oro 999 = 1.300,00 US$\n500,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 155,5 gr oro 999 = 6.500,00 US$\n\nEl cono monetarios de la criptodivisa BGCOIN adscrita al Blockchain sería:\nUn BGCOIN (1,00) = 1,00 Bs.Oro = US$ 13,00 al nacer (el BGCOIN flota libremente a la par del Bs.Oro)\nUn CENT-BGCOIN = 0,01 Bs.Oro=  US$ 0,13 al nacer (el CENT-BGCOIN  flota libremente a la par del Bs.Oro)\n\nEsto representaría la máxima expresión de nuestra soberanía financiera y petrolera al implantar una divisa oro para la venta de nuestro petróleo. De esta manera nos deslindaríamos del patrón dólar y se acabaría la guerra económica contra nuestro país. Además Venezuela ahorraría en moneda propia no ajena y terminaría con el bloqueo comercial, financiero y bancario que EEUU impuso a Venezuela.  El Bs.Oro y el BGCOIN serían inembargables porque serían propiedad exclusiva de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela.  Los tenedores de Bs.Oro y BGCOIN tendrían derecho al uso y disfrute mas no a la propiedad. Esto significa que si algún tribunal venezolano determina que determinadas sumas de Bs.Oro son de origen ilegal, la República puede embargarlos y decomisarlos.\n\nLas plataformas validadoras MIR ruso y CIPS chino son las plataformas de validación del Bs.Oro a otras divisas. Estas dos plataformas ya operativas sustituyen el SWIFT del BPI Banco de Pagos Internacional de Basilea. Evidentemente la criptodivisa BGCOIN transitaría por todo el mundo efectuando los traslados de dinero con rapidez, evadiendo los controles de los Bancos Centrales y demás bancos comerciales.\n\nExiste además el Banco del BRICS de reciente creación. No crean ustedes que solo los países del BRICS formarán parte de ese naciente banco de desarrollo con sede en Shanghai.  También el BAII Banco Asiático de Inversiones e Infraestructura tiene a mas de 50 países fundadores entre los cuales figura Israel pero EEUU y Canadá estan ausentes. El Banco de Desarrollo del BRICS y el BAII operarían muy pronto con una nueva moneda divisa mundial de comercio, adscrita al Patrón Oro.  De ella hemos hablado. \nhttp://actualidad.rt.com/economia/view/150266-divisa-brics-jaque-mate-dolar\n\nEl gran problema actual es la desconfianza en el dólar, el euro, la libra y el yen, motivado por las enormes deudas impagables y superiores al PIB de las naciones emisoras.  Todas ellas (dólar, euro, libra, yen menos el yuan) son dinero Fiat de economías deflacionarias con intereses cero e incluso negativos, que han generado los Bancos Centrales de las naciones antes llamadas potencias industriales del primer mundo. El BRICS Oro sería la solución desafiante para las monedas de reserva dolar, euro, libra, yen y yuan. Veremos que sucede y veremos también cómo reacciona Venezuela a este nuevo cambio monetario mundial. El Bs.Oro divisa y la criptodivisa asociada BGCOIN serían la máxima expresión de soberanía monetaria y financiera de Venezuela.  \n\nRecordamos a los lectores las celebres frases siguientes:\n\"Permitidme fabricar y controlar el dinero de una nación, y ya no me importa quienes sean sus gobernantes\" dijo Nathan Mayer Rothschild . \n\"Quienes controlan el crédito de una nación, no sólo dirigen la política de su gobierno, sino que también tienen en sus manos el destino del pueblo\" Esto lo dijo Reginald McKenna, miembro de la Cámara de los Comunes, en discurso de enero de 1924 en el Midland Bank.",
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      "title": "Terremotos y Tsunamis",
      "body": "El 26 de Diciembre de 2004 ocurrió en Indonesia un gran terremoto con tsunamis, de 8.9º de magnitud, con una duración de más de dos minutos. Este sismo con tsunami parece ser uno de los mas grandes ocurridos en los últimos cuarenta años, desde el gran terremoto de Chile en 1960 de 9,5º de magnitud. El epicentro del terremoto de hoy estuvo ubicado al Norte de la isla de Sumatra 1.605 kilómetros de Yakarta y con 10 kilómetros de profundidad focal. El tsunamis que produjo el movimiento telúrico afectó al menos siete países del sureste asiático con olas gigantes de más de 15 metros de altura en alta mar, y más de 35 metros al llegar a las costas. El número de víctimas todavía no se conoce, pero inicialmente algunas agencias noticiosas mencionan que podrían superar los 10,000 muertos y desaparecidos. Todos los países afectados pidieron la ayuda internacional especialmente Sri Lanka.\n\nEn Venezuela no hemos sido afectados por tsunamis destructivos como los que ocurren en el Océano Pacífico. Lo que si hemos experimentado los venezolanos son grandes olas de 7 metros de altura, producidas por las marejadas. A diferencia de los tsunamis, las marejadas se producen por la acción del viento sobre la superficie del agua y sus olas tienen una ritmicidad de 20 segundos aproximadamente y como máximo suelen propagarse unos 150 metros tierra adentro, como observamos en los temporales o huracanes que recientemente afectaron las costas Norte de Venezuela. La propagación de las olas producidas por las marejadas es limitada por la distancia, de modo que va perdiendo intensidad al alejarnos del lugar donde el viento la está generando. No así ocurre con los tsunamis, donde sus efectos pueden llegar a varios kilómetros tierra adentro, sobretodo si son tierras bajas.\n\nLa palabra TSUNAMI proviene del japonés TSU: puerto o bahía, NAMI: ola, o sea es una ola o serie de olas que se producen en una masa de agua al ser empujada violentamente por una fuerza que la desplaza verticalmente. Cuando de produce un terremoto en el lecho marino ocurre un hundimiento que genera ondas de agua que viajan miles de kilómetros destruyendo las zonas bajas de las costas a donde ellas llegan. Pero también los tsunamis pueden ser producidos por volcanes, meteoritos, derrumbes costeros o subterráneos e incluso explosiones de gran magnitud. Las avalanchas, erupciones volcánicas y explosiones submarinas pueden ocasionar tsunamis que suelen disiparse rápidamente, sin alcanzar a provocar daños en sus márgenes continentales. Respecto de los meteoritos, no hay antecedentes confiables acerca de su ocurrencia, pero la onda expansiva que provocarían al entrar al océano o el impacto en el fondo marino en caso de caer en zona de baja profundidad, son factores bastante sustentables como para pensar en ellos como eventual causa de tsunami, especialmente si se trata de un meteorito de gran tamaño.\n\nPara que un terremoto origine un tsunami el fondo marino debe ser movido abruptamente en sentido vertical, de modo que el océano es impulsado fuera de su equilibrio normal. Cuando esta inmensa masa de agua trata de recuperar su equilibrio, se generan las olas. El tamaño del tsunami estará determinado por la magnitud de la deformación vertical del fondo marino. No todos los terremotos generan tsunamis, sino sólo aquellos de magnitud considerable cuyo foco ocurren bajo el lecho marino. Dados los inmensos daños producidos por los tsunamis, existen sistemas de alerta temprana para realizar desalojos y evacuaciones de las zonas donde llegarán las olas destructivas. Las grandes olas pueden tardar horas desde el momento que se generan. Parece que los sistemas de alerta temprana de tsunamis no funcionaron en esta ocasión.\n\nEl brusco movimiento del agua desde la profundidad genera un efecto de “latigazo” hacia la superficie que es capaz de lograr olas de gran tamaño a veces impensables. Los análisis matemáticos indican que la velocidad es igual a la raíz cuadrada del producto entre la fuerza de gravedad (9,8 m/seg2) y la profundidad. Para tener una idea tomemos la profundidad promedio del Océano Pacífico, que es de 4.000 metros. Eso nos daría una ola que podría moverse a una velocidad de 200 metros/seg, o sea a 700 km/hora. Como las olas pierden su fuerza en relación inversa a su tamaño, puede viajar a miles de kilómetros sin perder mucha fuerza. Sólo cuando llegan a la costa comienzan a perder velocidad, al disminuir la profundidad del océano. La altura de las olas, sin embargo, puede incrementarse hasta superar los 35 metros (lo normal es una altura de 5 a 7 m). Los lectores podrán imaginarse el efecto de olas de 35 a 40 metros llegando a las playas. \n\nLas fallas presentes en las costas del Océano Pacífico donde las placas tectónicas se introducen bruscamente bajo la placa continental provoca un fenómeno llamado “subducción”, lo que genera tsunamis con frecuencia. Derrumbes y erupciones volcánicas submarinas pueden provocar fenómenos similares. La energía de los tsunamis se mantiene más o menos constante durante su desplazamiento, de modo que al llegar a zonas de menor profundidad, por haber menos agua que desplazar, la velocidad se incrementa de manera formidable. Un tsunami que en mar adentro se siente como una ola grande, puede al llegar a la costa destruir hasta kilómetros tierra adentro. Las turbulencias que produce en el fondo del mar puede arrastrar rocas y arena que provoca daños erosivos en las playas que llegan a alterar la geografía costanera, amén de destruir edificaciones e instalaciones ubicadas en las cercanías. \n\nSi bien cualquier océano puede experimentar un tsunami, es más frecuente que ocurran en el Océano Pacífico, cuyas márgenes son más comúnmente asiento de terremotos de magnitudes considerables especialmente las costas de Chile y Perú y Japón. Además el tipo de falla que ocurre entre las placas de Nazca y Suramerica, llamadas fallas de subducción, esto es que una placa se va deslizando bajo la otra, hacen más propicia la deformidad del fondo marino y por ende pueden ocasionar los tsunamis. No obstante se han reportado tsunamis devastadores en los Océanos Atlánticos e Índico, así como el Mar Mediterráneo. \n\nPara finalizar vamos a mencionar varios tsunamis ocurridos en la historia. Un gran tsunami acompañó los terremotos de Lisboa en 1755, el del Paso de Mona de Puerto Rico en 1918, y el tsunami de Grand Banks de Canadá en 1929. Los mas recientes tsunamis ocasionados por terremotos y que han sido mas devastadores ocurrieron en 1929 el de Grand Banks, Canada; en 1946 en las Islas Aleutianas, Alaska; en 1952 en la Península de Kamchatka, Russia; el año 1960 en Chile; en 1964 en Prince Williams Sound, Alaska; en 1975 en las islas de Hawaii. Mas recientemente en Nicaragua el 1ro de septiembre de 1992, un terremoto con una magnitud de 7.0 generó un tsunami con olas entre más de 20 metros de altura, que golpeó a 26 pueblos a lo largo de 250 km de la costa del Pacífico de Nicaragua. Más de 40,000 personas fueron afectadas por la pérdida de sus casas y trabajos. Las olas dejaron 116 muertos, 63 desaparecidos y 489 heridos. También en 1992 en Indonesia, el 12 de Diciembre ocurrió un sismo de 7.8º de magnitud en la Isla de Las Flores de la región de Indonesia, ubicada a 1,800 km al Este de Jakarta . El número de muertos superó los 2000 como resultado del terremoto combinado con los efectos del tsunami. En 1993 ocurrieron tsunamis en Japón, con un terremoto de magnitud 7.8º; ocurrió fuera de la costa oriental de Hokkaido y el pequeño costanero la isla de Okushiri en el Mar de Japón. También en Japón en 1994 en Shikotan, Islas de Kuril un terremoto de magnitud 8.1º ocurrió en el Kurils del sur y en Hokkaido. En 1998 ocurrió el tsunami de Nueva Guinea con un terremoto de magnitud 7.1º, matando 2,182 personas por lo menos, dañando 1,000, y cambiando de sitio más de 10,000 personas. El gran Terremoto de Chile del 22 de mayo de 1960 de magnitud 9.5º fue el terremoto más grande de la época actual, ocasionó más de 5,000 muertos.",
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      "title": "Que es Patrón Oro monetario y que implica para la venta del petróleo venezolano",
      "body": "Cuando se habla de \"patrón oro\" no quiere decir que se esté hablando siempre de monedas circulantes de oro o de pagarés respaldados contra reservas de oro disponibles en el acto; sino de un sistema monetario respaldado por un bien tangible con valor en sí mismo. El miedo que existiría en aquellos detractores del Patrón Oro, alegan la historia cuando en 1971 el entonces presidente de Francia Charles De Gaulle le pidió al presidente de EEUU Richard Nixon el oro que respaldaba los dólares en papeles que tenía Francia para esa época. \n\nEl resultado fue que Nixon convocó la reunión de Bretton Woods para deslindar el dólar del patrón oro y convertirlo en un dólar fiduciario.  Los EEUU se abrogaron en Bretton Woods establecer al dólar dizque petrolero como patrón mundial de comercio.  Para eso EEUU hizo firmar convenios con cinco naciones productoras de petróleos de la naciente OPEP creada en 1960 por Venezuela para enfrentar el monopolio petrolero de las siete hermanas, empresas petroleras que lo comerciaban a nivel mundial y por tanto establecían los precios de hambre.\n\nEl dólar fiduciario desvinculado del patrón oro, tenía en EEUU 20.000 toneladas de oro monetario de muchos países en Fort Knox.  Pero ese oro lo vendieron ilegalmente, sin autorización de las naciones propietarias.  Hoy EEUU dice mantener 8.213 ton de oro pero en realidad no tiene oro.  Alemania le pidió las 3.400 ton de su propiedad, y ese año EEUU le dijo que no.  Claro, no las tienen, y aquellos funcionarios de organismos multilaterales y de la troika BM + FMI + BPI que se han atrevido a pedir una auditoría del oro en EEUU simplemente los desaparecen, los hacen renunciar.  El caso de Dominique Strauss-Kahn fue patético.\n\nResumiendo, adscribir una moneda al patrón oro no quiere decir que circulen monedas de oro ni mucho menos. Significa que el sistema monetario de ese país está respaldado por un bien tangible, ORO monetario 999, que reposa en las bóvedas del los Bancos Centrales emisores de las monedas de esos países.  \n\nCon la crisis mundial del dólar por la pérdida de confianza ha logrado ser desplazado del comercio mundial en más de un 60% de las operaciones comerciales. Tanto Rusia, China, La India, Suráfrica están comprando oro en cantidades importantes precisamente para respaldar el BRICS Oro y cada una de las monedas de esos países del BRICS: Rublo Oro, Panda Oro, Rupia Oro, el Rand Oro, el Rial Oro.  Hemos propuesto que todas y cada una de esas monedas sean bimetálicas y con 1/100 de onza troy ( 0,311 gramos de oro 999), que puede ser sustituido por 0,661 gramos de oro 10k para evitar el desgaste por manipulación. \n\nEntre esas monedas divisas hemos propuesto el BOLIVAR ORO, con valor actual de $13,00 porque el valor del oro es actualmente $1300 por onza troy.  Claro, este es un valor fluctuante de acuerdo al mercado de divisas.  Venezuela posee las mayores reservas de oro amarillo mayores del mundo, además de las primeras reservas mundiales de oro negro (petróleo) y las segundas reservas mundiales de oro Azul (coltan), enormes reservas de diamantes, de torium, de uranio, en fin de todos los minerales de la Tabla Periódica de los elementos químicos.  \n\nPor todas estas razones hemos propuesto al gobierno venezolano decretar la venta del petróleo en bolívares oro, convirtiendo en divisa de comercio mundial al adscribirlo en el sistema MIR ruso y CIPS chino mediante convenios del BCV y los Bancos Centrales de los países del BRICS. Las consecuencias de vender el petróleo en bolívares oro para Venezuela serían abrumadoramente positivas. Vender el petróleo en bolívares oro es deslindarse del dólar y es una decisión política que solo puede tomar el gobierno, más nadie, y sería para darle fortaleza a nuestra moneda. Hemos propuesto el Bolivar Oro divisa de 1/100 de onza troy asociado a una criptodivisa BGCOIN adscrita a las cadenas de bloque Blockchain, emitida unicamente por el BCV y prohibiendi todas las criptomonedas extranjeras para evitar fuga de capitales, lavado de dinero, narcotráfico, financiamiento al terrorismo y otros delitos.  El BGCOIN venezolano se identificaría con el RIF del emisor, procedencia del dinero, destino del mismo y pago de los impuestos de ley venezolana.\n\nVenezuela así se deslinda del dólar, libera el cambio en bolívares oro, mercadean en la Bolsa de Valores de Caracas y  Maracaibo en bolívares oro.  Se debe controlar la salida de capitales con fuertes impuestos (55% flat) e impedir que los capitales de inversión y repatriados en bolívares oro no puedan salir por lo menos en tres años solo permitiendo la salida de las utilidades que generan después de impuestos.\n\nQuizás muchas personas piensen que al establecer el bolívar oro se llevarán el oro venezolano en monedas a otros países como ocurrió en el siglo XIX con la morocota venezolana de 20 dólares oro.  No será así, y es el temor infundado  de establecer la divisa Bolivar Oro y la asociada criptodivisa BGCOIN. Las monedas de 1,00 Bs,Oro que se acuñen en la Casa de la Moneda serán para ser vendidas a coleccionistas.\n\nEl cono monetario sería así:\nMONEDAS: (equivalencias a $ al nacer el Bs.Oro, luego flota libre)\n1,00 Bs.Oro = 1/100 onza troy = 0,311 gr oro 999 = 13,00 US$ (bimetálica con 0,611 gr de oro 10k)\n0,50 Bs.Oro = 0,1555 gr oro 999 = 6,75 US$ (monometálica)\n0,25 Bs.Oro = 0,0778 gr oro 999 = 3,25 US$ (monometálica)\n0,10 Bs.Oro = 0,0311 gr oro 999 = 1,30 US$ (monometálica)\n0,01 Bs.Oro = 0,00311 gr oro 999 = 0,13 US$ (monometálica)\n\nBILLETES: (equivalencias a $ al nacer el Bs.Oro, luego flota libre)\n1,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 0,311 gr oro 999 = 13,00 US$\n5,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 1,555 gr oro 999 = 65,00 US$\n10,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 3,11 gr oro 999 = 130,00 US$\n20,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 6,22 gr oro 999 = 260,00 US$\n50,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 15,55 gr oro 999 = 650,00 US$\n100,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 31,1 gr oro 999 = 1.300,00 US$\n500,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 155,5 gr oro 999 = 6.500,00 US$\n\nEl cono monetarios de la criptodivisa BGCOIN adscrita al Blockchain sería:\nUn BGCOIN (1,00) = 1,00 Bs.Oro = US$ 13,00 al nacer (el BGCOIN flota libremente a la par del Bs.Oro)\nUn CENT-BGCOIN = 0,01 Bs.Oro=  US$ 0,13 al nacer (el CENT-BGCOIN  flota libremente a la par del Bs.Oro)\n\nEsto representaría la máxima expresión de nuestra soberanía financiera y petrolera al implantar una divisa oro para la venta de nuestro petróleo. De esta manera nos deslindaríamos del patrón dólar y se acabaría la guerra económica contra nuestro país. Además Venezuela ahorraría en moneda propia no ajena y terminaría con el bloqueo comercial, financiero y bancario que EEUU impuso a Venezuela.  El Bs.Oro y el BGCOIN serían inembargables porque serían propiedad exclusiva de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela.  Los tenedores de Bs.Oro y BGCOIN tendrían derecho al uso y disfrute mas no a la propiedad. Esto significa que si algún tribunal venezolano determina que determinadas sumas de Bs.Oro son de origen ilegal, la República puede embargarlos y decomisarlos.\n\nLas plataformas validadoras MIR ruso y CIPS chino son las plataformas de validación del Bs.Oro a otras divisas. Estas dos plataformas ya operativas sustituyen el SWIFT del BPI Banco de Pagos Internacional de Basilea. Evidentemente la criptodivisa BGCOIN transitaría por todo el mundo efectuando los traslados de dinero con rapidez, evadiendo los controles de los Bancos Centrales y demás bancos comerciales.\n\nExiste además el Banco del BRICS de reciente creación. No crean ustedes que solo los países del BRICS formarán parte de ese naciente banco de desarrollo con sede en Shanghai.  También el BAII Banco Asiático de Inversiones e Infraestructura tiene a mas de 50 países fundadores entre los cuales figura Israel pero EEUU y Canadá estan ausentes. El Banco de Desarrollo del BRICS y el BAII operarían muy pronto con una nueva moneda divisa mundial de comercio, adscrita al Patrón Oro.  De ella hemos hablado. \nhttp://actualidad.rt.com/economia/view/150266-divisa-brics-jaque-mate-dolar\n\nEl gran problema actual es la desconfianza en el dólar, el euro, la libra y el yen, motivado por las enormes deudas impagables y superiores al PIB de las naciones emisoras.  Todas ellas (dólar, euro, libra, yen menos el yuan) son dinero Fiat de economías deflacionarias con intereses cero e incluso negativos, que han generado los Bancos Centrales de las naciones antes llamadas potencias industriales del primer mundo. El BRICS Oro sería la solución desafiante para las monedas de reserva dolar, euro, libra, yen y yuan. Veremos que sucede y veremos también cómo reacciona Venezuela a este nuevo cambio monetario mundial. El Bs.Oro divisa y la criptodivisa asociada BGCOIN serían la máxima expresión de soberanía monetaria y financiera de Venezuela.  \n\nRecordamos a los lectores las celebres frases siguientes:\n\"Permitidme fabricar y controlar el dinero de una nación, y ya no me importa quienes sean sus gobernantes\" dijo Nathan Mayer Rothschild . \n\"Quienes controlan el crédito de una nación, no sólo dirigen la política de su gobierno, sino que también tienen en sus manos el destino del pueblo\" Esto lo dijo Reginald McKenna, miembro de la Cámara de los Comunes, en discurso de enero de 1924 en el Midland Bank.",
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      "body": "Not indicating that the content you copy/paste is not your original work could be seen as [plagiarism. ](http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/what-is-plagiarism/)\n\nThese are some tips on how to share content and add value:\n- Using a few sentences from your source in “quotes.” Use HTML tags or markdown \">\" before the quote.\n- Linking to your sources.\n- Include your own original thoughts and ideas on what you have shared.\n- The quotes should not cover more than 50% of the whole post. At least 50% of the content should be original.\n\nRepeated plagiarized posts are considered spam. Spam is discouraged by the community, and may result in action from the [cheetah bot](https://steemit.com/steemitabuse/@cheetah/cheetah-bot-explained).\n\nCreative Commons: If you are posting content under a Creative Commons license, please attribute and link according to the specific license. If you are posting content under CC0 or Public Domain please consider noting that at the end of your post. \n\nIf you are actually the original author, please do reply to let us know!\n\nThank You!\n\nMore Info: <a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemcleaners/@steemcleaners/abuse-guide-2017-update\">Abuse Guide - 2017</a>.",
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      "author": "jairolarottas",
      "permlink": "que-es-patron-oro-monetario-y-que-implica-para-la-venta-del-petroleo-venezolano",
      "title": "Que es Patrón Oro monetario y que implica para la venta del petróleo venezolano",
      "body": "Cuando se habla de \"patrón oro\" no quiere decir que se esté hablando siempre de monedas circulantes de oro o de pagarés respaldados contra reservas de oro disponibles en el acto; sino de un sistema monetario respaldado por un bien tangible con valor en sí mismo. El miedo que existiría en aquellos detractores del Patrón Oro, alegan la historia cuando en 1971 el entonces presidente de Francia Charles De Gaulle le pidió al presidente de EEUU Richard Nixon el oro que respaldaba los dólares en papeles que tenía Francia para esa época. \n\nEl resultado fue que Nixon convocó la reunión de Bretton Woods para deslindar el dólar del patrón oro y convertirlo en un dólar fiduciario.  Los EEUU se abrogaron en Bretton Woods establecer al dólar dizque petrolero como patrón mundial de comercio.  Para eso EEUU hizo firmar convenios con cinco naciones productoras de petróleos de la naciente OPEP creada en 1960 por Venezuela para enfrentar el monopolio petrolero de las siete hermanas, empresas petroleras que lo comerciaban a nivel mundial y por tanto establecían los precios de hambre.\n\nEl dólar fiduciario desvinculado del patrón oro, tenía en EEUU 20.000 toneladas de oro monetario de muchos países en Fort Knox.  Pero ese oro lo vendieron ilegalmente, sin autorización de las naciones propietarias.  Hoy EEUU dice mantener 8.213 ton de oro pero en realidad no tiene oro.  Alemania le pidió las 3.400 ton de su propiedad, y ese año EEUU le dijo que no.  Claro, no las tienen, y aquellos funcionarios de organismos multilaterales y de la troika BM + FMI + BPI que se han atrevido a pedir una auditoría del oro en EEUU simplemente los desaparecen, los hacen renunciar.  El caso de Dominique Strauss-Kahn fue patético.\n\nResumiendo, adscribir una moneda al patrón oro no quiere decir que circulen monedas de oro ni mucho menos. Significa que el sistema monetario de ese país está respaldado por un bien tangible, ORO monetario 999, que reposa en las bóvedas del los Bancos Centrales emisores de las monedas de esos países.  \n\nCon la crisis mundial del dólar por la pérdida de confianza ha logrado ser desplazado del comercio mundial en más de un 60% de las operaciones comerciales. Tanto Rusia, China, La India, Suráfrica están comprando oro en cantidades importantes precisamente para respaldar el BRICS Oro y cada una de las monedas de esos países del BRICS: Rublo Oro, Panda Oro, Rupia Oro, el Rand Oro, el Rial Oro.  Hemos propuesto que todas y cada una de esas monedas sean bimetálicas y con 1/100 de onza troy ( 0,311 gramos de oro 999), que puede ser sustituido por 0,661 gramos de oro 10k para evitar el desgaste por manipulación. \n\nEntre esas monedas divisas hemos propuesto el BOLIVAR ORO, con valor actual de $13,00 porque el valor del oro es actualmente $1300 por onza troy.  Claro, este es un valor fluctuante de acuerdo al mercado de divisas.  Venezuela posee las mayores reservas de oro amarillo mayores del mundo, además de las primeras reservas mundiales de oro negro (petróleo) y las segundas reservas mundiales de oro Azul (coltan), enormes reservas de diamantes, de torium, de uranio, en fin de todos los minerales de la Tabla Periódica de los elementos químicos.  \n\nPor todas estas razones hemos propuesto al gobierno venezolano decretar la venta del petróleo en bolívares oro, convirtiendo en divisa de comercio mundial al adscribirlo en el sistema MIR ruso y CIPS chino mediante convenios del BCV y los Bancos Centrales de los países del BRICS. Las consecuencias de vender el petróleo en bolívares oro para Venezuela serían abrumadoramente positivas. Vender el petróleo en bolívares oro es deslindarse del dólar y es una decisión política que solo puede tomar el gobierno, más nadie, y sería para darle fortaleza a nuestra moneda. Hemos propuesto el Bolivar Oro divisa de 1/100 de onza troy asociado a una criptodivisa BGCOIN adscrita a las cadenas de bloque Blockchain, emitida unicamente por el BCV y prohibiendi todas las criptomonedas extranjeras para evitar fuga de capitales, lavado de dinero, narcotráfico, financiamiento al terrorismo y otros delitos.  El BGCOIN venezolano se identificaría con el RIF del emisor, procedencia del dinero, destino del mismo y pago de los impuestos de ley venezolana.\n\nVenezuela así se deslinda del dólar, libera el cambio en bolívares oro, mercadean en la Bolsa de Valores de Caracas y  Maracaibo en bolívares oro.  Se debe controlar la salida de capitales con fuertes impuestos (55% flat) e impedir que los capitales de inversión y repatriados en bolívares oro no puedan salir por lo menos en tres años solo permitiendo la salida de las utilidades que generan después de impuestos.\n\nQuizás muchas personas piensen que al establecer el bolívar oro se llevarán el oro venezolano en monedas a otros países como ocurrió en el siglo XIX con la morocota venezolana de 20 dólares oro.  No será así, y es el temor infundado  de establecer la divisa Bolivar Oro y la asociada criptodivisa BGCOIN. Las monedas de 1,00 Bs,Oro que se acuñen en la Casa de la Moneda serán para ser vendidas a coleccionistas.\n\nEl cono monetario sería así:\nMONEDAS: (equivalencias a $ al nacer el Bs.Oro, luego flota libre)\n1,00 Bs.Oro = 1/100 onza troy = 0,311 gr oro 999 = 13,00 US$ (bimetálica con 0,611 gr de oro 10k)\n0,50 Bs.Oro = 0,1555 gr oro 999 = 6,75 US$ (monometálica)\n0,25 Bs.Oro = 0,0778 gr oro 999 = 3,25 US$ (monometálica)\n0,10 Bs.Oro = 0,0311 gr oro 999 = 1,30 US$ (monometálica)\n0,01 Bs.Oro = 0,00311 gr oro 999 = 0,13 US$ (monometálica)\n\nBILLETES: (equivalencias a $ al nacer el Bs.Oro, luego flota libre)\n1,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 0,311 gr oro 999 = 13,00 US$\n5,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 1,555 gr oro 999 = 65,00 US$\n10,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 3,11 gr oro 999 = 130,00 US$\n20,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 6,22 gr oro 999 = 260,00 US$\n50,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 15,55 gr oro 999 = 650,00 US$\n100,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 31,1 gr oro 999 = 1.300,00 US$\n500,00 Bs.Oro = equivale a 155,5 gr oro 999 = 6.500,00 US$\n\nEl cono monetarios de la criptodivisa BGCOIN adscrita al Blockchain sería:\nUn BGCOIN (1,00) = 1,00 Bs.Oro = US$ 13,00 al nacer (el BGCOIN flota libremente a la par del Bs.Oro)\nUn CENT-BGCOIN = 0,01 Bs.Oro=  US$ 0,13 al nacer (el CENT-BGCOIN  flota libremente a la par del Bs.Oro)\n\nEsto representaría la máxima expresión de nuestra soberanía financiera y petrolera al implantar una divisa oro para la venta de nuestro petróleo. De esta manera nos deslindaríamos del patrón dólar y se acabaría la guerra económica contra nuestro país. Además Venezuela ahorraría en moneda propia no ajena y terminaría con el bloqueo comercial, financiero y bancario que EEUU impuso a Venezuela.  El Bs.Oro y el BGCOIN serían inembargables porque serían propiedad exclusiva de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela.  Los tenedores de Bs.Oro y BGCOIN tendrían derecho al uso y disfrute mas no a la propiedad. Esto significa que si algún tribunal venezolano determina que determinadas sumas de Bs.Oro son de origen ilegal, la República puede embargarlos y decomisarlos.\n\nLas plataformas validadoras MIR ruso y CIPS chino son las plataformas de validación del Bs.Oro a otras divisas. Estas dos plataformas ya operativas sustituyen el SWIFT del BPI Banco de Pagos Internacional de Basilea. Evidentemente la criptodivisa BGCOIN transitaría por todo el mundo efectuando los traslados de dinero con rapidez, evadiendo los controles de los Bancos Centrales y demás bancos comerciales.\n\nExiste además el Banco del BRICS de reciente creación. No crean ustedes que solo los países del BRICS formarán parte de ese naciente banco de desarrollo con sede en Shanghai.  También el BAII Banco Asiático de Inversiones e Infraestructura tiene a mas de 50 países fundadores entre los cuales figura Israel pero EEUU y Canadá estan ausentes. El Banco de Desarrollo del BRICS y el BAII operarían muy pronto con una nueva moneda divisa mundial de comercio, adscrita al Patrón Oro.  De ella hemos hablado. \nhttp://actualidad.rt.com/economia/view/150266-divisa-brics-jaque-mate-dolar\n\nEl gran problema actual es la desconfianza en el dólar, el euro, la libra y el yen, motivado por las enormes deudas impagables y superiores al PIB de las naciones emisoras.  Todas ellas (dólar, euro, libra, yen menos el yuan) son dinero Fiat de economías deflacionarias con intereses cero e incluso negativos, que han generado los Bancos Centrales de las naciones antes llamadas potencias industriales del primer mundo. El BRICS Oro sería la solución desafiante para las monedas de reserva dolar, euro, libra, yen y yuan. Veremos que sucede y veremos también cómo reacciona Venezuela a este nuevo cambio monetario mundial. El Bs.Oro divisa y la criptodivisa asociada BGCOIN serían la máxima expresión de soberanía monetaria y financiera de Venezuela.  \n\nRecordamos a los lectores las celebres frases siguientes:\n\"Permitidme fabricar y controlar el dinero de una nación, y ya no me importa quienes sean sus gobernantes\" dijo Nathan Mayer Rothschild . \n\"Quienes controlan el crédito de una nación, no sólo dirigen la política de su gobierno, sino que también tienen en sus manos el destino del pueblo\" Esto lo dijo Reginald McKenna, miembro de la Cámara de los Comunes, en discurso de enero de 1924 en el Midland Bank.",
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      "title": "Fenómenos a analizar en Venezuela desde el punto de vista del cambio climático",
      "body": "Veinte años después de la ratificación de un tratado de los Naciones Unidas referente al cambio climático, las emisiones de gas de invernadero de los países mas industrializados nos llevan al recalentamiento global señalando el fracaso de esos países en perjuicio de todo el planeta. Las emisiones de anhídrido carbónico subieron 11 por ciento en la década del 90, y crecerá otro 50 por ciento a nivel mundial para el año 2020. En 1997 con el Protocolo de Kyoto se acordó que para el año 2012, un grupo (38) de países industrializados reducirían sus emisiones en un promedio de 7 por ciento por debajo de los niveles del año 1990. Hasta ahora eso no lo cumplieron, especialmente los EEUU el mayor productor de CO2 del mundo. Recientemente EEUU renunció a las obligaciones del tratados, protegiendo las industrias altamente contaminantes.  Para ellos cambiar los patrones energéticos con miras a reducir la emisiones de CO2 significa grandes inversiones y reducción de la productividad que daría paso a las grandes economías emergentes como Rusia, China, India, Brasil, Suráfrica.  Estas economías están agrupadas en el Banco del BRICS de reciente creación.\n\nLos efectos del cambio climático son devastadores. En la actualidad las capacidades auto reguladoras de la atmósfera están siendo llevadas a sus límites y según muchos especialistas ya han sido sobrepasadas. Las soluciones a los problemas del adelgazamiento de la capa de Ozono, al calentamiento global y a las alteraciones climáticas devastadoras, no son cuestión de años, ni siquiera décadas. Es por ello que no se podrá esperar a que los efectos se hagan notorios y claros, pues seguramente para ese momento ya será muy tarde para actuar buscando soluciones ante las consecuencias irreversibles. Venezuela colabora con la producción de ozono de manera importante con el conocido Relámpago del Catatumbo, el cual actúa sin parar todos los días y noches.\n\n¿Cuáles son estas consecuencias del cambio climático mundial?\n\nDentro de los efectos de los cambios climáticos especialmente para la región del Caribe donde se encuentra Venezuela podemos señalar los huracanes, las marejadas, la alteración de las estaciones climáticas y en especial el efecto del “niño” y la “niña” que involucra sequías prolongadas o fuertes inundaciones por una concentración de lluvias excepcionales, los terremotos, los deslaves y derrumbes, los incendios.\n\nLos huracanes son tormentas fuertes que se forman en el mar y tienen vientos con velocidades de 119 km/h y más. Los huracanes son detectados por satélites desde el momento en que comienzan a formarse y por ello generalmente hay una advertencia 3 ó 4 días antes de que empiece la tormenta. Un huracán cubre un área circular de entre 320 y 770 km de diámetro. En la tormenta hay vientos fuertes y lluvias que rodean al \"ojo del huracán\" central, que tiene unos 24 km de diámetro. Los vientos de un huracán a veces pueden llegar hasta 320 km/h. Sin embargo, el mayor daño a la vida y a la propiedad no es resultado del viento, sino de la subida de las mareas y las crecidas torrenciales. Un huracán es una tormenta tropical con fuertes vientos que circulan alrededor de un área de baja presión. Cuando la velocidad de los vientos llega a las 119 km por hora, la tormenta se clasifica oficialmente como un huracán.\n\nLas bandas espirales de vientos y lluvia que forman un huracán se pueden extender por cientos de kilómetros desde el ojo o vórtice (es un área relativamente tranquila). Cuando los huracanes llegan a aguas cálidas (por ejemplo las aguas del Caribe) entonce ese huracán crece en peligrosidad. Así lo vimos  con el huracán  que afectó seriamente a Haití, Jamaica y muchas islas del Caribe, además de afectar a las costas de Venezuela. Otros huracanes como María, causó severos daños en la isla de Puerto Rico el año pasado.Cuando la tormenta llega a tierra firme, puede engendrar tornados en sus orillas. La parte más peligrosa de un huracán es, sin embargo, la marejada ciclónica, una gigantesca columna de agua marina, impulsada por el viento, que inunda la costa cuando el huracán entra a tierra. Incluso si la tormenta llega a tierra firme durante la marea baja, el nivel del agua puede subir unos 6 metros cerca de la costa, aunque en casos extremos pueden llegar a 13 metros. \n\nEn Diciembre de 1999, fuertes lluvias produjeron un deslave en el Edo Vargas de Venezuela, y produjo mas de 20,000 muertos y desaparecidos aparte de enormes pérdidas materiales. Usualmente, las fuertes lluvias que forman parte del huracán causan serias inundaciones mientras la tormenta se va adentrando en tierra firme a esto hay que añadir que pueden crear olas de hasta 18 metros de altura.  Los huracanes que afectan los territorios caribeños, han afectado la parte Norte de Venezuela y en especial las zonas costeras. La temporada de huracanes comienza oficialmente en Junio y termina en Noviembre.\n\nPor otro lado, el incremento del nivel del mar (entre 1 a 3 cm al año) por el descongelamiento de los glaciares, afectará indudablemente a las regiones pobladas ubicadas cerca del mar. Además de estos efectos, la geotéctónica se afecta al generarse desequilibrios por las cargas gravitacionales sobre los lechos marinos, donde el espesor de la corteza terrestre es menor que en los continente. Atendiendo los movimientos regulares de las placas tectónicas y la isostasia, esas variaciones del nivel del mar pueden producir incrementos de esos movimientos con los consecuentes desplazamientos de las fallas de borde de placas, que producen terremotos y vulcanismo en la zonas de subducción. El vulcanismo en la placa del Caribe se ubica al Oeste en los países de América Central y México. El vulcanismo al Este es el arco de las Antillas Menores. Hemos visto la reactivación de algunos volcanes en Colombia y Ecuador, vecinos a la placa tectónica del Caribe. También en el cinturón orogénico del Pacífico ha incrementado la actividad de algunos volcanes y generación de grandes sismos. Algunos de esos terremotos especialmente los que ocurrieron en Japón y Chile, han producido  tsunamis que consisten en hundimientos de la corteza terrestre que provocan una gran ola de mas de 20 mts de altura, que viaja miles de kilómetros y afecta costas lejanas como Chile y las islas del Pacífico Sur.\n\n¿Cómo podemos evaluar la amenaza, vulnerabilidad y riesgo de cualquier desastre natural tal como huracán, inundación, terremoto, deslave, etc?\n\nIndependiente de las incertidumbres del fenómeno a considerar (inundación, huracán, marejada, terremoto) o del conocimiento que tengamos de ese fenómeno, la cuantificación de la Amenaza o Peligro debe hacerse en términos probabilisticos. Suele expresarse como la probabilidad de una variable aleatoria X que exceda a un valor Xo en un lapso de tiempo t. Así tenemos: P (X > Xo / t)\n\nLa variable aleatoria X puede ser algún parámetro que caracteriza la intensidad del evento considerado, por ejemplo: velocidad del viento para los huracanes, intensidad de lluvia medida en milímetros, altura de las olas, aceleración del terreno cuando hay un temblor. Entonces la Amenaza o Peligro de tal o cual fenómeno es la probabilidad de excedencia del parámetro que identifica al evento considerado, en un lapso de tiempo determinado (usualmente es anual). La inversa de la probabilidad de excedencia anual es el período de retorno del evento considerado. Ahora, la función probabilística a considerar está en función de la cantidad de datos disponibles. Cuando hay muchos datos se usa el modelo de Gauss o distribución Normal. Cuando son eventos escasos como los terremotos, se utiliza la distribución extrema de Poisson. La decisión de cual utilizar corresponde a los expertos que laborarán en esas cuantificaciones.\n\nResumiendo, se denomina Peligro o Amenaza la probabilidad de que ocurra dentro de un período específico de tiempo y dentro de una zona determinada, un evento sísmico de una intensidad determinada. Se denomina Vulnerabilidad de zona geográfica, edificación, etc, al grado de daño debido a la ocurrencia de un movimiento sísmico de una intensidad determinada. Entonces definimos el Riesgo como la consecuencia de la combinación del peligro o amenaza y la vulnerabilidad según se expresa en la siguiente igualdad:\n\nAMENAZA o PELIGRO x VULNERABILIDAD = RIESGO\n\nEntonces el Riesgo se incrementa con el factor de vulnerabilidad, considerando que el peligro es un fenómeno natural que no puede ser eliminado o reducido. La determinación del riesgo se realiza sobre la base de las proyecciones de las clases de daños para los diferentes tipos de áreas geográficas, edificaciones, o lo que se vaya a estudiar. Usualmente se clasifica el riesgo así:\n\nRiesgo Alto.: Tendrán probablemente grandes daños. \nRiesgo Medio: Tendrán daños moderados.\nRiesgo Bajo: Probablemente no sufrirán daños o sufrirán daños leves.\n\n¿Cual es la situación de Venezuela ante las consecuencias de los cambios climáticos mundiales?\n\nVenezuela está ubicada en el Norte de la América del Sur y pertenece al área del Caribe. Por tal razón los desastres naturales que han ocurrido, ocurren y afectan al país como consecuencia de los cambios climáticos. Ellos se pueden clasificar en:\na.\tInundaciones por la ocurrencia de fuertes aguaceros. \nb.\tDeslaves de faldas de montañas por la saturación hídrica del suelo motivado a fuertes aguaceros de gran duración.\nc.\tVientos huracanados durante las estaciones de lluvias, entre Junio y Noviembre.\nd.\tTerremotos destructivos, por estar Venezuela ubicada entre la placa tectónica de América del Sur y la placa tectónica del Caribe (sistema de fallas de Boconó y San Sebastián, con mas de 2000 km de largo).\ne.\tMarejadas con grandes olas por el paso de huracanes en el mar Caribe al Norte del país.\n\nLos daños producidos son básicamente sobre los ciudadanos residentes de las diferentes zonas susceptibles a sufrir los eventos naturales mencionados, y los daños sobre los bienes muebles, sobre los inmuebles residenciales y de oficina, sobre las carreteras y puentes, sobre los puertos y aeropuertos, sobre las siembras, sobre las industrias, así como los daños sobre los servicios eléctricos, de agua potable, de gas doméstico, de comunicaciones tanto viales como de transmisión telefónica, de fax, data e internet.\n\n¿Venezuela cuenta con sistemas idóneos de prevención para todos estos desastres naturales producidos por los cambios climáticos?\n\nLamentablemente no para todos los eventos mencionados. Venezuela cuenta con Normas Sismorresistentes para el diseño de estructuras para resistir los terremotos, por lo cual está preparada para que sus edificios, puentes, represas, obras industriales, etc., puedan resistir los sismos moderados a fuertes, según la zona sísmica geográfica en la cual se encuentre la obra específica. Pero la prevención de incendio adolece de supervisión e implementación en las diferentes áreas susceptibles. Quizás la Industria Petrolera estuvo preparada y organizada para atender eficazmente las emergencias de incendio en sus instalaciones, pero es una excepción cuando evaluamos el riesgo en otras instalaciones estratégicas. Hoy en día PDVSA no está preparada para atender con eficiencia y eficacia los riesgos que afectan las instalaciones, refinerías, plantas de inyección, sistemas de bombeo y redes de poliductos.\n\nCon los cambios climáticos producto de las emisiones de CO2 y el recalentamiento global, ha incrementado los huracanes en el Caribe, cuyas trayectorias han afectado levemente las costas venezolanas y algunas islas. Aunque para las construcciones contamos con códigos sísmicos exigentes, no se exigen las verificaciones de resistencias ante vientos huracanados de por ejemplo más de 200 km por hora. Claro, un edificio de concreto armado o de estructura de acero podrá resistir esos embates, pero los daños no estructurales pueden ser grandes y no hay pevención para ello especialmente para los techos de las viviendas humildes ubicadas en las costas del mar Caribe.\n\nTampoco Venezuela está preparada para marejadas con olas de mas de 6 mts de altura. Estos eventos no se conocían en nuestro país. Con la aceleración de los efectos del recalentamiento de la tierra se han presentado estos fenómenos con cuantiosos daños a la propiedad y algunas pérdidas de vidas humanas.\n\nSinembargo Venezuela cuenta con un sistema integrado de atención ante desastres naturales, liderado por Defensa Civil, donde participa la Fuerza Armada Nacional, los diferentes Cuerpos de Bomberos, el Ministerio del Ambiente, el Ministerio de Salud, el Ministerio de Infraestructura y el Ministerio del Interior y Justicia a través de los cuerpos de seguridad. Las experiencias del deslave del Edo. Vargas en Diciembre de 1999, consolidó a todos estos grupos mas un inmenso grupo de voluntarios tanto nacionales como internacionales.\n\n¿Qué hacer para prevenir y reducir la vulnerabilidad ante estos desastres naturales?\n\nLo primero que hay que hacer es evaluar los elementos de Amenaza o Peligrosidad, la Vulnerabilidad y el Riesgo ante estos eventos. Para ello es necesario crear comisiones multidisciplinarías para compilar datos y clasificarlos, ordenarlos y modelar las probabilidades de ocurrencia versus el tiempo Así se determinarán la Peligrosidad de zonas geográficas e islas, ante la ocurrencia de huracanes, marejadas, inundaciones, incendios, aislamiento de comunicaciones por carreteras por derrumbes, paralización de los puertos y aeropuertos, etc.\n\nCon la determinación de la Peligrosidad de los eventos, los expertos pueden clasificar la Vulnerabilidad de las diferentes zonas y construcciones que en ellas se encuentran. Igualmente se pueden cuantificar los riesgos. Con ellos, se puede estudiar la manera de reducirlos a través de acciones concretas a corto, mediano y largo plazo. Esta tarea es impostergable y debe ser acometida por el gobierno nacional a través de las instituciones a quienes corresponde esa responsabilidad.\n\nLas acciones de corto plazo deben ser implementadas a través de los gobiernos locales y regionales, con presupuestos específicos para disminuir esas vulnerabilidades. Las acciones a mediano plazo se refiere a la creación de normas nacionales y locales de obligatorio cumplimiento, así como la incorporación de aquellas viejas construcciones e instalaciones para que cumplan esas normas. Las acciones a largo plazo se refieren a los programas de investigación y desarrollo de nuevas técnicas para reducir los riesgos y las vulnerabilidades. Estos programas de investigación y desarrollo deben estar incluidos en los macro programas de las instituciones multilaterales dedicadas a estos menesteres, de tal manera que exista una reciprocidad e intercambio de tecnologías y métodos para estandarizar los métodos y unidades para poder atacar y resolver esos problemas con el concurso de varios países del área.",
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