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      "author": "ttortugo",
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      "title": "QUARKCHAIN QUIZ REVIEWER",
      "body": "Project name: QuarkChain\nToken symbol: QKC    Website: https://quarkchain.io/       Hard cap: $20 million\n\nQuarkChain is a blockchain that utilizes sharding to provide a high-capacity peer-to-peer transactional system. It will consist of two main layers – the sharding layer, which allows for high throughput by effectively distributing data, and the Root layer, which serves to confirm the blocks of the first.\n\nQuarkChain Network is a high-throughput blockchain that aims to achieve more than hundreds of thousands on-chain transactions per second (TPS). The high-capacity system will solve the scalability problem that current main blockchains are facing.\n\nThis problem is so urgent that bitcoin community can't wait to reach an agreement. Different solutions compel the community to split through a controversial hard fork.\n\nUsing this design, QuarkChain aims to satisfy the tradeoff between the three pillars of a blockchain – decentralization, security, and scalability.\n\nThere will be Nodes and Clusters for mining on the QuarkChain platform. Clusters are multiple nodes forming a cluster running as a super-full node. This way, supernodes can be formed without them being run by supercomputers. This will provide smaller players a competitive edge in mining.\n\nBelow are some of the features of QuarkChain:\n•\t50% or more of the hashpower will be dedicated to the root layer to prevent any double spending attacks.\n•\tNo lower limit as to the number of nodes required for a shard.\n•\tSupports GPU mining.\n•\tSupport cross shard transactions.\n•\tThe more nodes there are, the higher the scalability.\nTo further increase adoption and ease of use, QuarkChain will provide support for and integrate the Ethereum Virtual Machine for smart contracts, as it is the most commonly use execution engine. This will allow dApps built on the EVM to have the ability to be deployed directly on the QuarkChain Platform.\n\nWHY NAMED QUARKCHAIN?\nAccording to Wikipedia: “Quark is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons, the components of atomic nuclei.” Similarly, we hope QuarkChain can be the foundation of the blockchain world. QuarkChain aims to enable a wide range of applications and to build a versatile blockchain world.\n\nWhat are QuarkChain tokens? How does QuarkChain allocate their tokens?\nQuarkChain tokens (QKC) are ERC-20 compatible tokens distributed on the Ethereum blockchain. After our mainnet is launched, the ERC-20 tokens will be converted to mainnet’s token by premining. Future QKCs will be produced by miners. Total supply is 10 billion QKC. Token sale 20%, Team 15%, Advisors 5%, Foundation 15%, Mining, community and marketing 45%. Mining is prone to minor future inflation possibly.\n\nWhat dApps will QuarkChain support?\nQuarkChain Network welcomes various dApps, especially those demand high transaction rates: advertisement, IoT (Internet of things), AI and big data, game, peer to peer sharing economy, etc. Today, lots of dApps are waiting for a more reliable and scalable foundation to begin with, QuarkChain Network will become a perfect choice.\n\nWhy is QuarkChain Network able to achieve such high TPS?\nThe main reason is QuarkChain Network develops suitable scalability technology (That is sharding, but even there are tons of different implements of sharding.), while maintaining the core value of the blockchain, such as decentralization and security. Thanks to QuarkChain Network development team members coming from Facebook and Google, who have been working on large scale distributed system development and are very familiar with various scalability means in centralized systems.\n\nHow advanced is the project?\nThe project is still under development, though they secured ~2,000 transactions per second (TPS) on their early closed test. The team is recruiting volunteers to try the testnet, which should go live around the same time as the crowdsale.\n\nThis is the projected roadmap for the project:\n\nQ2 2018 - TestNet 0.2 release which will support most of QuarkChain’s features such as smart contract, reshard, and so on.\nQ4 2018 - QuarkChain Core 1.0 release, Mainnet 1.0, and Smart Wallet (aiming for ~100,000 TPS at this time).\n\nQ2 2019 - QuarkChain Core 2.0 release, Smart Wallet 2.0, (aiming for ~1 million TPS with clustering at this time).\n\nWhat are the tokens used for and how can token value appreciate?\nQKC coins are used as transaction fees for transactions performed on QuarkChain. It will also be used as reward for miners. These value of QKC coins should depend on the usage of QuarkChain. The more activities and transactions being made on QuarkChain, the more valuable QKC coins should be.\n\nThe initial tokens released will be ERC-20, and a placeholder for the value of the actual coins which will be released with the mainnet that is scheduled in Q4 2018. At time of mainnet release, there will be a token swap.\n\nTeam\nThe team consists of 9 members, with the following being the key members of the team:\n\nQi Zhou, Founder – PhD in Electric and Computer engineering with 5 years’ experience in engineering and software engineering with the most recent being with Facebook as a software engineer.\n\nZhaoguang Wang, Software Engineer – 7 years’ experience in software engineering with tech giants such as Facebook, Instagram, and Google.\n\nXiaoli Ma, Research Scientist – Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology. PhD in electrical engineering and 7 years’ experience in the tech industry with the most recent being the CTO of Ratrix Technologies. \n\nYaodong Yang, Research Scientist – PhD in engineering, and a Tenure Track Professor at Xi'an Jiaotong University, and co-founder of Demo++ Technological Incubator.\n\nThey also have 6 advisors including Bill Moore, Chief Engineer for Storage at Sun Microsystems, Arun G. Phadke, Virginia Tech Professor, Zhiyun Qian, cyber security expert, among others.\n\n\nOpportunities\n\n•\tThe closed testnet is already demonstrating a TPS of 2,000 using just a few AWS nodes, which puts it ahead of most other blockchain 3.0 projects with much higher valuation. As more nodes are being used in the testnet, higher scalability should be achieved.\n•\tWe mentioned a few months ago that scalability will be one of the central subjects in 2018. Those projects that can successfully tackle this problem would be hugely rewarded.\n•\tQuarkChain integrates with Solidity, which is by far the most popular language used to program dApps. For those dApps built on Ethereum that need a high throughput, it will be easy to port over to QuarkChain, providing a low barrier of entry to adapt the platform.\n•\tThe team consists of a mix of academicians and engineers at reputable tech companies/universities. Their credentials provides comfort as to the execution ability of the team.\n\n\nTechnical Questions:\n\n1. Does QuarkChain Network use PoW? Why?\nYes. QuarkChain Network uses proof of work (PoW) as the consensus mechanism for the root chain, and root-chain first proof of work (rfPoW) for the shards. The explanation of rfPoW can be found in our whitepaper. Briefly, if there are two forks on a shard, to determine which fork to survive, a node would compare their corresponding root chain’s heights before considering the heights of the forks of the shard.\nThe reason is that Bitcoin (and many others) has been using PoW for many years, and its security and reliability have been well proven. The main innovation of this project is to scale transaction processing greatly. Therefore, we choose a reliable consensus mechanism and put more energy on solving the scalability problem.\n\n2. It seems there are several ongoing projects claim they can achieve high TPS, what makes QuarkChain Network different?\nOnly looking for a high TPS network is not a new story. Last year, the well-known payment network Alipay already reached 200+K peak TPS. What is more important is the tradeoffs among scalability, decentralization, and security. It is very challenging to be achieved three of them jointly. Thus, what makes QuarkChain stands out is to obtain an extremely high TPS while maintaining the network’s decentralization and security.\n\n3. Why can QuarkChain Network realize this high TPS? TECHNOLOGY\n\nThis is a result achieved by several cool features of QuarkChain Network jointly. They are:\n1) Reshardable two-layered blockchain: QuarkChain Network consists of two layers of blockchains. We apply elastic sharding blockchains (shards) as the first layer, and a root blockchain as the second layer that confirms the blocks from the first layer. The first layer is flexible to be resharded as needed without changing root layer.\n2) Guaranteed security by market-driven collaborative mining: To ensure the security of all transactions, a game-theoretic framework is designed for incentives, where at least 50% of overall hash powers are allocated to the root chain to prevent double spending attack on any transactions.\n3) Anti-centralized horizontal scalability: In any blockchain network with a high TPS, a super-full node can be extremely expensive, which encourages centralization. In contrast, QuarkChain Network allows multiple cheap nodes forming a cluster to replace a super-full node.\n4) Efficient cross-shard transactions: Cross-shard transactions in QuarkChain Network can be issued at any time, and confirmed in minutes. The speed of cross-shard transactions increases linearly as the number of shards increases.\n5) Simple account management: There is only one account needed for the entire blockchains (shards) in QuarkChain Network. All cryptocurrencies from different shards are stored in one smart wallet. Detailed discussions please check the whitepaper.\n\n4. What is sharding?\nSharding technique is from database, which means partitioning a large database into smaller parts, and data can be processed in parallel. It is one of the most common ways in centralized systems to address the scalability problem.\nFor example, 100 people are shopping at Walmart. If there is only one cashier, customers need wait for long time. But if there are 10 cashiers, customers can divide into 10 lines and thus reduce waiting time.\n\n5. How to perform a cross-shard transaction?\nQuarkChain Network fully supports cross-shard transactions (tx). Any user is able to issue a cross-shard transaction at any time. The technical key is the two-layer structure with a root chain. The tx-input shard initializes the process. The tx-output shard waits for the root chain’s confirmation and then realize the transaction. Because tx-input shard does not share the same ledger with tx-output shard, cross-shard transaction needs to wait for root chain’s confirmation before using the result of this transaction.\n\n6. What is QuarkChain’s relationship with DAG or Tangle technology?\nThe system of QuarkChain Network itself can be treated as a well-structured DAG. This allows QuarkChain to inherit a lot of benefits from both Bitcoin/Ethereum and general DAG technique. For example, the consensus of QuarkChain and its threat model can be easily derived/analyzed following those of Bitcoin/Ethereum, while QuarkChain achieves high throughput similar to general DAG. Given two blockchains/DAGs of QuarkChain, we could easily tell which one should be appended thanks to QuarkChain’s root chain.\n\n7. How could QuarkChain scale from 1K TPS to 100K TPS?\nQuarkChain aims to deliver hundreds of thousands or even millions of transactions per second in the next couple of years. Note that these numbers are the capacity of QuarkChain system, i.e., peak performance, rather than average TPS in production, which highly depends on applications. To achieve the peak numbers, we need to consider several bottleneck factors. We would like to share our thoughts and welcome any better suggestions could help us overcome the bottlenecks.\n1) CPU: Most consuming part of CPU is validation of the transactions. Our experiment shows that single core could validate several thousands of transactions per second (e.g., AWS EC2 c5 instances), and QuarkChain’s capacity could scale almost linearly as the number of cores increases thanks to sharding (e.g., AWS EC2 c5 instances could have at most 72x cores). In addition, existing research shows that with GPU optimization, the cryptographic operations by GPU could be more than 5x faster than that of CPU. With fully optimization in CPU/GPU, this should enable us to validate 100+K TPS in single node. With clustering feature enabled, QuarkChain Network should be able to achieve 1M+ TPS with more than 10+ machines in the cluster.\n2) Network bandwidth: Suppose that a transaction size is about 250 bytes. 1M+ TPS takes about 2 Gbps network bandwidth. This may sound high at this moment, but such network bandwidth will be available soon with new network technologies such as Fiber and other wireless techniques (e.g., WiGig).\n3) In addition, another bottleneck of QuarkChain is the block-size limit of root chain. Consider 8MB root block size limit, 256 bytes per transaction, and 1M per block size in shard with 128 bytes of block header, a root block could confirm 8M / 128 * 1M / 256 = 256M transactions. Given that the root block interval is 150 sec, then the maximum transaction per second supported by QuarkChain will be 1.7+ M TPS.\n\n8. Do you support smart contact?\nYes, we support Turing-complete smart contracts. These contracts written by Solidity can be directly deployed on QuarkChain Network. We also plan to continue improving the function of smart contracts in the near future.",
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      "title": "QUARKCHAIN QUIZ REVIEWER",
      "body": "Project name: QuarkChain\nToken symbol: QKC    Website: https://quarkchain.io/       Hard cap: $20 million\n\nQuarkChain is a blockchain that utilizes sharding to provide a high-capacity peer-to-peer transactional system. It will consist of two main layers – the sharding layer, which allows for high throughput by effectively distributing data, and the Root layer, which serves to confirm the blocks of the first.\n\nQuarkChain Network is a high-throughput blockchain that aims to achieve more than hundreds of thousands on-chain transactions per second (TPS). The high-capacity system will solve the scalability problem that current main blockchains are facing.\n\nThis problem is so urgent that bitcoin community can't wait to reach an agreement. Different solutions compel the community to split through a controversial hard fork.\n\nUsing this design, QuarkChain aims to satisfy the tradeoff between the three pillars of a blockchain – decentralization, security, and scalability.\n\nThere will be Nodes and Clusters for mining on the QuarkChain platform. Clusters are multiple nodes forming a cluster running as a super-full node. This way, supernodes can be formed without them being run by supercomputers. This will provide smaller players a competitive edge in mining.\n\nBelow are some of the features of QuarkChain:\n•\t50% or more of the hashpower will be dedicated to the root layer to prevent any double spending attacks.\n•\tNo lower limit as to the number of nodes required for a shard.\n•\tSupports GPU mining.\n•\tSupport cross shard transactions.\n•\tThe more nodes there are, the higher the scalability.\nTo further increase adoption and ease of use, QuarkChain will provide support for and integrate the Ethereum Virtual Machine for smart contracts, as it is the most commonly use execution engine. This will allow dApps built on the EVM to have the ability to be deployed directly on the QuarkChain Platform.\n\nWHY NAMED QUARKCHAIN?\nAccording to Wikipedia: “Quark is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons, the components of atomic nuclei.” Similarly, we hope QuarkChain can be the foundation of the blockchain world. QuarkChain aims to enable a wide range of applications and to build a versatile blockchain world.\n\nWhat are QuarkChain tokens? How does QuarkChain allocate their tokens?\nQuarkChain tokens (QKC) are ERC-20 compatible tokens distributed on the Ethereum blockchain. After our mainnet is launched, the ERC-20 tokens will be converted to mainnet’s token by premining. Future QKCs will be produced by miners. Total supply is 10 billion QKC. Token sale 20%, Team 15%, Advisors 5%, Foundation 15%, Mining, community and marketing 45%. Mining is prone to minor future inflation possibly.\n\nWhat dApps will QuarkChain support?\nQuarkChain Network welcomes various dApps, especially those demand high transaction rates: advertisement, IoT (Internet of things), AI and big data, game, peer to peer sharing economy, etc. Today, lots of dApps are waiting for a more reliable and scalable foundation to begin with, QuarkChain Network will become a perfect choice.\n\nWhy is QuarkChain Network able to achieve such high TPS?\nThe main reason is QuarkChain Network develops suitable scalability technology (That is sharding, but even there are tons of different implements of sharding.), while maintaining the core value of the blockchain, such as decentralization and security. Thanks to QuarkChain Network development team members coming from Facebook and Google, who have been working on large scale distributed system development and are very familiar with various scalability means in centralized systems.\n\nHow advanced is the project?\nThe project is still under development, though they secured ~2,000 transactions per second (TPS) on their early closed test. The team is recruiting volunteers to try the testnet, which should go live around the same time as the crowdsale.\n\nThis is the projected roadmap for the project:\n\nQ2 2018 - TestNet 0.2 release which will support most of QuarkChain’s features such as smart contract, reshard, and so on.\nQ4 2018 - QuarkChain Core 1.0 release, Mainnet 1.0, and Smart Wallet (aiming for ~100,000 TPS at this time).\n\nQ2 2019 - QuarkChain Core 2.0 release, Smart Wallet 2.0, (aiming for ~1 million TPS with clustering at this time).\n\nWhat are the tokens used for and how can token value appreciate?\nQKC coins are used as transaction fees for transactions performed on QuarkChain. It will also be used as reward for miners. These value of QKC coins should depend on the usage of QuarkChain. The more activities and transactions being made on QuarkChain, the more valuable QKC coins should be.\n\nThe initial tokens released will be ERC-20, and a placeholder for the value of the actual coins which will be released with the mainnet that is scheduled in Q4 2018. At time of mainnet release, there will be a token swap.\n\nTeam\nThe team consists of 9 members, with the following being the key members of the team:\n\nQi Zhou, Founder – PhD in Electric and Computer engineering with 5 years’ experience in engineering and software engineering with the most recent being with Facebook as a software engineer.\n\nZhaoguang Wang, Software Engineer – 7 years’ experience in software engineering with tech giants such as Facebook, Instagram, and Google.\n\nXiaoli Ma, Research Scientist – Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology. PhD in electrical engineering and 7 years’ experience in the tech industry with the most recent being the CTO of Ratrix Technologies. \n\nYaodong Yang, Research Scientist – PhD in engineering, and a Tenure Track Professor at Xi'an Jiaotong University, and co-founder of Demo++ Technological Incubator.\n\nThey also have 6 advisors including Bill Moore, Chief Engineer for Storage at Sun Microsystems, Arun G. Phadke, Virginia Tech Professor, Zhiyun Qian, cyber security expert, among others.\n\n\nOpportunities\n\n•\tThe closed testnet is already demonstrating a TPS of 2,000 using just a few AWS nodes, which puts it ahead of most other blockchain 3.0 projects with much higher valuation. As more nodes are being used in the testnet, higher scalability should be achieved.\n•\tWe mentioned a few months ago that scalability will be one of the central subjects in 2018. Those projects that can successfully tackle this problem would be hugely rewarded.\n•\tQuarkChain integrates with Solidity, which is by far the most popular language used to program dApps. For those dApps built on Ethereum that need a high throughput, it will be easy to port over to QuarkChain, providing a low barrier of entry to adapt the platform.\n•\tThe team consists of a mix of academicians and engineers at reputable tech companies/universities. Their credentials provides comfort as to the execution ability of the team.\n\n\nTechnical Questions:\n\n1. Does QuarkChain Network use PoW? Why?\nYes. QuarkChain Network uses proof of work (PoW) as the consensus mechanism for the root chain, and root-chain first proof of work (rfPoW) for the shards. The explanation of rfPoW can be found in our whitepaper. Briefly, if there are two forks on a shard, to determine which fork to survive, a node would compare their corresponding root chain’s heights before considering the heights of the forks of the shard.\nThe reason is that Bitcoin (and many others) has been using PoW for many years, and its security and reliability have been well proven. The main innovation of this project is to scale transaction processing greatly. Therefore, we choose a reliable consensus mechanism and put more energy on solving the scalability problem.\n\n2. It seems there are several ongoing projects claim they can achieve high TPS, what makes QuarkChain Network different?\nOnly looking for a high TPS network is not a new story. Last year, the well-known payment network Alipay already reached 200+K peak TPS. What is more important is the tradeoffs among scalability, decentralization, and security. It is very challenging to be achieved three of them jointly. Thus, what makes QuarkChain stands out is to obtain an extremely high TPS while maintaining the network’s decentralization and security.\n\n3. Why can QuarkChain Network realize this high TPS? TECHNOLOGY\n\nThis is a result achieved by several cool features of QuarkChain Network jointly. They are:\n1) Reshardable two-layered blockchain: QuarkChain Network consists of two layers of blockchains. We apply elastic sharding blockchains (shards) as the first layer, and a root blockchain as the second layer that confirms the blocks from the first layer. The first layer is flexible to be resharded as needed without changing root layer.\n2) Guaranteed security by market-driven collaborative mining: To ensure the security of all transactions, a game-theoretic framework is designed for incentives, where at least 50% of overall hash powers are allocated to the root chain to prevent double spending attack on any transactions.\n3) Anti-centralized horizontal scalability: In any blockchain network with a high TPS, a super-full node can be extremely expensive, which encourages centralization. In contrast, QuarkChain Network allows multiple cheap nodes forming a cluster to replace a super-full node.\n4) Efficient cross-shard transactions: Cross-shard transactions in QuarkChain Network can be issued at any time, and confirmed in minutes. The speed of cross-shard transactions increases linearly as the number of shards increases.\n5) Simple account management: There is only one account needed for the entire blockchains (shards) in QuarkChain Network. All cryptocurrencies from different shards are stored in one smart wallet. Detailed discussions please check the whitepaper.\n\n4. What is sharding?\nSharding technique is from database, which means partitioning a large database into smaller parts, and data can be processed in parallel. It is one of the most common ways in centralized systems to address the scalability problem.\nFor example, 100 people are shopping at Walmart. If there is only one cashier, customers need wait for long time. But if there are 10 cashiers, customers can divide into 10 lines and thus reduce waiting time.\n\n5. How to perform a cross-shard transaction?\nQuarkChain Network fully supports cross-shard transactions (tx). Any user is able to issue a cross-shard transaction at any time. The technical key is the two-layer structure with a root chain. The tx-input shard initializes the process. The tx-output shard waits for the root chain’s confirmation and then realize the transaction. Because tx-input shard does not share the same ledger with tx-output shard, cross-shard transaction needs to wait for root chain’s confirmation before using the result of this transaction.\n\n6. What is QuarkChain’s relationship with DAG or Tangle technology?\nThe system of QuarkChain Network itself can be treated as a well-structured DAG. This allows QuarkChain to inherit a lot of benefits from both Bitcoin/Ethereum and general DAG technique. For example, the consensus of QuarkChain and its threat model can be easily derived/analyzed following those of Bitcoin/Ethereum, while QuarkChain achieves high throughput similar to general DAG. Given two blockchains/DAGs of QuarkChain, we could easily tell which one should be appended thanks to QuarkChain’s root chain.\n\n7. How could QuarkChain scale from 1K TPS to 100K TPS?\nQuarkChain aims to deliver hundreds of thousands or even millions of transactions per second in the next couple of years. Note that these numbers are the capacity of QuarkChain system, i.e., peak performance, rather than average TPS in production, which highly depends on applications. To achieve the peak numbers, we need to consider several bottleneck factors. We would like to share our thoughts and welcome any better suggestions could help us overcome the bottlenecks.\n1) CPU: Most consuming part of CPU is validation of the transactions. Our experiment shows that single core could validate several thousands of transactions per second (e.g., AWS EC2 c5 instances), and QuarkChain’s capacity could scale almost linearly as the number of cores increases thanks to sharding (e.g., AWS EC2 c5 instances could have at most 72x cores). In addition, existing research shows that with GPU optimization, the cryptographic operations by GPU could be more than 5x faster than that of CPU. With fully optimization in CPU/GPU, this should enable us to validate 100+K TPS in single node. With clustering feature enabled, QuarkChain Network should be able to achieve 1M+ TPS with more than 10+ machines in the cluster.\n2) Network bandwidth: Suppose that a transaction size is about 250 bytes. 1M+ TPS takes about 2 Gbps network bandwidth. This may sound high at this moment, but such network bandwidth will be available soon with new network technologies such as Fiber and other wireless techniques (e.g., WiGig).\n3) In addition, another bottleneck of QuarkChain is the block-size limit of root chain. Consider 8MB root block size limit, 256 bytes per transaction, and 1M per block size in shard with 128 bytes of block header, a root block could confirm 8M / 128 * 1M / 256 = 256M transactions. Given that the root block interval is 150 sec, then the maximum transaction per second supported by QuarkChain will be 1.7+ M TPS.\n\n8. Do you support smart contact?\nYes, we support Turing-complete smart contracts. These contracts written by Solidity can be directly deployed on QuarkChain Network. We also plan to continue improving the function of smart contracts in the near future.",
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      "title": "QUARKCHAIN QUIZ REVIEWER",
      "body": "Project name: QuarkChain\nToken symbol: QKC    Website: https://quarkchain.io/       Hard cap: $20 million\n\nQuarkChain is a blockchain that utilizes sharding to provide a high-capacity peer-to-peer transactional system. It will consist of two main layers – the sharding layer, which allows for high throughput by effectively distributing data, and the Root layer, which serves to confirm the blocks of the first.\n\nQuarkChain Network is a high-throughput blockchain that aims to achieve more than hundreds of thousands on-chain transactions per second (TPS). The high-capacity system will solve the scalability problem that current main blockchains are facing.\n\nThis problem is so urgent that bitcoin community can't wait to reach an agreement. Different solutions compel the community to split through a controversial hard fork.\n\nUsing this design, QuarkChain aims to satisfy the tradeoff between the three pillars of a blockchain – decentralization, security, and scalability.\n\nThere will be Nodes and Clusters for mining on the QuarkChain platform. Clusters are multiple nodes forming a cluster running as a super-full node. This way, supernodes can be formed without them being run by supercomputers. This will provide smaller players a competitive edge in mining.\n\nBelow are some of the features of QuarkChain:\n•\t50% or more of the hashpower will be dedicated to the root layer to prevent any double spending attacks.\n•\tNo lower limit as to the number of nodes required for a shard.\n•\tSupports GPU mining.\n•\tSupport cross shard transactions.\n•\tThe more nodes there are, the higher the scalability.\nTo further increase adoption and ease of use, QuarkChain will provide support for and integrate the Ethereum Virtual Machine for smart contracts, as it is the most commonly use execution engine. This will allow dApps built on the EVM to have the ability to be deployed directly on the QuarkChain Platform.\n\nWHY NAMED QUARKCHAIN?\nAccording to Wikipedia: “Quark is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons, the components of atomic nuclei.” Similarly, we hope QuarkChain can be the foundation of the blockchain world. QuarkChain aims to enable a wide range of applications and to build a versatile blockchain world.\n\nWhat are QuarkChain tokens? How does QuarkChain allocate their tokens?\nQuarkChain tokens (QKC) are ERC-20 compatible tokens distributed on the Ethereum blockchain. After our mainnet is launched, the ERC-20 tokens will be converted to mainnet’s token by premining. Future QKCs will be produced by miners. Total supply is 10 billion QKC. Token sale 20%, Team 15%, Advisors 5%, Foundation 15%, Mining, community and marketing 45%. Mining is prone to minor future inflation possibly.\n\nWhat dApps will QuarkChain support?\nQuarkChain Network welcomes various dApps, especially those demand high transaction rates: advertisement, IoT (Internet of things), AI and big data, game, peer to peer sharing economy, etc. Today, lots of dApps are waiting for a more reliable and scalable foundation to begin with, QuarkChain Network will become a perfect choice.\n\nWhy is QuarkChain Network able to achieve such high TPS?\nThe main reason is QuarkChain Network develops suitable scalability technology (That is sharding, but even there are tons of different implements of sharding.), while maintaining the core value of the blockchain, such as decentralization and security. Thanks to QuarkChain Network development team members coming from Facebook and Google, who have been working on large scale distributed system development and are very familiar with various scalability means in centralized systems.\n\nHow advanced is the project?\nThe project is still under development, though they secured ~2,000 transactions per second (TPS) on their early closed test. The team is recruiting volunteers to try the testnet, which should go live around the same time as the crowdsale.\n\nThis is the projected roadmap for the project:\n\nQ2 2018 - TestNet 0.2 release which will support most of QuarkChain’s features such as smart contract, reshard, and so on.\nQ4 2018 - QuarkChain Core 1.0 release, Mainnet 1.0, and Smart Wallet (aiming for ~100,000 TPS at this time).\n\nQ2 2019 - QuarkChain Core 2.0 release, Smart Wallet 2.0, (aiming for ~1 million TPS with clustering at this time).\n\nWhat are the tokens used for and how can token value appreciate?\nQKC coins are used as transaction fees for transactions performed on QuarkChain. It will also be used as reward for miners. These value of QKC coins should depend on the usage of QuarkChain. The more activities and transactions being made on QuarkChain, the more valuable QKC coins should be.\n\nThe initial tokens released will be ERC-20, and a placeholder for the value of the actual coins which will be released with the mainnet that is scheduled in Q4 2018. At time of mainnet release, there will be a token swap.\n\nTeam\nThe team consists of 9 members, with the following being the key members of the team:\n\nQi Zhou, Founder – PhD in Electric and Computer engineering with 5 years’ experience in engineering and software engineering with the most recent being with Facebook as a software engineer.\n\nZhaoguang Wang, Software Engineer – 7 years’ experience in software engineering with tech giants such as Facebook, Instagram, and Google.\n\nXiaoli Ma, Research Scientist – Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology. PhD in electrical engineering and 7 years’ experience in the tech industry with the most recent being the CTO of Ratrix Technologies. \n\nYaodong Yang, Research Scientist – PhD in engineering, and a Tenure Track Professor at Xi'an Jiaotong University, and co-founder of Demo++ Technological Incubator.\n\nThey also have 6 advisors including Bill Moore, Chief Engineer for Storage at Sun Microsystems, Arun G. Phadke, Virginia Tech Professor, Zhiyun Qian, cyber security expert, among others.\n\n\nOpportunities\n\n•\tThe closed testnet is already demonstrating a TPS of 2,000 using just a few AWS nodes, which puts it ahead of most other blockchain 3.0 projects with much higher valuation. As more nodes are being used in the testnet, higher scalability should be achieved.\n•\tWe mentioned a few months ago that scalability will be one of the central subjects in 2018. Those projects that can successfully tackle this problem would be hugely rewarded.\n•\tQuarkChain integrates with Solidity, which is by far the most popular language used to program dApps. For those dApps built on Ethereum that need a high throughput, it will be easy to port over to QuarkChain, providing a low barrier of entry to adapt the platform.\n•\tThe team consists of a mix of academicians and engineers at reputable tech companies/universities. Their credentials provides comfort as to the execution ability of the team.\n\n\nTechnical Questions:\n\n1. Does QuarkChain Network use PoW? Why?\nYes. QuarkChain Network uses proof of work (PoW) as the consensus mechanism for the root chain, and root-chain first proof of work (rfPoW) for the shards. The explanation of rfPoW can be found in our whitepaper. Briefly, if there are two forks on a shard, to determine which fork to survive, a node would compare their corresponding root chain’s heights before considering the heights of the forks of the shard.\nThe reason is that Bitcoin (and many others) has been using PoW for many years, and its security and reliability have been well proven. The main innovation of this project is to scale transaction processing greatly. Therefore, we choose a reliable consensus mechanism and put more energy on solving the scalability problem.\n\n2. It seems there are several ongoing projects claim they can achieve high TPS, what makes QuarkChain Network different?\nOnly looking for a high TPS network is not a new story. Last year, the well-known payment network Alipay already reached 200+K peak TPS. What is more important is the tradeoffs among scalability, decentralization, and security. It is very challenging to be achieved three of them jointly. Thus, what makes QuarkChain stands out is to obtain an extremely high TPS while maintaining the network’s decentralization and security.\n\n3. Why can QuarkChain Network realize this high TPS? TECHNOLOGY\n\nThis is a result achieved by several cool features of QuarkChain Network jointly. They are:\n1) Reshardable two-layered blockchain: QuarkChain Network consists of two layers of blockchains. We apply elastic sharding blockchains (shards) as the first layer, and a root blockchain as the second layer that confirms the blocks from the first layer. The first layer is flexible to be resharded as needed without changing root layer.\n2) Guaranteed security by market-driven collaborative mining: To ensure the security of all transactions, a game-theoretic framework is designed for incentives, where at least 50% of overall hash powers are allocated to the root chain to prevent double spending attack on any transactions.\n3) Anti-centralized horizontal scalability: In any blockchain network with a high TPS, a super-full node can be extremely expensive, which encourages centralization. In contrast, QuarkChain Network allows multiple cheap nodes forming a cluster to replace a super-full node.\n4) Efficient cross-shard transactions: Cross-shard transactions in QuarkChain Network can be issued at any time, and confirmed in minutes. The speed of cross-shard transactions increases linearly as the number of shards increases.\n5) Simple account management: There is only one account needed for the entire blockchains (shards) in QuarkChain Network. All cryptocurrencies from different shards are stored in one smart wallet. Detailed discussions please check the whitepaper.\n\n4. What is sharding?\nSharding technique is from database, which means partitioning a large database into smaller parts, and data can be processed in parallel. It is one of the most common ways in centralized systems to address the scalability problem.\nFor example, 100 people are shopping at Walmart. If there is only one cashier, customers need wait for long time. But if there are 10 cashiers, customers can divide into 10 lines and thus reduce waiting time.\n\n5. How to perform a cross-shard transaction?\nQuarkChain Network fully supports cross-shard transactions (tx). Any user is able to issue a cross-shard transaction at any time. The technical key is the two-layer structure with a root chain. The tx-input shard initializes the process. The tx-output shard waits for the root chain’s confirmation and then realize the transaction. Because tx-input shard does not share the same ledger with tx-output shard, cross-shard transaction needs to wait for root chain’s confirmation before using the result of this transaction.\n\n6. What is QuarkChain’s relationship with DAG or Tangle technology?\nThe system of QuarkChain Network itself can be treated as a well-structured DAG. This allows QuarkChain to inherit a lot of benefits from both Bitcoin/Ethereum and general DAG technique. For example, the consensus of QuarkChain and its threat model can be easily derived/analyzed following those of Bitcoin/Ethereum, while QuarkChain achieves high throughput similar to general DAG. Given two blockchains/DAGs of QuarkChain, we could easily tell which one should be appended thanks to QuarkChain’s root chain.\n\n7. How could QuarkChain scale from 1K TPS to 100K TPS?\nQuarkChain aims to deliver hundreds of thousands or even millions of transactions per second in the next couple of years. Note that these numbers are the capacity of QuarkChain system, i.e., peak performance, rather than average TPS in production, which highly depends on applications. To achieve the peak numbers, we need to consider several bottleneck factors. We would like to share our thoughts and welcome any better suggestions could help us overcome the bottlenecks.\n1) CPU: Most consuming part of CPU is validation of the transactions. Our experiment shows that single core could validate several thousands of transactions per second (e.g., AWS EC2 c5 instances), and QuarkChain’s capacity could scale almost linearly as the number of cores increases thanks to sharding (e.g., AWS EC2 c5 instances could have at most 72x cores). In addition, existing research shows that with GPU optimization, the cryptographic operations by GPU could be more than 5x faster than that of CPU. With fully optimization in CPU/GPU, this should enable us to validate 100+K TPS in single node. With clustering feature enabled, QuarkChain Network should be able to achieve 1M+ TPS with more than 10+ machines in the cluster.\n2) Network bandwidth: Suppose that a transaction size is about 250 bytes. 1M+ TPS takes about 2 Gbps network bandwidth. This may sound high at this moment, but such network bandwidth will be available soon with new network technologies such as Fiber and other wireless techniques (e.g., WiGig).\n3) In addition, another bottleneck of QuarkChain is the block-size limit of root chain. Consider 8MB root block size limit, 256 bytes per transaction, and 1M per block size in shard with 128 bytes of block header, a root block could confirm 8M / 128 * 1M / 256 = 256M transactions. Given that the root block interval is 150 sec, then the maximum transaction per second supported by QuarkChain will be 1.7+ M TPS.\n\n8. Do you support smart contact?\nYes, we support Turing-complete smart contracts. These contracts written by Solidity can be directly deployed on QuarkChain Network. We also plan to continue improving the function of smart contracts in the near future.",
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      "title": "QUARKCHAIN REVIEWER",
      "body": "Project name: QuarkChain\nToken symbol: QKC    Website: https://quarkchain.io/       Hard cap: $20 million\n\nQuarkChain is a blockchain that utilizes sharding to provide a high-capacity peer-to-peer transactional system. It will consist of two main layers – the sharding layer, which allows for high throughput by effectively distributing data, and the Root layer, which serves to confirm the blocks of the first.\n\nQuarkChain Network is a high-throughput blockchain that aims to achieve more than hundreds of thousands on-chain transactions per second (TPS). The high-capacity system will solve the scalability problem that current main blockchains are facing.\n\nThis problem is so urgent that bitcoin community can't wait to reach an agreement. Different solutions compel the community to split through a controversial hard fork.\n\nUsing this design, QuarkChain aims to satisfy the tradeoff between the three pillars of a blockchain – decentralization, security, and scalability.\n\nThere will be Nodes and Clusters for mining on the QuarkChain platform. Clusters are multiple nodes forming a cluster running as a super-full node. This way, supernodes can be formed without them being run by supercomputers. This will provide smaller players a competitive edge in mining.\n\nBelow are some of the features of QuarkChain:\n•\t50% or more of the hashpower will be dedicated to the root layer to prevent any double spending attacks.\n•\tNo lower limit as to the number of nodes required for a shard.\n•\tSupports GPU mining.\n•\tSupport cross shard transactions.\n•\tThe more nodes there are, the higher the scalability.\nTo further increase adoption and ease of use, QuarkChain will provide support for and integrate the Ethereum Virtual Machine for smart contracts, as it is the most commonly use execution engine. This will allow dApps built on the EVM to have the ability to be deployed directly on the QuarkChain Platform.\n\nWHY NAMED QUARKCHAIN?\nAccording to Wikipedia: “Quark is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons, the components of atomic nuclei.” Similarly, we hope QuarkChain can be the foundation of the blockchain world. QuarkChain aims to enable a wide range of applications and to build a versatile blockchain world.\n\nWhat are QuarkChain tokens? How does QuarkChain allocate their tokens?\nQuarkChain tokens (QKC) are ERC-20 compatible tokens distributed on the Ethereum blockchain. After our mainnet is launched, the ERC-20 tokens will be converted to mainnet’s token by premining. Future QKCs will be produced by miners. Total supply is 10 billion QKC. Token sale 20%, Team 15%, Advisors 5%, Foundation 15%, Mining, community and marketing 45%. Mining is prone to minor future inflation possibly.\n\nWhat dApps will QuarkChain support?\nQuarkChain Network welcomes various dApps, especially those demand high transaction rates: advertisement, IoT (Internet of things), AI and big data, game, peer to peer sharing economy, etc. Today, lots of dApps are waiting for a more reliable and scalable foundation to begin with, QuarkChain Network will become a perfect choice.\n\nWhy is QuarkChain Network able to achieve such high TPS?\nThe main reason is QuarkChain Network develops suitable scalability technology (That is sharding, but even there are tons of different implements of sharding.), while maintaining the core value of the blockchain, such as decentralization and security. Thanks to QuarkChain Network development team members coming from Facebook and Google, who have been working on large scale distributed system development and are very familiar with various scalability means in centralized systems.\n\nHow advanced is the project?\nThe project is still under development, though they secured ~2,000 transactions per second (TPS) on their early closed test. The team is recruiting volunteers to try the testnet, which should go live around the same time as the crowdsale.\n\nThis is the projected roadmap for the project:\n\nQ2 2018 - TestNet 0.2 release which will support most of QuarkChain’s features such as smart contract, reshard, and so on.\nQ4 2018 - QuarkChain Core 1.0 release, Mainnet 1.0, and Smart Wallet (aiming for ~100,000 TPS at this time).\n\nQ2 2019 - QuarkChain Core 2.0 release, Smart Wallet 2.0, (aiming for ~1 million TPS with clustering at this time).\n\nWhat are the tokens used for and how can token value appreciate?\nQKC coins are used as transaction fees for transactions performed on QuarkChain. It will also be used as reward for miners. These value of QKC coins should depend on the usage of QuarkChain. The more activities and transactions being made on QuarkChain, the more valuable QKC coins should be.\n\nThe initial tokens released will be ERC-20, and a placeholder for the value of the actual coins which will be released with the mainnet that is scheduled in Q4 2018. At time of mainnet release, there will be a token swap.\n\nTeam\nThe team consists of 9 members, with the following being the key members of the team:\n\nQi Zhou, Founder – PhD in Electric and Computer engineering with 5 years’ experience in engineering and software engineering with the most recent being with Facebook as a software engineer.\n\nZhaoguang Wang, Software Engineer – 7 years’ experience in software engineering with tech giants such as Facebook, Instagram, and Google.\n\nXiaoli Ma, Research Scientist – Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology. PhD in electrical engineering and 7 years’ experience in the tech industry with the most recent being the CTO of Ratrix Technologies. \n\nYaodong Yang, Research Scientist – PhD in engineering, and a Tenure Track Professor at Xi'an Jiaotong University, and co-founder of Demo++ Technological Incubator.\n\nThey also have 6 advisors including Bill Moore, Chief Engineer for Storage at Sun Microsystems, Arun G. Phadke, Virginia Tech Professor, Zhiyun Qian, cyber security expert, among others.\n\n\nOpportunities\n\n•\tThe closed testnet is already demonstrating a TPS of 2,000 using just a few AWS nodes, which puts it ahead of most other blockchain 3.0 projects with much higher valuation. As more nodes are being used in the testnet, higher scalability should be achieved.\n•\tWe mentioned a few months ago that scalability will be one of the central subjects in 2018. Those projects that can successfully tackle this problem would be hugely rewarded.\n•\tQuarkChain integrates with Solidity, which is by far the most popular language used to program dApps. For those dApps built on Ethereum that need a high throughput, it will be easy to port over to QuarkChain, providing a low barrier of entry to adapt the platform.\n•\tThe team consists of a mix of academicians and engineers at reputable tech companies/universities. Their credentials provides comfort as to the execution ability of the team.\n\n\nTechnical Questions:\n\n1. Does QuarkChain Network use PoW? Why?\nYes. QuarkChain Network uses proof of work (PoW) as the consensus mechanism for the root chain, and root-chain first proof of work (rfPoW) for the shards. The explanation of rfPoW can be found in our whitepaper. Briefly, if there are two forks on a shard, to determine which fork to survive, a node would compare their corresponding root chain’s heights before considering the heights of the forks of the shard.\nThe reason is that Bitcoin (and many others) has been using PoW for many years, and its security and reliability have been well proven. The main innovation of this project is to scale transaction processing greatly. Therefore, we choose a reliable consensus mechanism and put more energy on solving the scalability problem.\n\n2. It seems there are several ongoing projects claim they can achieve high TPS, what makes QuarkChain Network different?\nOnly looking for a high TPS network is not a new story. Last year, the well-known payment network Alipay already reached 200+K peak TPS. What is more important is the tradeoffs among scalability, decentralization, and security. It is very challenging to be achieved three of them jointly. Thus, what makes QuarkChain stands out is to obtain an extremely high TPS while maintaining the network’s decentralization and security.\n\n3. Why can QuarkChain Network realize this high TPS? TECHNOLOGY\n\nThis is a result achieved by several cool features of QuarkChain Network jointly. They are:\n1) Reshardable two-layered blockchain: QuarkChain Network consists of two layers of blockchains. We apply elastic sharding blockchains (shards) as the first layer, and a root blockchain as the second layer that confirms the blocks from the first layer. The first layer is flexible to be resharded as needed without changing root layer.\n2) Guaranteed security by market-driven collaborative mining: To ensure the security of all transactions, a game-theoretic framework is designed for incentives, where at least 50% of overall hash powers are allocated to the root chain to prevent double spending attack on any transactions.\n3) Anti-centralized horizontal scalability: In any blockchain network with a high TPS, a super-full node can be extremely expensive, which encourages centralization. In contrast, QuarkChain Network allows multiple cheap nodes forming a cluster to replace a super-full node.\n4) Efficient cross-shard transactions: Cross-shard transactions in QuarkChain Network can be issued at any time, and confirmed in minutes. The speed of cross-shard transactions increases linearly as the number of shards increases.\n5) Simple account management: There is only one account needed for the entire blockchains (shards) in QuarkChain Network. All cryptocurrencies from different shards are stored in one smart wallet. Detailed discussions please check the whitepaper.\n\n4. What is sharding?\nSharding technique is from database, which means partitioning a large database into smaller parts, and data can be processed in parallel. It is one of the most common ways in centralized systems to address the scalability problem.\nFor example, 100 people are shopping at Walmart. If there is only one cashier, customers need wait for long time. But if there are 10 cashiers, customers can divide into 10 lines and thus reduce waiting time.\n\n5. How to perform a cross-shard transaction?\nQuarkChain Network fully supports cross-shard transactions (tx). Any user is able to issue a cross-shard transaction at any time. The technical key is the two-layer structure with a root chain. The tx-input shard initializes the process. The tx-output shard waits for the root chain’s confirmation and then realize the transaction. Because tx-input shard does not share the same ledger with tx-output shard, cross-shard transaction needs to wait for root chain’s confirmation before using the result of this transaction.\n\n6. What is QuarkChain’s relationship with DAG or Tangle technology?\nThe system of QuarkChain Network itself can be treated as a well-structured DAG. This allows QuarkChain to inherit a lot of benefits from both Bitcoin/Ethereum and general DAG technique. For example, the consensus of QuarkChain and its threat model can be easily derived/analyzed following those of Bitcoin/Ethereum, while QuarkChain achieves high throughput similar to general DAG. Given two blockchains/DAGs of QuarkChain, we could easily tell which one should be appended thanks to QuarkChain’s root chain.\n\n7. How could QuarkChain scale from 1K TPS to 100K TPS?\nQuarkChain aims to deliver hundreds of thousands or even millions of transactions per second in the next couple of years. Note that these numbers are the capacity of QuarkChain system, i.e., peak performance, rather than average TPS in production, which highly depends on applications. To achieve the peak numbers, we need to consider several bottleneck factors. We would like to share our thoughts and welcome any better suggestions could help us overcome the bottlenecks.\n1) CPU: Most consuming part of CPU is validation of the transactions. Our experiment shows that single core could validate several thousands of transactions per second (e.g., AWS EC2 c5 instances), and QuarkChain’s capacity could scale almost linearly as the number of cores increases thanks to sharding (e.g., AWS EC2 c5 instances could have at most 72x cores). In addition, existing research shows that with GPU optimization, the cryptographic operations by GPU could be more than 5x faster than that of CPU. With fully optimization in CPU/GPU, this should enable us to validate 100+K TPS in single node. With clustering feature enabled, QuarkChain Network should be able to achieve 1M+ TPS with more than 10+ machines in the cluster.\n2) Network bandwidth: Suppose that a transaction size is about 250 bytes. 1M+ TPS takes about 2 Gbps network bandwidth. This may sound high at this moment, but such network bandwidth will be available soon with new network technologies such as Fiber and other wireless techniques (e.g., WiGig).\n3) In addition, another bottleneck of QuarkChain is the block-size limit of root chain. Consider 8MB root block size limit, 256 bytes per transaction, and 1M per block size in shard with 128 bytes of block header, a root block could confirm 8M / 128 * 1M / 256 = 256M transactions. Given that the root block interval is 150 sec, then the maximum transaction per second supported by QuarkChain will be 1.7+ M TPS.\n\n8. Do you support smart contact?\nYes, we support Turing-complete smart contracts. These contracts written by Solidity can be directly deployed on QuarkChain Network. We also plan to continue improving the function of smart contracts in the near future.",
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