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      "body": "![IMG_9099_low.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmQE7gKTQfaHT2tu285Y3hPY7u7ztHTpcNkd9au51vgZsV/IMG_9099_low.jpg)\n\n“All things excellent are as difficult as they are rare.”\n\n- Baruch Spinoza\n\nTL;DR:\n- The mobile IoT needs GPS\n- GPS is traditionally not low power\n- Getting GPS right with low power requires a tricky confluence of technologies\n\nThis month, I witnessed a “coming out” party of sorts for a new LTE NB-IoT product from Samsung. It’s a “tracker” that you can put on dogs, bikes, kids, or whatever moves. (http://zd.net/2yrMDB9)\n\nAt first blush, it is an exciting product:\n\n- It is IP68 water- and dust-proof, has a horizontal/vertical of 4.21cm, and is 1.19cm thick.\n\n- It is optimal for indoor and outdoor use, including pet and children tracking, protecting personal items, and attaching to luggage.\n\n- An attachable ring will enable it to be hung on bags and key chains.\n\n- It also has an on-demand feature, where it will show its location and set times; while its geo-fence feature alerts users when it has left a set virtual zone\n\n- It can also be synced with smart home appliances to turn on the light, TV, or the robot cleaner when close to home.\nSmall, versatile, feature rich … what’s not to like, right?\n\nExcept this:\n\n\"Connect Tag consumes little energy and data, and a full charge will last seven days.\"\n\nNB-IoT, as most readers of this website probably know, is the cellular industry’s response to Sigfox and LoRa. Another cellular response, LTE CAT M1, has outed itself as a “high power” WAN technology. So, NB-IoT is supposed to be the cellular industry low power savior: long range plus low power and, of course, low cost.\n\nNow, it’s possible that this is just a bad implementation of GPS over NB-IoT, but let’s just assume Samsung knows a thing or two about wireless and location services. So what happened?\n\nThere’s something inherent in the NB-IoT stack that isn’t very “low power”, after all, which seems unlikely given what we hear about the uptake of NB-IoT for fixed meter reading; or\n\nNB-IoT can’t easily support “hot start” GPS location acquisition.\n\nGPS, as I’ve written before (http://bit.ly/2pBcYqp), can be a very power hungry component of a mobile IoT endpoint. Historically, we’ve seen mobile GPS endpoints married with cellular, which (usually) promised around 30 days of battery life and often delivered far less. LPWAN’s were supposed to change all that, but in the Samsung case above, battery life, it would appear, got worse.\n\nA GPS receiver needs to locate at least four satellites in the sky in order to compute its location, and the time required to do so can range from a few seconds to many minutes. A “cold start” can force your mobile endpoint into searching for satellites for many minutes … with predictable battery life results. A “hot” start, on the other hand, can enable the endpoint to acquire GPS coordinates in a few seconds.\n\nSo to avoid battery meltdown on your GPS-enabled mobile IoT device, hot starts are extremely helpful. Enabling a GPS hot start requires the network to broadcast a kind of “cheat sheet” to the GPS receiver to allow it to acquire location more quickly. For many Assisted GPS or “A-GPS” is the mechanism for doing this. (http://bit.ly/2p1E6hh)\n\nLow Power Wide Area Networking technologies are about battery powered devices that can communicate over long distances and deliver long — as in multi-year — battery life. Today, lots of LPWAN technologies are being deployed in fixed use cases — meter reading, for example — and simply send a message once a day back to a host reporting on the day’s usage. Water meters, for example.\n\nBut deploying LPWAN’s for real-time outdoor location is another matter. While there are multiple techniques for deriving location without GPS, most LPWAN protocols at best offer a high-latency, low accuracy form of location that would be hard to characterize as real-time. Adding GPS to these requires the GPS receiver to be active and, in most cases, in a perpetual state of looking for satellite signals. Even invoking GPS based on an event (e.g. movement) is full of risks like false positives that will also deplete a battery. A-GPS mitigates this power draw problem but … supporting it correctly remains elusive for many (but not all) LPWAN protocols. It is unclear whether this is the driver behind the Samsung NB-IoT battery life issue, but I look forward to hearing more detail from those closer to that product.",
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      "title": "The Billion Dollar IoT Device Discovery Opportunity",
      "body": "A few thoughts on last month's Blueborne exploit, which should raise eyebrows for anyone deploying Bluetooth in the IoT.\nBlueborne looks like a nightmare for anyone deploying Bluetooth in the IoT. Here’s the description from the firm that uncovered the exploit:\n\n*BlueBorne is an attack vector by which hackers can leverage Bluetooth connections to penetrate and take complete control over targeted devices. BlueBorne affects ordinary computers, mobile phones, and the expanding realm of IoT devices. The attack does not require the targeted device to be paired to the attacker’s device, or even to be set on discoverable mode. Armis Labs has identified eight zero-day vulnerabilities so far, which indicate the existence and potential of the attack vector.*\n\nBut then there’s this:\n\n*Armis believes many more vulnerabilities await discovery in the various platforms using Bluetooth. These vulnerabilities are fully operational, and can be successfully exploited, as demonstrated in our research. The BlueBorne attack vector can be used to conduct a large range of offenses, including remote code execution as well as Man-in-The-Middle attacks.”*\n\nFor the full shock value of this exploit, here’s a short video by the firm that made the discovery that explains the risk:\n\nhttps://youtu.be/LLNtZKpL0P8\n\n2. Bluetooth radios are notoriously easy to discover and a large part of Blueborne appears based on this fact:\n\n*The BlueBorne attack vector has several stages. First, the attacker locates active Bluetooth connections around him or her. Devices can be identified even if they are not set to “discoverable” mode. Next, the attacker obtains the device’s MAC address, which is a unique identifier of that specific device. By probing the device, the attacker can determine which operating system his victim is using, and adjust his exploit accordingly. The attacker will then exploit a vulnerability in the implementation of the Bluetooth protocol in the relevant platform.*\n\n3. Many Bluetooth devices are — and you are not going to believe this — not patchable.\n\n*However, Parker said that up to 40 percent of the 5.3 billion impacted devices probably would not be patchable — mainly because they are IoT devices, like smart refrigerators, that cannot be easily updated. Right now, Armis said that users could disable Bluetooth to protect their connected devices while waiting for the patch.*\n\n4. If there is any good news for Bluetooth developers, it is small, embeded devices do not appear — for now — to be a primary target for Blueborn, but rather higher-powered gateways running Linux, Android, Windows, or iOS which in turn connect to low power devices.\n\n*The vulnerabilities disclosed by Armis affect all devices running on Android, Linux, Windows, and pre-version 10 of iOS operating systems, regardless of the Bluetooth version in use. This means almost every computer, mobile device, smart TV or other IoT device running on one of these operating systems is endangered by at least one of the eight vulnerabilities.*\n\n5. I’ve written about device discovery before (https://medium.com/the-startup-magazine-collection/a-simple-proposal-to-improve-security-for-the-internet-of-things-4fcc0663f70e) and the principles still apply: low power IoT endpoints should operate in a “stealthy” mode unless there is a reason to make noise. It saves power, reduces network congestion, and makes discovering your IoT device much, much harder. I didn’t say “impossible to discover”, but like prey in the jungle wanting to avoid alerting a predator, part of minimizing your chances of being discovered is just to keep quiet. Older protocols — including Bluetooth take an opposite tack: they never stop talking and are always discoverable. Even when you tell your Bluetooth radio to go into non-discovery mode.\n\nBluetooth is not alone in this ease of discovery. WiFi and IEEE 802.15.4xx are just two examples of stacks (or semi-stacks) that weren’t conceived with the modern IoT in mind. Even more recent attempts like LoRaWAN were architected without thinking this through.\n\nIn the world of IoT wireless protocol development, device discovery seems to (usually) be the job given the guys who weren’t smart enough to work on documentation. But if we are just seeing the beginning of hacks like Blueborne — as the author of the vulnerabilty suggests — the solution to limiting IoT device discovery is a billion dollar opportunity.",
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