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      "title": "What is Snapshot Positioning? (Part 4 – Data Processing module)",
      "body": "# What is Snapshot Positioning? (Part 4 – Data Processing module)\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>Welcome back to #BlockchainMyGPS!<br><br></div>\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\">\n<img src=\"http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/iStock_000002065973Small.jpg\">\n</div>\n<div class=\"text-justify\">In the previous blog posts, I explained one advantage of #SnapshotReceiver which is, that, once the #GPS satellite signal has been captured, it does not need to be processed right away. This means that the parts which consume the most energy can be offloaded to a remote device sometime in the future.</div>\n\n<br>For reference purposes, you can find [Part-I](https://steemit.com/technology/@fy1000000/what-is-snapshot-positioning), [Part-II](https://steemit.com/technology/@fy1000000/what-is-snapshot-positioning-part-2-data-capture-module) and [Part-III](https://steemit.com/technology/@fy1000000/what-is-snapshot-positioning-part-3-data-buffering-and-data-storage-modules) here.\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">In this blog post, I will be discussing how signal processing is performed in a snapshot receiver and what the advantages are.<br></div>\n\n## #Ephemeris and #ExtendedEphemeris\n<div class=\"text-justify\">The problem with older generations of snapshot receiver were the limiting requirements that made them undesirable for real-life use cases; these comprise of a valid Ephemeris, an approximate Time and Position of the receiver.<br><br></div>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">Ephemeris describes a satellite’s position over a period of time. Conventional receiver obtains ephemeris by decoding the navigation message broadcast directly by the satellites, this downloading process consumes considerable amount of energy. Since the navigation message is broadcast at a very slow data rate – 50 bits per second, it takes ~30 seconds to download it. To make matters worse, when the receiver moves through poor signal areas such as high rise buildings, the incoming signal could be intermittently blocked and must be downloaded again. <br><br></div> \n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">The GPS in my cellphone doesn’t seem to take 30 seconds to get a position. Why? Most smartphone-based GPS receiver get around this slow and energy-intense process by connecting to the wireless network to download the ephemeris from a server. This is typically referred to as Assisted GPS #AGPS. While this approach works very well for smartphones, the energy to operate a wireless radio often consumes more than it would by downloading the broadcast ephemeris.</div> \n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>An alternative to AGPS is Extended Ephemeris where an algorithm can predict the ephemeris for up to 28 days. A receiver can download the Extended Ephemeris file at a convenient time such as when it is being recharged. A receiver with Extended Ephemeris can operate autonomously without the need of additional ephemeris information, either from the satellite broadcasts or from a communication network.</div> \n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>Some new breed of conventional receivers has adopted a hybrid approach to combine Extended Ephemeris with occasional broadcast ephemeris download. This approach is suitable for applications that the receiver is ON most of the time (e.g. car navigation), the benefits for #Wearables and #IoT applications that prefer to be OFF most of the time is limited.<br></div> \n\n## Approximate Time and Position\n<div class=\"text-justify\">Older snapshot receivers also require a time accurate to sub-milliseconds to 60 seconds and position accurate to ~75km. While the rough time and position could be obtained from #WiFi or #Cell-ID, they offer little value for Wearables and IoT devices unless they are integrated with WiFi/Cell-ID radios. Fortunately, state of the art snapshot receiver has overcome these limitations without additional hardware.</div> \n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>NOTE: If you’re interested in knowing more about why GPS receivers take so long to get a position, you can find it [here].<br></div> \n\n## Data Processing Module\n<div class=\"text-justify\">Throughout the course of this ‘What is Snapshot Positioning?’ series, I have explained the basics of a snapshot receiver and three of its four discrete modules – Data Capture, Data Buffering and Data Storage modules. The last module – Signal Processing is a key differentiator between the state of the art snapshot receiver and the conventional receiver. </div> \n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>Signal processing involves the transformation of digitized IF data into ranging measurements (Code Phase and Doppler) and computing the receiver position using signal processing techniques.<br></div> \n\n<center>http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/Conceptual-GPS-receiver-components-output-files.png</center>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">In snapshot receiver, each signal capture is digitized and saved as an ORS file. The user has total control over how often and how many milliseconds of IF data to capture. The diagram below is an example of captured IF data. For example, the highlighted IF data file was captured on 25th May, 2017 at 21:48:33 UTC time. Since each millisecond of IF data equals 2 KB (kilobytes), these files contain 20 milliseconds of IF data.</div> \n\n<center>http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/ors-files-IF-data.png</center>\n \n<div class=\"text-justify\">Data Processing starts with running the Measurement Engine which converts the IF data to obtain Code Phase and Doppler information for each visible satellite. This process is sometimes called Pre-Processing. The diagram below shows the pre-processed results. Notice the ORS files have now become MSR files and their file size have reduced significantly from 40KB to 62 bytes.<br></div> \n\n<center>http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/msr-files-measurement-data.png</center>\n \n<div class=\"text-justify\">Once the MSR file has been generated, the next step is to run the Position Engine to compute a user position.<br><br></div> \n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">To illustrate the Data Processing concept, I described processing the IF data files by running the Measurement and the Position Engines in two steps. In practice, a graphical user interface (GUI) would be used to process IF data conveniently. For example, the GUI shown below provides the user a series of processing options such as the name of the input IF data file, how much IF data (in milliseconds) should be processed etc. The processing results include the Latitude/Longitude/Height, Date & Time, number of satellites found and used, Dilution of Precision (DOP) values, and how long the server took to process the IF data file.<br></div> \n\n<center>http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/DataProcessing-GUI.png</center>\n\n## Summary\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">In this mini blog series, we have discussed three key advantages of snapshot receiver:<br></div>\n\n1. Once the satellite signal has been captured, it does not need to be processed right away – designer can offload the parts which consume the most energy to a remote device.\n2. When compared with the conventional receiver, the flexibility in designing with the snapshot receiver is unparalleled – designer can easily construct a #UltraLowPowerGPS receiver by mixing-and-matching the Data Capture, Data Buffer, Data Storage and Data Processing modules to optimize energy consumption for their unique hardware platform.\n3. To minimize energy further, designer can force the snapshot receiver to remain in a ‘deep sleep’ state most of the time. The receiver will only wake up for a few milliseconds to periodically capture a user’s position, store the captured signal and then go back to a ‘deep sleep’ state to conserve power.\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">Our Internet connected smart-phones has created a constantly ON world that has us conditioned to expect everything to be ON instantly. The penalty for using traditional receiver to satisfy our ‘instant everything’ desire is the significant waste of energy. Hence, traditional receivers are too power-hungry for small electronics using small batteries.<br><br></div> \n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">Snapshot receiver technology operates counter-intuitively by forcing the receiver to be always OFF to conserve this precious energy; it uses advanced processing techniques that enable the receiver to be turned ON just for a few milliseconds. For low-power Wearables and IoT applications where position fixes are needed but energy consumption must be kept to a minimum, snapshot receiver is ideal.<br><br></div> \n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">Congratulations! You should give yourself a pat on the back because you now know more about Ultra Low Power GPS receiver than 99.9% of the people on this planet! <br><br></div> \n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">This marks the end of the “What is Snapshot Positioning” series. My goal for this blog is to be a platform of information, communication and learning as well as being an inspiration for those who are interested in implementing Ultra-Low Power GPS and #Blockchain, my next blog series will be about the Block Chain technology and what GPS has got to do with it. I hope to see you then! Bye for now.<br><br></div>",
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      "title": "What is Snapshot Positioning? (Part 3 – Data Buffering and Data Storage Modules)",
      "body": "# What is Snapshot Positioning? (Part 3 – Data Buffering and Data Storage Modules)\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>Welcome back to #BlockchainMyGPS!<br><br></div>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">In the previous blog posts in this series, I explained #SnapshotReceiver and one of its discrete modules – Data Capture. </div>\n\n<br>To jog your memory, you can find [Part-I](https://steemit.com/technology/@fy1000000/what-is-snapshot-positioning) and [Part-II](https://steemit.com/technology/@fy1000000/what-is-snapshot-positioning-part-2-data-capture-module) here.<br>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">One advantage of snapshot receiver is that once the #GPS satellite signal has been captured, it does not need to be processed right away. This means that the parts which consume the most energy can be offloaded to a remote device that has a much greater processing capacity, speed and efficiency. In this blog post, we will be discussing why and how Data Buffering and Data Storage may be required in a design.<br></div>\n\n## Data Buffering Module\n\n<center>http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/Conceptual-Snapshot-Receiver-Data-Buffering-Module.png</center>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">The MAX2769 #RFIC has a very flexible architecture in which it can be configured to output different IF data formats between 1 MSPS and 16 MSPS (mega-sample per second). For an optimized #UltraLowPowerGPS receiver design, we found out that the best configuration is by using 2-bit I, 2-bit Q at 4.092 MSPS – this means the RFIC will split the IF data into 4 separate data lines – I0, I1, Q0 and Q1 and output them at a fairly high data rate of 4.092 MSPS per data line.<br><br></div>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">Although I mentioned in my previous blog posts that snapshot receiver requires only a few milliseconds of IF data to obtain a position and the data size is only a few kilobytes per capture, however the speed at which the RFIC outputs the IF data (data rate) could be too high for some low-cost MCUs to read. In this case, a Data Buffering module may be needed to temporarily store the data before sending it to the Data Storage or Data Processing Modules.<br><br></div> \n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">There are many ways to implement the interface logic of the Data Buffering module. One simple way is to connect each data line to an 8-bit serial to parallel SIPO shift register chip such as the 74164 series to slow down the incoming 4.092 MSPS data stream to 0.5115 MSPS.<br></div> \n\n## Data Storage Module\n\n<center>http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/Conceptual-Snapshot-Receiver-Data-Storage-Module.png</center>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">Similar to the Data Buffering module, depending on how the RFIC interfaces with the MCU – Microcontroller, the Data Storage module is optional.<br></div> \n\n<center>http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/Conceptual-Snapshot-Receiver-Data-Storage.png</center>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">For #Wearables and #IoT applications such as fitness watches that must continuously track a user’s position while operating on a small battery, minimizing power consumption is paramount. One strategy is to force the snapshot receiver to remain in a state of deep sleep most of the time. The snapshot receiver will only wake up to periodically capture a user’s position by turning ON the RFIC for a few milliseconds and store the captured signal data to non-volatile memory e.g. flash memory or SD card etc. As soon as the capture is completed, the snapshot receiver will immediately go back to a ‘deep sleep’ state to conserve power.<br><br></div> \n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">Another unique advantage of snapshot receiver is that once the captured signal data is stored in non-volatile memory, it can be retrieved for processing at any time in the future which can be done on the device itself, a cloud server or even a computing device near the snapshot receiver. For example, a low power Bluetooth-enabled wristband can be programmed to continuously capture and store the IF data until it is connected to an external power source e.g. while recharging, where the captured data can be conveniently sent to a remote server or to a nearby smartphone for signal processing.<br></div> \n\n<center>http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/Conceptual-Snapshot-Receiver-Data-Processing.png</center>\n \n<div class=\"text-justify\">In this blog post, we have discussed why and how the Data Buffering and the Data Storage modules might be necessary for a snapshot receiver. By now, you have probably already noticed that there are rigid requirements for users to connect conventional receivers to their hardware environment. In contrast, state of the art snapshot receiver provides an extremely flexible architecture for users to integrate it to their hardware environment to achieve maximum energy efficiency.<br><br></div> \n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">In the next blog post, which hopefully would mark the end of this “What is Snapshot Positioning” mini-series, I will discuss the Signal Processing module in more detail. I hope to see you then!<br></div>",
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      "title": "What is Snapshot Positioning? (Part 2 – Data Capture module)",
      "body": "# What is Snapshot Positioning? (Part 2 – Data Capture module)\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>Welcome back to #BlockchainMyGPS!<br></div>\n\n<br>In the previous blog post, I explained what a #SnapshotReceiver is. If it all seems distant or sketchy, you can review it [here](https://steemit.com/technology/@fy1000000/what-is-snapshot-positioning).\n\nA typical snapshot receiver consists of four discrete modules:\n* Data Capture\n* Data Buffering\n* Data Storage\n* Data Processing\n<br>\n\n<center>http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/Conceptual-Snapshot-Receiver.png</center>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">Conceptually, the Data Capture module is responsible for capturing the #GPS signals transmitted from the satellites and then digitizes it for the Signal Processor to compute a position.<br></div>\n\n<br>Essentially, the Data Capture module consists of:\n* An antenna that captures the analog GPS satellite signals and \n* A RF (Radio Frequency) Front-end that converts the signals into digital IF data format. \n<br>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">Bear in mind that the GPS signals transmitted by the satellite is in the L1 frequency band – 1574.42 MHz. The RF circuitry for a front-end is usually quite complex because it has to convert the high frequency radio signals at the 1.5 GHz level down to a few MHz that is suitable for digital signal processing. In addition, to minimize cost, physical size and power consumption, the RF Front-end is usually implemented in an integrated circuit which is sometimes referred to as an #RFIC – Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit.<br><br></div> \n\nA typical RF Front-end consists of the following:\n* Antenna\n* SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) filter\n* LNA (Low-Noise Amplifier)\n* TCXO (Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator)\n* Mixer\n* AGC (Automatic Gain Control)\n* ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)\n\n<center>http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/RF-Front-end.png</center>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">While there are many RFIC products that can be purchased off-the-shelf, in principle, Snapshot Receiver can be made compatible with any RFIC. In choosing an RFIC for #UltraLowPowerGPS projects, it should comply with a few technical specifications such as sampling rate, I & Q bit format, physical size and low power consumption, etc. For applications that demand reliability and versatility, the de facto industry standard is the MAX2769 RFIC from Maxim Integrated.<br><br></div> \n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">The MAX2769 is a single-conversion, low-IF GNSS receiver that is designed for high performance consumer applications. The MAX2769 is based on Maxim’s advanced low-power SiGe BiCMOS process technology and it incorporates a complete receiver chain including a dual-input LNA and mixer, followed by the image-rejected filter, Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA), Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO), fractional-N frequency synthesizer, crystal oscillator, and a multibit ADC. The total cascaded noise figure of this receiver is as low as 1.4 dB.<br></div> \n\n<center>http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/MAX2769-RFIC.png</center>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">For most #Wearables and #IoT applications, the MAX2769 is ideal because it is housed in a compact 5 X 5 mm, 28-pin thin QFN package. For those that are interested in high volume applications, the MAX2769 is also available in die form.<br><br></div> \n \n<div class=\"text-justify\">In this blog post, we have discussed the Data Capture module of a snapshot receiver and also, briefly touched upon a few RF terminologies as seen above. In practice, implementing the Data Capture module is actually as simple as wiring up an RFIC. <br><br></div> \n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">In the next blog post, I will be discussing the Data Buffering and the Data Storage modules in more detail. I hope to see you then!<br></div>",
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      "body": "Hi patb, very nicely done blog - good job! I am now following you. I also invite you to take a look at [#BlockchainMyGPS](https://steemit.com/@fy1000000). I will be covering #SnapshotReceiver & #Blockchain technologies for those who are interested in implementing #Wearables and #IoT applications. Hope to see you soon!",
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      "body": "Hi abhishekraj, very nicely done blog - good job! I am now following you. I also invite you to take a look at [#BlockchainMyGPS](https://steemit.com/@fy1000000). I will be covering #SnapshotReceiver & #Blockchain technologies for those who are interested in implementing #Wearables and #IoT applications. Hope to see you soon!",
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      "title": "What is Snapshot Positioning?",
      "body": "# What is Snapshot Positioning?\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>Welcome back to #BlockchainMyGPS!<br></div>\n\n<br>If you don’t already know why it takes so long for #GPS to get a position or the difference between #Ephemeris & #ExtendedEphemeris, you should read this blog [here](https://steemit.com/gps/@fy1000000/why-does-gps-take-so-long-to-get-a-position).\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\">\n<img src=\"http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/iStock_000006486432Medium.jpg\">\n</div>\n<div class=\"text-justify\">Most people who have experience in designing with GPS know that conventional GPS receivers can take up to a minute before it can output its first position and this is one of the reasons why it consumes so much power. In the next few blogs, I will discuss a different kind of receiver using “Snapshot Positioning” techniques to compute a position that only requires the receiver to be turned ON for a few milliseconds. While older Snapshot Positioning techniques required upwards of hundreds of milliseconds to compute a position, new state of the art #SnapshotReceiver requires only a few to tens of milliseconds to compute a position.</div>\n\n\n## What is the advantage of snapshot receiver?\n<div class=\"text-justify\">The most apparent advantage of snapshot receiver is the very short time the receiver takes to output its first position, this is sometime known as the Time-To-First-Fix #TTFF. Another less apparent advantage of a snapshot receiver is its ability to compute a position even when operate in poor conditions where satellite signals could be blocked intermittently, this happen when the receiver is moving through high-rise buildings in downtown areas. The reason for this is because snapshot receiver bypasses the downloading of ephemeris broadcast from the GPS satellites that determines where they are in space. It should be obvious by now that because the TTFF is greatly reduced, snapshot receiver consumes significantly less energy because the electronic components only needs to be turned ON for milliseconds comparing to tens of seconds that is required by conventional receivers.</div>\n\n\n## What are the differences between the older and state of the art generations of snapshot receiver?\n<div class=\"text-justify\">Older generations of snapshot receiver have some limiting requirements that made them undesirable for real life use cases. For example:<br></div>\n\n1. Ephemeris was only valid from a few hours to a few days – this mean the receiver would need to frequently download the latest Ephemeris from a remote server which is not always convenient or even possible for some #Wearables and Internet of Things #IoT applications.\n2. An approximate initial position accurate to a few kilometers was required to compute a position – this means the receiver would need to know a rough starting position which would require external inputs such as WiFi or Cellular based positioning that increases the overall complexity, energy consumption and cost of material.\n3. An approximate initial time accurate to a millisecond or better was required to compute a position – this means the receiver would need to be supplied with an external clock source that is expensive to implement.\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">In contrast, new generation of snapshot receiver combines several innovative and patented techniques to eliminate the older requirements and operational constraints. For example, using extended ephemeris technology, snapshot receiver can now operate autonomously for up to 28 days. Furthermore, by augmenting patented and proprietary techniques, initial position and initial time are no longer a requirement.<br></div>\n\n\n## What are the differences between the conventional receivers and snapshot receiver?\n<div class=\"text-justify\">Conceptually, a GPS receiver can be divided into 3 logical blocks:<br></div>\n\n1. Signal Capture Engine: Converts the satellite signals from analog to digital format (“IF data”).\n2. Measurement Generation Engine: Using the IF data to acquires satellites that are detectable and output their Code Phase and Doppler information.\n3. Position Estimation Engine: Using the Code Phase and Doppler information to compute a position.\n\n<center>http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/Conceptual-GPS-receiver-components.png</center>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">While most conventional receivers can be purchased conveniently as silicon chips, its system architecture lacks the flexibility for the user to mix-and-match these 3 logic blocks to suit their use cases. State of art snapshot receiver deliberately provide a system architectural to encourage users to freely mix-and-match the 3 logic blocks to provide users with maximum flexibility to optimize energy consumption that suits their unique application.<br></div> \n\n\n## What are the typical use cases for snapshot receiver?\n<div class=\"text-justify\">Snapshot receiver is ideally suited for wearables and IoT applications where position fixes are needed but energy consumption must be kept to a minimum.<br><br>In addition to being able to compute a position on device like a conventional receiver, snapshot receiver can also be configured to only capture/store the satellite signal and delay computing the position until the captured signal is offloaded to a remote server for signal processing sometime in the future.<br><br>Depending on the operating environment, new generation snapshot receiver requires as little as 2ms or 4 KB (kilobytes) per signal capture, so for a 1 GB (gigabyte) SDCard memory, it can store enough signal data for over 250,000 position fixes. It is with this capability, designing an #UltraLowPowerGPS receiver should now be easy to achieved.\n<br></div> \n\n\n## What is a snapshot receiver made of?\n<div class=\"text-justify\">The diagram below shows a high-level overview of a typical snapshot receiver. A typical snapshot receiver consists of four discrete modules. A hardware designer may choose to implement some of these modules on a single device and some in separate devices or even eliminate some modules altogether, the possibility is limited only by the designer’s imagination.<br></div> \n\n<center>http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/Conceptual-Snapshot-Receiver.png</center>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">In this blog, we have discussed the basics of snapshot receiver. I hope you have agreed that, when compared with conventional receiver, the flexibility in designing with snapshot receiver is unparalleled and snapshot receiver is ideal for implementing ultra low power GPS products. I will discuss in more detail about each modules in detail in the next few blogs. I hope to see you then!<br></div> \n \n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br></div>",
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      "permlink": "the-starting-point-gps-my-discovery-of-steemit-and-block-chain",
      "title": "The Starting Point – GPS, my discovery of Steemit and Block Chain.",
      "body": "# The Starting Point – GPS, my discovery of Steemit and Block Chain.\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\">\n<br>\n<img src=\"http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/iStock_000006503946Large-250x333.png\">\n</div>\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>The fact that you’re reading this #introduceyourself post on Steemit tells me that you must be quite tech-savvy and chances are that you also own one or more GPS-enabled devices. Have you ever thought about why you can’t leave the #GPS on your mobile ON all day long? Have you ever thought about why there aren’t many #GPS equipped watches in the market? Have you ever thought about why it’s so difficult to use GPS to track tiny objects like bees and birds? Some of you probably know the answer already – #GPS receivers are too power-hungry for small electronics using only small batteries. If your work, your research or your hobby demands an ultra low-power GPS #ultralowpowergps solution, you’re definitely at the right place.</div>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>Before I say too much about #GPS, I would like to let you know how I got involved with Steemit. It all began when I started researching on how #blockchain, #cryptocurrency, #mining and decentralized application #dapp work. I noticed that a lot of the people I follow on YouTube such as @louisthomas, @theawakenment, @Boxmining, @benperrin117 and @jerrybanfield have, for one reason or the other, created their own Steemit channels. What intrigued me the most was not only that Dan Larimer, @dantheman, singlehandedly created the $700B+ Steem Economy that attracted so many of these YouTube superstars, but also the fact that Steemit is powered entirely on a block chain. This made me realize that block chain technology is something that I can no longer ignore.</div>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>Let me #introducemyself, my name is Francis Yuen, I have been working in the #GPS industry for over 25 years. I have spoken at numerous industry forums and co-invented a patented technique to make #instantpositionforanythingthatmoves possible. I obtained my Bachelor and Master degrees in Microelectronics in the UK and an MBA in Canada. You can find me at http://www.linkedin.com/in/basebandtechnologies.</div>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>Prior to founding my own company, I was fortunate enough to have worked for two large #GPS companies in a variety of leadership positions as well as consulting in sales and marketing, and technology development areas. While these companies specialize in high precision and high accuracy #GPS solutions, my current focus is mainly on #ultralowpowergps solutions that can last for months or years using only coin cell batteries.</div>\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\">\n<br>\n<img src=\"http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Starting-Point.jpg\">\n</div>\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>My research on block chain technology has led me to understand that it is now so mainstream, even Wall Street and World Governments can no longer stand in denial of its power and legitimacy. With my experience in #GPS, it is my hope to explore with you these two fundamental technologies in my “Block chain my GPS” #blockchainmygps blog. Here, we’ll be covering topics such as tips and tricks of #ultralowpowergps solutions, links to smart ideas and the latest news on the latest ideas. From time to time, we’ll be inviting guests to share their insights. Hopefully, we will share broader and wider perspectives through our posts over time. Our goal for this blog is to be a platform of information, communication and learning as well as being an inspiration for those who are interested in implementing #ultralowpowergps and #blockchain. While some #GPS and #blockchain concepts are not always easy to understand, I will endeavour to limit each blog to take a fifteen-minute read or less. Why? Because chances are that you don’t need to know every little detail and the math to understand the important things you need to know. If I can’t explain something in 15 minutes or less, then, I should probably go back to study the basics myself!</div>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>If there are topics or areas of interest that you would like discussed or if you’re interested in sharing your view with the world, you are most welcome and encouraged to let me know.</div>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>I look forward to sharing this journey with you. Enjoy!</div>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br></div>",
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      "title": "Why does #gps take so long to get a position?",
      "body": "# Why does #gps take so long to get a position?\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\">\n<br>\n<img src=\"http://basebandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/iStock_000000488421Small.jpg\">\n</div>\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>Welcome back to #blockchainmygps!<br><br>One of the more prominent FAQs I hear is “Why does my #gps take so long to get a position”? <br><br>Anyone who has used a #gps receiver knows that when it’s turned on, it could take from 30 to 60 seconds to calculate a position. In this “instant everything” world of ours, who has the patience to wait that long? In this blog post, I will be explaining the reasons why and what can be done about it.</div>\n\n## What is an Ephemeris?\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">In order for a #gps receiver to calculate a position, it needs to know exactly where the satellites are in space. A #gps receiver knows exactly where the satellites are by downloading a fairly complicated message broadcast from each satellite in view. Each of these messages contain something called an #ephemeris which is a fancy way of saying “I am satellite A, here is where I am at time X”. Unfortunately, these messages are broadcast at a very slow rate of 50 bps (bit per second), this translates to about 30 seconds or more for the #gps receiver to receive these signals.</div>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>To make it worse, for a #gps receiver to calculate a position, it needs #ephemeris data from 4 different satellites. Hence, depending on the environment, the total time to receive all 4 #ephemeris can take much longer than 30 seconds, if at all.</div>\n\n## What is an Extended Ephemeris??\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">Since downloading broadcast #ephemeris takes so long, is there a way to get around it? Luckily, the answer is “Yes”.</div>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>#extendedephemeris technology is a way of predicting the location of the satellites for the near future, hence, the word “extended”. By comparison, broadcast #ephemeris is typically valid for 2 to 4 hours, whereas the state-of-the-art #extendedephemeris technology can be used for up to 28 days. By knowing the exact location of the satellites for the next 28 days, a #gps receiver can totally skip downloading the broadcast #ephemeris and progress directly to calculating the position as soon as the receiver is turned on. The net result of using #extendedephemeris is that instead of taking 30 to 60 seconds to get a position, a typical receiver will now take 1 to 2 seconds to get the job done.</div>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br>Now you know why #gps takes so long to get a position and what #ephemeris / #extendedephemeris are, my next blog post will talk about how #ultralowpowergps receiver technology can get around these problems.</div>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"><br></div>",
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      "body": "Hi cheetah, you are an amazing bot! Although you are not quite my kind, I am still very thankful that you reached out to me. :-)",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttp://basebandtech.com/blog/why-does-gps-take-so-long-to-get-a-position-and-how-extended-ephemeris-can-help/",
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      "body": "Hi tatyanablog!  Many thanks for your kind words! Please keep in touch and read my blogs. I want to publish a few blogs to explain how to turn #ultralowpowergps and #blockchain into #cryptocurrency. Please stay tuned!",
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      "body": "Hello fy1000000! Welcome to Steemit! Hope you'll like the community here. As a start, here are 5 tips that we believe will be helpful to you:\n1. **Keep your passwords safe:** Unlike conventional sites, Steemit has 4 types of passwords. Each offers varying degrees of access to your account, so know where and when to use each of them. Also, make sure to keep them all safe and secure.\n2. **Get Steem rewards:** When writing a post, you'll have the option to choose how to receive your reward: \"Default 50%/50%\" or \"Power Up 100%\". As of this moment, choosing Default 50%/50% is the better option. But this can change over time. Check our post to know more.\n3. **Upvote wisely:** When upvoting, wait at least 30 minutes after the post is published to maximize your curation reward. Also, make sure not to upvote too much too fast so as not to drain your voting power.\n4. **Know your Steem, Steem Dollars and Steem Power:** Steem and Steem Dollars are the 2 main currencies here. Convert and power up more Steem into Steem Power so you can have higher values on your upvotes.\n5. **Have Fun and Enjoy!**\n\n_For a detailed writeup, check our post [Getting Started: 5 Essential Tips for New Users](https://steemit.com/@steemsociety/getting-started-5-essential-tips-for-new-users)._\n\nGood luck on your Steem journey! Follow us if you like to receive more helpful tips and maximize your Steemit experience.\n",
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      "body": "Hello! The company has great prospects and I want to become a friend to do more ;",
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      "body": "Hello interesting article! I follow you, and you follow me. Let's develop the power of Steemit together, so we can achieve more! Upvoted your post!",
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      "body": "Hi cheneats, thanks for the kind words & the very useful links. May the force be also with you my friend! Cheers!",
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      "body": "Cheers!",
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