Ecoer Logo

@mr-element

25

I'm currently an undergrad in Chem,I'll be posting stuff about chem usually. I'll sometimes make posts on other subjects, so correct me when I'm wrong.

steemit.com/@mr-element
VOTING POWER100.00%
DOWNVOTE POWER100.00%
RESOURCE CREDITS100.00%
REPUTATION PROGRESS0.00%
Net Worth
0.044USD
STEEM
0.000STEEM
SBD
0.021SBD
Effective Power
5.001SP
├── Own SP
0.628SP
└── Incoming Deleg
+4.373SP

Detailed Balance

STEEM
balance
0.000STEEM
market_balance
0.000STEEM
savings_balance
0.000STEEM
reward_steem_balance
0.000STEEM
STEEM POWER
Own SP
0.628SP
Delegated Out
0.000SP
Delegation In
4.373SP
Effective Power
5.001SP
Reward SP (pending)
0.010SP
SBD
sbd_balance
0.000SBD
sbd_conversions
0.000SBD
sbd_market_balance
0.000SBD
savings_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
reward_sbd_balance
0.021SBD
{
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  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "1023.118647 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "7120.541159 VESTS",
  "sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.021 SBD",
  "conversions": []
}

Account Info

namemr-element
id692147
rank615,980
reputation209550128
created2018-01-29T23:10:57
recovery_accountsteem
proxyNone
post_count5
comment_count0
lifetime_vote_count0
witnesses_voted_for0
last_post2018-02-01T05:03:15
last_root_post2018-02-01T04:50:36
last_vote_time2018-02-01T05:59:03
proxied_vsf_votes0, 0, 0, 0
can_vote1
voting_power0
delayed_votes0
balance0.000 STEEM
savings_balance0.000 STEEM
sbd_balance0.000 SBD
savings_sbd_balance0.000 SBD
vesting_shares1023.118647 VESTS
delegated_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
received_vesting_shares7120.541159 VESTS
reward_vesting_balance20.452886 VESTS
vesting_balance0.000 STEEM
vesting_withdraw_rate0.000000 VESTS
next_vesting_withdrawal1969-12-31T23:59:59
withdrawn0
to_withdraw0
withdraw_routes0
savings_withdraw_requests0
last_account_recovery1970-01-01T00:00:00
reset_accountnull
last_owner_update1970-01-01T00:00:00
last_account_update2018-01-29T23:31:57
minedNo
sbd_seconds0
sbd_last_interest_payment1970-01-01T00:00:00
savings_sbd_last_interest_payment1970-01-01T00:00:00
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  "proxy": "",
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  "voting_power": 0,
  "balance": "0.000 STEEM",
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  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.021 SBD",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_vesting_balance": "20.452886 VESTS",
  "reward_vesting_steem": "0.010 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "1023.118647 VESTS",
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  "rank": 615980
}

Withdraw Routes

IncomingOutgoing
Empty
Empty
{
  "incoming": [],
  "outgoing": []
}
From Date
To Date
steemdelegated 4.373 SP to @mr-element
2026/05/18 04:03:30
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares7120.541159 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #106147992/Trx ce493c417b2eb27280c19e5f640d1ab556fb62ad
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "block": 106147992,
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-05-18T04:03:30",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "mr-element",
      "vesting_shares": "7120.541159 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 2.707 SP to @mr-element
2026/05/12 19:16:06
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares4408.330754 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #105994184/Trx bb44e4558dd751fdfc431de918f601a219635e47
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2026-05-12T19:16:06",
  "op": [
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    {
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      "delegatee": "mr-element",
      "vesting_shares": "4408.330754 VESTS"
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  ]
}
steemdelegated 4.380 SP to @mr-element
2026/04/26 03:18:27
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares7133.056915 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #105515537/Trx e43ee03c200ad4f3ee916dcde8f7d49759ea5e65
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-04-26T03:18:27",
  "op": [
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      "delegatee": "mr-element",
      "vesting_shares": "7133.056915 VESTS"
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}
steemdelegated 2.733 SP to @mr-element
2026/01/23 18:00:57
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares4449.877573 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #102864050/Trx 0483447d3cf463855f64198129f7aece3fde867d
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op": [
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      "vesting_shares": "4449.877573 VESTS"
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}
steemdelegated 2.834 SP to @mr-element
2024/12/17 13:13:18
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares4614.096770 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #91310309/Trx 0425a9965cb6ebf9885af7d4a0fe9a1a947bbe09
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op": [
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      "delegatee": "mr-element",
      "vesting_shares": "4614.096770 VESTS"
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}
steemdelegated 2.937 SP to @mr-element
2023/11/14 04:55:03
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares4783.230302 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #79864480/Trx 48fe9a406fe5f7d9314f6bb553f9df2458d6f112
View Raw JSON Data
{
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}
steemdelegated 4.741 SP to @mr-element
2023/09/22 07:44:45
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares7720.139088 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #78359701/Trx 4b4febe33a6ef9495ebcef33d2ad648731fba0be
View Raw JSON Data
{
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      "vesting_shares": "7720.139088 VESTS"
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  ]
}
steemdelegated 4.877 SP to @mr-element
2022/11/03 15:33:15
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares7942.190526 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #69117859/Trx f1e7eb707da44a293b6b6cc9c8157a042e562ee6
View Raw JSON Data
{
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      "vesting_shares": "7942.190526 VESTS"
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}
steemdelegated 5.013 SP to @mr-element
2022/01/17 20:57:54
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares8162.298127 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #60821363/Trx fa2959e2aeb8f65bfe138e50c0f58e290cdff01f
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2022-01-17T20:57:54",
  "op": [
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      "delegatee": "mr-element",
      "vesting_shares": "8162.298127 VESTS"
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}
steemdelegated 5.126 SP to @mr-element
2021/06/14 04:14:51
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares8346.492415 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #54611816/Trx 03f2582fdcd66ff71ebc8f862bdb9ae32a4fc4b6
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op": [
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      "vesting_shares": "8346.492415 VESTS"
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}
steemdelegated 5.241 SP to @mr-element
2020/12/11 14:29:18
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares8533.914389 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49359143/Trx 2b0e2b4e2aea90c29f728efcf25222a85e22d531
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2020-12-11T14:29:18",
  "op": [
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    {
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      "delegatee": "mr-element",
      "vesting_shares": "8533.914389 VESTS"
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  ]
}
steemdelegated 1.175 SP to @mr-element
2020/12/06 08:05:36
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares1912.543513 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49210683/Trx e9bcec51d23d30a4253fc57bb1e9210e6ae0df3c
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op": [
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    {
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      "delegatee": "mr-element",
      "vesting_shares": "1912.543513 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.245 SP to @mr-element
2020/12/05 18:06:57
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares8540.122243 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49194227/Trx 1eb4a6e4b93363e593ca1efeb1a7a2301b6a7ae2
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-05T18:06:57",
  "op": [
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    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "mr-element",
      "vesting_shares": "8540.122243 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 1.179 SP to @mr-element
2020/11/02 22:35:33
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares1920.017158 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #48265993/Trx 3a8a311f25a1d60ee8f20bfe73474ef0cb2e8cae
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-11-02T22:35:33",
  "op": [
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    {
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      "delegatee": "mr-element",
      "vesting_shares": "1920.017158 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.369 SP to @mr-element
2020/05/09 09:06:24
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares8742.927602 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #43220978/Trx 1009e817f211eff156072abdd4fd9cf4f0934ec6
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "1009e817f211eff156072abdd4fd9cf4f0934ec6",
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  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-05-09T09:06:24",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "mr-element",
      "vesting_shares": "8742.927602 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 1.200 SP to @mr-element
2020/05/08 13:13:12
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares1953.311140 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #43197680/Trx 2321aee4157d5324161887d0eb354849719f4a60
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "trx_in_block": 22,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-05-08T13:13:12",
  "op": [
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    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "mr-element",
      "vesting_shares": "1953.311140 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.377 SP to @mr-element
2020/04/16 02:02:24
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares8755.815050 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #42567694/Trx 6ddfac8b50568c4613fdae51611e47347b7a690a
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2020-04-16T02:02:24",
  "op": [
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    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "mr-element",
      "vesting_shares": "8755.815050 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
2020/01/30 05:21:48
parent authormr-element
parent permlinkthe-stuff-around-us-part-1a-what-is-physical-chemistry
authorsteemitboard
permlinksteemitboard-notify-mr-element-20200130t052147000z
title
bodyCongratulations @mr-element! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@mr-element/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table> <sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@mr-element) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=mr-element)_</sub> ###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!
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Transaction InfoBlock #40372326/Trx eeb89515fd71c9f3d82941b3d8df1f5f3c12915f
View Raw JSON Data
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  "timestamp": "2020-01-30T05:21:48",
  "op": [
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      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-mr-element-20200130t052147000z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Congratulations @mr-element! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@mr-element/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@mr-element) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=mr-element)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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steemdelegated 5.497 SP to @mr-element
2019/05/12 19:08:42
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares8951.431863 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #32850575/Trx e740c7fd71818111aa3209395301806061d99ef4
View Raw JSON Data
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}
2019/01/30 04:57:18
parent authormr-element
parent permlinkthe-stuff-around-us-part-1a-what-is-physical-chemistry
authorsteemitboard
permlinksteemitboard-notify-mr-element-20190130t045718000z
title
bodyCongratulations @mr-element! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@mr-element/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table> <sub>_[Click here to view your Board](https://steemitboard.com/@mr-element)_</sub> > Support [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)! **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!
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Transaction InfoBlock #29899489/Trx dea3f84cc13da27aabff2ceeb14afc4fe7b35396
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steemdelegated 5.620 SP to @mr-element
2018/05/16 23:08:03
delegatorsteem
delegateemr-element
vesting shares9151.042731 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #22493262/Trx c26650358bcde81b354b0b144e37b143da321a0b
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2018/02/08 05:03:15
authormr-element
permlinkre-tking77798-genetically-modified-food-can-save-lives-and-golden-rice-is-a-perfect-example-20180201t050315558z
sbd payout0.021 SBD
steem payout0.000 STEEM
vesting payout14.316978 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #19680870/Virtual Operation #15
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2018/02/08 04:06:27
curatormr-element
reward4.090573 VESTS
comment authorproteus-h
comment permlinkhow-a-ukrainian-geiger-counter-works-teardown-explanation
Transaction InfoBlock #19679742/Virtual Operation #28
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2018/02/07 16:56:18
curatormr-element
reward2.045335 VESTS
comment authorribbitingscience
comment permlinklions-and-dinos-and-science-oh-my-part-1
Transaction InfoBlock #19666424/Virtual Operation #8
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2018/02/02 00:35:33
votertking77798
authormr-element
permlinkre-tking77798-genetically-modified-food-can-save-lives-and-golden-rice-is-a-perfect-example-20180201t050315558z
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #19503040/Trx 3bb3faf5a179e24b6d7665f76183eb238b3a53b9
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2018/02/01 07:50:39
voterribbitingscience
authormr-element
permlinkthe-stuff-around-us-part-1a-what-is-physical-chemistry
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Transaction InfoBlock #19482984/Trx a9af4ace1f8359357d00dba66e9af3bf4265842b
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2018/02/01 07:24:27
votervexedkiller007
authormr-element
permlinkthe-stuff-around-us-part-1a-what-is-physical-chemistry
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #19482461/Trx 108e52fced2f563bbc3d4d3562f9cfe8225b510f
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2018/02/01 05:59:03
votermr-element
authorproteus-h
permlinkhow-a-ukrainian-geiger-counter-works-teardown-explanation
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #19480755/Trx 94558407febce926bd2126d1a9f88c44eae116fe
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2018/02/01 05:58:51
votermr-element
authormr-element
permlinkre-proteus-h-titan-planetary-moon-of-saturn-20180130t084200209z
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #19480751/Trx 0637e3e9caf20536b6f2b6468660c3dd925af179
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2018/02/01 05:58:48
votermr-element
authormr-element
permlinkre-tking77798-genetically-modified-food-can-save-lives-and-golden-rice-is-a-perfect-example-20180201t050315558z
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #19480750/Trx f920ab04a0f5623b7909757f1247589d6145a93c
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2018/02/01 05:14:15
required auths[]
required posting auths["mr-element"]
idfollow
json["follow",{"follower":"mr-element","following":"jamthewriter","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction InfoBlock #19479861/Trx f706baf4c9d4ce56a9f72a8b861f960ce4b8801e
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2018/02/01 05:14:09
votermr-element
authorjamthewriter
permlinkchoose-your-weapon-2-ranged-weapons-in-monster-hunter-world
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #19479859/Trx e729cd0257ce22e65373f383de32de3d43f5dd1d
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2018/02/01 05:03:15
parent authortking77798
parent permlinkgenetically-modified-food-can-save-lives-and-golden-rice-is-a-perfect-example
authormr-element
permlinkre-tking77798-genetically-modified-food-can-save-lives-and-golden-rice-is-a-perfect-example-20180201t050315558z
title
bodyFinally someone else calling fearmongering, anti-GMO activists out! I wrote something about a year ago on minds.com about this: https://www.minds.com/blog/view/655642991196643334 (Some of the font is wrecked because of some changes to the site)
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Transaction InfoBlock #19479641/Trx 40970a8cafa2f87ffd7ef0fcd2332cdce19ca87f
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2018/02/01 04:58:39
votermr-element
authorruth-girl
permlinkre-tking77798-genetically-modified-food-can-save-lives-and-golden-rice-is-a-perfect-example-20180131t224010691z
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #19479549/Trx 21487d16d6e58152015da95b81405d4d8b675caf
View Raw JSON Data
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2018/02/01 04:58:24
votermr-element
authortking77798
permlinkgenetically-modified-food-can-save-lives-and-golden-rice-is-a-perfect-example
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #19479544/Trx 37f9129944944434508f2f63e186e1662e12574f
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2018/02/01 04:58:09
votermr-element
authorbernardino
permlinkspace-shuttle-launch-sts-119
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #19479539/Trx 3befc883aa859e316626c10ce883755fa8bf9cbe
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2018/02/01 04:57:51
required auths[]
required posting auths["mr-element"]
idfollow
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Transaction InfoBlock #19479533/Trx d7e576a58e30743cb0236d03ce570e71e6d2d4a8
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2018/02/01 04:57:18
votermr-element
authorjoseferrer
permlinkprecious-minerals-quartz-rhe-rock-of-spiritual-energy
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Transaction InfoBlock #19479522/Trx 5b38dc59bba2f061788791970e9b5c533e01fab5
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2018/02/01 04:57:09
votermr-element
authorjoseferrer
permlinkprecious-minerals-quartz-rhe-rock-of-spiritual-energy
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #19479519/Trx 9b9da9dbc83573ec29ce38a29771f2fd74f56e8a
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2018/02/01 04:57:06
votermr-element
authorjoseferrer
permlinkgeological-formations-mountain-folds
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #19479518/Trx 6494b758a0c6df7795ca0849b14883e81e100fbe
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2018/02/01 04:57:03
votermr-element
authorjoseferrer
permlinkwater-a-natural-element-that-allows-us-to-have-life
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Transaction InfoBlock #19479517/Trx 1fcaf51a1285b405c0dc3e7be7d69d72c3a669a8
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2018/02/01 04:56:48
required auths[]
required posting auths["mr-element"]
idfollow
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Transaction InfoBlock #19479512/Trx 40a04e39daa00ebd4ac1229449c7b2428bca04aa
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2018/02/01 04:50:36
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2018/02/01 04:50:36
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body![industry-611668_1920.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmd5PnaywPmEG8DjbWACkN6mgDHUnmzCPWn5prfLKfiA7N/industry-611668_1920.jpg) Traditional chemistry deals primarily with reactions involving one or more compounds, but how and why do these reactions occur? What governs whether a reaction will occur? Or how and why different states or phases form? These are some of the questions that can be answered with the study of **physical chemistry**, which combines chemistry and physics to explain why matter interacts with the universe in certain ways. It is not like full blown physics, which can go into a even more fundamental level. Physical chemistry has been responsible for many of the technological advances in the last 250 years. Engines, for example, are based on some of the earliest forms of the Laws of thermodynamics. The best example that comes to mind is the Carnot Cycle, which is the fundamental reason why the steam engine works (I'll go into this in more detail in future parts). It can be represented graphically as: ![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmVQ9XefNzYGco8vaGnT8my4mgAV4MGeSpdkTfBA2LbMRZ/image.png) Don't get frightened with the odd words! I'll explain what all of them mean in another episode, but the important thing to understand is that the expansion of the gas (steam) and compression is able to produce energy in something called a thermodynamic cycle. ## Main Areas of Physical Chemistry ## Chemistry is the science of matter and the changes that can be undergone by it, and hence, we investigate all the different facets that makes matter the way it is. These include: - MATTER itself: many would be familiar with some models of matter that exist, such as the Lewis structure, nuclear models like Bohr's model, and equations of state such as the ideal gas equation. - ENERGY, one of the most important aspects of elementary physics, lies between the interface between physics and chemistry. In this foundation, thermodynamics plays a key role. - WAVES, all matter is composed of waves, including electrons and even light. Quantum mechanics is involved heavily in this part of physical chemistry - where it is central to the discussion of chemical structure (from the electronic, atomic and molecular levels) and chemical change (states, reactivity etc.). It is perhaps the most fundamental part of physical chemistry, and is the topic which intersects the most with contemporary physics. As a result I won't go into this in too much detail, but I'll be sure to recommend some books (beware: math, math, math!) when I get to this section. *Thanks for reading!* You can also find this blog (and many more) on my minds.com page: https://www.minds.com/MrElement
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2018/01/31 21:52:36
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2018/01/30 22:19:36
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2018/01/30 21:16:54
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2018/01/30 21:16:51
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2018/01/30 21:16:45
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2018/01/30 08:45:51
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2018/01/30 08:45:45
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2018/01/30 08:44:39
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2018/01/30 08:44:36
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2018/01/30 08:41:57
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2018/01/30 08:40:57
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2018/01/30 03:10:06
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2018/01/30 01:53:30
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2018/01/30 00:26:06
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2018/01/30 00:03:03
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2018/01/30 00:01:06
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2018/01/30 00:00:27
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2018/01/29 23:54:48
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2018/01/29 23:53:09
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2018/01/29 23:51:21
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2018/01/29 23:49:30
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2018/01/29 23:49:30
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permlinkwhat-makes-influenza-so-special
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body<html> <p>&nbsp;The influenza strains of virus are a member of the&nbsp;<em>orthomyoxoviridae&nbsp;</em>family, and are responsible for local epidemics and worldwide pandemics, about 12 pandemics have occured in the last 400 years due to this virus.&nbsp;</p> <h4>Influenza structure</h4> <p>There are three main types of influenza virus:&nbsp;<strong>A, B and C,&nbsp;</strong>and are mainly differentiated by their serological differences in their nucleocapsids (the part that surrounds genetic material). Within these main groups, there exists many subtypes, which differ in their surface proteins (neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA)).&nbsp;A feature not exclusive to influenza, but still an evasive one, is the viruses' outer envelope is derived from infected host cells after assembling and releasing from the host. This effectively gives new virions a camouflage against host-cell defense systems. The only defense against influenza is the hosts' ability to recognize two surface proteins present on the virial membrane:&nbsp;<em><strong>hemagglutinin (HA)&nbsp;</strong></em>and&nbsp;<em><strong>neuraminidase (NA).</strong></em></p> <h4>The surface proteins:&nbsp;<em>HEMAGGLUTININ (HA)</em></h4> <p><a href="https://www.fludb.org/brc/fluSegmentDetails.spg?ncbiGenomicAccession=J02176&amp;decorator=influenza">Hemagglutinin</a> is the second main evelope protein of the influenza virus, it is glycosylated (as in it contains sugar groups) and functions as a virus-to-host hook, binding to the target membrane. HA recognizes groups on the hosts' own glycoproteins, called<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1920/"> <em>sialic acids.&nbsp;</em></a>As mentioned before, HA plays a central role in viral infection and the immune response by the host.&nbsp; Additionally, hemaglutinin has the ability to make red blood cells clump together (agglutinate), in vitro.All in all, there are 18 known subtypes of HA, each encoded in their own virial&nbsp;<em>plasmid segment:&nbsp;</em>segment number 4. The strains that infect humans only contain three of the thirteen known HA subtypes, these are usually H1, H2 and H3.&nbsp;&nbsp;This molecule is synthesised at the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2104544">rough endoplasmic reticulum&nbsp;</a>, and then <a href="http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/prospect/ontology.asp?id=GO:0043686&amp;MSID=B917894E">co-translationally</a>&nbsp;inserted into the membrane. It is only cleaved after translation occurs, which produces two chains of HA1 and HA2, held together by several disulfide bonds. Below is a cartoon-structure of a HA monomer (it exists as a trimer; three monomers), obtained from microbe wiki:As you can see, the difference between the active form and native form is quite significant - and it's all caused by the loss of one proton. This massive conformational change allows HA to act as a membrane fusogen ( a fancy word that means that the virus can effectively fuse with the hosts' membrane), this occurs because virial attactment to the host makes viral particles to be taken up via endocytosis. This transport of virus particles lowers the pH inside the host cell and induces the hemaglutinin molecules to rapidly change shape, fusing the membranes together and infecting the host cell with its RNA.&nbsp;The rapid conformational change of the protein is&nbsp;<em>irreversible</em>, and involves binding to host HA receptor sites.</p> <h4>Neuraminidase, in brief</h4> <p>This <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3347517/">relatively small protein</a> is made of approximately 470 amino acids and four main domains:</p> <ul> <li>a <strong>cytoplasmic "head"</strong>;</li> <li>a <strong>transmembrane "head"</strong>;&nbsp;</li> <li>and a type of "<strong>stem</strong>."</li> </ul> <p>As with HA, it contains disulfide bonds and is a glycosylated outer membrane protein, used to break down several host membrane strucutres, such as sialic acids. It also is involved in the membrane fusion action of HA and also assists in budding of new viral particles.&nbsp;</p> <h4>Infection by influenza</h4> <p>Since I'm pressed for time, I'll leave this image and another link below:Check this out (it goes into infection ins quite a bit of detail):</p> <p>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.rapidreferenceinfluenza.com/chapter/B978-0-7234-3433-7.50009-8/aim/virus-replication">https://www.rapidreferenceinfluenza.com/chapter/B978-0-7234-3433-7.50009-8/aim/virus-replication</a> &nbsp;</p> <h4>How the vaccines work, and why they don't last for this virus</h4> <p>&nbsp;Without the harmful section of the HA and NA proteins, you defense systems are able to recognise the new variations on the influenza virus, and hence is better equipped to destroy any infectious verisons of the viruses of the same type/subtype. The problem lies in the fact that influenza is highly variable and can not only mutate quickly to produce new types of subtypes, but it is subject to&nbsp;<em><strong>antigenic shift and antigenic drift.Antigen drift is where:&nbsp;</strong></em></p> <ul> <li>The external glycoproteins, HA and NA change via point mutations in their sequences.</li> <li>It is a type of change which occurs annually and is reponsible for local epidemics</li> <li>Changes in the viral subtype antigenecity and the fact that the host has a partial memory on subtypes (your defensive cells eventually fail to recognise the same subtypes combinations)</li> </ul> <p><em><strong>Antigen shift is where:</strong></em></p> <ul> <li>the influenza virus can aqcuire a totally new form of HA in the human viruses, caused by two different types of influenza infecting a single cell (usually avian or swine) and forming a recombinant (mixed) virion. Thus, the virus' external structure and genes are completely different, and the host has a harder type recognising the new subtype of influenza.</li> <li>This causes a pandemic, which is a worldwide outbreak, and can cause a significant amount of deaths.</li> </ul> <p><em><strong>References</strong></em></p> <ul> <li>Branden &amp; Tooze, <em>Introduction to Protein Structure</em> <em>(2nd Ed).</em>, pages 79-84.</li> </ul> </html>
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      "body": "<html>\n<p>&nbsp;The influenza strains of virus are a member of the&nbsp;<em>orthomyoxoviridae&nbsp;</em>family, and are responsible for local epidemics and worldwide pandemics, about 12 pandemics have occured in the last 400 years due to this virus.&nbsp;</p>\n<h4>Influenza structure</h4>\n<p>There are three main types of influenza virus:&nbsp;<strong>A, B and C,&nbsp;</strong>and are mainly differentiated by their serological differences in their nucleocapsids (the part that surrounds genetic material). Within these main groups, there exists many subtypes, which differ in their surface proteins (neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA)).&nbsp;A feature not exclusive to influenza, but still an evasive one, is the viruses' outer envelope is derived from infected host cells after assembling and releasing from the host. This effectively gives new virions a camouflage against host-cell defense systems. The only defense against influenza is the hosts' ability to recognize two surface proteins present on the virial membrane:&nbsp;<em><strong>hemagglutinin (HA)&nbsp;</strong></em>and&nbsp;<em><strong>neuraminidase (NA).</strong></em></p>\n<h4>The surface proteins:&nbsp;<em>HEMAGGLUTININ (HA)</em></h4>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.fludb.org/brc/fluSegmentDetails.spg?ncbiGenomicAccession=J02176&amp;decorator=influenza\">Hemagglutinin</a> is the second main evelope protein of the influenza virus, it is glycosylated (as in it contains sugar groups) and functions as a virus-to-host hook, binding to the target membrane. HA recognizes groups on the hosts' own glycoproteins, called<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1920/\"> <em>sialic acids.&nbsp;</em></a>As mentioned before, HA plays a central role in viral infection and the immune response by the host.&nbsp; Additionally, hemaglutinin has the ability to make red blood cells clump together (agglutinate), in vitro.All in all, there are 18 known subtypes of HA, each encoded in their own virial&nbsp;<em>plasmid segment:&nbsp;</em>segment number 4. The strains that infect humans only contain three of the thirteen known HA subtypes, these are usually H1, H2 and H3.&nbsp;&nbsp;This molecule is synthesised at the <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2104544\">rough endoplasmic reticulum&nbsp;</a>, and then <a href=\"http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/prospect/ontology.asp?id=GO:0043686&amp;MSID=B917894E\">co-translationally</a>&nbsp;inserted into the membrane. It is only cleaved after translation occurs, which produces two chains of HA1 and HA2, held together by several disulfide bonds. Below is a cartoon-structure of a HA monomer (it exists as a trimer; three monomers), obtained from microbe wiki:As you can see, the difference between the active form and native form is quite significant - and it's all caused by the loss of one proton. This massive conformational change allows HA to act as a membrane fusogen ( a fancy word that means that the virus can effectively fuse with the hosts' membrane), this occurs because virial attactment to the host makes viral particles to be taken up via endocytosis. This transport of virus particles lowers the pH inside the host cell and induces the hemaglutinin molecules to rapidly change shape, fusing the membranes together and infecting the host cell with its RNA.&nbsp;The rapid conformational change of the protein is&nbsp;<em>irreversible</em>, and involves binding to host HA receptor sites.</p>\n<h4>Neuraminidase, in brief</h4>\n<p>This <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3347517/\">relatively small protein</a> is made of approximately 470 amino acids and four main domains:</p>\n<ul>\n  <li>a <strong>cytoplasmic \"head\"</strong>;</li>\n  <li>a <strong>transmembrane \"head\"</strong>;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>and a type of \"<strong>stem</strong>.\"</li>\n</ul>\n<p>As with HA, it contains disulfide bonds and is a glycosylated outer membrane protein, used to break down several host membrane strucutres, such as sialic acids. It also is involved in the membrane fusion action of HA and also assists in budding of new viral particles.&nbsp;</p>\n<h4>Infection by influenza</h4>\n<p>Since I'm pressed for time, I'll leave this image and another link below:Check this out (it goes into infection ins quite a bit of detail):</p>\n<p>&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.rapidreferenceinfluenza.com/chapter/B978-0-7234-3433-7.50009-8/aim/virus-replication\">https://www.rapidreferenceinfluenza.com/chapter/B978-0-7234-3433-7.50009-8/aim/virus-replication</a> &nbsp;</p>\n<h4>How the vaccines work, and why they don't last for this virus</h4>\n<p>&nbsp;Without the harmful section of the HA and NA proteins, you defense systems are able to recognise the new variations on the influenza virus, and hence is better equipped to destroy any infectious verisons of the viruses of the same type/subtype. The problem lies in the fact that influenza is highly variable and can not only mutate quickly to produce new types of subtypes, but it is subject to&nbsp;<em><strong>antigenic shift and antigenic drift.Antigen drift is where:&nbsp;</strong></em></p>\n<ul>\n  <li>The external glycoproteins, HA and NA change via point mutations in their sequences.</li>\n  <li>It is a type of change which occurs annually and is reponsible for local epidemics</li>\n  <li>Changes in the viral subtype antigenecity and the fact that the host has a partial memory on subtypes (your defensive cells eventually fail to recognise the same subtypes combinations)</li>\n</ul>\n<p><em><strong>Antigen shift is where:</strong></em></p>\n<ul>\n  <li>the influenza virus can aqcuire a totally new form of HA in the human viruses, caused by two different types of influenza infecting a single cell (usually avian or swine) and forming a recombinant (mixed) virion. 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2018/01/29 23:26:21
required auths[]
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2018/01/29 23:22:21
votermr-element
authorjaki01
permlinkchemistry-challenge-6
weight10000 (100.00%)
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2018/01/29 23:22:18
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mr-elementupdated their account properties
2018/01/29 23:16:06
accountmr-element
memo keySTM561YPZoZn2PUrSoHv3x2uuecd9AhW9RcxxagqNEJ1JbmhbdJL9
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mr-elementupdated their account properties
2018/01/29 23:14:03
accountmr-element
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steemcreated a new account: @mr-element
2018/01/29 23:10:57
fee0.500 STEEM
delegation29700.000000 VESTS
creatorsteem
new account namemr-element
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memo keySTM561YPZoZn2PUrSoHv3x2uuecd9AhW9RcxxagqNEJ1JbmhbdJL9
json metadata
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Account Metadata

POSTING JSON METADATA
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JSON METADATA
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Auth Keys

Owner
Single Signature
Public Keys
STM7T6M6TKEqHcfmUhWNnVo82imUoQUBKds8gjWTCGK44JUT9Gdi61/1
Active
Single Signature
Public Keys
STM7q3B15NNRJKmKMJtpe7ykxmQZsxU3XjyoPcukY7FANwt5o39sx1/1
Posting
Single Signature
Public Keys
STM5vxJzfvJPX7f3UrppdTnvR5AtdHDtWZVrGxfUzSR17v5z2dovf1/1
Memo
STM561YPZoZn2PUrSoHv3x2uuecd9AhW9RcxxagqNEJ1JbmhbdJL9
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Witness Votes

0 / 30
No active witness votes.
[]