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      "body": "I really liked the article and I noticed that you even paid attention to the safety data sheet, and I think that this is correct and that many companies also focus on this, but the fact that there are services such as https://sdsmanager.com that help provide such passports online security also makes you feel that this moment will not be missed!",
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      "title": "South coast walk: Coogee to Ivor Rowe rockpool",
      "body": "@@ -658,16 +658,48 @@\n  ice age\n+ (115000 %E2%80%93 %E2%80%8911700 years ago %5B1%5D)\n . The wa\n@@ -764,17 +764,18 @@\n nd of th\n-e\n+is\n  ice age\n@@ -4109,8 +4109,63 @@\n reading!\n+%0A%0A%5B1%5D https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period\n",
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      "title": "South coast walk: Coogee to Ivor Rowe rockpool",
      "body": "@@ -533,19 +533,21 @@\n a.%0A%0A\n-Then around\n+More recently\n  the\n",
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      "title": "South coast walk: Coogee to Ivor Rowe rockpool",
      "body": "@@ -264,17 +264,20 @@\n m.png)%0A%0A\n-C\n+We c\n ertainly\n@@ -277,16 +277,21 @@\n rtainly \n+have \n some int\n@@ -308,16 +308,34 @@\n oastline\n+ here in Australia\n . Amazin\n@@ -361,29 +361,9 @@\n tage\n- completely submerged\n+,\n  at \n@@ -391,145 +391,161 @@\n aurs\n-. Being an ancient riverbed this is where all Sydney's sandstone comes from, basically solidified fluvial deposits.  %0A%0AAnd 6000 years ago\n+ I'd have been completely submerged. Standing today on top of Sydney's sandstone, which are fluvial deposits from an ancient riverbed delta.%0A%0AThen around\n  the\n@@ -555,19 +555,24 @@\n astline \n-was\n+extended\n  way fur\n@@ -607,77 +607,218 @@\n t', \n-before rising up to todays level with the melting of the last ice age\n+as the water got locked up in ice in the last ice age. The water started to rise again roughly 12000 years ago at the end of the ice age with the coastline finally rising up to todays level about 6000 years ago\n . %0A%0A\n",
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      "author": "jondanielford",
      "permlink": "south-coast-walk-coogee-to-ivor-rowe-rockpool",
      "title": "South coast walk: Coogee to Ivor Rowe rockpool",
      "body": "Went for a bit of a walk along the beach this arvo. Started at Coogee beach and headed south: \n\n![Screen Shot 2019-06-16 at 6.46.36 pm.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmREYsfF1fNAXWQKST1MjDBZj9Ckb8mQqUqosiT1jk7r89/Screen%20Shot%202019-06-16%20at%206.46.36%20pm.png)\n\nCertainly some interesting coastline. Amazing to think at one stage completely submerged at the time of the dinosaurs. Being an ancient riverbed this is where all Sydney's sandstone comes from, basically solidified fluvial deposits.  \n\nAnd 6000 years ago the coastline was way further out, another '12 km east', before rising up to todays level with the melting of the last ice age. \n\n![IMG_20190616_153819.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXoWkeAH3vnUhiHPQtnF3FAGsNiVmTz5Ab9QX24eXTEUD/IMG_20190616_153819.jpg)\n\nHere is some of the sedimentary rock with some interesting weathering patterns:\n![IMG_20190616_154244.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTRsQx4qPKgAgcK2wA5y3gzj6K59Wx6DnehW6PasmuJnq/IMG_20190616_154244.jpg)\n\nLooking north back towards Coogee: \n![IMG_20190616_153927.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXse6RC7d8YyPEcwoc3tWZkuSzUu3q2z3SAtNgUknmw3R/IMG_20190616_153927.jpg)\n\nWalked past a peat bog (South Coogee wetlands), which had formed over the past thousand years or so inside basically an enclave in the rocky cliff, eating into the sandstone before reaching the bedrock. \n\n![IMG_20190616_155125.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmeuC9A6prWrTYbCJmPLBSs7ATrvkkKtyigiEu5YcAxVWx/IMG_20190616_155125.jpg)\n \nThey have taken samples, looked at the layers and found more charcoal from pre-european times (indicating more controlled burns) and more dust in the sediment dated after, due to erosion: \n![IMG_20190616_155024.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmd5StpX6UHTAJEDfvaPP8tVz73WWemPCviss8F197q9yH/IMG_20190616_155024.jpg)\n\nLooking south now from Trenerry reserve, it had been raining so lots of water around: \n![IMG_20190616_154707.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmdoQzf8pM397kVgeonN8YfkVob8RVeLDa6x4EjY7vXzBy/IMG_20190616_154707.jpg)\n\nThis drain headed out to sea, over the Ivor Rowe rockpool, as you can see plenty of plastic debris around too (I counted at least 3 large pieces):\n![IMG_20190616_160645.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcCwbKD9njEXudjrNQ6vAB9t54UJ3fMmsxDphnSDKGTo8/IMG_20190616_160645.jpg)\n\n![IMG_20190616_160650.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmazY4Zbhr1R9hRzgwAk9b4wXtauxV3bNq69ZKRgDXKSbC/IMG_20190616_160650.jpg)\n\n![IMG_20190616_160704.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZEzm8Zu8LaM4C35vZayDYYvcUkprm5TqjngRjKySJhcF/IMG_20190616_160704.jpg)\n\nThere was a larger drain nearby, though it had a much less volume of water coming out:\n![IMG_20190616_160716.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXAEYFSWTjpCKbHVrCkrS6yFD8bA7A2n8z4TG8JzrKqNJ/IMG_20190616_160716.jpg)\n\nAt the end of the track (though it probably continues further)  a lot of water was flowing off the road (Bunda parade) into an exit drain here: \n![IMG_20190616_160517.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNxGBwkVLv7QaziCT74b76GVD6qDAPRiGiFvbQgyVbxx1/IMG_20190616_160517.jpg)\n\nI'm not sure where the water goes after then. Looking closer debris could be seen in and around sediment deposit:\n![IMG_20190616_160506.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVusEC5mwJjWWL7nHPSwYk3svCM9a5QfQZup5xuhWmKSY/IMG_20190616_160506.jpg)\n\nMost of the water seemed to be coming out of this drainage outlet:\n\n![IMG_20190616_160547.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmU6DgU2P2YTFNtXaNKLPky7ZWYJdNEkVkqk6m3MwTqxbr/IMG_20190616_160547.jpg)\n\nAnd nearby worksite had decent amount of runoff too: \n\n![IMG_20190616_160607.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYUcCHsPUDv43qnhRZBG6K8Pa6n4YFScbcMkcEip3J6Ev/IMG_20190616_160607.jpg)\n\nNot sure what this plant was but the berries looked great:\n![IMG_20190616_155650.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTrQKUuvzdgs6PZLnE2Q8eeg85tx3fR5s9pngU223ffx4/IMG_20190616_155650.jpg)\n\nThanks for reading!",
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      "parent_permlink": "cigarette",
      "author": "jondanielford",
      "permlink": "the-short-history-complex-science-and-escalating-problem-of-cigarette-filters",
      "title": "The short history, complex science and escalating problem of cigarette filters",
      "body": "TLDR:\n- the cigarette filter was invented to extinguish cancer fears\n- 5 trillion are consumed yearly making them the most littered item in the world\n- in addition to an astonishing amount of additive, filters trap mostly carcinogenic tar\n- ingestion is toxic to children and pets and as little as 1 butt per litre of water can kill fish, worms\n- filters are mostly cellulose acetate, a polymer that breaks down into microfibres after a decade\n- microplastic attracts similarly lipid-based pollutants which adsorb to its surface\n- plastic is then ingested releasing toxins into system of host which 'bioaccumulate' in fat stores\n- this contamination can be 'biomagnified' up the food chain eventually to fish consumed by humans\n- responsibility is with consumer, to get informed and provide good feedback \n\n### Chemical engineering\n<b>\n\nTobacco companies first began developing filters for cigarettes [in the early 1950s](https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/20/Suppl_1/i10) as concerns emerged linking the product with lung cancer. Phillip Morris, British-American Tobacco and others hired chemists at DuPont and Dow Chemical to engineer the filter. After a few setbacks, involving one from Kent found later to contain [asbestos](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7757969), a design was finalised and has remained in use since: the [cellulose acetate filter](https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/20/Suppl_1/i10). Another chemist named Claude Teague was able to add a [feature](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/08/magazine/who-made-that-cigarette-filter.html) by adjusting the pH conditions in the filter causing it to turn brown upon use, giving the impression of catching harmful substances (Figure 1).\n\n<b><center> ![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXu4A2MrJ1Ke15UsukLqc2hGbNLHWjWuh7W6fbtzv91f1/image.png)\n</center>\n<center>*Figure 1. To reinforce consumer confidence, filters were designed to discolour when exposed to nicotine (Image credit: New York Times)*</center>\n\nUnfortunately, as it turns out now, filters provide little to [no protective benefit](https://www.news.com.au/national/tasmania/filtered-cigarettes-labelled-an-engineering-hoax-by-tasmanian-researchers/news-story/d8b1752be8aeaf167e4ab2c1dab00f7e), and may have caused [more harm than good](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5347528/) - making it easier for the wider community to take up the habit. By improving the safety image and reducing harshness into the respiratory tract, filtered cigarettes allowed tobacco companies to [expand their market share](http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/55/2/253.full.pdf) to a [younger](https://www.who.int/gender/documents/10facts_gender_tobacco_en.pdf) [more female](http://inspire2live.org/wp-content/uploads/Kyriakoudes-Tobacco-Strategy.I2L.pdf) demographic. And there is a growing literature showing since its addition, the filter has contributed to the rise in cases of [lung adenocarcinomas](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28525914), as users tend to compensate for the lower nicotine dose by [drawing more smoke deeper into the lungs](http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/cebp/14/3/576.full.pdf).\n\n### End of life-cycle\n\n<b>\n\nAs well as being responsible for the deaths of an estimated [6 million people per year](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5347528/), cigarettes are also the [most littered item in the world](https://oceanconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Building-A-Clean-Swell.pdf). Globally, 6.3 trillion cigarettes are consumed per year with China alone making up [one third](http://www.wpro.who.int/china/mediacentre/factsheets/tobacco/en/) of this market. Due to their lack of biodegradability in design, cigarette filters or ‘butts’ have become one of the biggest contaminants of our oceans, frequently found across coastlines from [Asia](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5923672/) to [the Arctic](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/04/25/arctic-ice-choked-record-amount-microplastic-cigarette-butts-packing-material/549115002/) with butts being the most common item of trash collected by [Clean up Australia Day](https://www.cleanup.org.au/rubbish-report) for the past twenty years in a row.\n\nThere are two main endpoints in the life cycle of a cigarette:\n\n1. If consumer *does the right thing* and throws it in the bin, the cigarette butt will end up in landfill. Potentially contributing to the emerging problem of [microplastics in soils](https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2019-01-17/microplastics-on-farms-ignored-say-scientists/10717126 ) or [escaping](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X17310809) out into the surrounding environment.\n\n2. The second option is the more scrutinised littering. Meaning in most cases, [discarded on the street](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5347528/) down drains and transported via waterways before deposition into lakes wetlands and/or the sea.\n\nJust as an example, in Australia an estimated [one in every three](https://www.kabc.wa.gov.au/report-littering/cigarette-butts) of the 24 billion cigarettes sold annually becomes litter (Figure 2).\n\n<center>![What-better-way-to-spend-Clean-Up-Australia-Day-than-with-friends-cleaning-up-Diveplanit-Blog.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmeqoMjZDscEB9Wm9ZoFh35Ra5DfzCXzzRAbti38feEUFV/What-better-way-to-spend-Clean-Up-Australia-Day-than-with-friends-cleaning-up-Diveplanit-Blog.jpg)</center>\n\n<center>*Figure 2. Cigarette butts are the number one collected item every Clean up Australia day since 1995 (Image credit: [DivePlanit](https://www.diveplanit.com/marine-environment/clean-up-australia-day-7-main-litter-problems/))*</center>\n\n### What is the cigarette filter made from?\n\n<b>\n\nThe filters themselves are a fibrous web of micro-thin plastic. These fibres are composed of cellulose acetate (CA), a polymer synthesised by mixing cellulose (from cotton or [wood pulp]( https://patents.google.com/patent/US4180536)) with acetic acid. To make a uniform structure, the CA is then dissolved in acetone and spun into a product called [tow](https://www.icis.com/explore/resources/news/2010/08/30/9387530/smoking-growth-supports-acetate/ ). The largest producers of cigarette filter tow today are Eastman Chemical (formerly Eastman Kodak) and the recently merged [Celanese and Blackstone](https://www.icis.com/explore/resources/news/2017/06/22/10118303/celanese-blackstone-to-create-world-s-largest-acetate-tow-company/).\n\n<center>*'\"If you only looked at North American cigarette trends, you would have a decidedly negative view of the acetate [tow] business,\" said Richard Johnson, senior vice president for the US-based Eastman Chemical's fiber business, which includes the company's acetate tow segment, at an investor day conference in November 2009. However, the Eastman executive pointed out that **global trends are much more positive as disposable incomes continue to rise in developing economies and the number of smokers in the world actually increases'*** - [Independent Chemical Information Service 2010](https://www.icis.com/explore/resources/news/2010/08/30/9387530/smoking-growth-supports-acetate/)</center><b>\n\nWhen it comes to the many chemicals associated with cigarette filters, there are two main categories; compounds that are added during manufacturing, and those it then catches as the cigarette is smoked:\n\n#### Additives\n<b>\n\n[Triacetin](https://www.businesstob.com/en/products/plasticizers) is introduced to the CA-mix as a plasticiser making the fibres more [soft and durable](https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/cttr.2012.25.issue-3/cttr-2013-0921/cttr-2013-0921.pdf). Triethyleneglycol diacetate (TEGDA) can be used instead, with plasticiser making up around [6-12% the weight of the filter](https://patents.google.com/patent/US3393684). Ethylene glycol and [polyvinyl alcohol](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471238961.2209142513011820.a01.pub2) are next on the list as a copolymer and bonding agent, mainly [to catch phenols](https://patents.google.com/patent/US3393684). Flavourings ([usually menthol](https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/cttr.2012.25.issue-3/cttr-2013-0921/cttr-2013-0921.pdf)) can also be mixed in with the plasticiser or infused with cotton thread.\n\nCarbonates and [potassium salts](https://www.myvmc.com/lifestyles/whats-in-a-cigarette/#C16) are added to control the burn rate around the paper, and [titanium dioxide](https://www.coresta.org/abstracts/titanium-dioxide-cigarette-filters-12814.html) whitens the cellulose fibres. As well as dyes, [flame retardants](https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp186-c5.pdf)  and glues (poly and ethylene vinyl acetates, [PVA and EVA](https://patents.google.com/patent/US6174603B1/en)) for the tip (Figure 3), [paraffin oils](https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/cttr.2012.25.issue-3/cttr-2013-0921/cttr-2013-0921.pdf) and even trace amounts of [Bisphenol A](https://www.coresta.org/abstracts/new-process-foaming-cellulose-acetate-rod-19525.html) can be introduced along the process. \n\n<center>![Screen Shot 2019-04-08 at 12.03.29 pm.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVtWFQ86DcSHXtbPr3vrsnWyKWvuPXRFeswGuKSrp9jTD/Screen%20Shot%202019-04-08%20at%2012.03.29%20pm.png)</center>\n<center>*Figure 3. Online advertisement for sale of 500 kg EVA glue (Screenshot from [AliBaba.com](https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate-EVA-hot-melt_60688165960.html))*</center>\n \nConsidering the main role of the filter is to catch carcinogens released when tobacco is burnt, [humectants](https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/cttr.2012.25.issue-3/cttr-2013-0921/cttr-2013-0921.pdf) (glycerol and propylene glycol) are applied along the entire 'rod' of the cigarette (Figure 4). By increasing the water retention factor of the CA fibres, humectants keep the filter moist and improve its 'wicking' ability [trapping more tar and smoke](https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/20/Suppl_1/i10).\n\n<center>![Schematic-design-and-specification-of-the-manufactured-test-cigarettes-CC-coconut.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYjucL3Mf4tX8kAXBGN354DRWvX3f665BE97pfnKfDKmL/Schematic-design-and-specification-of-the-manufactured-test-cigarettes-CC-coconut.png)</center>\n<center>*Figure 4. Schematic showing the main segments of a modern cigarette ([Thorne et al 2015](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281513122_A_comparative_assessment_of_cigarette_smoke_aerosols_using_an_in_vitro_air-liquid_interface_cytotoxicity_test))*</center>\n\n#### Tar & smoke\n<b>\nBurning or pyrolysis of tobacco releases a concoction of gasses and particulate (in solid and liquid form) containing over [5000 chemicals]( https://www.verywellmind.com/tar-in-cigarettes-2824718). At least [70](https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100E-6.pdf) of which are classed as cancer-causing by the World Health Organisation. Unfortunately for smokers, filters are [mostly ineffective](https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/20/Suppl_1/i10) at stopping the gas constituent; hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen and carbon oxides for example mostly [pass straight through](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6059254/).\n\nA significant fraction of the liquid and solid tobacco end-products, however, are [trapped in the filter](https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/20/Suppl_1/i10#block-system-main) thanks to its design, as resinous tar and smoke particles have a relatively high affinity for the moistened fibrous [surface area](https://pubs.rsc.org/-/content/articlelanding/2017/ee/c7ee02616a/unauth#!divAbstract) within the CA-matrix.\n\nSuch compounds include:\n\n- Metals, [arsenic](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5347528/), [lead, chromium](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4427717/) and [cadmium](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14757716). Long-term or chronic exposures of each have been linked to a number of lethal outcomes including [heart disease](https://iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15216540500459667) and [cancer](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4427717/), with trace amounts negatively affecting [most organs in the body](https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/68/1/167/421303).\n\n- At least a dozen variants of a family compounds known as [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons](https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100E-6.pdf) or PAHs, all of which have been found to promote mutations, abnormal development (teratogenic) and proliferation of cancer cells in both [animal and *in vitro* studies](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138709/?report=classic).\n\n- [Butadiene, benzene and ethylene oxide](https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100E-6.pdf), each assigned Group 1 status - the highest level of cancer-risk to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer [(IARC 2018)](https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications-volumes/) and all associated with cancers of the blood and bone marrow such as [acute myeloid leukemia](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26070419) and [non-hodgkin's lymphoma](https://monographs.iarc.fr/iarc-monographs-volume-100f-benzene/)\n\n- [Naphthylamine and aminobiphenyl](https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100E-6.pdf) both aromatic amines and Group 1 carcinogens, linked to mutations in [liver tissues](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijc.21173) and cancer of the [bladder](https://ac.els-cdn.com/0006295296001657/1-s2.0-0006295296001657-main.pdf?_tid=9ef39a09-0f68-469e-bd88-bc9f90b39bdb&acdnat=1551416846_863e895f7e8a77bcd97469cea4923de2).\n\n- [Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2891118/) such as N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) recently discovered highly carcinogenic nicotine by-products,  that [persist](https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1103500) long after the cigarette smoke has dissipated.\n\nA veritable carcinogenic alphabet soup ensues, including [ammonia](https://rivm.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10029/7087/willems.pdf;jsessionid=0AACED481BAE55D9FC6032C71C2B96E2?sequence=1), [acrolein, acrylamide, formaldehyde](https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100E-6.pdf), [phenols](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16328625) (cresols, catechol, 4-ethylpehnol), [pyridines](http://sdsu-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.10/1876/Shevchenko_Veronika.pdf?sequence=1), [paraffins and terpenes](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53014/), [volatile organic hydrocarbons](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2891118)(acetaldehyde, isoprenes), [uranium](https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/tobacco-and-cancer/carcinogens-found-in-tobacco-products.html)and the radioactive isotope [polonium-210](https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100E-6.pdf).\n\n\n<center>*\"Through their efforts to make mainstream smoke less toxic, cigarette researchers had opened a Pandora's box to reveal how many potentially dangerous substances mainstream smoke contained”* - [Bradford Harris 2011, p.13](https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/12/suppl_3/iii45) </center><b>\n\n\n#### Secret ingredients\n\n<b>\n\nMaking a comprehensive list of all the ingredients and chemicals associated with cigarette filters is complicated. This is compounded by the fact that because tobacco is [not regulated as a food or drug](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10557545), undisclosed substances can be added, either as [propriety  ingredients](https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/12/4/401) or inadvertently due to [contamination](http://theconversation.com/busting-the-myth-that-roll-your-own-tobacco-has-fewer-additives-79171) somewhere along the supply chain. These can include any number of [flavourings](http://www.longwood.edu/cleanva/cigbuttfilters.htm)(sugar/sorbitol, liquorice, cocoa) pigments, preservatives, adhesives, fumigants  and even byproducts of the [agricultural and manufacturing](https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-12-tobacco-products/12-7-additives-in-australian-cigarettes) process such as [fungicides, insecticides](https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/12/suppl_3/iii45), [metals](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4663972/), [fuels](https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/cttr.2012.25.issue-3/cttr-2013-0921/cttr-2013-0921.pdf) (propane, pentane) and other impurities such as the banned CFC [freon gas](https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/12/suppl_3/iii45).\n\nThe icing on the cake is a dizzying array of other patented [fragrance promoters](https://www.rd.com/health/conditions/cigarette-ingredients/), masks, ['performance enhancers' and irritation-reducing agents](https://books.google.com.au/books?id=o293DwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT128&ots=aA6x1OpNTi&dq=%22Studio%2026%20blend%22&pg=PT128#v=onepage&q=%22Studio%2026%20blend%22&f=false) with names like ['Aromatek 245', 'XLF 680' and 'Studio 26 blend'](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e511/b932ece82b68eeb970959b8337006bc90dc1.pdf). This aromatic cocktail is mixed with alcohol and sprayed onto the reconstituted tobacco, making up around [1-1.5% of the 'recon'](www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/cttr.2012.25.issue-3/cttr-2013-0921/cttr-2013-0921.pdf) (Figure 5).\n\n<center>\n![reconsheet.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmeazMMg5K1B58r8VFTuyTE83kZbitF9ELLHooxZzPcgHp/reconsheet.jpg) </center>\n\n<center>*Figure 5. Homogenised mixture of tobacco and additives known as reconstituted tobacco or recon (Image credit: [Papcel website](https://www.paper-machine-papcel.com/products/others/reconstituted-tobacco/))*</center>\n\nIn all, total non-tobacco product has been estimated to comprise as much as [one-tenth the mass of a cigarette](http://www.longwood.edu/cleanva/cigbuttfilters.htm). \n\n#### Pyrolysis products\n<b>\nLittle is known as to how all these chemicals might react when exposed to extreme temperatures within the cigarette ([over 900 degrees celsius](https://www.utwente.nl/en/news/!/2012/12/200876/less-harmful-constituents-when-heating-a-cigarette-at-lower-temperature)) or as the burning tip comes into close proximity with the filter (Figure 6 below). For example, there are concerns that triacetin, which makes up a large proportion of the filter, could be *“eluted in the smoke during the last few puffs”* due to its [*“relatively low boiling point (258°C)”*](https://patents.google.com/patent/US3393684), though it's important to note the manufacturers are more concerned with the bitter taste than they are any implications of the chemical changes taking place with pyrolysis. \n\n<center>\n![501082018_lit_cigarette_coal.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmaVnR4fVmyY2JbiTh38RJBNsPdGXqf3CPqjvgeKPyb3QC/501082018_lit_cigarette_coal.jpg)</center>\n<center>*Figure 6. Image showing temperature range (in fahrenheit) at the tip of a burning cigarette ([Lyman et al 2003](https://www.infraredtraining.com/community/boards/thread/726/))*</center>\n\nDetermining the products of any combustion reaction can be unpredictable. Glycerol, one of the humectants added to tobacco, dehydrate to acrolein - a known [environmental contaminant](https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/36430168.pdf) found to inhibit phagocytosis and [mucosal clearing of the lungs](http://www.longwood.edu/cleanva/cigbuttfilters.htm). And the formulation of [dioxins](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dioxins-and-their-effects-on-human-health), often produced as a result of burning synthetic chemicals such as glues and plastics, [is also a concern](https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/chemical-constituents-cigarettes-and-cigarette-smoke-priorities-harm-reduction) - dioxins have been placed on the [‘dirty dozen’ list](https://www.measurement.gov.au/ScienceTechnology/Pages/PersistentOrganicPollutants.aspx) as some of the most persistent and carcinogenic substances known to man.\n\n#### Measured levels\n<b>\nUnsurprisingly, a number of these aforementioned chemicals, particularly metals, have be measured at relatively high levels in [discarded](http://sdsu-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.10/1876/Shevchenko_Veronika.pdf?sequence=1) and [used](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16328625) cigarette butts (Figure 7 below). Making them a likely [point source](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160707083024.htm) for pollution. In 2009 for example, researchers [Moriwaki and others](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18851907) found cigarette butts along roadsides in Japan contaminating the surrounding environment with leachate containing PAHs and metals including arsenic, lead, copper, chromium and cadmium. And [Dobaradaran and others](https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/26/4/461) also detected considerable metal concentrations within filters discarded around the Gulf of Persia. Moerman & Potts backed this up in the lab placing smoked filters in solution and finding increased concentrations of all 12 trace metals tested (except cadmium) [after just one day of immersion](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Analysis-of-metals-leached-from-smoked-cigarette-Moerman-Potts/1f644538a43ff64f7e64bc75b5123d6054b26291).\n\n<center>![Screen Shot 2019-04-13 at 12.10.36 pm.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmWtfQtnpD6yrMiHcC33NVKaEJTozCVUfTSu7G9f56wVnJ/Screen%20Shot%202019-04-13%20at%2012.10.36%20pm.png)</center>\n\n<center>*Figure 7. Results of chemicals detected in cigarette-butt leachate, the list continues for 3 more pages. Screenshot taken from the table in appendix of thesis by [Shevchenko 2012](http://sdsu-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.10/1876/Shevchenko_Veronika.pdf?sequence=1)*</center>\n\n### Toxicity \n<b>\nEffects of exposure to cigarette leachate (the solution resulting from cigarettes in water) are well studied (Figure 8). [Slaughter et al 2011](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3088407/pdf/tobaccocontrol40170.pdf) for example found an EC50 (effective concentration) of  1 filter/litre. In other words, one used cigarette filter per litre of water was enough to kill half the populations in both samples of fish (*Atherinops affinis* and flathead minnow) within 48 hours. Frog (*Xenopus laevis*) embryos were susceptible at [similar concentrations](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28959628). And [Misceva et al 2006](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16328625) observed an EC50 in water fleas as low as 26 milligrams of filter per litre; nicotine and 4-ethylphenol among the suspected active agents. Mortal (and sub-lethal) outcomes induced by cigarette-leachate have been documented across a range of species groups, including [snails](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25913792), [fish](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25531833), [mosquito larvae](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22017091), [worms](https://www.nature.com/articles/srep14119) and even [plants](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30460649).\n\n<center>![Untitled.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUu8EycrRN2WaGUkyUhujr8b84kL6CTtMvKBaWbhkeMRm/Untitled.png)</center>\n\n<center>*Figure 8. Range of leachate samples prepared by [Shevchenko](http://sdsu-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.10/1876/Shevchenko_Veronika.pdf?sequence=1) for further analysis by spectra, portion of results shown in Figure 7 above*</center>\n\nThe potency of cigarette butts to humans, specifically infants, is also well known. In 1996 for example the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the US reported almost [8000 cases of cigarette butt ingestion]([https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00046181.htm) with poisoning brought on by the acute dose of nicotine, not to mention the cocktail of accompanying tobacco byproducts. A single butt contains about [5 milligrams of nicotine](https://www.poison.org/articles/2013-jul/my-child-ate-a-cigarette) doses as low as 1 mg can induce high blood pressure nausea and life threatening seizures in small children. And pets are not immune either, exhibiting similar susceptibility with cases of ingestion documented in both [dogs and birds](https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/20/Suppl_1/i17.full).\n\nUnfortunately adequate information regarding ingestion of cigarette butts in the wild is [scarse](https://books.google.com.au/books?id=hWI8DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=cigarette+filters+pcbs&source=bl&ots=N1MWINM4PF&sig=ACfU3U0ffVTI-uQZ-LX4QFsB6jxX87XvDw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi16dq7hqbhAhUTg-YKHQKlAx0Q6AEwEHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=cigarette%20filters%20pcbs&f=true) meaning at this stage, little is known as to how much a threat cigarettes and associated debris pose, both to individuals and the larger ecology as a whole (Figure 9). Though, considering cellulose acetate is a plastic, concerns are certainly valid considering the [growing list](http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/good-environmental-status/descriptor-10/pdf/GESAMP_microplastics%20full%20study.pdf) of negative impacts being attributed to microplastics.\n \n<center>![merlin_142415109_c1fd1d25-c51e-4770-8864-e30d5e3e113b-articleLarge.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmdyF3xZ4D9Lw4dYaixCgo9ew3aY5mzHEYUvkhvcnhJMvW/merlin_142415109_c1fd1d25-c51e-4770-8864-e30d5e3e113b-articleLarge.jpg)</center>\n\n<center>*Figure 9. Well documented in domestic animals, the science on cigarette butt ingestion by wildlife remains limited (Image credit: [New York Times](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/17/science/Crows-trash-puy-du-fou.html))*</center>\n\n### Filter fibres\n<b>\n\nDue to the strength of the ester bonds in the cellulose acetate polymer, cigarette filters are [not readily biodegradable](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-25/cigarette-butts-recycled-in-melbourne-scheme/8738538) (i.e. cannot be eaten by microorganisms). They are however degradable, meaning each filter (a complex of over [12,000 plastic fibres](https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/11/suppl_1/i51.full)) breaks down in the environment after around [12-15 years](https://www.kabc.wa.gov.au/report-littering/cigarette-butts) with exposure to heat and light ([photo-degradation](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5347528/)).\n\n The organic (carbon-based) structure of cellulose acetate could mean the fibres ([like other plastic debris](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5918521/)) act as a [magnet](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290884014_A_review_on_modification_methods_to_cellulose-based_adsorbents_to_improve_adsorption_capacity) for similarly-soluble organic molecules. It is this high affinity for plastics that allows a wide variety of hydrophobic (water insoluble) contaminants, already present in the environment, to stick and build up on the [large surface area](https://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/4424996.htm) produced as plastic breaks down. Such adsorbents often include any number of synthetically derived, industrial, pharmaceutical, and/or agricultural chemicals.\n \n### POPs\n<b>\nMost notable among environmental pollutants are the persistent organic ones, also known as POPs. A glance at the full list of POPs established by the [Stockholm Convention](http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/TheNewPOPs/tabid/2511/Default.aspx) reveals some fairly well-known groups; the polychlorinated insecticides and solvents such as DDT (dichlordiphenyltrichlormethane) and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), the brominated biphenyl and diphenyl ether flame retardants, PBBs and PBDE respectively, and the more recently listed flourinated surfactants - perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF).\n \nThough most of the original POPs have now been banned, their longevity allows them to cover vast distances and remain prevalent in the environment [to this day](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30005265). DDT and dieldrin for example, in addition to showing up in human [blood](https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/DDT_BiomonitoringSummary.html) and [breastmilk](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8426545), have been detected in soil [up to](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00253-009-2094-5) and even [over](http://www.fao.org/3/X2570E/X2570E07.htm) a decade post-application. And even though they were banned in the 70s, PCBs are still being found in the [Great Lakes](https://www.ehn.org/one-pcb-remains-in-great-lakes-2554796287.html) off Michigan.\n\n A great deal of other chemicals, though not officially listed as POPs, are still of [concern](http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/POPsReviewCommittee/Recommendations/tabid/243/Default.aspx) including many brought in as POP-replacements; i.e. the nitrogen-based (atrazine) and carbamate insecticides developed to replace organochlorines, the [organophosphate flame retardants](https://www.ommegaonline.org/article-details/Organophosphorus-Flame-Retardants-(OPFR)--Neurotoxicity/445) to replace the brominated ones, and the latest PFOS-alternative, [PFOA](http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ChemicalsProposedforListing/tabid/2510/Default.aspx) (perfluorooctanoic acid) which is being found [almost as persistent](https://enveurope.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2190-4715-24-16) as its predecessor.\n\nBecause of their carbon-based structure, many of these chemicals are lipid-soluble and therefore attracted to the similarly lipophilic surfaces of oil-byproducts such as plastic (Figure 10).\n\n<center>![Screen Shot 2019-04-09 at 10.12.05 pm.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmWVh8DKy7FKxLY3V8QXZJUdVc6xde6KkY3WCgbf3fywhi/Screen%20Shot%202019-04-09%20at%2010.12.05%20pm.png)</center>\n\n<center>*Figure 10. Image taken from book, [Management of Plastic Debris](https://books.google.com.au/books?id=hWI8DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=cigarette+filters+pcbs&source=bl&ots=N1MWINM4PF&sig=ACfU3U0ffVTI-uQZ-LX4QFsB6jxX87XvDw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi16dq7hqbhAhUTg-YKHQKlAx0Q6AEwEHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=cigarette%20filters%20pcbs&f=true), illustrating the top 5 produced plastics in the world and their tendency to adsorb organic pollutants.*</center>\n\n#### Microplastics\n\n<b>\nMistaken as food or inadvertently ingested, microplastics are frequently found in the stomach, intestines and other tissues of wildlife, including [marine mammals](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-37428-3), [birds, fish](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6132564/), [crustaceans](http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/good-environmental-status/descriptor-10/pdf/GESAMP_microplastics%20full%20study.pdf) and [plankton](https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4420992/Shocking-photos-reveal-plankton-consuming-microplastics.html).\n\nOnce inside an organism a piece of microplastic can induce a stress response either at the ingestion site by [physical abrasion](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/from-fish-to-humans-a-microplastic-invasion-may-be-taking-a-toll/), or circulating around body potentially causing [chronic inflammation](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.6b02569) to tissues and organs.\n\nMore subversively, a plastic particle can also act like a pill, releasing biologically active chemicals (either manufactured into its polymeric structure or [sorbed onto its surface from the surrounding environment](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b06280)) into the blood supply of its host. \n\nThe intrinsic (built-in) chemicals can include many plasticisers and additives such as [phthalates and bisphenol A](https://cen.acs.org/environment/pollution/pervasiveness-microplastics/97/i5), flame retardants ([PBDE](https://www.nature.com/articles/srep03263)), and even the antibacterial agent, [triclosan](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982213012530); all of which have been found to escape from their respective polymer chains and interfere with hormone receptors thus [disrupting the endocrine system](https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/78102/WHO_HSE_PHE_IHE_2013.1_eng.pdf;jsessionid=8C128BC0AF20B28B7A353CAE02E355CB?sequence=1). \n\nThe extrinsic (adsorbed) chemicals are mostly non-polar with an [affinity for the oil-based surface of plastic](https://cen.acs.org/environment/pollution/pervasiveness-microplastics/97/i5). This includes many of the aforementioned POPs that enter the sea from industrial, domestic and agricultural sources. [PCBs](https://www.nature.com/articles/srep03263), dioxins, [fluorinated surfactants](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2018.00143/full#B64), [chlorinated pesticides](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X09002690) and even [pharmaceuticals from wastewater](https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/u1676/Ortiz_Abstract_0.pdf) have all been found associated with plastic debris. \n\nIf microplastics are vector or conduit by which such toxicants gain entry into living systems, then cigarette filters, whole or in part, [could be acting similarly](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28440928). And though I wasn’t able to find studies confirming if POPs have been found associated with cigarette-derived cellulose acetate specifically; one might assume being a carbon-based polymer, CA would exhibit similar affinity for organic contaminants. \n\nSo in addition to carcinogenic tar, if filters are trapping environmental contaminants as well, this would further increase their toxicity. And considering cigarette butts are [often mistaken for food](https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=17&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi1y6KzkM3hAhWHWX0KHdHuBGg4ChAWMAZ6BAgGEAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FMahmoud_Omid2%2Fpost%2FHow_do_cigarette_butts_create_environmental_hazards%2Fattachment%2F5a8be4584cde266d588c5186%2FAS%253A596035403542535%25401519117322556%2Fdownload%2Fcua-cigarette-butts-fact-sheet.pdf&usg=AOvVaw19wnwINnDE_SgsscRSdfWt) and have apparently been found in [fish, turtles and birds](https://www.kabc.wa.gov.au/report-littering/cigarette-butts). This would make butts a potential delivery system not only for the host of [tobacco-associated pollutants](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160707083024.htm) but any [additional adsorbed ones as well](https://www.solveoregon.org/litter-and-marine-debris).\n\n<center>*\"We are now trying to identify environmental markers for that waste so that we can understand the risk presented. We know that wildlife have consumed butts and that they move from storm drains to streams to rivers and onto beaches.  Here, they are a blight that spoils the environment and become a public nuisance. We are examining the leachates now to see if the chemicals can bioaccumulate and potentially enter the food chain. **It is difficult to predict how much of threat the butts are to oceans and marine life.**\"*</center> \n<center>- Thomas Novotny, professor of global health, University of California [(The Ecologist 2018)](https://theecologist.org/2018/oct/31/cigarette-filters-do-more-harm-good)</center>\n\n\n#### Bioavailability and accumulation \n<b>\n\nAfter desorbing from the plastic particle in the low pH conditions of the stomach, a bioavailable chemical, being lipid-soluble, can freely cross the gut membrane and enter systemic circulation. If bioactive, then enact changes to enzymes in target tissues, and if large enough to overcome homeostasis - then affecting organs [such as the liver](https://www.nature.com/articles/srep03263). Otherwise another pathway is [bioaccumulation](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b06280) usually in [adipose tissue](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1069057/)(Figure 11). \n\n<center>![es-2015-06280d_0006.gif](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmR3xtVBsiSnHTzgYBuDpktpsef5TpKatkPDsiLvxUksbP/es-2015-06280d_0006.gif)\n</center>\n\n<center>*Figure 11. showing how pollutants, such as PBDE can infiltrate an organism via microplastic before accumulating in fat stores [(Wardrop et al 2016)](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b06280)*</center>\n\nOne of the most immediate threats, particularly from a human health standpoint, is then the transfer of this accumulation up the food chain.\n\n<b>\n### Biomagnification and dinner\n\nBiomagnification occurs due to predator-prey dynamics within the [hierarchy of marine life](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749117343294), whereby any exposures to contaminants lower down tend to exponentially increase up to the point where higher order predators, because they consume such a large number of species, tend to have [higher concentrations of these substances in their tissues](https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/12/12/250438904/how-plastic-in-the-ocean-is-contaminating-your-seafood). \nTo put it simply, the accumulation is 'magnified' up the food chain (Figure 12). This is essentially a 'Russian doll' effect, or to quote Star Wars, *[\"there's a bigger fish\"](https://m.9gag.com/gag/aQeYYKw)*.\n\n<center>![79132df373ceebedc8bb01d9cb2595a1--ecosystems-projects-biology-humor.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNXCcByUFjrV97GrAwU1BaMPgHgTSvpGhrU93ugSSEoii/79132df373ceebedc8bb01d9cb2595a1--ecosystems-projects-biology-humor.jpg)\n</center>\n\n<center>*Figure 12. showing how pollutants, such as plastics and their associated pollutants, can biomagnify up the food chain [image credit: Pinterest](https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/408209153716562807)*</center>\n\nParticles of plastic have been found digestive tract, livers, gills and other tissues of fish and shellfish commonly [consumed by humans](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X1830376X) (Figure 13). The full list includes many species of cod, bream, bass, flathead, flounder, mullett, hake, swordfish, snapper, whiting, herring, anchovy, pilchard, mackerel, shark, tuna, salmon and shellfish (crustaceans, oysters, mussels, shrimp).\n\n<center>![MicroplasticIngestion_DavidLawrence-sm-2.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSKZBdodZ2qhFP89B2dJXiXyxHFazkLFQC29muco32guh/MicroplasticIngestion_DavidLawrence-sm-2.jpg)</center>\n\n<center>*Figure 13. Dissection showing pieces of plastic found in fish stomach ([NOAA Marine Debris Program Involvement](https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/MicroplasticsOnePager_0.pdf))*</center>  \n\nlast year researchers [Karami et al 2018](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717323471) tested 20 brands of canned fish (sardines and sprats) and found 4 brands contained between 1-3 particles (mostly PET and PP) per can (Figure 14).\n\n<center>\n![1-s2.0-S0048969717323471-fx1_lrg.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmfLpRBdELkk4AFhyaoGY5Kz66Mvw9Pn3yRS4pffLyNTnb/1-s2.0-S0048969717323471-fx1_lrg.jpg)</center>\n\n<center>*Figure 14. Researchers found microplastics in 4 brands of tinned fish([Karami et al 2018](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717323471))*</center>\n\nEven human stool is now being tested, researchers found all 8 subjects tested positive for micro plastics [averaging 20 particles per stool](http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/presse/news_2018/UEG_Week_2018_-_Philipp_Schwabl_Microplastics_Web.pdf).\n\nSadly there are even growing concerns that health benefits of sea food, specifically in regards to omega 3 fatty acids in products such krill oil, [could become negated](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/203640) by the amount of contamination these creatures are exposed to.\n\n#### What to do\n\nIn summary, the responsibility lies with the consumer, though not in the way we are commonly told.. \n\n<center>\n![international_tidyman.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmaiuArFhokMJTRWg3EbassktzgXvomhGXis3pMMrnMUdJ/international_tidyman.jpg)\n</center>\n<center>*(Image credit: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_container))*</center>\n\nIt is purely my opinion, but NOT littering isn't solving much - it's just slowing the problem down.\n\n<center>![6749406-3x2-700x467.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmfQKVBrLYBwvHdmwq1onvh3DMx86oLgskZ1ZYMoRGzVL5/6749406-3x2-700x467.jpg)</center>\n\n<center>*(Image credit: [ABC](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-07/ibis-bin-chicken-rise-totem-for-modern-australia/10209332))*</center>\n\nThe responsibility I'm talking about is our responsibility I believe we have as both voters and consumers, that if we notice a problem, to \na. inform ourselves as best we can so that \nb. we may be better able to provide helpful, implementable feedback to the relevant corporations and our parties, or maybe even \nc. come up with a solution ourselves.\n\nSo I've provided the contacts for some of the corporations mentioned in this article, if you wanted to ask what they are doing about the problems and if they are developing a better design.\n\n[Celanese](https://www.celanese.com/about-us/locations.aspx) [@celanese](https://twitter.com/celanese)\n[Eastman Chemical](https://www.eastman.com/Pages/Contact_Us.aspx) [@EastmanChemCo](https://twitter.com/EastmanChemCo)\n\nThe Australian Government could implement a strategy that recognises cigarette butts as hazardous waste similar to how we treat batteries.\n\nI recommend getting in touch with your local representative on this issue \n\nSo far only [one party]((https://www.ldp.org.au/legalisevaping) is on board the development of [safer](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/e-cigarettes-and-heated-tobacco-products-evidence-review) and less environmentally damaging (albeit illegal in this country) alternative to traditional cigarettes . \n\nI've also added some of the major parties contacts if you wanted ask why they aren't:\n[ALP](https://www.alp.org.au/about/contact/) Twitter: [@AustralianLabor](https://twitter.com/AustralianLabor)\nLiberal party](https://www.liberal.org.au/contact) [@LiberalAus](https://twitter.com/LiberalAus)\n[Greens](https://greens.org.au/contact) [@Greens](https://twitter.com/Greens)",
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tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/20/Suppl_1/i10#block-system-main\",\"https://pubs.rsc.org/-/content/articlelanding/2017/ee/c7ee02616a/unauth#!divAbstract\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4427717/\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14757716\",\"https://iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15216540500459667\",\"https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/68/1/167/421303\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138709/?report=classic\",\"https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications-volumes/\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26070419\",\"https://monographs.iarc.fr/iarc-monographs-volume-100f-benzene/\",\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijc.21173\",\"https://ac.els-cdn.com/0006295296001657/1-s2.0-0006295296001657-main.pdf?_tid=9ef39a09-0f68-469e-bd88-bc9f90b39bdb&acdnat=1551416846_863e895f7e8a77bcd97469cea4923de2\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2891118/\",\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1103500\",\"https://rivm.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10029/7087/willems.pdf;jsessionid=0AACED481BAE55D9FC6032C71C2B96E2?sequence=1\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16328625\",\"http://sdsu-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.10/1876/Shevchenko_Veronika.pdf?sequence=1\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53014/\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2891118\",\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/tobacco-and-cancer/carcinogens-found-in-tobacco-products.html\",\"https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/12/suppl_3/iii45\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10557545\",\"https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/12/4/401\",\"http://theconversation.com/busting-the-myth-that-roll-your-own-tobacco-has-fewer-additives-79171\",\"http://www.longwood.edu/cleanva/cigbuttfilters.htm\",\"https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-12-tobacco-products/12-7-additives-in-australian-cigarettes\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4663972/\",\"https://www.rd.com/health/conditions/cigarette-ingredients/\",\"https://books.google.com.au/books?id=o293DwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT128&ots=aA6x1OpNTi&dq=%22Studio%2026%20blend%22&pg=PT128#v=onepage&q=%22Studio%2026%20blend%22&f=false\",\"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e511/b932ece82b68eeb970959b8337006bc90dc1.pdf\",\"www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/cttr.2012.25.issue-3/cttr-2013-0921/cttr-2013-0921.pdf\",\"https://www.paper-machine-papcel.com/products/others/reconstituted-tobacco/\",\"https://www.utwente.nl/en/news/!/2012/12/200876/less-harmful-constituents-when-heating-a-cigarette-at-lower-temperature\",\"https://www.infraredtraining.com/community/boards/thread/726/\",\"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/36430168.pdf\",\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dioxins-and-their-effects-on-human-health\",\"https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/chemical-constituents-cigarettes-and-cigarette-smoke-priorities-harm-reduction\",\"https://www.measurement.gov.au/ScienceTechnology/Pages/PersistentOrganicPollutants.aspx\",\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160707083024.htm\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18851907\",\"https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/26/4/461\",\"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Analysis-of-metals-leached-from-smoked-cigarette-Moerman-Potts/1f644538a43ff64f7e64bc75b5123d6054b26291\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3088407/pdf/tobaccocontrol40170.pdf\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28959628\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25913792\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25531833\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22017091\",\"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep14119\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30460649\",\"[https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00046181.htm\",\"https://www.poison.org/articles/2013-jul/my-child-ate-a-cigarette\",\"https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/20/Suppl_1/i17.full\",\"https://books.google.com.au/books?id=hWI8DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=cigarette+filters+pcbs&source=bl&ots=N1MWINM4PF&sig=ACfU3U0ffVTI-uQZ-LX4QFsB6jxX87XvDw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi16dq7hqbhAhUTg-YKHQKlAx0Q6AEwEHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=cigarette%20filters%20pcbs&f=true\",\"http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/good-environmental-status/descriptor-10/pdf/GESAMP_microplastics%20full%20study.pdf\",\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/17/science/Crows-trash-puy-du-fou.html\",\"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-25/cigarette-butts-recycled-in-melbourne-scheme/8738538\",\"https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/11/suppl_1/i51.full\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5918521/\",\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290884014_A_review_on_modification_methods_to_cellulose-based_adsorbents_to_improve_adsorption_capacity\",\"https://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/4424996.htm\",\"http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/TheNewPOPs/tabid/2511/Default.aspx\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30005265\",\"https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/DDT_BiomonitoringSummary.html\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8426545\",\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00253-009-2094-5\",\"http://www.fao.org/3/X2570E/X2570E07.htm\",\"https://www.ehn.org/one-pcb-remains-in-great-lakes-2554796287.html\",\"http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/POPsReviewCommittee/Recommendations/tabid/243/Default.aspx\",\"https://www.ommegaonline.org/article-details/Organophosphorus-Flame-Retardants-(OPFR)--Neurotoxicity/445\",\"http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ChemicalsProposedforListing/tabid/2510/Default.aspx\",\"https://enveurope.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2190-4715-24-16\",\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-37428-3\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6132564/\",\"https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4420992/Shocking-photos-reveal-plankton-consuming-microplastics.html\",\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/from-fish-to-humans-a-microplastic-invasion-may-be-taking-a-toll/\",\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.6b02569\",\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b06280\",\"https://cen.acs.org/environment/pollution/pervasiveness-microplastics/97/i5\",\"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep03263\",\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982213012530\",\"https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/78102/WHO_HSE_PHE_IHE_2013.1_eng.pdf;jsessionid=8C128BC0AF20B28B7A353CAE02E355CB?sequence=1\",\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2018.00143/full#B64\",\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X09002690\",\"https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/u1676/Ortiz_Abstract_0.pdf\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28440928\",\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=17&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi1y6KzkM3hAhWHWX0KHdHuBGg4ChAWMAZ6BAgGEAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FMahmoud_Omid2%2Fpost%2FHow_do_cigarette_butts_create_environmental_hazards%2Fattachment%2F5a8be4584cde266d588c5186%2FAS%253A596035403542535%25401519117322556%2Fdownload%2Fcua-cigarette-butts-fact-sheet.pdf&usg=AOvVaw19wnwINnDE_SgsscRSdfWt\",\"https://www.solveoregon.org/litter-and-marine-debris\",\"https://theecologist.org/2018/oct/31/cigarette-filters-do-more-harm-good\",\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1069057/\",\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749117343294\",\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/12/12/250438904/how-plastic-in-the-ocean-is-contaminating-your-seafood\",\"https://m.9gag.com/gag/aQeYYKw\",\"https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/408209153716562807\",\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X1830376X\",\"https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/MicroplasticsOnePager_0.pdf\",\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717323471\",\"http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/presse/news_2018/UEG_Week_2018_-_Philipp_Schwabl_Microplastics_Web.pdf\",\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/203640\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_container\",\"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-07/ibis-bin-chicken-rise-totem-for-modern-australia/10209332\",\"https://www.celanese.com/about-us/locations.aspx\",\"https://twitter.com/celanese\",\"https://www.eastman.com/Pages/Contact_Us.aspx\",\"https://twitter.com/EastmanChemCo\",\"https://www.ldp.org.au/legalisevaping\",\"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/e-cigarettes-and-heated-tobacco-products-evidence-review\",\"https://www.alp.org.au/about/contact/\",\"https://twitter.com/AustralianLabor\",\"https://www.liberal.org.au/contact\",\"https://twitter.com/LiberalAus\",\"https://greens.org.au/contact\",\"https://twitter.com/Greens\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}"
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    {
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "banking",
      "author": "jondanielford",
      "permlink": "australian-travel-cards-suck-here-s-what-you-should-do",
      "title": "Australian travel cards suck, here's what you should do",
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      "title": "Australian travel cards suck, here's what you should do",
      "body": "So the first time I went overseas I got ripped off. Not by some scammer or felon taking advantage of naive tourists, but by my own bank back in Aus. \n\nI booked my trip through studentflights (another story) and they offered me a travel card called Cash Passport, touting the ease-of use and 'flexibility' to use with Euros, USD etc. Being a combination of travel newb/lazy I skipped the fine print I signed up. \n\nThe first warning sign probably should've been the fee I got for simply transferring money into the cash passport itself: a 7% commission fee for the 'service' of them exchanging currency. Basically transfer a thousand bucks of hard earned slavings onto your shiny new travel card and the the bank will cream $70 off the top as well as $5 as a 're-load commission'.. in addition to a 1% bpay fee. And we're up to $85 for a rudimentary online transfer - and remember this is every time you  top it up. \n\nBut the chances are, if your anything like I was, you won't notice all this because the US dollars  will simply show up in your account and you'll be like \"all sweet it worked\" - and that's what they're *banking* on I guess.\n\nIt doesn't really get much better once you get to your destination. ATM fees are AUD $3.50 (and this is on top of any 3rd party ATM provider fees) for any amount, so 20 USD out easily becomes $25+. And if you're ever in a stitch up and need cash-out they'll charge a $10 fee, which I reckon would be borderline illegal back in Aus. When you finally do make it back home, to get any remaining funds out (if there's anything left) from an ATM it's a 3% fee for every transaction OR you can try transfer out and back to your native bank, and they'll charge you the 7% (+$5 + 1%) over again.\n\nI looked into it and Cash Passport whoever they are, seem to be some sort of trifecta between **Mastercard**,  **travelex**, and Australia's largest mutual bank you've probably never heard of\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmPb2JbgFFGKuD3avcW1B8kyw1DGS4uWFDGykQJ1FTN59p/image.png)\nWho just out of interest (pun intended) according to wikipedia 10 years ago topped $9 billion in assets.\n\nSo before my next trip I made sure I actually did some research (i.e. use google). I wasn't really surprised to see Cash Passport has one of the lowest scores on Product Review: https://www.productreview.com.au/p/travelex-cash-passport.html  But the competition wasn't much better either [8], and still in want of a decent travel card - here's the gist of my findings:\n\n**NAB**\nBeing with NAB for most of my life, I went online to check out what they had on offer for travelers. Overall pretty disappointing. Like Cash Passport, when transferring into the account, If you don't convert your currency yourself before using it you will be subject to a 'NAB Foreign Currency Conversion fee' of 4%. And even if you have the time (and energy) to do this, you'll still be charged commission anyway (for the privilege of being able to get your money exchanged). In other words they'll apply their 'NAB Currency to Currency foreign exchange rate' - an undisclosed figure I tried to get it off them on the phone but he didn't know/wasn't allowed to tell me. There is a PDF I downloaded and a key part of the small print reads: *\"A foreign Currency rate set by NAB where any Currency is converted into another Currency plus a margin determined by NAB\"* [1].  Based on productreviews it could be anywhere from an extra 5-10% on top of the local rate [2]. I think the 160 odd reviews on there speaks for themselves [2]:\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmeSiWHq6cRbSCyqjJGJoJqkukKK5wXxHzZntuyQjadmRw/image.png)\n\n**ANZ**\nOK. The Currency Conversion Fee (commission) is a bit lower at 3% (+ 1.1% fee for any reload + bpay fee of $1.1). Annoying that it's 11 bucks to sign up and they charge the usual $3.50 ATM fee and that very time your make a transaction.. they'll also send you an SMS code every time for security purposes which you'll be charged 35 cents for and may not be able to receive unless you've switched to an overseas phone plan. Similar low score in the reviews \n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmeTDXc7nuVYZDaYQj214khxCiMWGKaBYtVSdKC51M9GFi/image.png)\n\nIn fact these kinds of reviews, exposing exuberant exchange rates, fees and generally poor customer services, were a pretty much a common theme among all travel cards offered by the Big Aussie banks.  So thanks to the advice of some  helpful strangers on the internet [3], it made sense to skip the lot of them (tail between legs) continue my search elsewhere. This meant looking at some of the cards on offer by the big multinationals.. I was able to find a couple of great options..\n\n**Citibank Plus**\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRncGSogFWmXsBSUWCCRCujhH1YL6hfVjqch54XSaZJs6/image.png)\nI don't like this company (GFC bail outs etc) but frankly they make the best card  (i.e. they don't try to sneak commission off you) and there's no fees, zero, zip nada. In fact the it's that straight forward you could pretty much stop reading and sign up now if you wanted: https://www1.citibank.com.au/banking/bank-accounts/citibank-plus\n\nJust to make it clear:\n- **No sign up fee** - VERY easy and quick sign up process! - they'll have it to you in a matter of weeks\n- **No ATM fees** (unless some 3rd party vendor charges one) - you can check the comprehensive list of fee-free ATMs here: https://whirlpool.net.au/wiki/citibank_plus_transaction_account)\n- **No currency exchange fees** - Base rate only: whatever exchange rates going, punch in to google at that time - that's the rate that will be applied to your purchase!\n- **No transfer fees** - just transfer AUD from your bank into your new citibank plus account, and that's it.\nTo summarise: **the only money you'll spend using this card will be the items you purchase!** (And this is how it should be right?)\n\nA couple of tips:\n1. Watch out for skimming devices attached to ATMs:\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQmFbyPaTZZnHGyiLdmt8FYJeUuK2XTecxC44Lpv9kn29/image.png) \nThese are essentially plastic transmitting devices scammers have put onto ATMs, to read your card, copy or 'skim' the information off it and steal your money [4]. If there's anything sus stuck to the machine, or anything loose - don't use it.\n2.  Since the Citibank Plus is a debit card, with real cash moneys: don't put too much money in, and **keep track of your withdraw limit** essentially don't do what I did last trip..\n\nOne day I had to get alot of money out, so I had to up the ATM withdrawal limit. The only problem I forget to drop it back down again, and the next few days I ended up using an ATM that had a skimming device in it. What this means is someone was able to wirelessly connect their laptop to the skimming device in the ATM, copy the information encrypted on my card, transfer it to, in my case New Dehli, where the information was likely coppied onto a new card which was then finally used to make a whole bunch of wathdrawals, in Indian rupees, taking advantage of my large withdrawal limit until all my money was gone. Kudos to Citi I was pretty lucky that they were able to reimburse me within a few weeks of reporting it.\n\nSo wether you lose a card, get scammed or have some technical issue, it's always a good idea when travelling to have a second card, and thanks to more advice from the experts [5], I had a backup:\n\n**28 Degrees**\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVkFMUnKTN1t7yfBFi1uHobdPgwNQAPabv93hUc8ytN8L/image.png)\n\nJust like the Citibank Plus except for 2 things: a. it's a credit card, and b. there are ATM fees (about $4 per transaction) \n\nBeing a credit card, signing up is initially a bit more of a drawn out process (https://www.28degreescard.com.au/apply/) but you get good buyer protection on any fraud/insurance issues before you have to pay it off at the end of the month. Their customer service is also top notch and you can avoid trying to call Australia and get them on skype anytime https://www.28degreescard.com.au/contact-us/. \n\nSo basically I use the 28 Degrees for purchases at restaurants shops etc, but for fee-less cash out - use your Citibank Plus. \n\nThis brings me onto a final topic I'd like to touch on, Australian banks and how bad are they really?\n\nSo I did a bit of research into how Australian banks stack up globally, specifically in terms of their products on offer to travellers.. and my concerns mostly about the state of banking in this country were pretty much confirmed:\n\n- Research by financial analysts based in the UK found the Australian banking sector as a whole lagging behind both British and US banks scoring just 2.5 out of 5 [6] based on qualitative and quantitative indexes with *\"all of the \"big four\" banks [scoring] zero rating for culture and digital dependability\"*[7].\n- According to research conducted by the World Bank, Australia is the 3rd most expensive G20 country to transfer money [11]: ***\"The cost of sending money from Australia was approximately 11 per cent higher than the G20 average, 13 per cent higher than the UK and almost 40 per cent higher than the US.\" -ACCC 2018*** [12]\n - Australian banks are the most profitable in the world [10], at 2.9% of GDP [9] (and since we all know money doesn't grow on trees they must be getting it from somewhere) ![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUqtYh6ENnRpBj7jhCXYPpH3RNTZRZEWTba9PPBzFYF1r/image.png)\n\nThankfully the ACCC is in the process of conducting an inquiry looking into the excessive foreign exchange fees imposed on the Australian public [12]\n\nThe treasurer, Josh Frydenberg, said millions of Australians were paying too much to the banks and shelling out $2bn a year in foreign transaction fees.\n\n***“We want to stop the rip-off,” Frydenberg said in Sydney. The ACCC will also look at charges for transferring money overseas and on prepaid travel cards. A customer of an Australian bank who travels overseas and spends $5,000 on their credit card incurs about $140 in foreign exchange transaction fees. If a customer was to transfer $1,000 overseas, it would cost an Australian on average about $80 in fees and exchange rate mark-ups, compared with about $60 for someone in the United States.\"*** -[exceprt from the Guardian titled 'Excessive foreign currency fees under scrutiny from Australian consumer watchdog' [11]\n\n\n[1] http://www.nab.com.au/content/dam/nabrwd/personal/planning-tools/travel/nab-traveller-card/documents/nab-traveller-card-pds.pdf\n[2] http://www.productreview.com.au/p/nab-traveller-card.html\n[3] https://forums.whirlpool.net.au/archive/1725541# \n[4] https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnnyjet/2018/01/30/6-tips-to-help-avoid-card-skimming-at-atms-while-traveling/#21e07d492992\n[5] https://whirlpool.net.au/wiki/28_Degrees \n[6] https://www.afr.com/business/banking-and-finance/big-four-banks-get-shameful-lafferty-global-report-card-20181018-h16sc8  \n[7] https://abix.com.au/2018/10/19/fluff-and-fail-shameful-report-card-for-banks/\n[8] https://www.choice.com.au/money/banking/foreign-transactions/articles/foreign-transaction-fees\n[9]https://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/australian-economy/australian-banks-top-global-list-as-labor-persists-in-demands-for-a-royal-commission/news-story/aefa72c371555ced47804f9604c25c7c \n[10]  https://www.afr.com/business/banking-and-finance/australia-s-banks-the-world-s-most-profitable-20140630-j05p8\n[11] https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/oct/02/excessive-foreign-currency-fees-scrutiny-accc\n[12] https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/accc-commences-inquiry-into-foreign-exchange",
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      "permlink": "partiko-re-jondanielford-cereal-killers-20190118t101322004z",
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      "body": "Thank you so much for sharing this amazing post with us!\n\nHave you heard about Partiko? It’s a really convenient mobile app for Steem! With Partiko, you can easily see what’s going on in the Steem community, make posts and comments (no beneficiary cut forever!), and always stayed connected with your followers via push notification!\n\nPartiko also rewards you with Partiko Points (3000 Partiko Point bonus when you first use it!), and Partiko Points can be converted into Steem tokens. You can earn Partiko Points easily by making posts and comments using Partiko.\n\nWe also noticed that your Steem Power is low. We will be very happy to delegate 15 Steem Power to you once you have made a post using Partiko! With more Steem Power, you can make more posts and comments, and earn more rewards!\n\nIf that all sounds interesting, you can: \n\n- Download Partiko Android at [Google Play](http://bit.ly/2SRFIta)\n- Or Download Partiko iOS on the [App Store](https://apple.co/2PcXkSd)\n\nThank you so much for reading this message!",
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      "author": "jondanielford",
      "permlink": "cereal-killers",
      "title": "cereal killers",
      "body": "@@ -1102,20 +1102,16 @@\n eted to \n-our \n kids des\n",
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      "body": "@@ -531,16 +531,29 @@\n it back \n+on the shelf \n and than\n@@ -596,30 +596,19 @@\n ive \n-enough \n kid \n-to \n burn\n- all\n+ing\n  eno\n",
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      "body": "So I was shopping at Coles today and going through the breakfast aisle I noticed an old childhood favourite, Milo Cereal, I grabbed it but just to have a squiz at the the nutrition information (yes such a nerd).\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmdfmZvALh45fcf6yhERuipYw7PpNnJwmhzS4qqLPNWduW/image.png)\n\nYeah a little more than I was expecting but nothing surprising: **26.9 grams of sugar per 100 g cereal**.\n\nImagine filling your bowl a quarter full of sugar first thing in the morning every day for x number of years.. I put it back and thanked my lucky metabolism I was an active enough kid to burn all enough glucose to keep my insulin down enough to keep my cells becoming resistant.\n\nAs I was walking away I couldn't help noticing the brazenly advertised look-at-me 4 Star 'Health Rating': \n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNc5guAwgvS76vkuzG1TbCk1EkZjshKNLa5VnyNGutLgP/image.png)\n\nThis got my attention. I started wondering.. who gives out these ratings, apparently the Government (1)? What if any criteria do they use and more importantly how on earth something over 25% sugar and marketed to our kids deserves 4/5 of anything other than some kind of warning label. \n\nPretty annoyed, and just trying to find something I could take camping that wasn't some cartoon chocolate infused health-washed breakfast candy, I went for the classic Sultana Bran and got 3 packs.\n\nIt wasn't until I got back home that I realised the sultana bran was actually worse!. with **28.2 g of sugar per 100 g** ! and yet.. *an even higher health star safety rating!*:\n![20181203_222636.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmbRx8tWWGdKgqKEkYUDXELLuow1aqEYb1nCWciz1CbWrN/20181203_222636.jpg) \n\n\nThis was getting too much. We'd almost have been better off getting a bucket of ice cream, it might not have as many health stars, but at least it would have less sugar (21.7 grams per 100) (3)\n ![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZXDJqFtFoSSRamTJ7qJK6fQcHq6wRq47nsouCtFPnM85/image.png) \n\nConsidering we are in the midst of an obesity crisis, with 1.2 million Australians living with one form of diabetes or another (a growing number of which are kids) (2) I find this blatant corruption of a potentially good idea in the health star rating system - one that should be in place to assist families in making wise health decisions - not tricking them into bad ones.\n\nTo be honest the whole thing just typifies the what I see as a chronic lack of leadership in the Government right now, one willing to sell anything to make a profit - which apparently includes the health of its citizens.\n\n(1) http://healthstarrating.gov.au/internet/healthstarrating/publishing.nsf/content/home\n(2) http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/chronic-diabetes \n(3) https://shop.coles.com.au/a/a-national/product/nestle-peters-original-ice-cream-vanilla-239785p",
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      "parent_permlink": "paint",
      "author": "jondanielford",
      "permlink": "paint",
      "title": "paint ingredients",
      "body": "Today, about halfway through painting a small room in the house, I  began to feel off. \n\nI was wearing a proper paint mask, gloves and goggles, but after a couple of hours painting the room (with 2 breaks in between) I began to notice the smell becoming more intense through my mask. I then stepped out for another quick break outside in the fresh air and returned, feeling better and ready to try and finish it off as I was about 60% done.  After about 10 minutes in the room however I noticed an almost physical sensation in my head, my thinking then started becoming slightly blurred and I noticed the skin on my arms became kind of warm and sweaty (hot flush?). I just wanted to get this last bit with the roller so I  ducked down to move the drop sheet but then a heavy-headed sensation hit me harder and my thinking and decision making was slowed considerably - so I figured I'd better get out of the room asap. \n\nAfter doing a couple of dr google recommends for paint inhalation (a shower and walk in the fresh air) feeling better I decided to look into what paint might be made of.. \n\nWe were painting with Dulux Ceiling White Plus from Bunnings ![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUTs8paZQdf9t4Fx5qtEXiorzwc5WMGVgPVuZVsA1dZyn/image.png)\nUnfortunately there was no MSDS (material safety data sheet) on the Bunnings site - but I just searched the product code (615D0118): \n![image.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXXZ5Qshk45aacuXrEKCi1586aXia4aqjRfxJcPaoXvY7/image.png)\n\nOne of the first thing to look at on an MSDS is composition. But you can see in the pink box I've outlined below, no ingredients are given (probably because it's propriety information/trade secret). However apparently whatever it is has been tested and found to be *'non-hazardous'*.:![image (1).png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcjvmdCqfTvnPgsZFa2oMy6KezUBuX5sByDJpnzXuV9fY/image%20(1).png)\n\n\nThis non-hazardous marker is the label applied to most of the following relevant toxicological endpoints i.e doesn't cause birth defects, cancer, reproductive abnormalities or long term toxic effects, respectively, based presumably on some scientific study. Also they likely haven't done (or looked at) any ecological testing given the *'no information available'* clause (pink):![image (2).png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmbrCYjTifroUTs6Q16YndPDDkGiaLsTVoeX7p6qCtfMSz/image%20(2).png)\n\n\nUnder section 11 (toxicological information) is key since we have our first listed potential negative effects (red box). Specifically the one that interests me is vapors causing *'irritation to mucous membranes, respiratory tract, headache and nausea'*. The reason being because in the very next section it states that acute inhalation is *'non-hazardous'*.  \n\nSo correct me if I'm wrong but we are dealing with substances that can adversely affect the respiratory and nervous systems upon inhalation while remaining non-hazardous to inhale acutely..?\n![image (3).png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSerFktZeNTB2we6hrpMYFGX2TPpB1Liwjxnk1GLxfiXa/image%20(3).png)\n\nSo I don't have time right now to do a research project on paint but in general I did find it **hard to find any ingredients explicit listed paint companies actually use to make paint**. Some of the common ones I could find from wikpedia like sites seem to include toluene, benzene, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol + many other aromatic solvents and petrochemical derivatives as well as formaldehyde and acetone (1,2). These are mostly lumped under the term Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) many of which are well-known IARC Group 1 carcinogens (3)\n\nNow I know correlation doesn't equate to cause, but quite a few studies come up showing a pretty strong link between solvents (including paint) and some common neurological disorders potentially explaining some of the mental effects I'd had.  Here's a quick snapshot of a few I found FYI: \n![image (5).png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmWHdjDmvtDUvNj97XsY9k28byrb98jSbNohCSQv21hgVz/image%20(5).png)\n(4)\n![image (4).png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSoexarKhbUt9Jz3RLTXRzmz3rQ1Wg2bwuTZ12je1qWHP/image%20(4).png)\n(5)\n![image (6).png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmaXzjSyxA8E9sGK6rhMmNbrfJDRYgfVmy6zk6fj1WKJ8C/image%20(6).png)\n(6)\n\nAnd finally a bit on the ecological effect:\n![image (7).png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmesymWijhgoWhapjCMiyPJ5JbbjxstQC33DYwUzEHDYKT/image%20(7).png)\n\nOn a side note, Dulux is owned by Akzo Novel (or PPG in the US):![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmaSdZdVu87rEHcuf1uELiAqKpYTwe5XTSHabtFEZ4GAaA/image.png)\n\nPPG is listed in the Forbes top 500 companies and turned over $15 Billion in 2015:\n![image (9).png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmfSJ452xxm4vZxR4L1acxSnTGuBP1G3Fb5Q5kg4Ex4jwJ/image%20(9).png)\n(7)\n\n(1) http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Paint.html\n(2) http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=composition_of_paints\n(3) https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/general-info/known-and-probable-human-carcinogens.html \n(4) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2602252\n(5) https://www.aan.com/PressRoom/Home/PressRelease/1285\n(6) http://n.neurology.org/content/early/2018/07/03/WNL.0000000000005906\n(7) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPG_Industries",
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      "body": "Today, about halfway through painting a small room in the house, I  began to feel off. \n\nI was wearing a proper paint mask, gloves and goggles, but after a couple of hours painting the room (with 2 breaks in between) I began to notice the smell becoming more intense through my mask. I then stepped out for another quick break outside in the fresh air and returned, feeling better and ready to try and finish it off as I was about 60% done.  After about 10 minutes in the room however I noticed an almost physical sensation in my head, my thinking then started becoming slightly blurred and I noticed the skin on my arms became kind of warm and sweaty (hot flush?). I just wanted to get this last bit with the roller so I  ducked down to move the drop sheet but then a heavy-headed sensation hit me harder and my thinking and decision making was slowed considerably - so I figured I'd better get out of the room asap. \n\nAfter doing a couple of dr google recommends for paint inhalation (a shower and walk in the fresh air) feeling better I decided to look into what paint might be made of.. \n\nWe were painting with Dulux Ceiling White Plus from Bunnings ![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUTs8paZQdf9t4Fx5qtEXiorzwc5WMGVgPVuZVsA1dZyn/image.png)\nUnfortunately there was no MSDS (material safety data sheet) on the Bunnings site - but I just searched the product code (615D0118): \n![image.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXXZ5Qshk45aacuXrEKCi1586aXia4aqjRfxJcPaoXvY7/image.png)\n\nOne of the first thing to look at on an MSDS is composition. But you can see in the pink box I've outlined below, no ingredients are given (probably because it's propriety information/trade secret). However apparently whatever it is has been tested and found to be *'non-hazardous'*.:![image (1).png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcjvmdCqfTvnPgsZFa2oMy6KezUBuX5sByDJpnzXuV9fY/image%20(1).png)\n\n\nThis non-hazardous marker is the label applied to most of the following relevant toxicological endpoints i.e doesn't cause birth defects, cancer, reproductive abnormalities or long term toxic effects, respectively, based presumably on some scientific study. Also they likely haven't done (or looked at) any ecological testing given the *'no information available'* clause (pink):![image (2).png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmbrCYjTifroUTs6Q16YndPDDkGiaLsTVoeX7p6qCtfMSz/image%20(2).png)\n\n\nUnder section 11 (toxicological information) is key since we have our first listed potential negative effects (red box). Specifically the one that interests me is vapors causing *'irritation to mucous membranes, respiratory tract, headache and nausea'*. The reason being because in the very next section it states that acute inhalation is *'non-hazardous'*.  \n\nSo correct me if I'm wrong but we are dealing with substances that can adversely affect the respiratory and nervous systems upon inhalation while remaining non-hazardous to inhale acutely..?\n![image (3).png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSerFktZeNTB2we6hrpMYFGX2TPpB1Liwjxnk1GLxfiXa/image%20(3).png)\n\nSo I don't have time right now to do a research project on paint but in general I did find it **hard to find any ingredients explicit listed paint companies actually use to make paint**. Some of the common ones I could find from wikpedia like sites seem to include toluene, benzene, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol + many other aromatic solvents and petrochemical derivatives as well as formaldehyde and acetone (1,2). These are mostly lumped under the term Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) many of which are well-known IARC Group 1 carcinogens (3)\n\nNow I know correlation doesn't equate to cause, but quite a few studies come up showing a pretty strong link between solvents (including paint) and some common neurological disorders potentially explaining some of the mental effects I'd had.  Here's a quick snapshot of a few I found FYI: \n![image (5).png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmWHdjDmvtDUvNj97XsY9k28byrb98jSbNohCSQv21hgVz/image%20(5).png)\n(4)\n![image (4).png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSoexarKhbUt9Jz3RLTXRzmz3rQ1Wg2bwuTZ12je1qWHP/image%20(4).png)\n(5)\n![image (6).png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmaXzjSyxA8E9sGK6rhMmNbrfJDRYgfVmy6zk6fj1WKJ8C/image%20(6).png)\n(6)\n\nAnd finally a bit on the ecological effect:\n![image (7).png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmesymWijhgoWhapjCMiyPJ5JbbjxstQC33DYwUzEHDYKT/image%20(7).png)\n\nOn a side note, Dulux is owned by Akzo Novel (or PPG in the US):![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmaSdZdVu87rEHcuf1uELiAqKpYTwe5XTSHabtFEZ4GAaA/image.png)\n\nPPG is listed in the Forbes top 500 companies and turned over $15 Billion in 2015:\n![image (9).png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmfSJ452xxm4vZxR4L1acxSnTGuBP1G3Fb5Q5kg4Ex4jwJ/image%20(9).png)\n(7)\n\n(1) http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Paint.html\n(2) http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=composition_of_paints\n(3) https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/general-info/known-and-probable-human-carcinogens.html \n(4) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2602252\n(5) https://www.aan.com/PressRoom/Home/PressRelease/1285\n(6) http://n.neurology.org/content/early/2018/07/03/WNL.0000000000005906\n(7) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPG_Industries",
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