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      "body": "#### Welcome to the First Tutorial of Advance Ruby Development\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/MILXLd2.jpg/> </center>\n\n#### What Will I Learn?\n\n- You will learn how to develop Applications using Ruby \n- You will learn about IRB shell in Ruby programming \n- You will learn about various class methods and their usage\n- Your will learn about reading and writing through class methods\n\n\n\n#### Requirements\n##### System Requirements:\n\n- [Ruby Installer]( https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/) for building apps\n- [SciTE]( https://www.scintilla.org/ScintillaDownload.html) for code editing \n- Command Prompt or Terminal \n##### OS Support:\n\n- Windows 7/8/10\n- macOS \n- Linux \n#### Difficulty\n\n\n\n- Intermediate\n\n#### Required Understanding\n- You just need a little bit of knowledge basic Ruby Syntax\n- A fair understanding of Programming \n- A thirst for learning and developing something new\n\n\n#### Description\n-\tIn this Advance Ruby Development course, I will teach you the advanced concepts of the Ruby programming language. Ruby was designed to be more powerful that Perl, and more object-oriented than Python, and has gained in popularity due to its power and ease of use. By the end of this course you will surely develop some powerful and concrete applications. Also in the end of this course we will be developing a Restaurant finder app.\n\n#### What is Ruby?\n\n\nRuby is an object-oriented, general purpose programming language designed by Yukihiro Matsumoto in the 1990s. Intended for improved productivity and entertaining, it creates a great starter language for first time programmers because of its simplicity, readability and concentrate on fun. Commonly used with Rails applications, that is a very popular language that is always in popularity. Organizations such as Twitter and Kickstarter utilize Ruby. \n\n With Ruby, almost everything is an object. Every bit of information as well as codes can be provided their very own attributes and actions. Object-oriented programming calls attributes by the title instance variables and also actions tend to be known as methods. Ruby’s genuine object-oriented approach is quite commonly demonstrated with a bit of code that is applicable an action to a number.\n```\n7.times { print \"I *like* Open Source Projects\" }\n\n```\nAs an example, addition is conducted with the `plus (+)` operator. However, if you would instead use the readable word `plus`, you can add this type of method to Ruby’s builtin Numeric class.\n```\nclass Numeric\n  def plus(x)\n    self.+(x)\n  end\nend\n\ny = 4.plus 3\n\n```\n`which results in the value of y=7\n`\n\n#### What is Interactive Ruby Shell (IRB) ?\n\n\nInteractive Ruby Shell (IRB ) is actually a REPL with regard to coding in the Ruby Language. Typically the abbreviation irb originates from the point that the filename extension for Ruby is **.rb**, even though interactive Ruby files don’t have an extension involving **.irb**.\n\nThe program will be launched from the command line and enables the execution of Ruby commands with immediate response, testing in real-time. This features command record, line modifying capabilities, and job control, and it is capable of communicate directly being a shell script on the internet and also connect to a live server.\n`irb [ options ] [ programfile ] [ argument... ] `\n##### Example:\n```\nirb(main):001:0> num = 4\n=> 4\nirb(main):002:0> def fact(num)\nirb(main):003:1>   if num <= 1\nirb(main):004:2>     1\nirb(main):005:2>   else\nirb(main):006:2*     num * fact(num - 1)\nirb(main):007:2>   end\nirb(main):008:1> end\n=> :fact\nirb(main):009:0> fact(num)\n=> 24\n```\n\n\nMethods In Ruby Programming\nRuby uses methods to use a block of codes. In other programming languages some other techniques are used like functions and procedures. Now we will have al look at methods in ruby and then we proceed to the next level.\n\n**Let have a look at this example**\n\n```\ndef course\n\tputs \"This course is about Ruby Programming \"\nend\n\ndef sub\n\tputs 7-3\nend\n\n# Underscore can be used between words, like variable names in this case\ndef longest_word\n  words = ['pineapple', 'orange', 'mango', 'watermelon']\n  longest_word = words.inject do |memo,word|\n    memo.length > word.length ? memo : word\n  end\n  puts longest_word\nend\n\n# Useful for tests and Booleans values\ndef greater_seven?\n\tvalue = 7\n\tputs value > 7 ? 'More than 7' : 'Less than 7'\nend\n```\nIn the above example I define four methods which are `course,sub,longest_word and greater_seven`\nBehaviour:\n\n`course`: It simply displays a message on the screen which is in this case is “This course is about Ruby Programming ”\n\n`sub`:This method simply perform the subtraction of two number which is passed as arguments  which are 7 and 3\n\n`longest_word`: This method does a little interesting job here,it returns me the longest word out of an array of four words by using the `inject` function which accumulates and returns the longest length word by increment the memo each time.\n\n`greater_seven?`: This methods basically testing which number is greater between the two and returns the Boolean value. It uses `?`at its end\n\n#### Reading and Writing Operations:\n\nRuby has methods for Reading and Writing known as Reader and Writer. Other languages have getters and setter for this reading/writing in programs. These methods will allow us to read data from a program or write data to it. Later these operations will help us in making our restaurant finder app. \n#### Example:\n```\nclass Person\n  def set_noise(noise)\n    @noise = noise\n  end\n  \n  def make_noise\n    @noise\n  end\nend\n\nperson_one = Person.new\nperson_one.set_noise(\"Laugh!\")\nputs person_one.make_noise\n\nperson_two = Person.new\nperson_two.set_noise(\"Groan!\")\nputs person_two.make_noise\n\n```\nNow this is a very common feature of object-oriented programming languages, sometimes in other languages, they're called getter and setter methods. Either one is fine. You can use either name, typically in Ruby, we're going to call them reader and writer methods. So, here is the code which is a perfect example to explain, what we're looking for is a pairing of something that will set a value for us and something that will get a value for us, and that's exactly what we already have with our two methods\n\nThe first one is a setter method or a writer method. So we're setting the value of noise equal to a value, and this is the classic format for what a setter method would look like.\n\n `set_noise` equal to a value. It sets it for us. Then we have a  `get_noise`. It's a getter method. The idea is that we are getting that value back. One of these methods sets it, one of them gets it.\nNow the important thing about these two methods is that they give us access control over these instance variables. So for **example**:\n```\nclass Person\n  def set_noise(noise)\n    @noise = noise\n  end\n  \nperson_one = Person.new\nperson_one.set_noise(\"Laugh!\")\nputs person_one.make_noise\n\nperson_two = Person.new\nperson_two.set_noise(\"Groan!\")\nputs person_two.make_noise\n```\nif we were to take away `get_noise`, now we have no way to get that value back. Of course, we could write another method that would do it for us, but our getter method is gone\n```\nclass Person\n  \n  def make_noise\n    @noise\n  end\nend\n\nperson_one = Person.new\nperson_one.set_noise(\"Laugh!\")\nputs person_one.make_noise\n\nperson_two = Person.new\nperson_two.set_noise(\"Groan!\")\nputs person_two.make_noise\n```\nSame thing here, if we were to take away `set_noise`, now we have no way to set it by calling a method. we need a setter method if we want to be able to do it directly.\n\nLike `set_noise` and `get_noise` and using underscore writing approach is very common in a lot of programming languages. In Ruby though, we can make use of that syntactic sugar that we looked at earlier, and so we can take get _out and simply ask for noise. So it asks Person to do the method noise, which returns the instance variable, noise. It's a very commonsense approach. \n```\nclass Person\n  def noise=(noise)\n    @noise = noise\n  end\n  \n  def noise\n    @noise\n  end\nend\n\nperson_one = Person.new\nperson_one.noise = \"Laugh!\"\nputs person_one.noise\n\nperson_two = Person.new\nperson_two.noise = \"Groan!\"\nputs person_two.noise\n```\nSo now` person_one.noise` and `person_two.noise` just returns that to us, where the syntactic sugar comes in is that we can do the same thing with set, we can take away set and just say `noise=(noise).`\n#### Summary\nIn this tutorial of Advance Ruby Development we learn about the methods, also now we have a better understanding of reading and writing using methods in Ruby. In the next tutorial we will learn about modules and development of our Restaurant Finder App.\n",
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      "body": "#### Welcome to the First Tutorial of Advance Ruby Development\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/MILXLd2.jpg/> </center>\n\n#### What Will I Learn?\n\n- You will learn how to develop Applications using Ruby \n- You will learn about IRB shell in Ruby programming \n- You will learn about various class methods and their usage\n- Your will learn about reading and writing through class methods\n\n\n\n#### Requirements\n##### System Requirements:\n\n- [Ruby Installer]( https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/) for building apps\n- [SciTE]( https://www.scintilla.org/ScintillaDownload.html) for code editing \n- Command Prompt or Terminal \n##### OS Support:\n\n- Windows 7/8/10\n- macOS \n- Linux \n#### Difficulty\n\n\n\n- Intermediate\n\n#### Required Understanding\n- You just need a little bit of knowledge basic Ruby Syntax\n- A fair understanding of Programming \n- A thirst for learning and developing something new\n\n\n#### Description\n-\tIn this Advance Ruby Development course, I will teach you the advanced concepts of the Ruby programming language. Ruby was designed to be more powerful that Perl, and more object-oriented than Python, and has gained in popularity due to its power and ease of use. By the end of this course you will surely develop some powerful and concrete applications. Also in the end of this course we will be developing a Restaurant finder app.\n\n#### What is Ruby?\n\n\nRuby is an object-oriented, general purpose programming language designed by Yukihiro Matsumoto in the 1990s. Intended for improved productivity and entertaining, it creates a great starter language for first time programmers because of its simplicity, readability and concentrate on fun. Commonly used with Rails applications, that is a very popular language that is always in popularity. Organizations such as Twitter and Kickstarter utilize Ruby. \n\n With Ruby, almost everything is an object. Every bit of information as well as codes can be provided their very own attributes and actions. Object-oriented programming calls attributes by the title instance variables and also actions tend to be known as methods. Ruby’s genuine object-oriented approach is quite commonly demonstrated with a bit of code that is applicable an action to a number.\n```\n7.times { print \"I *like* Open Source Projects\" }\n\n```\nAs an example, addition is conducted with the `plus (+)` operator. However, if you would instead use the readable word `plus`, you can add this type of method to Ruby’s builtin Numeric class.\n```\nclass Numeric\n  def plus(x)\n    self.+(x)\n  end\nend\n\ny = 4.plus 3\n\n```\n`which results in the value of y=7\n`\n\n#### What is Interactive Ruby Shell (IRB) ?\n\n\nInteractive Ruby Shell (IRB ) is actually a REPL with regard to coding in the Ruby Language. Typically the abbreviation irb originates from the point that the filename extension for Ruby is **.rb**, even though interactive Ruby files don’t have an extension involving **.irb**.\n\nThe program will be launched from the command line and enables the execution of Ruby commands with immediate response, testing in real-time. This features command record, line modifying capabilities, and job control, and it is capable of communicate directly being a shell script on the internet and also connect to a live server.\n`irb [ options ] [ programfile ] [ argument... ] `\n##### Example:\n```\nirb(main):001:0> num = 4\n=> 4\nirb(main):002:0> def fact(num)\nirb(main):003:1>   if num <= 1\nirb(main):004:2>     1\nirb(main):005:2>   else\nirb(main):006:2*     num * fact(num - 1)\nirb(main):007:2>   end\nirb(main):008:1> end\n=> :fact\nirb(main):009:0> fact(num)\n=> 24\n```\n\n\nMethods In Ruby Programming\nRuby uses methods to use a block of codes. In other programming languages some other techniques are used like functions and procedures. Now we will have al look at methods in ruby and then we proceed to the next level.\n\n**Let have a look at this example**\n\n```\ndef course\n\tputs \"This course is about Ruby Programming \"\nend\n\ndef sub\n\tputs 7-3\nend\n\n# Underscore can be used between words, like variable names in this case\ndef longest_word\n  words = ['pineapple', 'orange', 'mango', 'watermelon']\n  longest_word = words.inject do |memo,word|\n    memo.length > word.length ? memo : word\n  end\n  puts longest_word\nend\n\n# Useful for tests and Booleans values\ndef greater_seven?\n\tvalue = 7\n\tputs value > 7 ? 'More than 7' : 'Less than 7'\nend\n```\nIn the above example I define four methods which are `course,sub,longest_word and greater_seven`\nBehaviour:\n\n`course`: It simply displays a message on the screen which is in this case is “This course is about Ruby Programming ”\n\n`sub`:This method simply perform the subtraction of two number which is passed as arguments  which are 7 and 3\n\n`longest_word`: This method does a little interesting job here,it returns me the longest word out of an array of four words by using the `inject` function which accumulates and returns the longest length word by increment the memo each time.\n\n`greater_seven?`: This methods basically testing which number is greater between the two and returns the Boolean value. It uses `?`at its end\n\n#### Reading and Writing Operations:\n\nRuby has methods for Reading and Writing known as Reader and Writer. Other languages have getters and setter for this reading/writing in programs. These methods will allow us to read data from a program or write data to it. Later these operations will help us in making our restaurant finder app. \n#### Example:\n```\nclass Person\n  def set_noise(noise)\n    @noise = noise\n  end\n  \n  def make_noise\n    @noise\n  end\nend\n\nperson_one = Person.new\nperson_one.set_noise(\"Laugh!\")\nputs person_one.make_noise\n\nperson_two = Person.new\nperson_two.set_noise(\"Groan!\")\nputs person_two.make_noise\n\n```\nNow this is a very common feature of object-oriented programming languages, sometimes in other languages, they're called getter and setter methods. Either one is fine. You can use either name, typically in Ruby, we're going to call them reader and writer methods. So, here is the code which is a perfect example to explain, what we're looking for is a pairing of something that will set a value for us and something that will get a value for us, and that's exactly what we already have with our two methods\n\nThe first one is a setter method or a writer method. So we're setting the value of noise equal to a value, and this is the classic format for what a setter method would look like.\n\n `set_noise` equal to a value. It sets it for us. Then we have a  `get_noise`. It's a getter method. The idea is that we are getting that value back. One of these methods sets it, one of them gets it.\nNow the important thing about these two methods is that they give us access control over these instance variables. So for **example**:\n```\nclass Person\n  def set_noise(noise)\n    @noise = noise\n  end\n  \nperson_one = Person.new\nperson_one.set_noise(\"Laugh!\")\nputs person_one.make_noise\n\nperson_two = Person.new\nperson_two.set_noise(\"Groan!\")\nputs person_two.make_noise\n```\nif we were to take away `get_noise`, now we have no way to get that value back. Of course, we could write another method that would do it for us, but our getter method is gone\n```\nclass Person\n  \n  def make_noise\n    @noise\n  end\nend\n\nperson_one = Person.new\nperson_one.set_noise(\"Laugh!\")\nputs person_one.make_noise\n\nperson_two = Person.new\nperson_two.set_noise(\"Groan!\")\nputs person_two.make_noise\n```\nSame thing here, if we were to take away `set_noise`, now we have no way to set it by calling a method. we need a setter method if we want to be able to do it directly.\n\nLike `set_noise` and `get_noise` and using underscore writing approach is very common in a lot of programming languages. In Ruby though, we can make use of that syntactic sugar that we looked at earlier, and so we can take get _out and simply ask for noise. So it asks Person to do the method noise, which returns the instance variable, noise. It's a very commonsense approach. \n```\nclass Person\n  def noise=(noise)\n    @noise = noise\n  end\n  \n  def noise\n    @noise\n  end\nend\n\nperson_one = Person.new\nperson_one.noise = \"Laugh!\"\nputs person_one.noise\n\nperson_two = Person.new\nperson_two.noise = \"Groan!\"\nputs person_two.noise\n```\nSo now` person_one.noise` and `person_two.noise` just returns that to us, where the syntactic sugar comes in is that we can do the same thing with set, we can take away set and just say `noise=(noise).`\n#### Summary\nIn this tutorial of Advance Ruby Development we learn about the methods, also now we have a better understanding of reading and writing using methods in Ruby. In the next tutorial we will learn about modules and development of our Restaurant Finder App.\n",
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      "body": "@@ -1361,16 +1361,18 @@\n s Ruby?%0A\n+%0A%0A\n Ruby is \n@@ -1815,18 +1815,16 @@\n Ruby. %0A%0A\n-%0A%0A\n  With Ru\n@@ -2619,16 +2619,18 @@\n (IRB) ?%0A\n+%0A%0A\n Interact\n@@ -3866,22 +3866,21 @@\n %60%60%60%0Adef \n-welcom\n+cours\n e%0A%09puts \n@@ -3933,22 +3933,20 @@\n def \n-add\n+sub\n %0A%09puts \n-2 + \n+7-\n 3%0Aen\n@@ -3961,16 +3961,28 @@\n erscore \n+can be used \n between \n@@ -4007,16 +4007,29 @@\n le names\n+ in this case\n %0Adef lon\n@@ -4050,16 +4050,20 @@\n rds = %5B'\n+pine\n apple', \n@@ -4067,30 +4067,37 @@\n ', '\n-pear\n+orange\n ', '\n-banana\n+mango\n ', '\n-plum\n+watermelon\n '%5D%0A \n@@ -4219,55 +4219,8 @@\n nd%0A%0A\n-# Method names can have question marks in them%0A\n # Us\n@@ -4242,30 +4242,41 @@\n and \n-b\n+B\n ooleans\n-%0Adef over_fi\n+ values%0Adef greater_se\n ve\n+n\n ?%0A%09v\n@@ -4282,17 +4282,17 @@\n value = \n-3\n+7\n %0A%09puts v\n@@ -4302,34 +4302,40 @@\n e %3E \n-5\n+7\n  ? '\n-Over 5' : 'Not over 5\n+More than 7' : 'Less than 7\n '%0Aen\n@@ -4398,19 +4398,18 @@\n re %60\n-welcome,add\n+course,sub\n ,lon\n@@ -4422,25 +4422,29 @@\n ord and \n-over_fi\n+greater_se\n ve\n+n\n %60%0ABehavi\n@@ -4454,14 +4454,13 @@\n :%0A%0A%60\n-welcom\n+cours\n e%60: \n@@ -4570,19 +4570,19 @@\n ing %E2%80%9D%0A%0A%60\n-add\n+sub\n %60:This m\n@@ -4669,17 +4669,17 @@\n ich are \n-2\n+7\n  and 3%0A%0A\n@@ -4926,17 +4926,21 @@\n .%0A%0A%60\n-over_fi\n+greater_se\n ve\n+n\n ?%60: \n@@ -5416,38 +5416,38 @@\n mple:%0A%60%60%60%0Aclass \n-Animal\n+Person\n %0A  def set_noise\n@@ -5525,36 +5525,42 @@\n nd%0A%0A\n-animal1 = Animal.new%0Aanimal1\n+person_one = Person.new%0Aperson_one\n .set\n@@ -5559,35 +5559,37 @@\n _one.set_noise(%22\n-Moo\n+Laugh\n !%22)%0Aputs animal1\n@@ -5573,39 +5573,42 @@\n (%22Laugh!%22)%0Aputs \n-animal1\n+person_one\n .make_noise%0A%0Aani\n@@ -5608,36 +5608,42 @@\n se%0A%0A\n-animal2 = Animal.new%0Aanimal2\n+person_two = Person.new%0Aperson_two\n .set\n@@ -5642,37 +5642,37 @@\n _two.set_noise(%22\n-Quack\n+Groan\n !%22)%0Aputs animal2\n@@ -5656,39 +5656,42 @@\n (%22Groan!%22)%0Aputs \n-animal2\n+person_two\n .make_noise%0A%0A%60%60%60\n@@ -6199,18 +6199,16 @@\n ethods%0A%0A\n-%0A%0A\n The firs\n@@ -6722,30 +6722,30 @@\n :%0A%60%60%60%0Aclass \n-Animal\n+Person\n %0A  def set_n\n@@ -6788,36 +6788,42 @@\n %0A  %0A\n-animal1 = Animal.new%0Aanimal1\n+person_one = Person.new%0Aperson_one\n .set\n@@ -6822,35 +6822,37 @@\n _one.set_noise(%22\n-Moo\n+Laugh\n !%22)%0Aputs animal1\n@@ -6836,39 +6836,42 @@\n (%22Laugh!%22)%0Aputs \n-animal1\n+person_one\n .make_noise%0A%0Aani\n@@ -6871,36 +6871,42 @@\n se%0A%0A\n-animal2 = Animal.new%0Aanimal2\n+person_two = Person.new%0Aperson_two\n .set\n@@ -6905,37 +6905,37 @@\n _two.set_noise(%22\n-Quack\n+Groan\n !%22)%0Aputs animal2\n@@ -6919,39 +6919,42 @@\n (%22Groan!%22)%0Aputs \n-animal2\n+person_two\n .make_noise%0A%60%60%60%0A\n@@ -7139,22 +7139,22 @@\n %60%0Aclass \n-Animal\n+Person\n %0A  %0A  de\n@@ -7192,36 +7192,42 @@\n nd%0A%0A\n-animal1 = Animal.new%0Aanimal1\n+person_one = Person.new%0Aperson_one\n .set\n@@ -7234,19 +7234,21 @@\n _noise(%22\n-Moo\n+Laugh\n !%22)%0Aputs\n@@ -7248,23 +7248,26 @@\n %22)%0Aputs \n-animal1\n+person_one\n .make_no\n@@ -7275,36 +7275,42 @@\n se%0A%0A\n-animal2 = Animal.new%0Aanimal2\n+person_two = Person.new%0Aperson_two\n .set\n@@ -7317,21 +7317,21 @@\n _noise(%22\n-Quack\n+Groan\n !%22)%0Aputs\n@@ -7331,23 +7331,26 @@\n %22)%0Aputs \n-animal2\n+person_two\n .make_no\n@@ -7796,22 +7796,22 @@\n it asks \n-Animal\n+Person\n  to do t\n@@ -7916,22 +7916,22 @@\n %60%0Aclass \n-Animal\n+Person\n %0A  def n\n@@ -8009,36 +8009,42 @@\n nd%0A%0A\n-animal1 = Animal.new%0Aanimal1\n+person_one = Person.new%0Aperson_one\n .noi\n@@ -8053,62 +8053,73 @@\n  = %22\n-Moo\n+Laugh\n !%22%0Aputs \n-animal1.noise%0A%0Aanimal2 = Animal.new%0Aanimal2\n+person_one.noise%0A%0Aperson_two = Person.new%0Aperson_two\n .noi\n@@ -8128,28 +8128,31 @@\n  = %22\n-Quack\n+Groan\n !%22%0Aputs \n-animal2\n+person_two\n .noi\n@@ -8170,15 +8170,18 @@\n ow%60 \n-animal1\n+person_one\n .noi\n@@ -8193,15 +8193,18 @@\n nd %60\n-animal2\n+person_two\n .noi\n",
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      "body": "#### Welcome to the First Tutorial of Advance Ruby Development\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/MILXLd2.jpg/> </center>\n\n#### What Will I Learn?\n\n- You will learn how to develop Applications using Ruby \n- You will learn about IRB shell in Ruby programming \n- You will learn about various class methods and their usage\n- Your will learn about reading and writing through class methods\n\n\n\n#### Requirements\n##### System Requirements:\n\n- [Ruby Installer]( https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/) for building apps\n- [SciTE]( https://www.scintilla.org/ScintillaDownload.html) for code editing \n- Command Prompt or Terminal \n##### OS Support:\n\n- Windows 7/8/10\n- macOS \n- Linux \n#### Difficulty\n\n\n\n- Intermediate\n\n#### Required Understanding\n- You just need a little bit of knowledge basic Ruby Syntax\n- A fair understanding of Programming \n- A thirst for learning and developing something new\n\n\n#### Description\n-\tIn this Advance Ruby Development course, I will teach you the advanced concepts of the Ruby programming language. Ruby was designed to be more powerful that Perl, and more object-oriented than Python, and has gained in popularity due to its power and ease of use. By the end of this course you will surely develop some powerful and concrete applications. Also in the end of this course we will be developing a Restaurant finder app.\n\n#### What is Ruby?\nRuby is an object-oriented, general purpose programming language designed by Yukihiro Matsumoto in the 1990s. Intended for improved productivity and entertaining, it creates a great starter language for first time programmers because of its simplicity, readability and concentrate on fun. Commonly used with Rails applications, that is a very popular language that is always in popularity. Organizations such as Twitter and Kickstarter utilize Ruby. \n\n With Ruby, almost everything is an object. Every bit of information as well as codes can be provided their very own attributes and actions. Object-oriented programming calls attributes by the title instance variables and also actions tend to be known as methods. Ruby’s genuine object-oriented approach is quite commonly demonstrated with a bit of code that is applicable an action to a number.\n```\n7.times { print \"I *like* Open Source Projects\" }\n\n```\nAs an example, addition is conducted with the `plus (+)` operator. However, if you would instead use the readable word `plus`, you can add this type of method to Ruby’s builtin Numeric class.\n```\nclass Numeric\n  def plus(x)\n    self.+(x)\n  end\nend\n\ny = 4.plus 3\n\n```\n`which results in the value of y=7\n`\n\nWhat is Interactive Ruby Shell (IRB) ?\nInteractive Ruby Shell (IRB ) is actually a REPL with regard to coding in the Ruby Language. Typically the abbreviation irb originates from the point that the filename extension for Ruby is **.rb**, even though interactive Ruby files don’t have an extension involving **.irb**.\n\nThe program will be launched from the command line and enables the execution of Ruby commands with immediate response, testing in real-time. This features command record, line modifying capabilities, and job control, and it is capable of communicate directly being a shell script on the internet and also connect to a live server.\n`irb [ options ] [ programfile ] [ argument... ] `\n##### Example:\n```\nirb(main):001:0> num = 4\n=> 4\nirb(main):002:0> def fact(num)\nirb(main):003:1>   if num <= 1\nirb(main):004:2>     1\nirb(main):005:2>   else\nirb(main):006:2*     num * fact(num - 1)\nirb(main):007:2>   end\nirb(main):008:1> end\n=> :fact\nirb(main):009:0> fact(num)\n=> 24\n```\n\n\nMethods In Ruby Programming\nRuby uses methods to use a block of codes. In other programming languages some other techniques are used like functions and procedures. Now we will have al look at methods in ruby and then we proceed to the next level.\n\n**Let have a look at this example**\n\n```\ndef welcome\n\tputs \"This course is about Ruby Programming \"\nend\n\ndef add\n\tputs 2 + 3\nend\n\n# Underscore between words, like variable names\ndef longest_word\n  words = ['apple', 'pear', 'banana', 'plum']\n  longest_word = words.inject do |memo,word|\n    memo.length > word.length ? memo : word\n  end\n  puts longest_word\nend\n\n# Method names can have question marks in them\n# Useful for tests and booleans\ndef over_five?\n\tvalue = 3\n\tputs value > 5 ? 'Over 5' : 'Not over 5'\nend\n```\nIn the above example I define four methods which are `welcome,add,longest_word and over_five`\nBehaviour:\n`welcome`: It simply displays a message on the screen which is in this case is “This course is about Ruby Programming ”\n`add`:This method simply perform the addition of two number which is passed as arguments  which are 2 and 3\n`longest_word`: This method does a little interesting job here,it returns me the longest word out of an array of four words by using the `inject` function which accumulates and returns the longest length word by increment the memo each time.\n`over_five?`: This methods basically testing which number is greater between the two and returns the Boolean value. It uses `?`at its end\n#### Reading and Writing Operations:\n\nRuby has methods for Reading and Writing known as Reader and Writer. Other languages have getters and setter for this reading/writing in programs. These methods will allow us to read data from a program or write data to it. Later these operations will help us in making our restaurant finder app. \n#### Example:\n```\nclass Animal\n  def set_noise(noise)\n    @noise = noise\n  end\n  \n  def make_noise\n    @noise\n  end\nend\n\nanimal1 = Animal.new\nanimal1.set_noise(\"Moo!\")\nputs animal1.make_noise\n\nanimal2 = Animal.new\nanimal2.set_noise(\"Quack!\")\nputs animal2.make_noise\n\n```\nNow this is a very common feature of object-oriented programming languages, sometimes in other languages, they're called getter and setter methods. Either one is fine. You can use either name, typically in Ruby, we're going to call them reader and writer methods. So, here is the code which is a perfect example to explain, what we're looking for is a pairing of something that will set a value for us and something that will get a value for us, and that's exactly what we already have with our two methods\n\nThe first one is a setter method or a writer method. So we're setting the value of noise equal to a value, and this is the classic format for what a setter method would look like, `set_noise` equal to a value. It sets it for us. Then we have a  `get_noise`. It's a getter method. The idea is that we are getting that value back. One of these methods sets it, one of them gets it.\nNow the important thing about these two methods is that they give us access control over these instance variables. So for **example**:\n```\nclass Animal\n  def set_noise(noise)\n    @noise = noise\n  end\n  \nanimal1 = Animal.new\nanimal1.set_noise(\"Moo!\")\nputs animal1.make_noise\n\nanimal2 = Animal.new\nanimal2.set_noise(\"Quack!\")\nputs animal2.make_noise\n```\nif we were to take away `get_noise`, now we have no way to get that value back. Of course, we could write another method that would do it for us, but our getter method is gone\n```\nclass Animal\n  \n  def make_noise\n    @noise\n  end\nend\n\nanimal1 = Animal.new\nanimal1.set_noise(\"Moo!\")\nputs animal1.make_noise\n\nanimal2 = Animal.new\nanimal2.set_noise(\"Quack!\")\nputs animal2.make_noise\n```\nSame thing here, if we were to take away `set_noise`, now we have no way to set it by calling a method. we need a setter method if we want to be able to do it directly.\n\nLike `set_noise` and `get_noise` and using underscore writing approach is very common in a lot of programming languages. In Ruby though, we can make use of that syntactic sugar that we looked at earlier, and so we can take get _out and simply ask for noise. So it asks Animal to do the method noise, which returns the instance variable, noise. It's a very commonsense approach. \n```\nclass Animal\n  def noise=(noise)\n    @noise = noise\n  end\n  \n  def noise\n    @noise\n  end\nend\n\nanimal1 = Animal.new\nanimal1.noise = \"Moo!\"\nputs animal1.noise\n\nanimal2 = Animal.new\nanimal2.noise = \"Quack!\"\nputs animal2.noise\n```\nSo now` animal1.noise` and `animal2.noise` just returns that to us, where the syntactic sugar comes in is that we can do the same thing with set, we can take away set and just say `noise=(noise).`\n#### Summary\nIn this tutorial of Advance Ruby Development we learn about the methods, also now we have a better understanding of reading and writing using methods in Ruby. In the next tutorial we will learn about modules and development of our Restaurant Finder App.\n",
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      "body": "#### Welcome to the First Tutorial of Advance Ruby Development\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/MILXLd2.jpg/> </center>\n\n#### What Will I Learn?\n\n- You will learn how to develop Applications using Ruby \n- You will learn about IRB shell in Ruby programming \n- You will learn about various class methods and their usage\n- Your will learn about reading and writing through class methods\n\n\n\n#### Requirements\n##### System Requirements:\n\n- [Ruby Installer]( https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/) for building apps\n- [SciTE]( https://www.scintilla.org/ScintillaDownload.html) for code editing \n- Command Prompt or Terminal \n##### OS Support:\n\n- Windows 7/8/10\n- macOS \n- Linux \n#### Difficulty\n\n\n\n- Intermediate\n\n#### Required Understanding\n- You just need a little bit of knowledge basic Ruby Syntax\n- A fair understanding of Programming \n- A thirst for learning and developing something new\n\n\n#### Description\n-\tIn this Advance Ruby Development course, I will teach you the advanced concepts of the Ruby programming language. 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Object-oriented programming calls attributes by the title instance variables and also actions tend to be known as methods. Ruby’s genuine object-oriented approach is quite commonly demonstrated with a bit of code that is applicable an action to a number.\n```\n7.times { print \"I *like* Open Source Projects\" }\n\n```\nAs an example, addition is conducted with the `plus (+)` operator. However, if you would instead use the readable word `plus`, you can add this type of method to Ruby’s builtin Numeric class.\n```\nclass Numeric\n  def plus(x)\n    self.+(x)\n  end\nend\n\ny = 4.plus 3\n\n```\n`which results in the value of y=7\n`\n\nWhat is Interactive Ruby Shell (IRB) ?\nInteractive Ruby Shell (IRB ) is actually a REPL with regard to coding in the Ruby Language. Typically the abbreviation irb originates from the point that the filename extension for Ruby is **.rb**, even though interactive Ruby files don’t have an extension involving **.irb**.\n\nThe program will be launched from the command line and enables the execution of Ruby commands with immediate response, testing in real-time. This features command record, line modifying capabilities, and job control, and it is capable of communicate directly being a shell script on the internet and also connect to a live server.\n`irb [ options ] [ programfile ] [ argument... ] `\n##### Example:\n```\nirb(main):001:0> num = 4\n=> 4\nirb(main):002:0> def fact(num)\nirb(main):003:1>   if num <= 1\nirb(main):004:2>     1\nirb(main):005:2>   else\nirb(main):006:2*     num * fact(num - 1)\nirb(main):007:2>   end\nirb(main):008:1> end\n=> :fact\nirb(main):009:0> fact(num)\n=> 24\n```\n\n\nMethods In Ruby Programming\nRuby uses methods to use a block of codes. In other programming languages some other techniques are used like functions and procedures. Now we will have al look at methods in ruby and then we proceed to the next level.\n\n**Let have a look at this example**\n\n```\ndef welcome\n\tputs \"This course is about Ruby Programming \"\nend\n\ndef add\n\tputs 2 + 3\nend\n\n# Underscore between words, like variable names\ndef longest_word\n  words = ['apple', 'pear', 'banana', 'plum']\n  longest_word = words.inject do |memo,word|\n    memo.length > word.length ? memo : word\n  end\n  puts longest_word\nend\n\n# Method names can have question marks in them\n# Useful for tests and booleans\ndef over_five?\n\tvalue = 3\n\tputs value > 5 ? 'Over 5' : 'Not over 5'\nend\n```\nIn the above example I define four methods which are `welcome,add,longest_word and over_five`\nBehaviour:\n`welcome`: It simply displays a message on the screen which is in this case is “This course is about Ruby Programming ”\n`add`:This method simply perform the addition of two number which is passed as arguments  which are 2 and 3\n`longest_word`: This method does a little interesting job here,it returns me the longest word out of an array of four words by using the `inject` function which accumulates and returns the longest length word by increment the memo each time.\n`over_five?`: This methods basically testing which number is greater between the two and returns the Boolean value. It uses `?`at its end\n#### Reading and Writing Operations:\n\nRuby has methods for Reading and Writing known as Reader and Writer. Other languages have getters and setter for this reading/writing in programs. These methods will allow us to read data from a program or write data to it. Later these operations will help us in making our restaurant finder app. \n#### Example:\n```\nclass Animal\n  def set_noise(noise)\n    @noise = noise\n  end\n  \n  def make_noise\n    @noise\n  end\nend\n\nanimal1 = Animal.new\nanimal1.set_noise(\"Moo!\")\nputs animal1.make_noise\n\nanimal2 = Animal.new\nanimal2.set_noise(\"Quack!\")\nputs animal2.make_noise\n\n```\nNow this is a very common feature of object-oriented programming languages, sometimes in other languages, they're called getter and setter methods. Either one is fine. You can use either name, typically in Ruby, we're going to call them reader and writer methods. So, here is the code which is a perfect example to explain, what we're looking for is a pairing of something that will set a value for us and something that will get a value for us, and that's exactly what we already have with our two methods\n\nThe first one is a setter method or a writer method. So we're setting the value of noise equal to a value, and this is the classic format for what a setter method would look like, `set_noise` equal to a value. It sets it for us. Then we have a  `get_noise`. It's a getter method. The idea is that we are getting that value back. One of these methods sets it, one of them gets it.\nNow the important thing about these two methods is that they give us access control over these instance variables. So for **example**:\n```\nclass Animal\n  def set_noise(noise)\n    @noise = noise\n  end\n  \nanimal1 = Animal.new\nanimal1.set_noise(\"Moo!\")\nputs animal1.make_noise\n\nanimal2 = Animal.new\nanimal2.set_noise(\"Quack!\")\nputs animal2.make_noise\n```\nif we were to take away `get_noise`, now we have no way to get that value back. Of course, we could write another method that would do it for us, but our getter method is gone\n```\nclass Animal\n  \n  def make_noise\n    @noise\n  end\nend\n\nanimal1 = Animal.new\nanimal1.set_noise(\"Moo!\")\nputs animal1.make_noise\n\nanimal2 = Animal.new\nanimal2.set_noise(\"Quack!\")\nputs animal2.make_noise\n```\nSame thing here, if we were to take away `set_noise`, now we have no way to set it by calling a method. we need a setter method if we want to be able to do it directly.\n\nLike `set_noise` and `get_noise` and using underscore writing approach is very common in a lot of programming languages. In Ruby though, we can make use of that syntactic sugar that we looked at earlier, and so we can take get _out and simply ask for noise. So it asks Animal to do the method noise, which returns the instance variable, noise. It's a very commonsense approach. \n```\nclass Animal\n  def noise=(noise)\n    @noise = noise\n  end\n  \n  def noise\n    @noise\n  end\nend\n\nanimal1 = Animal.new\nanimal1.noise = \"Moo!\"\nputs animal1.noise\n\nanimal2 = Animal.new\nanimal2.noise = \"Quack!\"\nputs animal2.noise\n```\nSo now` animal1.noise` and `animal2.noise` just returns that to us, where the syntactic sugar comes in is that we can do the same thing with set, we can take away set and just say `noise=(noise).`\n#### Summary\nIn this tutorial of Advance Ruby Development we learn about the methods, also now we have a better understanding of reading and writing using methods in Ruby. In the next tutorial we will learn about modules and development of our Restaurant Finder App.\n",
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      "title": "Build Complete Full Stack Web App Using Go Programming Language ",
      "body": "#### Welcome to the First Part of the Tutorial on Build Complete Full Stack Web App Using Go Programming Language \n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/Rajc7CQ.jpg/> </center>\n\n#### What Will I Learn?\n\n- You will learn how to develop full stack web application using Go\n- You will learn how to create HTTP server and making routes\n- You will learn about static files and their creation\n- Your will learn about the REST API handlers and testing\n\n\n#### Requirements\n##### System Requirements:\n\n- [Go Programming Language]( https://golang.org/dl/) for building App\n- The Basic Command Line\n##### OS Support:\n\n- Windows 7/8/10\n- macOS \n- Linux \n#### Difficulty\n\n\n\n- Intermediate\n\n#### Required Understanding\n- You just need beginner level understanding of the Go programming language.\n- A fair understanding of Programming Languages\n- A thirst for learning and developing something new\n\n\n#### Description\n-\tGo gets increasingly more well-known as the go-to language to develop web based applications.\n-\tAll you need is a little bit of understanding of web design. If you are a web developer and want to build Full Stack Apps, this tutorial is for you.With this particular tutorial, I really hope to get the center ground and provide a single source that explains steps to make a full stack web app in Go, together with adequate test instances.\n#### What is Go Programming Language ?\nGo is an open source programming language which makes it simple to develop easy, dependable, and effective software.\nGo is surely an incredible option for a language as it was developed by a few of the exact same individuals who created the C programming language, Unix, and UTF-8 - probably the most important efforts to computer science. Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson developed Go to become a modern language which easily uses several cores, easily implements concurrency, very easily works in distributed environments, and simply enables the developer to write applications - it has a really lean and user friendly format.\n\n#### What is Full Stack ?\nWe will develop a community encyclopedia of animals. This website will :\n\n-Display the various records submitted through the community, using the name and information on the animal they will located.\n-Permit anyone to post a fresh entry about a animal which they found.\n\nThis application will require three components :\n1.\tThe web server\n2.\tThe front-end app\n3.\tThe database\n### Setting up the environment\nThis section explains how you can set up your own environment and project structure the first time\n\n#### 1. Set up your $GOPATH\nRun this command to check the current value of your `$GOPATH `environment variable :\n`echo $GOPATH`\nIf you do not get a directory name, include the `GOPATH` variable to your environment (you are able to choose any directory location you would like, however it will be much better if you create a brand new directory for this) :\n\n`export GOPATH=\"/location/of/your/gopath/directory\"`\nYou can paste the above line in you `.bashrc `or `.zshrc `file, in case you wish to make the variable to be permanent.\n#### 2. Set up directory structure\nHereafter, the actual **“Go directory”** will certainly make reference to the place described from your `$GOPATH` environment variable. Within the Go directory, you will need to create 3 folders (if they happen to be not there previously) :\n\n```\n# Inside the Go directory\nmkdir src\nmkdir pkg\nmkdir bin\n```\nThe purpose of each directory can be seen from its name:\n• bin - is actually wherever all of the executable binaries produced by compiling your code go\n• pkg - Consists of package objects created by libraries (that you do not have to think about now)\n• src - is actually wherever all of your Go source code will go. Yes, the whole thing. Even which weird side project that you will be thinking of building.\n#### 3. Making your project directory\nThe project folders within the src directory must stick to that exact same location structure since the place wherever your remote repository is situated. So, for instance, if I make a new project known as **“animalpedia”**, and i also make a repository for that below my name on github, in a way that the location of the project repository will be on `github.com/exploringworld/animalpedia`, then the place of this project in the computer could be : \n`$GOPATH/src/github.com/exploringworld/animalpedia`\n\nGo on and create a comparable directory for your project. In case you have not created an online repo yet, simply name the directories based on the location which you intend to put your own code in.\n\nThis particular location on your pc will henceforth become known as your **project directory**\n### Getting HTTP server\n\nWithin your project directory, make a file known as `main.go` inside your project directory :\n\n`touch main.go`\n\nThis particular file will contain the program code to start your server :\n\n```// This is the name of package below\n// Anything within our this package name can see everything\npackage main\n\n// Below are the names of libraries we going to use\n// Both \"fmt\" and \"net\" are part of the Go Language standard library\nimport (\n\t// \"fmt\" has methods for formatted I/O operations\t\"fmt\"\n\t// The \"net/http\" library contains methods to implement HTTP clients and servers\n\t\"net/http\"\n)\n\nfunc main() {\n\t// The \"HandleFunc\" method takes a path and a function as arguments\n\t// (Yes, we can pass functions as arguments, and even treat them like variables in Go Programming language)\n\t// BUT, the handler function has to must have the appropriate signature\n\thttp.HandleFunc(\"/\", handler)\n\n\t// After we define our server, we now \"listen and serve\" on port 8080\n\t// The second argument is the handler, which we will come to later on, but for now it is left as nil,\n\t// and the handler defined above (in \"HandleFunc\") is used\n\thttp.ListenAndServe(\":8080\", nil)\n}\n\n// \"handler\" is our handler function. It has to follow the function signature of a ResponseWriter and Request type\n// as the arguments.\nfunc handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n\t// For this, we would always pipe the \"Hello World\" into the response writer\n\tfmt.Fprintf(w, \"Hello World!\")\n}\n```\n`fmt.Fprintf,` in contrast to another `printf` statements you might know, requires a “writer” as its 1st argument. The 2nd argument will be the data which is piped in to this writer. The outcome therefore seems based on where the writer goes it. In our situation the `ResponseWriter` w writes the output as the response to users request.\n`\n\nYou now run this file :\n`go run main.go`\nAnd navigate to http://localhost:8080 in your browser, or by running the command  through CMD.\n`curl localhost:8080`\nAnd see the code output: **“Hello World!”**\nYou have now successfully started an HTTP server in Go Language.\n### Making the routes\nOur own server is currently operating, but, you may observe that we get exactly the same “Hello World!”response whatever the route we strike, or the HTTP method we utilize. To find out this on your own, run the following curl commands, and take notice of the response that this server will give you :\n```\ncurl localhost:8080/some-other-route\ncurl -X POST localhost:8080\ncurl -X PUT localhost:8080/samething\n```\nAll three commands are still going to give you “Hello World!”\nWe would like to provide our server a bit more intelligence compared to this, to ensure that we are able to manage a number of paths and methods. This is where routing is necessary.\nEven though you are able to accomplish this with Go’s `net/http` standard library, there are many libraries available that offer a more idiomatic as well as declarative method to handle http routing.\n\n### Installing external libraries into Go\nWe are setting up a few external libraries through the following tutorial, in which the standard libraries do not give the features that we desire.\nWhenever we install libraries, we want a way to make sure that others who work with our code also provide exactly the same version of the library that we perform.\nTo do this, we make use of a “package manager” tool. This specific tool acts several purposes:\n•\tIt ensures the versions associated with any external libraries we all install tend to be locked down, to ensure that breaking changes in some of the libraries usually do not affect our program code.\n•\tIt brings the necessary external libraries and stores them locally, in order that various projects may use diverse versions of the same library, when they need to.\n•\tIt stores the names and versions of most our external libraries, so others may set up the same versions which we are working along with on this system.\nThe official package manager for Go (to be more exact “official experiment” which is “safe for production use” as explained on the homepage) is known as dep. You are able to install dep by following the actual setup guide `https://github.com/golang/dep`. You can actually confirm its installation after running :\n\n\n`dep version`\nwhich will output a few information on the particular version when successful.\nIn order to load package management for the project, run the command :\n`dep init`\nThis can produce the` Gopkg.toml` and `Gopkg.lock` files, which are the files which are useful to record and lock dependencies within our project.\nNext, we set up our routing library:\n`dep ensure -add github.com/gorilla/mux`\nThis will add the `gorilla/mux` library to your project.\nRight now, we are able to change the code to work with features this library provides :\n```\npackage main\n\nimport (\n\t// Import the gorilla/mux library we just installed\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"net/http\"\n\n\t\"github.com/gorilla/mux\"\n)\n\nfunc main() {\n\t// Declare a new router\n\tr := mux.NewRouter()\n\n\t// This is where the router is useful, it allows us to declare methods that\n\t// this path will be valid for\n\tr.HandleFunc(\"/hello\", handler).Methods(\"GET\")\n\n\t// We can then pass our router (after declaring all our routes) to this method\n\t// (where previously, we were leaving the secodn argument as nil)\n\thttp.ListenAndServe(\":8080\", r)\n}\n\nfunc handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n\tfmt.Fprintf(w, \"Hello World!\")\n}\n```\n### Testing Our Application\nTesting is definitely an important section of building any application **“production quality”**. It makes sure that our app functions like we anticipate that it will.\nLets begin by testing our handler. Create a file named main_test.go:\n```\n//main_test.go\n\npackage main\n\nimport (\n\t\"net/http\"\n\t\"net/http/httptest\"\n\t\"testing\"\n)\n\nfunc TestHandler(t *testing.T) {\n\t//Here, we form a new HTTP request. This is the request that's going to be\n\t// passed to our handler.\n\t// The first argument is the method, the second argument is the route (which \n\t//we leave blank for now, and will get back to soon), and the third is the \n\t//request body, which we don't have in this case.\n\treq, err := http.NewRequest(\"GET\", \"\", nil)\n\n\t// In case there is an error in forming the request, we fail and stop the test\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\n\t// We use Go's httptest library to create an http recorder. This recorder\n\t// will act as the target of our http request\n\t// (you can think of it as a mini-browser, which will accept the result of \n\t// the http request that we make)\n\trecorder := httptest.NewRecorder()\n\n\t// Create an HTTP handler from our handler function. \"handler\" is the handler \n\t// function defined in our main.go file that we want to test\n\thf := http.HandlerFunc(handler)\n\n\t// Serve the HTTP request to our recorder. This is the line that actually\n\t// executes our the handler that we want to test\n\thf.ServeHTTP(recorder, req)\n\n\t// Check the status code is what we expect.\n\tif status := recorder.Code; status != http.StatusOK {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"handler returned wrong status code: got %v want %v\",\n\t\t\tstatus, http.StatusOK)\n\t}\n\n\t// Check the response body is what we expect.\n\texpected := `Hello World!`\n\tactual := recorder.Body.String()\n\tif actual != expected {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"handler returned unexpected body: got %v want %v\", actual, expected)\n\t}\n}\n```\nGo utilizes a convention that will determines the test file when it has got the pattern `*_test.go`\nTo perform this test, simply run :\ngo test ./...\nfrom the project main directory. You need to see a mild message suggesting that every thing went ok.\n\n### Making our routing to test\nIf you see in our earlier snippet, we kept the **“route”** empty while creating the mock request applying `http.newRequest`. So how exactly does this particular test continue to pass if your handler will be defined just for `“GET /handler”` route?\nWell, ends up this test was just testing our handler and not the actual routing to the handler. In other words, which means that the above mentioned test makes sure that the request arriving will get functioned properly provided that it is sent to the right handler.\nIn this portion, we are going to test this routing, to ensure that we are able to make sure that every handler will be mapped on the correct HTTP route.\nPrior to we continue to test our routing, it is essential to ensure that the code can be analyzed for this. Change the main.go file to appear like this:\n```\npackage main\n\nimport (\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"net/http\"\n\n\t\"github.com/gorilla/mux\"\n)\n\n// The new router function creates the router and\n// returns it to us. We can now use this function\n// to instantiate and test the router outside of the main function\nfunc newRouter() *mux.Router {\n\tr := mux.NewRouter()\n\tr.HandleFunc(\"/hello\", handler).Methods(\"GET\")\n\treturn r\n}\n\nfunc main() {\n\t// The router is now formed by calling the `newRouter` constructor function\n\t// that we defined above. The rest of the code stays the same\n\tr := newRouter()\n\thttp.ListenAndServe(\":8080\", r)\n}\n\nfunc handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n\tfmt.Fprintf(w, \"Hello World!\")\n}\n```\nNow  our route constructor function is separated, let us see test our routing:\n```\nfunc TestRouter(t *testing.T) {\n\t// Instantiate the router using the constructor function that\n\t// we defined previously\n\tr := newRouter()\n\n\t// Create a new server using the \"httptest\" libraries `NewServer` method\n\t// Documentation : https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/httptest/#NewServer\n\tmockServer := httptest.NewServer(r)\n\n\t// The mock server we created runs a server and exposes its location in the\n\t// URL attribute\n\t// We make a GET request to the \"hello\" route we defined in the router\n\tresp, err := http.Get(mockServer.URL + \"/hello\")\n\n\t// Handle any unexpected error\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\n\t// We want our status to be 200 (ok)\n\tif resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Status should be ok, got %d\", resp.StatusCode)\n\t}\n\n\t// In the next few lines, the response body is read, and converted to a string\n\tdefer resp.Body.Close()\n\t// read the body into a bunch of bytes (b)\n\tb, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\t// convert the bytes to a string\n\trespString := string(b)\n\texpected := \"Hello World!\"\n\n\t// We want our response to match the one defined in our handler.\n\t// If it does happen to be \"Hello world!\", then it confirms, that the\n\t// route is correct\n\tif respString != expected {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Response should be %s, got %s\", expected, respString)\n\t}\n\n}\n```\nNow we all know that each time we hit the actual `GET /hello route`, we have a response of hello world. When we hit some other route, it should respond having a 404. Actually, let us write a test for exactly this condition :\n```\nfunc TestRouterForNonExistentRoute(t *testing.T) {\n\tr := newRouter()\n\tmockServer := httptest.NewServer(r)\n\t// Most of the code is similar. The only difference is that now we make a \n\t//request to a route we know we didn't define, like the `POST /hello` route.\n\tresp, err := http.Post(mockServer.URL+\"/hello\", \"\", nil)\n\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\n\t// We want our status to be 405 (method not allowed)\n\tif resp.StatusCode != http.StatusMethodNotAllowed {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Status should be 405, got %d\", resp.StatusCode)\n\t}\n\n\t// The code to test the body is also mostly the same, except this time, we \n\t// expect an empty body\n\tdefer resp.Body.Close()\n\tb, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\trespString := string(b)\n\texpected := \"\"\n\n\tif respString != expected {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Response should be %s, got %s\", expected, respString)\n\t}\n\n}\n```\nSince we have figured out how you can make a simple http server, we are able to serve static files from this for the users to interact with.\n### Serving the Assets files\n**“Static files”** are the HTML, CSS, JavaScript, images, and also the additional static asset files which are required to form a web site.\nYou will find 3 actions we must take in so that it will create our server.Now serve these types oo static assets.\n1.\tMake static assets\n2.\tChange our router in order to assist static assets\n3.\tInclude tests to confirm our new server can easily serve static files\n#### Create static assets\nTo create static assets, make a directory in your project root directory, and name it `assets` :\n`mkdir assets`\nFollowing, create an HTML file within this directory. This is actually the file we will serve, together with any file which goes in the assets directory :\n`touch assets/index.html`\n#### Modify the router\nInterestingly sufficient, the whole file server could be enabled in only adding Three lines of code within the router. The newest router constructor may be like this :\n```\nfunc newRouter() *mux.Router {\n\tr := mux.NewRouter()\n\tr.HandleFunc(\"/hello\", handler).Methods(\"GET\")\n\n\t// Declare the static file directory and point it to the \n\t// directory we just made\n\tstaticFileDirectory := http.Dir(\"./assets/\")\n\t// Declare the handler, that routes requests to their respective filename.\n\t// The fileserver is wrapped in the `stripPrefix` method, because we want to\n\t// remove the \"/assets/\" prefix when looking for files.\n\t// For example, if we type \"/assets/index.html\" in our browser, the file server\n\t// will look for only \"index.html\" inside the directory declared above.\n\t// If we did not strip the prefix, the file server would look for \n\t// \"./assets/assets/index.html\", and yield an error\n\tstaticFileHandler := http.StripPrefix(\"/assets/\", http.FileServer(staticFileDirectory))\n\t// The \"PathPrefix\" method acts as a matcher, and matches all routes starting\n\t// with \"/assets/\", instead of the absolute route itself\n\tr.PathPrefix(\"/assets/\").Handler(staticFileHandler).Methods(\"GET\")\n\treturn r\n}\n```\n#### Testing of static file server\nIt's hard to really say that you will have finished a feature unless you possess tests for it. We can easily check the static file server by having another test function to main_test.go :\n```\nfunc TestStaticFileServer(t *testing.T) {\n\tr := newRouter()\n\tmockServer := httptest.NewServer(r)\n\n\t// We want to hit the `GET /assets/` route to get the index.html file response\n\tresp, err := http.Get(mockServer.URL + \"/assets/\")\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\n\t// We want our status to be 200 (ok)\n\tif resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Status should be 200, got %d\", resp.StatusCode)\n\t}\n\n\t// It isn't wise to test the entire content of the HTML file.\n\t// Instead, we test that the content-type header is \"text/html; charset=utf-8\"\n\t// so that we know that an html file has been served\n\tcontentType := resp.Header.Get(\"Content-Type\")\n\texpectedContentType := \"text/html; charset=utf-8\"\n\n\tif expectedContentType != contentType {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Wrong content type, expected %s, got %s\", expectedContentType, contentType)\n\t}\n\n}\n```\nTo actually test your work, run the server :\n`go run main.go`\nthen, navigate to http://localhost:8080/assets/ in your web browser.\n#### Making of web browser application\nBecause we have to make our animal encyclopedia, lets make a simple HTML file which shows record of animals, as well as brings the list from an API on-page load, plus offers a form to up-date checklist of animals:\n```\n<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n\n<head>\n <title>The animal encyclopedia</title>\n</head>\n\n<body>\n  <h1>The animal encyclopedia</h1>\n  <!-- \n    This section of the document specifies the table that will\n    be used to display the list of animals and their description\n   -->\n  <table>\n    <tr>\n      <th>Species</th>\n      <th>Description</th>\n    </tr>\n    <td>Lion</td>\n    <td>Common between cities</td>\n    </tr>\n  </table>\n  <br/>\n\n  <!-- \n    This section contains the form, that will be used to hit the \n    `POST /animal` API that we will build in the next section\n   -->\n  <form action=\"/animal\" method=\"post\">\n    Species:\n    <input type=\"text\" name=\"species\">\n    <br/> Description:\n    <input type=\"text\" name=\"description\">\n    <br/>\n    <input type=\"submit\" value=\"Submit\">\n  </form>\n\n  <!-- \n    Finally, the last section is the script that will\n    run on each page load to fetch the list of animals\n    and add them to our existing table\n   -->\n  <script>\n    animalTable = document.querySelector(\"table\")\n\n    /*\n    Use the browsers `fetch` API to make a GET call to /animal\n    We expect the response to be a JSON list of animals, of the\n    form :\n    [\n      {\"species\":\"...\",\"description\":\"...\"},\n      {\"species\":\"...\",\"description\":\"...\"}\n    ]\n    */\n    fetch(\"/animal\")\n      .then(response => response.json())\n      .then(animalList => {\n        //Once we fetch the list, we iterate over it\n        animalList.forEach(animal => {\n          // Create the table row\n          row = document.createElement(\"tr\")\n\n          // Create the table data elements for the species and\n\t\t\t\t\t// description columns\n          species = document.createElement(\"td\")\n          species.innerHTML = animal.species\n          description = document.createElement(\"td\")\n          description.innerHTML = animal.description\n\n          // Add the data elements to the row\n          row.appendChild(species)\n          row.appendChild(description)\n          // Finally, add the row element to the table itself\n          animalTable.appendChild(row)\n        })\n      })\n  </script>\n</body>\n```\n### Addition of animal REST API handlers\nWe are able to see, we will have to apply 2 APIs to ensure that this app to function:\n1. GET /animal - which will retrieve record of all animals presently within the system\n2. POST /animal - which will create an entrance to the current set of animals\nIn this, we are going to write the related handlers.\nCreate a new file named animal_handlers.go, next to the main.go file.\nInitially, we are going to include the definition of the Animal struct as well as initialize a common animal variable:\n```\ntype Animal struct {\n\tSpecies     string `json:\"species\"`\n\tDescription string `json:\"description\"`\n}\n\nvar animals []Animal\n```\nNext, define the handler to get all animals :\n```\nfunc getAnimalHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n\t//Convert the \"animals\" variable to json\n\tanimalListBytes, err := json.Marshal(animals)\n\n\t// If there is an error, print it to the console, and return a server\n\t// error response to the user\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tfmt.Println(fmt.Errorf(\"Error: %v\", err))\n\t\tw.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\t// If all goes well, write the JSON list of animals to the response\n\tw.Write(animalListBytes)\n}\n```\nNext, the handler to create a new entry of animals :\n```\nfunc createAnimalHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n\t// Create a new instance of Animal\n\tanimal := Animal{}\n\n\t// We send all our data as HTML form data\n\t// the `ParseForm` method of the request, parses the\n\t// form values\n\terr := r.ParseForm()\n\n\t// In case of any error, we respond with an error to the user\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tfmt.Println(fmt.Errorf(\"Error: %v\", err))\n\t\tw.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\n\t// Get the information about the animal from the form info\n\tanimal.Species = r.Form.Get(\"species\")\n\tanimal.Description = r.Form.Get(\"description\")\n\n\t// Append our existing list of animals with a new entry\n\tanimals = append(animals, animal)\n\n\t//Finally, we redirect the user to the original HTMl page\n\t// (located at `/assets/`), using the http libraries `Redirect` method\n\thttp.Redirect(w, r, \"/assets/\", http.StatusFound)\n}\n```\nThe final stage, is to include these handler to our router, to be able to allow them to use by the app :\n```\n\t// These lines are added inside the newRouter() function before returning r\n\tr.HandleFunc(\"/animal\", getAnimalHandler).Methods(\"GET\")\n\tr.HandleFunc(\"/animal\", createAnimalHandler).Methods(\"POST\")\n\treturn r\n```\nThe tests regarding the two handlers and also the routing included are similar to the last tests we had written for the GET /hello handler and static file server, and they are still left as an exercise for the readers.\n\n### Summary\nUp to now, we now have included persistence to the application, using the information about various animals getting saved and retrieved.\nNevertheless, that persistence is temporary, because it is in memory space. Which means that at any time you reboot your application, all of the information will get removed. To be able to bring correct persistence, we are going to must add a database to the stack.\nSo far, the code had been simple to reason about and test, as it was obviously a standalone application. Including a database will certainly add an additional layer of communication.\nWe will be going to create a database and connected to our application in the next part of the tutorial\n\n\n<br /><hr/><em>Posted on <a href=\"https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@exploringworld/build-complete-full-stack-web-app-using-go-programming-language\">Utopian.io -  Rewarding Open Source Contributors</a></em><hr/>",
      "json_metadata": "{\"community\":\"utopian\",\"app\":\"utopian/1.0.0\",\"format\":\"markdown\",\"repository\":{\"id\":23096959,\"name\":\"go\",\"full_name\":\"golang/go\",\"html_url\":\"https://github.com/golang/go\",\"fork\":false,\"owner\":{\"login\":\"golang\"}},\"pullRequests\":[],\"platform\":\"github\",\"type\":\"tutorials\",\"tags\":[\"utopian-io\",\"utopian-io\",\"fullstack\",\"apps\",\"web\"],\"moderator\":{\"account\":\"yokunjon\",\"time\":\"2018-04-29T04:10:08.976Z\",\"pending\":false,\"reviewed\":false,\"flagged\":true},\"questions\":null,\"score\":null,\"total_influence\":null,\"staff_pick\":null,\"staff_pick_by\":null,\"config\":{\"questions\":[{\"question\":\"How many substantial concepts does this tutorial address?\",\"question_id\":\"tuts-1\",\"answers\":[{\"answer\":\"4-5 substantial concepts covered in the tutorial.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-1-a-1\",\"value\":10},{\"answer\":\"2-3 substantial concepts covered in the tutorial.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-1-a-2\",\"value\":7},{\"answer\":\"1 substantial concept covered in the tutorial.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-1-a-3\",\"value\":3},{\"answer\":\"More than 5 substantial concepts covered in the tutorial.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-1-a-4\",\"value\":0}]},{\"question\":\"Does the title and the outline of the tutorial properly reflect the content?\",\"question_id\":\"tuts-2\",\"answers\":[{\"answer\":\"Yes, it is very clear.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-2-a-1\",\"value\":15},{\"answer\":\"To some extent.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-2-a-2\",\"value\":11.5},{\"answer\":\"The title is somewhat misleading and/or the outline is not detailed or informative enough.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-2-a-3\",\"value\":4.5},{\"answer\":\"Title and outline are of little or no relevance to the content of the tutorial.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-2-a-4\",\"value\":0}]},{\"question\":\"Did the contributor provide supplementary resources, such as code and sample files in the contribution post or a linked GitHub repository?\",\"question_id\":\"tuts-3\",\"answers\":[{\"answer\":\"Yes, exceptional supplementary resources are provided including a relevant github repo/gist.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-3-a-1\",\"value\":15},{\"answer\":\"Supplementary resources provided are of high relevance.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-3-a-2\",\"value\":12},{\"answer\":\"Contributor provides minimal supplementary resources.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-3-a-3\",\"value\":6},{\"answer\":\"No supplementary resources were provided.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-3-a-4\",\"value\":0}]},{\"question\":\"Is the tutorial part of a series?\",\"question_id\":\"tuts-4\",\"answers\":[{\"answer\":\"Yes.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-4-a-1\",\"value\":10},{\"answer\":\"Yes, but it is the first entry in the series.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-4-a-2\",\"value\":7},{\"answer\":\"No, but it works just fine as a stand-alone tutorial.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-4-a-3\",\"value\":5},{\"answer\":\"No.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-4-a-4\",\"value\":0}]},{\"question\":\"Does the tutorial contain sufficient explanatory visuals?\",\"question_id\":\"tuts-5\",\"answers\":[{\"answer\":\"Yes, the visual components of the post were adequate in quality and quantity.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-5-a-1\",\"value\":10},{\"answer\":\"The volume of visual components included was unnecessarily large.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-5-a-2\",\"value\":7},{\"answer\":\"The post lacked sufficient visualization to easily learn from the content.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-5-a-3\",\"value\":3},{\"answer\":\"No visualization was presented in this contribution.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-5-a-4\",\"value\":0}]},{\"question\":\"How unique and/or innovative are the concepts covered in the tutorial?\",\"question_id\":\"tuts-6\",\"answers\":[{\"answer\":\"This was the first time I read about the concepts covered.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-6-a-1\",\"value\":10},{\"answer\":\"The concepts covered were innovative and offer some usefulness.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-6-a-2\",\"value\":7},{\"answer\":\"I have read several similar ideas and thoughts elsewhere, but this one was of higher quality.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-6-a-3\",\"value\":5},{\"answer\":\"Such tutorials can be found online with great ease and the contribution add no value to the open source community.\",\"answer_id\":\"tuts-6-a-4\",\"value\":0}]},{\"question\":\"How would you describe the formatting, language and overall presentation of the post?\",\"question_id\":\"c-1\",\"answers\":[{\"answer\":\"The post is of very high quality.\",\"answer_id\":\"c-1-a-1\",\"value\":10},{\"answer\":\"The post is of decent quality, but not spectacular in any way.\",\"answer_id\":\"c-1-a-2\",\"value\":7},{\"answer\":\"The post is poorly written and/or formatted, but readable.\",\"answer_id\":\"c-1-a-3\",\"value\":3},{\"answer\":\"The post is really hard to read and the content is barely understandable.\",\"answer_id\":\"c-1-a-4\",\"value\":0}]},{\"question\":\"How would you rate the overall value of this contribution on the open source community and ecosystem?\",\"question_id\":\"c-2\",\"answers\":[{\"answer\":\"This contribution brings great and impactful value, and can be used for applications outside the specific project.\",\"answer_id\":\"c-2-a-1\",\"value\":20},{\"answer\":\"This contribution adds significant value to the open source community and ecosystem, or is of critical importance to the specific project.\",\"answer_id\":\"c-2-a-2\",\"value\":16},{\"answer\":\"This contribution adds some value to the open source community and ecosystem or is only valuable to the specific project.\",\"answer_id\":\"c-2-a-3\",\"value\":8},{\"answer\":\"This contribution adds no value to the open source community and ecosystem or the specific project.\",\"answer_id\":\"c-2-a-4\",\"value\":0}]}]}}"
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{
  "trx_id": "525f3b3fadaa4ccd4344d89b922058f18ec6512f",
  "block": 21980496,
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  "timestamp": "2018-04-29T03:44:33",
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "utopian-io",
      "author": "exploringworld",
      "permlink": "build-complete-full-stack-web-app-using-go-programming-language",
      "title": "Build Complete Full Stack Web App Using Go Programming Language ",
      "body": "#### Welcome to the First Part of the Tutorial on Build Complete Full Stack Web App Using Go Programming Language \n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/Rajc7CQ.jpg/> </center>\n\n#### What Will I Learn?\n\n- You will learn how to develop full stack web application using Go\n- You will learn how to create HTTP server and making routes\n- You will learn about static files and their creation\n- Your will learn about the REST API handlers and testing\n\n\n#### Requirements\n##### System Requirements:\n\n- [Go Programming Language]( https://golang.org/dl/) for building App\n- The Basic Command Line\n##### OS Support:\n\n- Windows 7/8/10\n- macOS \n- Linux \n#### Difficulty\n\n\n\n- Intermediate\n\n#### Required Understanding\n- You just need beginner level understanding of the Go programming language.\n- A fair understanding of Programming Languages\n- A thirst for learning and developing something new\n\n\n#### Description\n-\tGo gets increasingly more well-known as the go-to language to develop web based applications.\n-\tAll you need is a little bit of understanding of web design. If you are a web developer and want to build Full Stack Apps, this tutorial is for you.With this particular tutorial, I really hope to get the center ground and provide a single source that explains steps to make a full stack web app in Go, together with adequate test instances.\n#### What is Go Programming Language ?\nGo is an open source programming language which makes it simple to develop easy, dependable, and effective software.\nGo is surely an incredible option for a language as it was developed by a few of the exact same individuals who created the C programming language, Unix, and UTF-8 - probably the most important efforts to computer science. Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson developed Go to become a modern language which easily uses several cores, easily implements concurrency, very easily works in distributed environments, and simply enables the developer to write applications - it has a really lean and user friendly format.\n\n#### What is Full Stack ?\nWe will develop a community encyclopedia of animals. This website will :\n\n-Display the various records submitted through the community, using the name and information on the animal they will located.\n-Permit anyone to post a fresh entry about a animal which they found.\n\nThis application will require three components :\n1.\tThe web server\n2.\tThe front-end app\n3.\tThe database\n### Setting up the environment\nThis section explains how you can set up your own environment and project structure the first time\n\n#### 1. Set up your $GOPATH\nRun this command to check the current value of your `$GOPATH `environment variable :\n`echo $GOPATH`\nIf you do not get a directory name, include the `GOPATH` variable to your environment (you are able to choose any directory location you would like, however it will be much better if you create a brand new directory for this) :\n\n`export GOPATH=\"/location/of/your/gopath/directory\"`\nYou can paste the above line in you `.bashrc `or `.zshrc `file, in case you wish to make the variable to be permanent.\n#### 2. Set up directory structure\nHereafter, the actual **“Go directory”** will certainly make reference to the place described from your `$GOPATH` environment variable. Within the Go directory, you will need to create 3 folders (if they happen to be not there previously) :\n\n```\n# Inside the Go directory\nmkdir src\nmkdir pkg\nmkdir bin\n```\nThe purpose of each directory can be seen from its name:\n• bin - is actually wherever all of the executable binaries produced by compiling your code go\n• pkg - Consists of package objects created by libraries (that you do not have to think about now)\n• src - is actually wherever all of your Go source code will go. Yes, the whole thing. Even which weird side project that you will be thinking of building.\n#### 3. Making your project directory\nThe project folders within the src directory must stick to that exact same location structure since the place wherever your remote repository is situated. So, for instance, if I make a new project known as **“animalpedia”**, and i also make a repository for that below my name on github, in a way that the location of the project repository will be on `github.com/exploringworld/animalpedia`, then the place of this project in the computer could be : \n`$GOPATH/src/github.com/exploringworld/animalpedia`\n\nGo on and create a comparable directory for your project. In case you have not created an online repo yet, simply name the directories based on the location which you intend to put your own code in.\n\nThis particular location on your pc will henceforth become known as your **project directory**\n### Getting HTTP server\n\nWithin your project directory, make a file known as `main.go` inside your project directory :\n\n`touch main.go`\n\nThis particular file will contain the program code to start your server :\n\n```// This is the name of package below\n// Anything within our this package name can see everything\npackage main\n\n// Below are the names of libraries we going to use\n// Both \"fmt\" and \"net\" are part of the Go Language standard library\nimport (\n\t// \"fmt\" has methods for formatted I/O operations\t\"fmt\"\n\t// The \"net/http\" library contains methods to implement HTTP clients and servers\n\t\"net/http\"\n)\n\nfunc main() {\n\t// The \"HandleFunc\" method takes a path and a function as arguments\n\t// (Yes, we can pass functions as arguments, and even treat them like variables in Go Programming language)\n\t// BUT, the handler function has to must have the appropriate signature\n\thttp.HandleFunc(\"/\", handler)\n\n\t// After we define our server, we now \"listen and serve\" on port 8080\n\t// The second argument is the handler, which we will come to later on, but for now it is left as nil,\n\t// and the handler defined above (in \"HandleFunc\") is used\n\thttp.ListenAndServe(\":8080\", nil)\n}\n\n// \"handler\" is our handler function. It has to follow the function signature of a ResponseWriter and Request type\n// as the arguments.\nfunc handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n\t// For this, we would always pipe the \"Hello World\" into the response writer\n\tfmt.Fprintf(w, \"Hello World!\")\n}\n```\n`fmt.Fprintf,` in contrast to another `printf` statements you might know, requires a “writer” as its 1st argument. The 2nd argument will be the data which is piped in to this writer. The outcome therefore seems based on where the writer goes it. In our situation the `ResponseWriter` w writes the output as the response to users request.\n`\n\nYou now run this file :\n`go run main.go`\nAnd navigate to http://localhost:8080 in your browser, or by running the command  through CMD.\n`curl localhost:8080`\nAnd see the code output: **“Hello World!”**\nYou have now successfully started an HTTP server in Go Language.\n### Making the routes\nOur own server is currently operating, but, you may observe that we get exactly the same “Hello World!”response whatever the route we strike, or the HTTP method we utilize. To find out this on your own, run the following curl commands, and take notice of the response that this server will give you :\n```\ncurl localhost:8080/some-other-route\ncurl -X POST localhost:8080\ncurl -X PUT localhost:8080/samething\n```\nAll three commands are still going to give you “Hello World!”\nWe would like to provide our server a bit more intelligence compared to this, to ensure that we are able to manage a number of paths and methods. This is where routing is necessary.\nEven though you are able to accomplish this with Go’s `net/http` standard library, there are many libraries available that offer a more idiomatic as well as declarative method to handle http routing.\n\n### Installing external libraries into Go\nWe are setting up a few external libraries through the following tutorial, in which the standard libraries do not give the features that we desire.\nWhenever we install libraries, we want a way to make sure that others who work with our code also provide exactly the same version of the library that we perform.\nTo do this, we make use of a “package manager” tool. This specific tool acts several purposes:\n•\tIt ensures the versions associated with any external libraries we all install tend to be locked down, to ensure that breaking changes in some of the libraries usually do not affect our program code.\n•\tIt brings the necessary external libraries and stores them locally, in order that various projects may use diverse versions of the same library, when they need to.\n•\tIt stores the names and versions of most our external libraries, so others may set up the same versions which we are working along with on this system.\nThe official package manager for Go (to be more exact “official experiment” which is “safe for production use” as explained on the homepage) is known as dep. You are able to install dep by following the actual setup guide `https://github.com/golang/dep`. You can actually confirm its installation after running :\n\n\n`dep version`\nwhich will output a few information on the particular version when successful.\nIn order to load package management for the project, run the command :\n`dep init`\nThis can produce the` Gopkg.toml` and `Gopkg.lock` files, which are the files which are useful to record and lock dependencies within our project.\nNext, we set up our routing library:\n`dep ensure -add github.com/gorilla/mux`\nThis will add the `gorilla/mux` library to your project.\nRight now, we are able to change the code to work with features this library provides :\n```\npackage main\n\nimport (\n\t// Import the gorilla/mux library we just installed\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"net/http\"\n\n\t\"github.com/gorilla/mux\"\n)\n\nfunc main() {\n\t// Declare a new router\n\tr := mux.NewRouter()\n\n\t// This is where the router is useful, it allows us to declare methods that\n\t// this path will be valid for\n\tr.HandleFunc(\"/hello\", handler).Methods(\"GET\")\n\n\t// We can then pass our router (after declaring all our routes) to this method\n\t// (where previously, we were leaving the secodn argument as nil)\n\thttp.ListenAndServe(\":8080\", r)\n}\n\nfunc handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n\tfmt.Fprintf(w, \"Hello World!\")\n}\n```\n### Testing Our Application\nTesting is definitely an important section of building any application **“production quality”**. It makes sure that our app functions like we anticipate that it will.\nLets begin by testing our handler. Create a file named main_test.go:\n```\n//main_test.go\n\npackage main\n\nimport (\n\t\"net/http\"\n\t\"net/http/httptest\"\n\t\"testing\"\n)\n\nfunc TestHandler(t *testing.T) {\n\t//Here, we form a new HTTP request. This is the request that's going to be\n\t// passed to our handler.\n\t// The first argument is the method, the second argument is the route (which \n\t//we leave blank for now, and will get back to soon), and the third is the \n\t//request body, which we don't have in this case.\n\treq, err := http.NewRequest(\"GET\", \"\", nil)\n\n\t// In case there is an error in forming the request, we fail and stop the test\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\n\t// We use Go's httptest library to create an http recorder. This recorder\n\t// will act as the target of our http request\n\t// (you can think of it as a mini-browser, which will accept the result of \n\t// the http request that we make)\n\trecorder := httptest.NewRecorder()\n\n\t// Create an HTTP handler from our handler function. \"handler\" is the handler \n\t// function defined in our main.go file that we want to test\n\thf := http.HandlerFunc(handler)\n\n\t// Serve the HTTP request to our recorder. This is the line that actually\n\t// executes our the handler that we want to test\n\thf.ServeHTTP(recorder, req)\n\n\t// Check the status code is what we expect.\n\tif status := recorder.Code; status != http.StatusOK {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"handler returned wrong status code: got %v want %v\",\n\t\t\tstatus, http.StatusOK)\n\t}\n\n\t// Check the response body is what we expect.\n\texpected := `Hello World!`\n\tactual := recorder.Body.String()\n\tif actual != expected {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"handler returned unexpected body: got %v want %v\", actual, expected)\n\t}\n}\n```\nGo utilizes a convention that will determines the test file when it has got the pattern `*_test.go`\nTo perform this test, simply run :\ngo test ./...\nfrom the project main directory. You need to see a mild message suggesting that every thing went ok.\n\n### Making our routing to test\nIf you see in our earlier snippet, we kept the **“route”** empty while creating the mock request applying `http.newRequest`. So how exactly does this particular test continue to pass if your handler will be defined just for `“GET /handler”` route?\nWell, ends up this test was just testing our handler and not the actual routing to the handler. In other words, which means that the above mentioned test makes sure that the request arriving will get functioned properly provided that it is sent to the right handler.\nIn this portion, we are going to test this routing, to ensure that we are able to make sure that every handler will be mapped on the correct HTTP route.\nPrior to we continue to test our routing, it is essential to ensure that the code can be analyzed for this. Change the main.go file to appear like this:\n```\npackage main\n\nimport (\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"net/http\"\n\n\t\"github.com/gorilla/mux\"\n)\n\n// The new router function creates the router and\n// returns it to us. We can now use this function\n// to instantiate and test the router outside of the main function\nfunc newRouter() *mux.Router {\n\tr := mux.NewRouter()\n\tr.HandleFunc(\"/hello\", handler).Methods(\"GET\")\n\treturn r\n}\n\nfunc main() {\n\t// The router is now formed by calling the `newRouter` constructor function\n\t// that we defined above. The rest of the code stays the same\n\tr := newRouter()\n\thttp.ListenAndServe(\":8080\", r)\n}\n\nfunc handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n\tfmt.Fprintf(w, \"Hello World!\")\n}\n```\nNow  our route constructor function is separated, let us see test our routing:\n```\nfunc TestRouter(t *testing.T) {\n\t// Instantiate the router using the constructor function that\n\t// we defined previously\n\tr := newRouter()\n\n\t// Create a new server using the \"httptest\" libraries `NewServer` method\n\t// Documentation : https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/httptest/#NewServer\n\tmockServer := httptest.NewServer(r)\n\n\t// The mock server we created runs a server and exposes its location in the\n\t// URL attribute\n\t// We make a GET request to the \"hello\" route we defined in the router\n\tresp, err := http.Get(mockServer.URL + \"/hello\")\n\n\t// Handle any unexpected error\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\n\t// We want our status to be 200 (ok)\n\tif resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Status should be ok, got %d\", resp.StatusCode)\n\t}\n\n\t// In the next few lines, the response body is read, and converted to a string\n\tdefer resp.Body.Close()\n\t// read the body into a bunch of bytes (b)\n\tb, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\t// convert the bytes to a string\n\trespString := string(b)\n\texpected := \"Hello World!\"\n\n\t// We want our response to match the one defined in our handler.\n\t// If it does happen to be \"Hello world!\", then it confirms, that the\n\t// route is correct\n\tif respString != expected {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Response should be %s, got %s\", expected, respString)\n\t}\n\n}\n```\nNow we all know that each time we hit the actual `GET /hello route`, we have a response of hello world. When we hit some other route, it should respond having a 404. Actually, let us write a test for exactly this condition :\n```\nfunc TestRouterForNonExistentRoute(t *testing.T) {\n\tr := newRouter()\n\tmockServer := httptest.NewServer(r)\n\t// Most of the code is similar. The only difference is that now we make a \n\t//request to a route we know we didn't define, like the `POST /hello` route.\n\tresp, err := http.Post(mockServer.URL+\"/hello\", \"\", nil)\n\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\n\t// We want our status to be 405 (method not allowed)\n\tif resp.StatusCode != http.StatusMethodNotAllowed {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Status should be 405, got %d\", resp.StatusCode)\n\t}\n\n\t// The code to test the body is also mostly the same, except this time, we \n\t// expect an empty body\n\tdefer resp.Body.Close()\n\tb, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\trespString := string(b)\n\texpected := \"\"\n\n\tif respString != expected {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Response should be %s, got %s\", expected, respString)\n\t}\n\n}\n```\nSince we have figured out how you can make a simple http server, we are able to serve static files from this for the users to interact with.\n### Serving the Assets files\n**“Static files”** are the HTML, CSS, JavaScript, images, and also the additional static asset files which are required to form a web site.\nYou will find 3 actions we must take in so that it will create our server.Now serve these types oo static assets.\n1.\tMake static assets\n2.\tChange our router in order to assist static assets\n3.\tInclude tests to confirm our new server can easily serve static files\n#### Create static assets\nTo create static assets, make a directory in your project root directory, and name it `assets` :\n`mkdir assets`\nFollowing, create an HTML file within this directory. This is actually the file we will serve, together with any file which goes in the assets directory :\n`touch assets/index.html`\n#### Modify the router\nInterestingly sufficient, the whole file server could be enabled in only adding Three lines of code within the router. The newest router constructor may be like this :\n```\nfunc newRouter() *mux.Router {\n\tr := mux.NewRouter()\n\tr.HandleFunc(\"/hello\", handler).Methods(\"GET\")\n\n\t// Declare the static file directory and point it to the \n\t// directory we just made\n\tstaticFileDirectory := http.Dir(\"./assets/\")\n\t// Declare the handler, that routes requests to their respective filename.\n\t// The fileserver is wrapped in the `stripPrefix` method, because we want to\n\t// remove the \"/assets/\" prefix when looking for files.\n\t// For example, if we type \"/assets/index.html\" in our browser, the file server\n\t// will look for only \"index.html\" inside the directory declared above.\n\t// If we did not strip the prefix, the file server would look for \n\t// \"./assets/assets/index.html\", and yield an error\n\tstaticFileHandler := http.StripPrefix(\"/assets/\", http.FileServer(staticFileDirectory))\n\t// The \"PathPrefix\" method acts as a matcher, and matches all routes starting\n\t// with \"/assets/\", instead of the absolute route itself\n\tr.PathPrefix(\"/assets/\").Handler(staticFileHandler).Methods(\"GET\")\n\treturn r\n}\n```\n#### Testing of static file server\nIt's hard to really say that you will have finished a feature unless you possess tests for it. We can easily check the static file server by having another test function to main_test.go :\n```\nfunc TestStaticFileServer(t *testing.T) {\n\tr := newRouter()\n\tmockServer := httptest.NewServer(r)\n\n\t// We want to hit the `GET /assets/` route to get the index.html file response\n\tresp, err := http.Get(mockServer.URL + \"/assets/\")\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\n\t// We want our status to be 200 (ok)\n\tif resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Status should be 200, got %d\", resp.StatusCode)\n\t}\n\n\t// It isn't wise to test the entire content of the HTML file.\n\t// Instead, we test that the content-type header is \"text/html; charset=utf-8\"\n\t// so that we know that an html file has been served\n\tcontentType := resp.Header.Get(\"Content-Type\")\n\texpectedContentType := \"text/html; charset=utf-8\"\n\n\tif expectedContentType != contentType {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Wrong content type, expected %s, got %s\", expectedContentType, contentType)\n\t}\n\n}\n```\nTo actually test your work, run the server :\n`go run main.go`\nthen, navigate to http://localhost:8080/assets/ in your web browser.\n#### Making of web browser application\nBecause we have to make our animal encyclopedia, lets make a simple HTML file which shows record of animals, as well as brings the list from an API on-page load, plus offers a form to up-date checklist of animals:\n```\n<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n\n<head>\n <title>The animal encyclopedia</title>\n</head>\n\n<body>\n  <h1>The animal encyclopedia</h1>\n  <!-- \n    This section of the document specifies the table that will\n    be used to display the list of animals and their description\n   -->\n  <table>\n    <tr>\n      <th>Species</th>\n      <th>Description</th>\n    </tr>\n    <td>Lion</td>\n    <td>Common between cities</td>\n    </tr>\n  </table>\n  <br/>\n\n  <!-- \n    This section contains the form, that will be used to hit the \n    `POST /animal` API that we will build in the next section\n   -->\n  <form action=\"/animal\" method=\"post\">\n    Species:\n    <input type=\"text\" name=\"species\">\n    <br/> Description:\n    <input type=\"text\" name=\"description\">\n    <br/>\n    <input type=\"submit\" value=\"Submit\">\n  </form>\n\n  <!-- \n    Finally, the last section is the script that will\n    run on each page load to fetch the list of animals\n    and add them to our existing table\n   -->\n  <script>\n    animalTable = document.querySelector(\"table\")\n\n    /*\n    Use the browsers `fetch` API to make a GET call to /animal\n    We expect the response to be a JSON list of animals, of the\n    form :\n    [\n      {\"species\":\"...\",\"description\":\"...\"},\n      {\"species\":\"...\",\"description\":\"...\"}\n    ]\n    */\n    fetch(\"/animal\")\n      .then(response => response.json())\n      .then(animalList => {\n        //Once we fetch the list, we iterate over it\n        animalList.forEach(animal => {\n          // Create the table row\n          row = document.createElement(\"tr\")\n\n          // Create the table data elements for the species and\n\t\t\t\t\t// description columns\n          species = document.createElement(\"td\")\n          species.innerHTML = animal.species\n          description = document.createElement(\"td\")\n          description.innerHTML = animal.description\n\n          // Add the data elements to the row\n          row.appendChild(species)\n          row.appendChild(description)\n          // Finally, add the row element to the table itself\n          animalTable.appendChild(row)\n        })\n      })\n  </script>\n</body>\n```\n### Addition of animal REST API handlers\nWe are able to see, we will have to apply 2 APIs to ensure that this app to function:\n1. GET /animal - which will retrieve record of all animals presently within the system\n2. POST /animal - which will create an entrance to the current set of animals\nIn this, we are going to write the related handlers.\nCreate a new file named animal_handlers.go, next to the main.go file.\nInitially, we are going to include the definition of the Animal struct as well as initialize a common animal variable:\n```\ntype Animal struct {\n\tSpecies     string `json:\"species\"`\n\tDescription string `json:\"description\"`\n}\n\nvar animals []Animal\n```\nNext, define the handler to get all animals :\n```\nfunc getAnimalHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n\t//Convert the \"animals\" variable to json\n\tanimalListBytes, err := json.Marshal(animals)\n\n\t// If there is an error, print it to the console, and return a server\n\t// error response to the user\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tfmt.Println(fmt.Errorf(\"Error: %v\", err))\n\t\tw.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\t// If all goes well, write the JSON list of animals to the response\n\tw.Write(animalListBytes)\n}\n```\nNext, the handler to create a new entry of animals :\n```\nfunc createAnimalHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n\t// Create a new instance of Animal\n\tanimal := Animal{}\n\n\t// We send all our data as HTML form data\n\t// the `ParseForm` method of the request, parses the\n\t// form values\n\terr := r.ParseForm()\n\n\t// In case of any error, we respond with an error to the user\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tfmt.Println(fmt.Errorf(\"Error: %v\", err))\n\t\tw.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\n\t// Get the information about the animal from the form info\n\tanimal.Species = r.Form.Get(\"species\")\n\tanimal.Description = r.Form.Get(\"description\")\n\n\t// Append our existing list of animals with a new entry\n\tanimals = append(animals, animal)\n\n\t//Finally, we redirect the user to the original HTMl page\n\t// (located at `/assets/`), using the http libraries `Redirect` method\n\thttp.Redirect(w, r, \"/assets/\", http.StatusFound)\n}\n```\nThe final stage, is to include these handler to our router, to be able to allow them to use by the app :\n```\n\t// These lines are added inside the newRouter() function before returning r\n\tr.HandleFunc(\"/animal\", getAnimalHandler).Methods(\"GET\")\n\tr.HandleFunc(\"/animal\", createAnimalHandler).Methods(\"POST\")\n\treturn r\n```\nThe tests regarding the two handlers and also the routing included are similar to the last tests we had written for the GET /hello handler and static file server, and they are still left as an exercise for the readers.\n\n### Summary\nUp to now, we now have included persistence to the application, using the information about various animals getting saved and retrieved.\nNevertheless, that persistence is temporary, because it is in memory space. Which means that at any time you reboot your application, all of the information will get removed. To be able to bring correct persistence, we are going to must add a database to the stack.\nSo far, the code had been simple to reason about and test, as it was obviously a standalone application. Including a database will certainly add an additional layer of communication.\nWe will be going to create a database and connected to our application in the next part of the tutorial\n\n\n<br /><hr/><em>Posted on <a href=\"https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@exploringworld/build-complete-full-stack-web-app-using-go-programming-language\">Utopian.io -  Rewarding Open Source Contributors</a></em><hr/>",
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      "title": "Build Complete Full Stack Web App Using Go Programming Language ",
      "body": "#### Welcome to the First Part of the Tutorial on Build Complete Full Stack Web App Using Go Programming Language \n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/Rajc7CQ.jpg/> </center>\n\n#### What Will I Learn?\n\n- You will learn how to develop full stack web application using Go\n- You will learn how to create HTTP server and making routes\n- You will learn about static files and their creation\n- Your will learn about the REST API handlers and testing\n\n\n#### Requirements\n##### System Requirements:\n\n- [Go Programming Language]( https://golang.org/dl/) for building App\n- The Basic Command Line\n##### OS Support:\n\n- Windows 7/8/10\n- macOS \n- Linux \n#### Difficulty\n\n\n\n- Intermediate\n\n#### Required Understanding\n- You just need beginner level understanding of the Go programming language.\n- A fair understanding of Programming Languages\n- A thirst for learning and developing something new\n\n\n#### Description\n-\tGo gets increasingly more well-known as the go-to language to develop web based applications.\n-\tAll you need is a little bit of understanding of web design. If you are a web developer and want to build Full Stack Apps, this tutorial is for you.With this particular tutorial, I really hope to get the center ground and provide a single source that explains steps to make a full stack web app in Go, together with adequate test instances.\n#### What is Go Programming Language ?\nGo is an open source programming language which makes it simple to develop easy, dependable, and effective software.\nGo is surely an incredible option for a language as it was developed by a few of the exact same individuals who created the C programming language, Unix, and UTF-8 - probably the most important efforts to computer science. Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson developed Go to become a modern language which easily uses several cores, easily implements concurrency, very easily works in distributed environments, and simply enables the developer to write applications - it has a really lean and user friendly format.\n\n#### What is Full Stack ?\nWe will develop a community encyclopedia of animals. This website will :\n\n-Display the various records submitted through the community, using the name and information on the animal they will located.\n-Permit anyone to post a fresh entry about a animal which they found.\n\nThis application will require three components :\n1.\tThe web server\n2.\tThe front-end app\n3.\tThe database\n### Setting up the environment\nThis section explains how you can set up your own environment and project structure the first time\n\n#### 1. Set up your $GOPATH\nRun this command to check the current value of your `$GOPATH `environment variable :\n`echo $GOPATH`\nIf you do not get a directory name, include the `GOPATH` variable to your environment (you are able to choose any directory location you would like, however it will be much better if you create a brand new directory for this) :\n\n`export GOPATH=\"/location/of/your/gopath/directory\"`\nYou can paste the above line in you `.bashrc `or `.zshrc `file, in case you wish to make the variable to be permanent.\n#### 2. Set up directory structure\nHereafter, the actual **“Go directory”** will certainly make reference to the place described from your `$GOPATH` environment variable. Within the Go directory, you will need to create 3 folders (if they happen to be not there previously) :\n\n```\n# Inside the Go directory\nmkdir src\nmkdir pkg\nmkdir bin\n```\nThe purpose of each directory can be seen from its name:\n• bin - is actually wherever all of the executable binaries produced by compiling your code go\n• pkg - Consists of package objects created by libraries (that you do not have to think about now)\n• src - is actually wherever all of your Go source code will go. Yes, the whole thing. Even which weird side project that you will be thinking of building.\n#### 3. Making your project directory\nThe project folders within the src directory must stick to that exact same location structure since the place wherever your remote repository is situated. So, for instance, if I make a new project known as **“animalpedia”**, and i also make a repository for that below my name on github, in a way that the location of the project repository will be on `github.com/exploringworld/animalpedia`, then the place of this project in the computer could be : \n`$GOPATH/src/github.com/exploringworld/animalpedia`\n\nGo on and create a comparable directory for your project. In case you have not created an online repo yet, simply name the directories based on the location which you intend to put your own code in.\n\nThis particular location on your pc will henceforth become known as your **project directory**\n### Getting HTTP server\n\nWithin your project directory, make a file known as `main.go` inside your project directory :\n\n`touch main.go`\n\nThis particular file will contain the program code to start your server :\n\n```// This is the name of package below\n// Anything within our this package name can see everything\npackage main\n\n// Below are the names of libraries we going to use\n// Both \"fmt\" and \"net\" are part of the Go Language standard library\nimport (\n\t// \"fmt\" has methods for formatted I/O operations\t\"fmt\"\n\t// The \"net/http\" library contains methods to implement HTTP clients and servers\n\t\"net/http\"\n)\n\nfunc main() {\n\t// The \"HandleFunc\" method takes a path and a function as arguments\n\t// (Yes, we can pass functions as arguments, and even treat them like variables in Go Programming language)\n\t// BUT, the handler function has to must have the appropriate signature\n\thttp.HandleFunc(\"/\", handler)\n\n\t// After we define our server, we now \"listen and serve\" on port 8080\n\t// The second argument is the handler, which we will come to later on, but for now it is left as nil,\n\t// and the handler defined above (in \"HandleFunc\") is used\n\thttp.ListenAndServe(\":8080\", nil)\n}\n\n// \"handler\" is our handler function. It has to follow the function signature of a ResponseWriter and Request type\n// as the arguments.\nfunc handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n\t// For this, we would always pipe the \"Hello World\" into the response writer\n\tfmt.Fprintf(w, \"Hello World!\")\n}\n```\n`fmt.Fprintf,` in contrast to another `printf` statements you might know, requires a “writer” as its 1st argument. The 2nd argument will be the data which is piped in to this writer. The outcome therefore seems based on where the writer goes it. In our situation the `ResponseWriter` w writes the output as the response to users request.\n`\n\nYou now run this file :\n`go run main.go`\nAnd navigate to http://localhost:8080 in your browser, or by running the command  through CMD.\n`curl localhost:8080`\nAnd see the code output: **“Hello World!”**\nYou have now successfully started an HTTP server in Go Language.\n### Making the routes\nOur own server is currently operating, but, you may observe that we get exactly the same “Hello World!”response whatever the route we strike, or the HTTP method we utilize. To find out this on your own, run the following curl commands, and take notice of the response that this server will give you :\n```\ncurl localhost:8080/some-other-route\ncurl -X POST localhost:8080\ncurl -X PUT localhost:8080/samething\n```\nAll three commands are still going to give you “Hello World!”\nWe would like to provide our server a bit more intelligence compared to this, to ensure that we are able to manage a number of paths and methods. This is where routing is necessary.\nEven though you are able to accomplish this with Go’s `net/http` standard library, there are many libraries available that offer a more idiomatic as well as declarative method to handle http routing.\n\n### Installing external libraries into Go\nWe are setting up a few external libraries through the following tutorial, in which the standard libraries do not give the features that we desire.\nWhenever we install libraries, we want a way to make sure that others who work with our code also provide exactly the same version of the library that we perform.\nTo do this, we make use of a “package manager” tool. This specific tool acts several purposes:\n•\tIt ensures the versions associated with any external libraries we all install tend to be locked down, to ensure that breaking changes in some of the libraries usually do not affect our program code.\n•\tIt brings the necessary external libraries and stores them locally, in order that various projects may use diverse versions of the same library, when they need to.\n•\tIt stores the names and versions of most our external libraries, so others may set up the same versions which we are working along with on this system.\nThe official package manager for Go (to be more exact “official experiment” which is “safe for production use” as explained on the homepage) is known as dep. You are able to install dep by following the actual setup guide `https://github.com/golang/dep`. You can actually confirm its installation after running :\n\n\n`dep version`\nwhich will output a few information on the particular version when successful.\nIn order to load package management for the project, run the command :\n`dep init`\nThis can produce the` Gopkg.toml` and `Gopkg.lock` files, which are the files which are useful to record and lock dependencies within our project.\nNext, we set up our routing library:\n`dep ensure -add github.com/gorilla/mux`\nThis will add the `gorilla/mux` library to your project.\nRight now, we are able to change the code to work with features this library provides :\n```\npackage main\n\nimport (\n\t// Import the gorilla/mux library we just installed\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"net/http\"\n\n\t\"github.com/gorilla/mux\"\n)\n\nfunc main() {\n\t// Declare a new router\n\tr := mux.NewRouter()\n\n\t// This is where the router is useful, it allows us to declare methods that\n\t// this path will be valid for\n\tr.HandleFunc(\"/hello\", handler).Methods(\"GET\")\n\n\t// We can then pass our router (after declaring all our routes) to this method\n\t// (where previously, we were leaving the secodn argument as nil)\n\thttp.ListenAndServe(\":8080\", r)\n}\n\nfunc handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n\tfmt.Fprintf(w, \"Hello World!\")\n}\n```\n### Testing Our Application\nTesting is definitely an important section of building any application **“production quality”**. It makes sure that our app functions like we anticipate that it will.\nLets begin by testing our handler. Create a file named main_test.go:\n```\n//main_test.go\n\npackage main\n\nimport (\n\t\"net/http\"\n\t\"net/http/httptest\"\n\t\"testing\"\n)\n\nfunc TestHandler(t *testing.T) {\n\t//Here, we form a new HTTP request. This is the request that's going to be\n\t// passed to our handler.\n\t// The first argument is the method, the second argument is the route (which \n\t//we leave blank for now, and will get back to soon), and the third is the \n\t//request body, which we don't have in this case.\n\treq, err := http.NewRequest(\"GET\", \"\", nil)\n\n\t// In case there is an error in forming the request, we fail and stop the test\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\n\t// We use Go's httptest library to create an http recorder. This recorder\n\t// will act as the target of our http request\n\t// (you can think of it as a mini-browser, which will accept the result of \n\t// the http request that we make)\n\trecorder := httptest.NewRecorder()\n\n\t// Create an HTTP handler from our handler function. \"handler\" is the handler \n\t// function defined in our main.go file that we want to test\n\thf := http.HandlerFunc(handler)\n\n\t// Serve the HTTP request to our recorder. This is the line that actually\n\t// executes our the handler that we want to test\n\thf.ServeHTTP(recorder, req)\n\n\t// Check the status code is what we expect.\n\tif status := recorder.Code; status != http.StatusOK {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"handler returned wrong status code: got %v want %v\",\n\t\t\tstatus, http.StatusOK)\n\t}\n\n\t// Check the response body is what we expect.\n\texpected := `Hello World!`\n\tactual := recorder.Body.String()\n\tif actual != expected {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"handler returned unexpected body: got %v want %v\", actual, expected)\n\t}\n}\n```\nGo utilizes a convention that will determines the test file when it has got the pattern `*_test.go`\nTo perform this test, simply run :\ngo test ./...\nfrom the project main directory. You need to see a mild message suggesting that every thing went ok.\n\n### Making our routing to test\nIf you see in our earlier snippet, we kept the **“route”** empty while creating the mock request applying `http.newRequest`. So how exactly does this particular test continue to pass if your handler will be defined just for `“GET /handler”` route?\nWell, ends up this test was just testing our handler and not the actual routing to the handler. In other words, which means that the above mentioned test makes sure that the request arriving will get functioned properly provided that it is sent to the right handler.\nIn this portion, we are going to test this routing, to ensure that we are able to make sure that every handler will be mapped on the correct HTTP route.\nPrior to we continue to test our routing, it is essential to ensure that the code can be analyzed for this. Change the main.go file to appear like this:\n```\npackage main\n\nimport (\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"net/http\"\n\n\t\"github.com/gorilla/mux\"\n)\n\n// The new router function creates the router and\n// returns it to us. We can now use this function\n// to instantiate and test the router outside of the main function\nfunc newRouter() *mux.Router {\n\tr := mux.NewRouter()\n\tr.HandleFunc(\"/hello\", handler).Methods(\"GET\")\n\treturn r\n}\n\nfunc main() {\n\t// The router is now formed by calling the `newRouter` constructor function\n\t// that we defined above. The rest of the code stays the same\n\tr := newRouter()\n\thttp.ListenAndServe(\":8080\", r)\n}\n\nfunc handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n\tfmt.Fprintf(w, \"Hello World!\")\n}\n```\nNow  our route constructor function is separated, let us see test our routing:\n```\nfunc TestRouter(t *testing.T) {\n\t// Instantiate the router using the constructor function that\n\t// we defined previously\n\tr := newRouter()\n\n\t// Create a new server using the \"httptest\" libraries `NewServer` method\n\t// Documentation : https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/httptest/#NewServer\n\tmockServer := httptest.NewServer(r)\n\n\t// The mock server we created runs a server and exposes its location in the\n\t// URL attribute\n\t// We make a GET request to the \"hello\" route we defined in the router\n\tresp, err := http.Get(mockServer.URL + \"/hello\")\n\n\t// Handle any unexpected error\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\n\t// We want our status to be 200 (ok)\n\tif resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Status should be ok, got %d\", resp.StatusCode)\n\t}\n\n\t// In the next few lines, the response body is read, and converted to a string\n\tdefer resp.Body.Close()\n\t// read the body into a bunch of bytes (b)\n\tb, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\t// convert the bytes to a string\n\trespString := string(b)\n\texpected := \"Hello World!\"\n\n\t// We want our response to match the one defined in our handler.\n\t// If it does happen to be \"Hello world!\", then it confirms, that the\n\t// route is correct\n\tif respString != expected {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Response should be %s, got %s\", expected, respString)\n\t}\n\n}\n```\nNow we all know that each time we hit the actual `GET /hello route`, we have a response of hello world. When we hit some other route, it should respond having a 404. Actually, let us write a test for exactly this condition :\n```\nfunc TestRouterForNonExistentRoute(t *testing.T) {\n\tr := newRouter()\n\tmockServer := httptest.NewServer(r)\n\t// Most of the code is similar. The only difference is that now we make a \n\t//request to a route we know we didn't define, like the `POST /hello` route.\n\tresp, err := http.Post(mockServer.URL+\"/hello\", \"\", nil)\n\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\n\t// We want our status to be 405 (method not allowed)\n\tif resp.StatusCode != http.StatusMethodNotAllowed {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Status should be 405, got %d\", resp.StatusCode)\n\t}\n\n\t// The code to test the body is also mostly the same, except this time, we \n\t// expect an empty body\n\tdefer resp.Body.Close()\n\tb, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\trespString := string(b)\n\texpected := \"\"\n\n\tif respString != expected {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Response should be %s, got %s\", expected, respString)\n\t}\n\n}\n```\nSince we have figured out how you can make a simple http server, we are able to serve static files from this for the users to interact with.\n### Serving the Assets files\n**“Static files”** are the HTML, CSS, JavaScript, images, and also the additional static asset files which are required to form a web site.\nYou will find 3 actions we must take in so that it will create our server.Now serve these types oo static assets.\n1.\tMake static assets\n2.\tChange our router in order to assist static assets\n3.\tInclude tests to confirm our new server can easily serve static files\n#### Create static assets\nTo create static assets, make a directory in your project root directory, and name it `assets` :\n`mkdir assets`\nFollowing, create an HTML file within this directory. This is actually the file we will serve, together with any file which goes in the assets directory :\n`touch assets/index.html`\n#### Modify the router\nInterestingly sufficient, the whole file server could be enabled in only adding Three lines of code within the router. The newest router constructor may be like this :\n```\nfunc newRouter() *mux.Router {\n\tr := mux.NewRouter()\n\tr.HandleFunc(\"/hello\", handler).Methods(\"GET\")\n\n\t// Declare the static file directory and point it to the \n\t// directory we just made\n\tstaticFileDirectory := http.Dir(\"./assets/\")\n\t// Declare the handler, that routes requests to their respective filename.\n\t// The fileserver is wrapped in the `stripPrefix` method, because we want to\n\t// remove the \"/assets/\" prefix when looking for files.\n\t// For example, if we type \"/assets/index.html\" in our browser, the file server\n\t// will look for only \"index.html\" inside the directory declared above.\n\t// If we did not strip the prefix, the file server would look for \n\t// \"./assets/assets/index.html\", and yield an error\n\tstaticFileHandler := http.StripPrefix(\"/assets/\", http.FileServer(staticFileDirectory))\n\t// The \"PathPrefix\" method acts as a matcher, and matches all routes starting\n\t// with \"/assets/\", instead of the absolute route itself\n\tr.PathPrefix(\"/assets/\").Handler(staticFileHandler).Methods(\"GET\")\n\treturn r\n}\n```\n#### Testing of static file server\nIt's hard to really say that you will have finished a feature unless you possess tests for it. We can easily check the static file server by having another test function to main_test.go :\n```\nfunc TestStaticFileServer(t *testing.T) {\n\tr := newRouter()\n\tmockServer := httptest.NewServer(r)\n\n\t// We want to hit the `GET /assets/` route to get the index.html file response\n\tresp, err := http.Get(mockServer.URL + \"/assets/\")\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatal(err)\n\t}\n\n\t// We want our status to be 200 (ok)\n\tif resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Status should be 200, got %d\", resp.StatusCode)\n\t}\n\n\t// It isn't wise to test the entire content of the HTML file.\n\t// Instead, we test that the content-type header is \"text/html; charset=utf-8\"\n\t// so that we know that an html file has been served\n\tcontentType := resp.Header.Get(\"Content-Type\")\n\texpectedContentType := \"text/html; charset=utf-8\"\n\n\tif expectedContentType != contentType {\n\t\tt.Errorf(\"Wrong content type, expected %s, got %s\", expectedContentType, contentType)\n\t}\n\n}\n```\nTo actually test your work, run the server :\n`go run main.go`\nthen, navigate to http://localhost:8080/assets/ in your web browser.\n#### Making of web browser application\nBecause we have to make our animal encyclopedia, lets make a simple HTML file which shows record of animals, as well as brings the list from an API on-page load, plus offers a form to up-date checklist of animals:\n```\n<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n\n<head>\n <title>The animal encyclopedia</title>\n</head>\n\n<body>\n  <h1>The animal encyclopedia</h1>\n  <!-- \n    This section of the document specifies the table that will\n    be used to display the list of animals and their description\n   -->\n  <table>\n    <tr>\n      <th>Species</th>\n      <th>Description</th>\n    </tr>\n    <td>Lion</td>\n    <td>Common between cities</td>\n    </tr>\n  </table>\n  <br/>\n\n  <!-- \n    This section contains the form, that will be used to hit the \n    `POST /animal` API that we will build in the next section\n   -->\n  <form action=\"/animal\" method=\"post\">\n    Species:\n    <input type=\"text\" name=\"species\">\n    <br/> Description:\n    <input type=\"text\" name=\"description\">\n    <br/>\n    <input type=\"submit\" value=\"Submit\">\n  </form>\n\n  <!-- \n    Finally, the last section is the script that will\n    run on each page load to fetch the list of animals\n    and add them to our existing table\n   -->\n  <script>\n    animalTable = document.querySelector(\"table\")\n\n    /*\n    Use the browsers `fetch` API to make a GET call to /animal\n    We expect the response to be a JSON list of animals, of the\n    form :\n    [\n      {\"species\":\"...\",\"description\":\"...\"},\n      {\"species\":\"...\",\"description\":\"...\"}\n    ]\n    */\n    fetch(\"/animal\")\n      .then(response => response.json())\n      .then(animalList => {\n        //Once we fetch the list, we iterate over it\n        animalList.forEach(animal => {\n          // Create the table row\n          row = document.createElement(\"tr\")\n\n          // Create the table data elements for the species and\n\t\t\t\t\t// description columns\n          species = document.createElement(\"td\")\n          species.innerHTML = animal.species\n          description = document.createElement(\"td\")\n          description.innerHTML = animal.description\n\n          // Add the data elements to the row\n          row.appendChild(species)\n          row.appendChild(description)\n          // Finally, add the row element to the table itself\n          animalTable.appendChild(row)\n        })\n      })\n  </script>\n</body>\n```\n### Addition of animal REST API handlers\nWe are able to see, we will have to apply 2 APIs to ensure that this app to function:\n1. GET /animal - which will retrieve record of all animals presently within the system\n2. POST /animal - which will create an entrance to the current set of animals\nIn this, we are going to write the related handlers.\nCreate a new file named animal_handlers.go, next to the main.go file.\nInitially, we are going to include the definition of the Animal struct as well as initialize a common animal variable:\n```\ntype Animal struct {\n\tSpecies     string `json:\"species\"`\n\tDescription string `json:\"description\"`\n}\n\nvar animals []Animal\n```\nNext, define the handler to get all animals :\n```\nfunc getAnimalHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n\t//Convert the \"animals\" variable to json\n\tanimalListBytes, err := json.Marshal(animals)\n\n\t// If there is an error, print it to the console, and return a server\n\t// error response to the user\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tfmt.Println(fmt.Errorf(\"Error: %v\", err))\n\t\tw.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\t// If all goes well, write the JSON list of animals to the response\n\tw.Write(animalListBytes)\n}\n```\nNext, the handler to create a new entry of animals :\n```\nfunc createAnimalHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n\t// Create a new instance of Animal\n\tanimal := Animal{}\n\n\t// We send all our data as HTML form data\n\t// the `ParseForm` method of the request, parses the\n\t// form values\n\terr := r.ParseForm()\n\n\t// In case of any error, we respond with an error to the user\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tfmt.Println(fmt.Errorf(\"Error: %v\", err))\n\t\tw.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\n\t// Get the information about the animal from the form info\n\tanimal.Species = r.Form.Get(\"species\")\n\tanimal.Description = r.Form.Get(\"description\")\n\n\t// Append our existing list of animals with a new entry\n\tanimals = append(animals, animal)\n\n\t//Finally, we redirect the user to the original HTMl page\n\t// (located at `/assets/`), using the http libraries `Redirect` method\n\thttp.Redirect(w, r, \"/assets/\", http.StatusFound)\n}\n```\nThe final stage, is to include these handler to our router, to be able to allow them to use by the app :\n```\n\t// These lines are added inside the newRouter() function before returning r\n\tr.HandleFunc(\"/animal\", getAnimalHandler).Methods(\"GET\")\n\tr.HandleFunc(\"/animal\", createAnimalHandler).Methods(\"POST\")\n\treturn r\n```\nThe tests regarding the two handlers and also the routing included are similar to the last tests we had written for the GET /hello handler and static file server, and they are still left as an exercise for the readers.\n\n### Summary\nUp to now, we now have included persistence to the application, using the information about various animals getting saved and retrieved.\nNevertheless, that persistence is temporary, because it is in memory space. Which means that at any time you reboot your application, all of the information will get removed. To be able to bring correct persistence, we are going to must add a database to the stack.\nSo far, the code had been simple to reason about and test, as it was obviously a standalone application. Including a database will certainly add an additional layer of communication.\nWe will be going to create a database and connected to our application in the next part of the tutorial\n\n\n<br /><hr/><em>Posted on <a href=\"https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@exploringworld/build-complete-full-stack-web-app-using-go-programming-language\">Utopian.io -  Rewarding Open Source Contributors</a></em><hr/>",
      "json_metadata": "{\"community\":\"utopian\",\"app\":\"utopian/1.0.0\",\"format\":\"markdown\",\"repository\":{\"id\":23096959,\"name\":\"go\",\"full_name\":\"golang/go\",\"html_url\":\"https://github.com/golang/go\",\"fork\":false,\"owner\":{\"login\":\"golang\"}},\"pullRequests\":[],\"platform\":\"github\",\"type\":\"tutorials\",\"tags\":[\"utopian-io\",\"utopian-io\",\"fullstack\",\"apps\",\"web\"]}"
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      "parent_author": "exploringworld",
      "parent_permlink": "develop-mobile-apps-using-ionic-framework-part-2",
      "author": "rosatravels",
      "permlink": "re-exploringworld-develop-mobile-apps-using-ionic-framework-part-2-20180428t033201709z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Hi @exploringworld,\n\nThank you for your contribution but unfortunately we are unable to accept your video tutorial.\n\nIn video tutorial, your presentation needs to be organized with clarity of speech.  Most of the time, I am not able to understand what you are saying.  If people do not know what you are saying, there is no value in the video.   You need to work on diction with correct pronunciation of words so that learners can follow along.  \n\nOne of the guidelines in Utopian is that the presenter must speak clearly and professionally.  This is something that you need to work on before submitting more video tutorials.\n\nIf you have questions, please contact us at Discord.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------------------\nNeed help? Write a ticket on https://support.utopian.io.\nChat with us on [Discord](https://discord.gg/uTyJkNm).\n\n**[[utopian-moderator]](https://utopian.io/moderators)**",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"utopian-io\"],\"community\":\"utopian\",\"app\":\"utopian/1.0.0\"}"
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      "permlink": "develop-mobile-apps-using-ionic-framework-part-2",
      "title": "Develop Mobile Apps Using Ionic Framework Part-2",
      "body": "#### Welcome to the Second Video Tutorial of Mobile Apps Development using Ionic Framework\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/hByL8VX.jpg/> </center>\n\n#### What Will I Learn?\n\n- You will learn how to develop amazing mobile apps using **Ionic Framework** and **Cordova**\n- You will learn the working of **folder and files** of Ionic Framework\n- You will learn about **Ionic header, Ionic content and Ionic footer**\n- Your will learn about **app.js** and **controllers.js** files\n- Your will learn regarding **ionic classes and ion pain** usage\n\n\n\n#### Requirements\n##### System Requirements:\n\n- [Node.js](https://nodejs.org/en/) for building apps\n- [Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) for code editing \n- [Git](https://git-scm.com/downloads) **(Optional)** or Command Prompt or Terminal\n- An Android or iOS Emulator or mobile device for testing\n##### OS Support:\n\n- Windows 7/8/10\n- macOS \n- Linux \n#### Difficulty\n\n\n\n- Intermediate\n\n#### Required Understanding\n- You just need a little bit of knowledge of HTML,CSS and JS\n- A fair understanding of Programming \n- A thirst for learning and developing something new\n\n\n#### Description\n-\tThis particular video tutorial Series is for everyone who would like to build amazing Android and iOS apps. In this tutorial, you will learn about Ionic Framework with AngularJS from the beginning, that allows you to develop amazing mobile apps with just **HTML, CSS** and **JS**.\n-\tAll you need is a little bit of understanding of web design\t . If you are a web developer and want to build mobile apps, Ionic will probably be your piece of cake. You will be able to create amazing apps that will work on both Android and iOS.\n#### What is Ionic Framework ?\nIonic is an HTML5 mobile app development framework targeted at building hybrid mobile apps. Hybrid apps are essentially small websites running in a browser shell in an app that have access to the native platform layer. Hybrid apps have many benefits over pure native apps, specifically in terms of platform support, speed of development, and access to 3rd party code.\nThink of Ionic as the front-end UI framework that handles all of the look and feel and UI interactions your app needs in order to be compelling. Kind of like **“Bootstrap for Native”** but with support for a broad range of common native mobile components, slick animations, and beautiful design. [Source](https://ionicframework.com/docs/v1/guide/preface.html)\n#### Some of the key steps that are used in this tutorial\n*_Below I discuss important coding steps that are must required in this video tutorial_*\n##### STEP 1:\nNow we have learn about how to develop apps using ionic and also \nhow to deploy them on platform. Now we open the `index.html`file \nIn the visual studio code and then at the bottom there is a **body**\ntag in which there is `<ion-pain>` which contains `<ion-header>` and `<ion-content>` tags, ion-content is basically a container which helps you to organize your content.It allows you to encapsulate your data\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/KS8yvPr.jpg/> </center>\n\n##### STEP 2:\nNow inside the `<ion-pain>` tag we are going to change the title of our `header` as well as the `class` of our header. To change the color of our header classes provide different types of color combinations for our **headers**\nSo we change the title to **First App** and change the class to `bar-positive`which turns the color of our header to nice blue color.\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/m3jPryB.jpg/> </center>\n\n\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/BpkkQrq.jpg/> </center>\n\n##### STEP 3:\nWe can use  `<div>` container here as well in place of `<ion-header-bar>`So it will be easier for us to add more functionality easily\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/GgWANt2.jpg/> </center>\n\n\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/w8nM9K6.jpg/> </center>\n\n##### STEP 4:\nNow we can also use `<div>`tag to define footer at the end of the code by using `bar bar-footer bar-calm` tag which defines a cool footer with a blue color at the bottom of our app showing in the emulator and named as **This is the footer**\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/xHK0rgp.jpg/> </center>\n\n\n<center> <img src=https://imgur.com/4GMVCRE.jpg/> </center>\n\n_*So our changes in the header and footer classes will look like this*_\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/x9KEFpY.jpg/> </center>\n\n\n#### Video Tutorial\nhttps://youtu.be/VBRHXQbdjDA\n#### Curriculum\nThis video is second video of the Develop Mobile Apps Using Ionic Framework Series. You can see the first part with the link down below\n- [Develop Mobile Apps Using Ionic Framework Part-1]( https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@exploringworld/qnj1e-develop-mobile-apps-using-ionic-framework-part-1) \n\n\n\n<br /><hr/><em>Posted on <a href=\"https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@exploringworld/develop-mobile-apps-using-ionic-framework-part-2\">Utopian.io -  Rewarding Open Source Contributors</a></em><hr/>",
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      "title": "Develop Mobile Apps Using Ionic Framework Part-2",
      "body": "#### Welcome to the Second Video Tutorial of Mobile Apps Development using Ionic Framework\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/hByL8VX.jpg/> </center>\n\n#### What Will I Learn?\n\n- You will learn how to develop amazing mobile apps using **Ionic Framework** and **Cordova**\n- You will learn the working of **folder and files** of Ionic Framework\n- You will learn about **Ionic header, Ionic content and Ionic footer**\n- Your will learn about **app.js** and **controllers.js** files\n- Your will learn regarding **ionic classes and ion pain** usage\n\n\n\n#### Requirements\n##### System Requirements:\n\n- [Node.js](https://nodejs.org/en/) for building apps\n- [Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) for code editing \n- [Git](https://git-scm.com/downloads) **(Optional)** or Command Prompt or Terminal\n- An Android or iOS Emulator or mobile device for testing\n##### OS Support:\n\n- Windows 7/8/10\n- macOS \n- Linux \n#### Difficulty\n\n\n\n- Intermediate\n\n#### Required Understanding\n- You just need a little bit of knowledge of HTML,CSS and JS\n- A fair understanding of Programming \n- A thirst for learning and developing something new\n\n\n#### Description\n-\tThis particular video tutorial Series is for everyone who would like to build amazing Android and iOS apps. In this tutorial, you will learn about Ionic Framework with AngularJS from the beginning, that allows you to develop amazing mobile apps with just **HTML, CSS** and **JS**.\n-\tAll you need is a little bit of understanding of web design\t . If you are a web developer and want to build mobile apps, Ionic will probably be your piece of cake. You will be able to create amazing apps that will work on both Android and iOS.\n#### What is Ionic Framework ?\nIonic is an HTML5 mobile app development framework targeted at building hybrid mobile apps. Hybrid apps are essentially small websites running in a browser shell in an app that have access to the native platform layer. Hybrid apps have many benefits over pure native apps, specifically in terms of platform support, speed of development, and access to 3rd party code.\nThink of Ionic as the front-end UI framework that handles all of the look and feel and UI interactions your app needs in order to be compelling. Kind of like **“Bootstrap for Native”** but with support for a broad range of common native mobile components, slick animations, and beautiful design. [Source](https://ionicframework.com/docs/v1/guide/preface.html)\n#### Some of the key steps that are used in this tutorial\n*_Below I discuss important coding steps that are must required in this video tutorial_*\n##### STEP 1:\nNow we have learn about how to develop apps using ionic and also \nhow to deploy them on platform. Now we open the `index.html`file \nIn the visual studio code and then at the bottom there is a **body**\ntag in which there is `<ion-pain>` which contains `<ion-header>` and `<ion-content>` tags, ion-content is basically a container which helps you to organize your content.It allows you to encapsulate your data\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/KS8yvPr.jpg/> </center>\n\n##### STEP 2:\nNow inside the `<ion-pain>` tag we are going to change the title of our `header` as well as the `class` of our header. 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You can see the first part with the link down below\n- [Develop Mobile Apps Using Ionic Framework Part-1]( https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@exploringworld/qnj1e-develop-mobile-apps-using-ionic-framework-part-1) \n\n\n\n<br /><hr/><em>Posted on <a href=\"https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@exploringworld/develop-mobile-apps-using-ionic-framework-part-2\">Utopian.io -  Rewarding Open Source Contributors</a></em><hr/>",
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      "title": "Develop Mobile Apps Using Ionic Framework Part-2",
      "body": "#### Welcome to the Second Video Tutorial of Mobile Apps Development using Ionic Framework\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/hByL8VX.jpg/> </center>\n\n#### What Will I Learn?\n\n- You will learn how to develop amazing mobile apps using **Ionic Framework** and **Cordova**\n- You will learn the working of **folder and files** of Ionic Framework\n- You will learn about **Ionic header, Ionic content and Ionic footer**\n- Your will learn about **app.js** and **controllers.js** files\n- Your will learn regarding **ionic classes and ion pain** usage\n\n\n\n#### Requirements\n##### System Requirements:\n\n- [Node.js](https://nodejs.org/en/) for building apps\n- [Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) for code editing \n- [Git](https://git-scm.com/downloads) **(Optional)** or Command Prompt or Terminal\n- An Android or iOS Emulator or mobile device for testing\n##### OS Support:\n\n- Windows 7/8/10\n- macOS \n- Linux \n#### Difficulty\n\n\n\n- Intermediate\n\n#### Required Understanding\n- You just need a little bit of knowledge of HTML,CSS and JS\n- A fair understanding of Programming \n- A thirst for learning and developing something new\n\n\n#### Description\n-\tThis particular video tutorial Series is for everyone who would like to build amazing Android and iOS apps. In this tutorial, you will learn about Ionic Framework with AngularJS from the beginning, that allows you to develop amazing mobile apps with just **HTML, CSS** and **JS**.\n-\tAll you need is a little bit of understanding of web design\t . If you are a web developer and want to build mobile apps, Ionic will probably be your piece of cake. You will be able to create amazing apps that will work on both Android and iOS.\n#### What is Ionic Framework ?\nIonic is an HTML5 mobile app development framework targeted at building hybrid mobile apps. Hybrid apps are essentially small websites running in a browser shell in an app that have access to the native platform layer. Hybrid apps have many benefits over pure native apps, specifically in terms of platform support, speed of development, and access to 3rd party code.\nThink of Ionic as the front-end UI framework that handles all of the look and feel and UI interactions your app needs in order to be compelling. Kind of like **“Bootstrap for Native”** but with support for a broad range of common native mobile components, slick animations, and beautiful design. [Source](https://ionicframework.com/docs/v1/guide/preface.html)\n#### Some of the key steps that are used in this tutorial\n*_Below I discuss important coding steps that are must required in this video tutorial_*\n##### STEP 1:\nNow we have learn about how to develop apps using ionic and also \nhow to deploy them on platform. Now we open the `index.html`file \nIn the visual studio code and then at the bottom there is a **body**\ntag in which there is `<ion-pain>` which contains `<ion-header>` and `<ion-content>` tags, ion-content is basically a container which helps you to organize your content.It allows you to encapsulate your data\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/KS8yvPr.jpg/> </center>\n\n##### STEP 2:\nNow inside the `<ion-pain>` tag we are going to change the title of our `header` as well as the `class` of our header. To change the color of our header classes provide different types of color combinations for our **headers**\nSo we change the title to **First App** and change the class to `bar-positive`which turns the color of our header to nice blue color.\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/m3jPryB.jpg/> </center>\n\n\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/BpkkQrq.jpg/> </center>\n\n##### STEP 3:\nWe can use  `<div>` container here as well in place of `<ion-header-bar>`So it will be easier for us to add more functionality easily\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/GgWANt2.jpg/> </center>\n\n\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/w8nM9K6.jpg/> </center>\n\n##### STEP 4:\nNow we can also use `<div>`tag to define footer at the end of the code by using `bar bar-footer bar-calm` tag which defines a cool footer with a blue color at the bottom of our app showing in the emulator and named as **This is the footer**\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/xHK0rgp.jpg/> </center>\n\n\n<center> <img src=https://imgur.com/4GMVCRE.jpg/> </center>\n\n_*So our changes in the header and footer classes will look like this*_\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/x9KEFpY.jpg/> </center>\n\n\n#### Video Tutorial\nhttps://youtu.be/VBRHXQbdjDA\n#### Curriculum\nThis video is second video of the Develop Mobile Apps Using Ionic Framework Series. You can see the first part with the link down below\n- [Develop Mobile Apps Using Ionic Framework Part-1]( https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@exploringworld/qnj1e-develop-mobile-apps-using-ionic-framework-part-1) \n\n\n\n<br /><hr/><em>Posted on <a href=\"https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@exploringworld/develop-mobile-apps-using-ionic-framework-part-2\">Utopian.io -  Rewarding Open Source Contributors</a></em><hr/>",
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      "title": "Develop Mobile Apps Using Ionic Framework Part-2",
      "body": "#### Welcome to the Second Video Tutorial of Mobile Apps Development using Ionic Framework\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/hByL8VX.jpg/> </center>\n\n#### What Will I Learn?\n\n- You will learn how to develop amazing mobile apps using **Ionic Framework** and **Cordova**\n- You will learn the working of **folder and files** of Ionic Framework\n- You will learn about **Ionic header, Ionic content and Ionic footer**\n- Your will learn about **app.js** and **controllers.js** files\n- Your will learn regarding **ionic classes and ion pain** usage\n\n\n\n#### Requirements\n##### System Requirements:\n\n- [Node.js](https://nodejs.org/en/) for building apps\n- [Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) for code editing \n- [Git](https://git-scm.com/downloads) **(Optional)** or Command Prompt or Terminal\n- An Android or iOS Emulator or mobile device for testing\n##### OS Support:\n\n- Windows 7/8/10\n- macOS \n- Linux \n#### Difficulty\n\n\n\n- Intermediate\n\n#### Required Understanding\n- You just need a little bit of knowledge of HTML,CSS and JS\n- A fair understanding of Programming \n- A thirst for learning and developing something new\n\n\n#### Description\n-\tThis particular video tutorial Series is for everyone who would like to build amazing Android and iOS apps. In this tutorial, you will learn about Ionic Framework with AngularJS from the beginning, that allows you to develop amazing mobile apps with just **HTML, CSS** and **JS**.\n-\tAll you need is a little bit of understanding of web design\t . If you are a web developer and want to build mobile apps, Ionic will probably be your piece of cake. You will be able to create amazing apps that will work on both Android and iOS.\n#### What is Ionic Framework ?\nIonic is an HTML5 mobile app development framework targeted at building hybrid mobile apps. Hybrid apps are essentially small websites running in a browser shell in an app that have access to the native platform layer. Hybrid apps have many benefits over pure native apps, specifically in terms of platform support, speed of development, and access to 3rd party code.\nThink of Ionic as the front-end UI framework that handles all of the look and feel and UI interactions your app needs in order to be compelling. Kind of like **“Bootstrap for Native”** but with support for a broad range of common native mobile components, slick animations, and beautiful design. [Source](https://ionicframework.com/docs/v1/guide/preface.html)\n#### Some of the key steps that are used in this tutorial\n*_Below I discuss important coding steps that are must required in this video tutorial_*\n##### STEP 1:\nNow we have learn about how to develop apps using ionic and also \nhow to deploy them on platform. Now we open the `index.html`file \nIn the visual studio code and then at the bottom there is a **body**\ntag in which there is `<ion-pain>` which contains `<ion-header>` and `<ion-content>` tags, ion-content is basically a container which helps you to organize your content.It allows you to encapsulate your data\n<center> <img src= https://imgur.com/KS8yvPr.jpg/> </center>\n\n##### STEP 2:\nNow inside the `<ion-pain>` tag we are going to change the title of our `header` as well as the `class` of our header. 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You can see the first part with the link down below\n- [Develop Mobile Apps Using Ionic Framework Part-1]( https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@exploringworld/qnj1e-develop-mobile-apps-using-ionic-framework-part-1) \n\n\n\n<br /><hr/><em>Posted on <a href=\"https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@exploringworld/develop-mobile-apps-using-ionic-framework-part-2\">Utopian.io -  Rewarding Open Source Contributors</a></em><hr/>",
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