Ecoer Logo

@cbn

28

Network for Blockchain enthusiasts and professionals with tailor-made content for the Caribbean region.

steemit.com/@cbn
VOTING POWER100.00%
DOWNVOTE POWER100.00%
RESOURCE CREDITS100.00%
REPUTATION PROGRESS65.64%
Net Worth
3.544USD
STEEM
0.001STEEM
SBD
0.221SBD
Own SP
64.035SP

Detailed Balance

STEEM
balance
0.001STEEM
market_balance
0.000STEEM
savings_balance
0.000STEEM
reward_steem_balance
0.000STEEM
STEEM POWER
Own SP
64.035SP
Delegated Out
0.000SP
Delegation In
0.000SP
Effective Power
64.035SP
Reward SP (pending)
0.002SP
SBD
sbd_balance
0.221SBD
sbd_conversions
0.000SBD
sbd_market_balance
0.000SBD
savings_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
reward_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
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Account Info

namecbn
id961695
rank29,495
reputation1973126174
created2018-04-23T14:07:12
recovery_accountsteem
proxyNone
post_count17
comment_count0
lifetime_vote_count0
witnesses_voted_for0
last_post2019-04-22T18:18:30
last_root_post2019-04-22T18:18:30
last_vote_time2018-11-06T16:39:42
proxied_vsf_votes0, 0, 0, 0
can_vote1
voting_power9,414
delayed_votes0
balance0.001 STEEM
savings_balance0.000 STEEM
sbd_balance0.221 SBD
savings_sbd_balance0.000 SBD
vesting_shares104276.907848 VESTS
delegated_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
received_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
reward_vesting_balance4.031019 VESTS
vesting_balance0.000 STEEM
vesting_withdraw_rate0.000000 VESTS
next_vesting_withdrawal1969-12-31T23:59:59
withdrawn0
to_withdraw0
withdraw_routes0
savings_withdraw_requests0
last_account_recovery1970-01-01T00:00:00
reset_accountnull
last_owner_update1970-01-01T00:00:00
last_account_update2018-08-24T11:24:36
minedNo
sbd_seconds0
sbd_last_interest_payment1970-01-01T00:00:00
savings_sbd_last_interest_payment1970-01-01T00:00:00
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  "balance": "0.001 STEEM",
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Withdraw Routes

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From Date
To Date
dtubesent 0.001 STEEM to @cbn- "Time is running out, claim your DTube account now before anyone else can! Login at https://d.tube"
2019/08/22 16:02:54
fromdtube
tocbn
amount0.001 STEEM
memoTime is running out, claim your DTube account now before anyone else can! Login at https://d.tube
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2019/04/23 14:21:45
parent authorcbn
parent permlinkcuracao-blockchain-week-2019
authorsteemitboard
permlinksteemitboard-notify-cbn-20190423t142144000z
title
bodyCongratulations @cbn! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@cbn/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table> <sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@cbn) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](http://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=cbn)_</sub> ###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!
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      "body": "Congratulations @cbn! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@cbn/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@cbn) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](http://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=cbn)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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2019/04/22 19:18:30
voterpinoy
authorcbn
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2019/04/22 19:18:27
voteracknowledgement
authorcbn
permlinkcuracao-blockchain-week-2019
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2019/04/22 19:03:18
voteryehey
authorcbn
permlinkcuracao-blockchain-week-2019
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2019/04/22 18:32:36
votersteffenix
authorcbn
permlinkcuracao-blockchain-week-2019
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cbnpublished a new post: curacao-blockchain-week-2019
2019/04/22 18:18:30
parent author
parent permlinkblockchain
authorcbn
permlinkcuracao-blockchain-week-2019
titleCuraçao Blockchain Week 2019
body![1_Rbku90a8MvynIvqdsJsPzw.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmb5jXhwTzQgsZ8YrG8UUqWpvkexFUNoSNC2Mcx8RsFZwZ/1_Rbku90a8MvynIvqdsJsPzw.png) On Monday, April 22nd we will kick off the first edition of the Curaçao Blockchain Week, a week full of workshops, meetups and special events around Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies to further progress the developments in Curaçao. During this 5-day event, we will learn, connect and create together with 10 instructors from 6 different organizations. Below you’ll find all the essential information about the Schedule, Workshops, Registration, and Location. ![1_eEtk91MZOjjgRnlZzDD68g.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNuyy8fzoVN4WkHb8yWwM1Et76LPULuvVq3o9eCpEngLe/1_eEtk91MZOjjgRnlZzDD68g.png) #CBW2019 Events Monday, April 22nd 19:00–21:00 | Introduction to Blockchain & Crypto We’re kicking of CBW with the Introduction to Blockchain & Crypto workshop that will cover all the basics of Bitcoin, Crypto, and Blockchain. During this session, you’ll learn what Blockchain is and how it works and we will help you create your first Bitcoin wallet. Recommended for: Beginners with no prior blockchain knowledge or anybody who wants to refresh their fundamentals Tuesday, April 23rd 15:00–16:30 | Blockchain for Financial Institutions This special session hosted by IBIS Management will cover Blockchain in a broad sense, how it relates to the Financial sector, how it is being applied within Financial Institutions and what is still to come. Recommended for: Banks and other financial institutions 19:00–21:00 | Current State of Blockchain & Crypto In this session, we will take a look at the latest developments in the Blockchain space. Topics that will be covered are Security Tokens, Initial Exchange Offerings, Blockchain Interoperability, DAOs, Regulations, Scalability, Consensus and more. We will also interact with some DAPPS. Recommended for: Anybody who already has a basic understanding of Blockchain and wants to be up to date with the latest developments. Note: This session might be too advanced if you have no prior knowledge of Blockchain. Wednesday, April 24th 10:00–11:30 | Blockchain for Business Jack Wiering from Unibright.io will explain in a practical way what blockchain can offer and how easy it can be integrated. An interactive session where you do not have to be quiet and input is appreciated. Recommended for: Small-Medium sized businesses, IT & Tech people, Corporates & Governments. 19:00–21:00 | Future of Organization — Theory Day (1/2) During this workshop, we will take a look at some of the challenges we are being faced with as a small Caribbean island, and discover how new ways of organizing could greatly improve our efficiency and create a better island for all. During the first day of the workshop, you will be introduced to the tools that can help us craft a better and more decentralized future. Recommended for: Anybody who is willing to take action and work together to improve Curacao. Thursday, April 25th 10:00–11:30 | Crypto for Business This session for retailers and entrepreneurs hosted by João Mendes (BR) from Pundi X will cover the pros and cons of Cryptocurrencies for businesses and explain how to accept crypto as a payment method. Includes a small demo of the crypto POS device. Recommended for: Business owners, Entrepreneurs, Managers, Financial Institutions 18:00–22:00 | Getting Started with Ethereum Development In this 4-hour workshop, you will get hands-on experience with Ethereum DAPP development as an introduction to Blockchain & Smart Contract programming. The session is led by Shannon Clarke (BAR), a software developer from Polymath. Recommended for: Junior Blockchain Programmers, Anybody with (some) coding experience who wants to code Blockchain solutions Note: This is a hands-on coding workshop, please bring your own laptop! Friday, April 26th 9:30–11:30 | Future of Organization — Building Day (2/2) With your newly acquired knowledge about decentralized organization and your ideas on how we can improve Curaçao, we will try to design a DAO that creates sustainable development for Curaçao. An exciting interactive session which could potentially lead to the first DAO in the Caribbean. Registration Although all regular spots for the Curaçao Blockchain Week 2019 have been reserved we’ve managed to add 5 extra spots to each of the sessions which will be allocated based on motivation. If you or anybody you know still wants to register for a session please fill in the motivation form. In order to ensure that you get the maximum value out of each of the sessions you attend and to avoid ending up with empty spots, we kindly request you to only register for the sessions you will attend. If you have signed up for a session you won’t be able to attend anymore please unregister the ticket via Eventbrite or let us know via email or Facebook and hopefully, we can make somebody else happy with your spot. Location All of the workshops will be hosted at Blockchain Labs, a coworking and office location for Blockchain projects in Curaçao. ![1_zc28j0GoAhr_nUMJ5sJjeA.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUzrUWg6VnuWf8W7bzjw5LKgNizzQTyn4RtkWdEbmKVTG/1_zc28j0GoAhr_nUMJ5sJjeA.png) Blockchain Labs is located at President Romulo Bethancourt Boulevard 16 near the exit to Fort Nassau. Thank you! The support from the local community and organizations has been overwhelming. We’re extremely thankful for all the support; the speakers flying in to speak for free, the organizations hosting their own session and for everybody who will attend #CBW2019! ![1_1Nwa4k6by8uZfJoIRSQKig.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmb9t9D45NRPDne2BzvwRzLUE4STWjev9wC4kuAK752xrG/1_1Nwa4k6by8uZfJoIRSQKig.png) A special thanks to the organizations who decided to sponsor the Curaçao Blockchain Week 2019 and allowed us to host all workshops without charging anything to the attendees. We hope to see all of you next week, Team CBW For questions or media inquiries please reach out here. Ban duna di nos parti p’e isla prosperá. Laga nos uni forsa p’asina triumfá. Website | Facebook | LinkedIn | Instagram
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      "permlink": "curacao-blockchain-week-2019",
      "title": "Curaçao Blockchain Week 2019",
      "body": "![1_Rbku90a8MvynIvqdsJsPzw.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmb5jXhwTzQgsZ8YrG8UUqWpvkexFUNoSNC2Mcx8RsFZwZ/1_Rbku90a8MvynIvqdsJsPzw.png)\n\n\nOn Monday, April 22nd we will kick off the first edition of the Curaçao Blockchain Week, a week full of workshops, meetups and special events around Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies to further progress the developments in Curaçao. During this 5-day event, we will learn, connect and create together with 10 instructors from 6 different organizations.\n\nBelow you’ll find all the essential information about the Schedule, Workshops, Registration, and Location.\n\n![1_eEtk91MZOjjgRnlZzDD68g.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNuyy8fzoVN4WkHb8yWwM1Et76LPULuvVq3o9eCpEngLe/1_eEtk91MZOjjgRnlZzDD68g.png)\n\n#CBW2019 Events\nMonday, April 22nd\n19:00–21:00 | Introduction to Blockchain & Crypto \nWe’re kicking of CBW with the Introduction to Blockchain & Crypto workshop that will cover all the basics of Bitcoin, Crypto, and Blockchain. During this session, you’ll learn what Blockchain is and how it works and we will help you create your first Bitcoin wallet.\nRecommended for: Beginners with no prior blockchain knowledge or anybody who wants to refresh their fundamentals\n\nTuesday, April 23rd\n15:00–16:30 | Blockchain for Financial Institutions \nThis special session hosted by IBIS Management will cover Blockchain in a broad sense, how it relates to the Financial sector, how it is being applied within Financial Institutions and what is still to come.\nRecommended for: Banks and other financial institutions\n\n19:00–21:00 | Current State of Blockchain & Crypto \nIn this session, we will take a look at the latest developments in the Blockchain space. Topics that will be covered are Security Tokens, Initial Exchange Offerings, Blockchain Interoperability, DAOs, Regulations, Scalability, Consensus and more. We will also interact with some DAPPS.\nRecommended for: Anybody who already has a basic understanding of Blockchain and wants to be up to date with the latest developments. \nNote: This session might be too advanced if you have no prior knowledge of Blockchain.\n\nWednesday, April 24th\n10:00–11:30 | Blockchain for Business\nJack Wiering from Unibright.io will explain in a practical way what blockchain can offer and how easy it can be integrated. An interactive session where you do not have to be quiet and input is appreciated.\nRecommended for: Small-Medium sized businesses, IT & Tech people, Corporates & Governments.\n\n19:00–21:00 | Future of Organization — Theory Day (1/2)\nDuring this workshop, we will take a look at some of the challenges we are being faced with as a small Caribbean island, and discover how new ways of organizing could greatly improve our efficiency and create a better island for all. During the first day of the workshop, you will be introduced to the tools that can help us craft a better and more decentralized future. \nRecommended for: Anybody who is willing to take action and work together to improve Curacao.\n\nThursday, April 25th\n10:00–11:30 | Crypto for Business\nThis session for retailers and entrepreneurs hosted by João Mendes (BR) from Pundi X will cover the pros and cons of Cryptocurrencies for businesses and explain how to accept crypto as a payment method. Includes a small demo of the crypto POS device.\nRecommended for: Business owners, Entrepreneurs, Managers, Financial Institutions\n\n18:00–22:00 | Getting Started with Ethereum Development\nIn this 4-hour workshop, you will get hands-on experience with Ethereum DAPP development as an introduction to Blockchain & Smart Contract programming. The session is led by Shannon Clarke (BAR), a software developer from Polymath.\nRecommended for: Junior Blockchain Programmers, Anybody with (some) coding experience who wants to code Blockchain solutions\nNote: This is a hands-on coding workshop, please bring your own laptop!\n\nFriday, April 26th\n9:30–11:30 | Future of Organization — Building Day (2/2)\nWith your newly acquired knowledge about decentralized organization and your ideas on how we can improve Curaçao, we will try to design a DAO that creates sustainable development for Curaçao. An exciting interactive session which could potentially lead to the first DAO in the Caribbean.\n\nRegistration\nAlthough all regular spots for the Curaçao Blockchain Week 2019 have been reserved we’ve managed to add 5 extra spots to each of the sessions which will be allocated based on motivation. If you or anybody you know still wants to register for a session please fill in the motivation form.\n\nIn order to ensure that you get the maximum value out of each of the sessions you attend and to avoid ending up with empty spots, we kindly request you to only register for the sessions you will attend.\n\nIf you have signed up for a session you won’t be able to attend anymore please unregister the ticket via Eventbrite or let us know via email or Facebook and hopefully, we can make somebody else happy with your spot.\n\nLocation\nAll of the workshops will be hosted at Blockchain Labs, a coworking and office location for Blockchain projects in Curaçao.\n\n![1_zc28j0GoAhr_nUMJ5sJjeA.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUzrUWg6VnuWf8W7bzjw5LKgNizzQTyn4RtkWdEbmKVTG/1_zc28j0GoAhr_nUMJ5sJjeA.png)\n\nBlockchain Labs is located at President Romulo Bethancourt Boulevard 16 near the exit to Fort Nassau.\n\nThank you!\nThe support from the local community and organizations has been overwhelming. We’re extremely thankful for all the support; the speakers flying in to speak for free, the organizations hosting their own session and for everybody who will attend #CBW2019!\n\n![1_1Nwa4k6by8uZfJoIRSQKig.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmb9t9D45NRPDne2BzvwRzLUE4STWjev9wC4kuAK752xrG/1_1Nwa4k6by8uZfJoIRSQKig.png)\n\nA special thanks to the organizations who decided to sponsor the Curaçao Blockchain Week 2019 and allowed us to host all workshops without charging anything to the attendees.\n\nWe hope to see all of you next week,\n\nTeam CBW\n\nFor questions or media inquiries please reach out here.\n\nBan duna di nos parti\np’e isla prosperá.\nLaga nos uni forsa\np’asina triumfá.\n\nWebsite | Facebook | LinkedIn | Instagram",
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2019/02/24 10:12:33
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2018/11/13 03:53:33
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2018/11/06 18:03:21
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2018/11/06 16:39:42
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2018/11/06 16:39:39
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2018/11/06 16:38:54
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2018/11/06 16:38:03
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2018/11/06 16:37:57
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2018/10/30 11:34:12
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2018/09/25 10:34:54
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2018/09/25 04:45:48
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2018/09/25 02:52:51
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2018/09/25 01:25:42
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2018/09/25 01:25:33
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2018/09/25 01:25:33
parent author
parent permlinkbitcoin
authorcbn
permlinka-short-introduction-into-blockcchain-technology
titleA Short introduction into blockcchain technology
bodyIt [seems](https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?q=bitcoin) Bitcoin has become very popular since its inception in 2009 and with this, a lot of [positive](https://www.coindesk.com/bull-signal-bitcoins-price-breaks-50-day-moving-average/) and [negative](https://www.coindesk.com/bridgewater-associates-head-says-bitcoin-bubble/) headlines are seeming to pop up on the news. Among the confusion and uncertainty, one thing is for sure, people are taking notice of bitcoin and some are [probably seriously considering to invest in it](https://www.businessinsider.nl/bitcoin-price-correlation-google-search-2017-9/?international=true&r=US). Taking this into account, understanding how cryptocurrencies work becomes imperative to make informed decisions for having succesful investments. To understand bitcoin, one needs to understand the underlying technology that drives it, namely, the Blockchain. In the following paragraphs, we look at the driving mechanisms of the blockchain and convey possible implications of blockchain technology in our everyday lives. ## A brief history of the blockchain October of the year 2008, marked the day Satoshi Nakamoto (a pseudonym for an as of yet, unrecognized individual/group) released a whitepaper named; [Bitcoin: a Peer-Peer Electronic Cash system](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/bitcoin/). In this paper, Satoshi proposed a design of a system for a digital currency that would solve the [double spend problem](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cOc7V64HUDQ) and would allow for peer-to-peer electronic transactions without the requirement of a central authority. This system became known to what is considered to be the “bitcoin-blockchain” and would pave the way for, as some call it; the “blockchain revolution” (Tapscott, D. and Tapscott, A. 2016). [This infographic created by gem.co](https://gem.co/blockchain-timeline/), depicts the development of blockchain technology since the inception of bitcoin. ## Understanding the blockchain Since blockchain technology is fairly new, there exist no concrete decided upon definition for it. In his book, the Business Blockchain, Mougayar, W. defines the blockchain in the following contexts: Context | Definition --|---| **Technological** | The blockchain is a Back-end database that openly maintains a distributed ledger **Business** | The blockchain is an exchange network for the movement of value between peers **Legal** | The blockchain is a transaction validation mechanism that does not require intermediary assistance Taking all the three contexts into account, the blockchain can be more generally defined as follows: _The blockchain is a distributed network of computers (nodes) that maintain a decentralized (public) database/ledger, in which a historical record of transactions (i.e. valuable data) is timestamped and structured through a mathematical consensus algorithm that utilizes cryptographic security and public key infrastructure to authenticate, validate and transmit data thus establishing trust without the requirement of an intermediary._ This definition is a mouthful and difficult to understand when reading it for the first time. However, the definition can be broken into chunks that are easier to comprehend. Essentially the blockchain is comprised of the following elements: 1. Distributed ledger technology 2. cryptographic security 3. public key infrastructure 4. value transfer ### Distributed ledger technology First of all, a distributed ledger can be seen as a digital file on which data can be recorded (kind of like how data is recorded on a registry or a database) that is replicated and shared (distributed) across a network of interconnected computers or servers which are geographically spread out. Next, essentially a blockchain ledger is immutable, meaning that it’s record history cannot be changed or tampered with, the ledger can only be updated moving forward. When the ledger is updated on one of the computers in the network, the data is replicated on all other computers in the network. Ledgers on distributed systems are different then ledgers on centralized or decentralized systems. Also, when looking at centralized or decentralized computer networks there is the notion of clients and servers. The server acts like the information hub, so all of the information is stored on the server which is then fed to the client (often a desktop or browser) upon request. Kind of like in a restaurant, the client orders something and the server then provides the client with his order. In a distributed network, the client and the server are one. Going back to the restaurant analogy, the client is now able to order and serve his own food and the same applies for the server. Having understood this basic concept it becomes a bit easier to understand the difference between a centralized or decentralized computer network and distributed one. Furthermore, distributed systems have multiple points of access in general do not require a central administrator for access as is in the case of centralized and/or decentralized systems (see figure 1.). Also, distributed systems are more resilient towards system failures and attacks compared to the latter systems since, the computers in network are interconnected. Therefore, if one computer fails, information can still be transferred to all other computers. Also, in case a computer or server is hacked, the hacked computer can be blocked out of the network, thus leaving the other computers practically unharmed. ![image-1.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQn9ioExkVvm7qgusmiJ3jk8aH1AB5xHNkW8rME5ZJv8n/image-1.png) ###### Figure 1: comparison of a distributed ledger with other centralized and decentralized ledger ([Innovalue, 2015](https://emergingpayments.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Blockchain-in-Financial-Services-Q3-2015-INNOVALUE-Locke-Lord.pdf)) What is also important to mention is that there exist two types of distributed system in the blockhain sphere namely: a permissioned (private) blockchain or a permissionless (public) blokchain. In a permissionless blockchain anyone can become part of the network and take part in the maintenance of the ledger e.x. the blockchain of bitcoin and ethereum are essentially permissionless. On the other hand, in permissioned blockchain, the network consist of a few “trusted” parties that are allowed to maintain the ledger, i.o.w if a person wants to join the network and take part in the maintenance of the ledger, they will need to get permission from the owners of the network. Ripple for example, is blockchain company that utilizes a permissioned ledger. This [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNhpm9NMVXs) also explains what a distributed ledger looks like. ### Cryptography science If one thinks about sending money from one point to the other or store it, one generally would want this to happen in a secure way. Normally the a bank is authorized as a trusted institution that makes sure that the money is transacted in a secure way by being the one that verifies transactions by checking whether the transaction is authentic and valid. It also provides for a safe space to store your wealth (e.g. a heavily guarded vault or server). Conversely, a blockchain utilizes cryptography science to create security, validity, authenticity and veracity. In general a blockchain applies cryptography science in the following ways: #### cryptographic hashing [cryptographic hashing](https://youtu.be/0WiTaBI82Mc) is an encryption method in which a [cryptographic hash function](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function) - this is a deterministic mathematical function, that given a certain input, will always produce the same output – is used to convert any type of arbitrary data input (e.g. video, audio or text) into a fixed-size alphanumeric string, which is commonly referred to as a “digest” or “hash value” (see fig 2). Hashing functions can be used to create a so called “digital fingerprint” which can be used for verifying information and creating digital signatures. ![Selection_059.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUkmB5KE3uEYpU1wT4Gtjb9rvPBCX9bGQiseHcdvzbHzJ/Selection_059.png) ##### Figure 2: simplified illustration of cryptographic hashing The encrypted data can only be decrypted by the hash value by using it as an input in the reversed version of the hash function. An example of a hash function is the SHA256 – created by the American National Intelligence agency, SHA stands for security hashing algorithm and the number 256 refers bit size digest string –, which is used in the bitcoin blockchain. figure 3 shows how data can be encrypted using the SHA256, you can replicate the values yourself using [this online calculator](https://md5hashing.net/hash/sha256). As can be observed from the figure, changing the t to a capital T in the input, produces a digest that is completely unrecognizable when compared to the output produced from the initial input. ![image-2.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVBWXYPY1A766SG5aTB6sU4AKQfMRcASrejLJxvLbdpLF/image-2.png) ##### Figure 3: Hashing with the SHA256 #### public key infrastructure The public key infrastructure PKI of the blockchain refers to the public addresses and private keys that are assigned to the digital wallets used on the blockchain. A public key, serves as the address of a particular wallet and is used to encrypt (sign) transactions that can only be decrypted by the owner of the private key. To conceptualize this idea consider the following analogy as proposed by Mougayar, W.; _“It’s a bit like your home address. You can publish your home address publicly, but that does not give any information about what your home looks like on the inside. You’ll need your private key to enter your private home, and since you have claimed that address as yours, no one else can claim a similar address as being theirs”._ #### digital signatures A digital signature is referred to as a mathematical computation, that is used to authenticate a message. It is like the signature you put on a document as proof that is was actually you that signed the document. In the case of the blockchain, your private key is used to sign a message and produce a digital signature. This digital signature can be used by anyone, in order to verify that the message is sent by you, without actually revealing your private key. The mathematical process is further explained in [this video](https://youtu.be/Aq3a-_O2NcI). ### Value transfer Another important element of the blockchain is the actual transference of value. Value transfer on the blockchain happens peer-to-peer via the blockchain, which means that instead of using a middleman (e.g. bank), the transfer happens through the blockchain (see fig 4). The following steps can be considered in the process of transferring value. 1. Initiation of transaction – a sender will initiate a transaction by providing the public address he/she wants to send funds to. 2. Input value – the amount (e.x. 5 euro) is entered as an input 3. sign transaction – the transaction (message) is signed using the private key and the digital signature is broad-casted to the network so that it can be verified and validated 4. validation – the transaction gets verified and validated by the blockchain network (note, this is where the consensus mechanism kicks in) 5. the balance is updated ![image-3.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmeaoRrCT96vTPBdCxa7jdBfncFK9TeCddW8PSJYm9J1Pa/image-3.png) ##### Figure 4: Conventional value transfer vs value transfer via the blockchain ([Mougayar, M., 2016](https://www.amazon.com/Business-Blockchain-Practice-Application-Technology/dp/1119300312/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1507644530&sr=1-1&keywords=the+business+blockchain)) Verified and validated transactions are bundled into “blocks” of an agreed upon size (e.x. 1 mb), these blocks are then hashed and stored on the public ledger and structured in such a way that they resemble a unique chain of blocks in which each successive block contains the hash of the previous blocks (see figure 5). The key mechanism that drives this sequence of processes is called a mathematical consensus mechanism (algorithm). ![image-4.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmawU9rgykLjgngqYy68kG1o1Ee8HdUcjFGYYnkUJje1Rq/image-4.png) ##### Figure 5: Chain of hashed blocks on the blockchain ([Mazonka, O. 2016](jrxv.net/x/16/blockchain-gentle-introduction.pdf)) A mathematical consensus mechanism is a set of rules that are programmed into the blockchain infrastructure which allow for the achievement of consensus (agreement) on the state of the public ledger (e.g. this comes down to the length of the blockchain). The enforcement of these rules is all automated because they are essentially programmed software code. Furthermore, the concensus mechanism differs depending of the blockchain for example, bitcoin uses proof of work (POW) to achieve consensus, while ethereum uses proof of stake (POS). Because consensus mechanisms are complex processes that can be quite difficult to understand. These will be covered in depth in the upcoming articles on the different companies that utilize blockchain technology, so keep an eye out for those. ## Value creation on the blockchain An Internet/blockchain stack is generally comprised of a protocol layer, think of HTTP or TCP/IP, and an applications layer. The protocol layer refers to the infrastructure that is required in order to run the applications (software programs, web apps, wallets etc.). Value is captured differently on a blockchain application stack than it is on a traditional Internet application stack (see fig). On an Internet stack, the value is mostly represented by the data that is acquired through the use of applications built on top of the protocol (data) layer. Furthermore, individual applications control access to the data layer. Because of the way a traditional Internet application stack captures value, it is also considered to be a so called “thin” protocol with “fat” applications (e.x. google, facebook, youtube etc.) ![image-5.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUowNbgy3zRxtApKUY2uKjgoQt6ifqKWM4EEL2BcpHeUN/image-5.png) ##### Figure 6: [Blockchain application stack vs Internet application stack](http://www.usv.com/blog/fat-protocols) On a blockchain application stack most of the value is captured by the shared data layer (protocol) – think of the distributed ledger – which is represented by cryptographic “access” tokens (e.x. bitcoin tokens) that have some speculative value. The applications layer represents the web apps, exchanges, wallets etc. built on top of the protocol. This form of value representation is regarded as a so called “fat” protocol and “thin” applications. Furthermore, the total market cap of the network itself (the shared data layer) always grows faster than the combined value of the applications on built top of it (exchanges, wallets etc.). This is the result of the positive feedback loop that occurs; first the token increases in value, this then draws in early adopters consisting of speculators, developers and entrepreneurs who then buy a stake of the protocol, because these early adopters are now financially invested in the success of the protocols they start to build applications on top of the protocol, this drive the token price up hence, restarting and continuing the cycle. In a traditional internet application stack, the total value is consolidated into one single point, often enough a single application that is owned by one individual or company. A blockchain application stack changes this into a situation where value is now distributed amongst multiple stakeholder of the protocol. ## Innovation on the blockchain Smart contracts have gained popularity in recent years. Eventhough the concept has existed for at least 2 decades, it could not be applied because the technical infrastructure did not exist. However, the trustless – meaning that there is no need for a third party to provide trust – environment that blockchain technology provides, has made it possible to run smart contracts. Blockchain’s like thos of Ethereum and NEO are built to especially run smart contracts. So what is a smart contract ? Nick Zsabo was the first person to [conceptualize this Idea in 1996](http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/Courses/InformationInSpeech/CDROM/Literature/LOTwinterschool2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/smart_contracts_2.html) and he defined it as follows: _“A smart contract is a set of promises, specified in digital form, including protocols within which the parties perform on these promises”_ Essentially, what a smart contract comes down to is a set of programmed conditions, that once they are met, trigger a certain action to occur. An analogy to consider is that of a coffee vending machine; once a certain amount of money is inserted in the machine and a button is pressed for black coffee, a cup comes out of the machine and fresh hot coffee is poured into it. [This video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hm4Eym4N0_Q) gives a simple non technical explanation of what a smart contract is. What makes smart contracts interesting is that contractual agreements – which in generally are hard to manage, prone to errors and prone to fraud – can be transformed into automatically executable code. Think of when buying, renting or leasing a house, all of the agreements e.x. rent, mortgage payments, transference of ownership etc. can be coded into a smart contract and interacted with through a blockchain. Once the agreements are recorded on the blockchain they cannot be changed since the ledger is immutable. Furthermore, so called “decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) ” can be created through the application of smart contracts. A DAO is an organization in which stakeholder management is automated. A smart contract or set of smart contracts can function as an escrow thus automating business administration. Smart contracts show much promise for creating new industries and new forms of businesses in the near future. However, the technology itself is still young and needs to develop for a few more years before it’s full potential can be experienced. But regardless of this fact there are already multiple applications for smart contracts that already exist: digix.io, the DAO, multiple initial coin offerings and many more. Also, there are several use cases that exists, one of these use cases is portrayed figure 7. Furthermore, the Chamber of Digital Commerce has listed a number of use cases for the blockchain integrated smart contracts, which include but are not limited to the following sectors: Digital identity securities Trade and finance Derivatives Financial and data recording Mortgages Land and Title recording Supply chain Insurance (health, auto, etc.) Clinical Trials Cancer Research ![image-6.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYMVsBR3obse6yNM4Jo4h9r1LCT3ZXuMJYKPCzHjgDoiw/image-6.png) ##### Figure 7: use case smart contracts for digital identity ([Chamber of digital commerce, 2016](https://digitalchamber.org/smart-contracts/)) ## Challenges for the blockchain Even though the blockchain has brought with it many positive changes in the way we transact and value money and is on a path to drastically transforming the way we do everyday business, there are some challenges that need to be considered, these include: Regulation – currently there exist little to no regulation for blockchain tech, this is because many governments do not understand the technology and it’s impact yet. However, some countries like China, Russia and to some degree, the United States of America, are taking steps to regulate the technology. This will allow for some authenticity of the tech and lead the way to mass adoption Scalability – As more and more people are starting to use blockchain related technologies like for example bitcoin or ethereum the network will need to scale up in order to provide better service. To give you an idea, there are only around [17 million](https://blockchain.info/charts/my-wallet-n-users) wallets currently on the bitcoin network, [the transaction rate is around 7 transactions per second (tps). Compare this to VISA or Paypal, which handles around 4000 tps and 115 tps respectively, while covering far more users than bitcoin](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability), it becomes obvious that scalability is going to be a challenge. However, the technology is still young and there is a lot of room for further development. Integration – the integration of blockchain’s (distributed) technology infrastructure into businesses that are function on a centralized model is [proving](https://www.cnbc.com/2016/02/29/the-challenges-of-using-blockchain-technology.html) to be a hurdle. One reason is that the technology is fairly new, the infrastructure on which the technology is build upon is in a lot of cases completely different than the infrastructure used by the company that wants to integrate. Another thing, there also is a steep learning curve associated with understanding the technical concepts that underline the technology, especially for new comers. Costs & speed – currently it takes around 10 to 30 minutes for a transaction (any type of transaction, incl. international) on the bitcoin network to be completed. Next to that, the average fee for a bitcoin transaction has also seen an increase in the last couple of months, currently the average fee is around $ 4,35 (this is because of congestion on the network. Compare this to the transaction speed of from a typical bank (which can last up to days or weeks) with fees that very dramatically with the type of bank transaction ([generally 3%](https://www.valuepenguin.com/credit-card-foreign-transaction-fees)). Nevertheless, it is still cheaper and more efficient to transact with bitcoin. Also, fees will decrease and transaction speed will increase as new scaling methods are developed and applied. ## The importance of blockchain technology After all this talk about the blockchain, where it comes from and what it is, some readers are probably wondering, why is it important at all to notice or engage in blockchain and how can it benefit me. Ofcourse this question of why blockchain technology is so important completely depends on the use case. By looking at the flaws most of our existing social- and economic institutions bring with in terms of trust, privacy or security, we can get good picture of why blockchain technology is important. Some real world examples of these flaws include: violation of trust through e.x. [funding of wars by banks](http://www.washingtonsblog.com/2014/04/wars-bankers-wars.html), [violation of privacy through mass surveillance](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-nsa-wikipedia/nsa-sued-by-wikimedia-rights-groups-over-mass-surveillance-idUSKBN0M60YA20150310), [the incompetence in data security](http://www.ocregister.com/2017/05/26/molina-healthcare-top-obamacare-insurer-investigates-data-breach/) and many other examples. In fact the examples of flaws are so many that one could write an encyclopedia about them. In [this](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuoE5CXlIdY&t=9s) interview, Anreas Antonopoulos explains vividly why blockchain technology is so imporant. A more neutral perspective on the benefits of blockchain technology are noted by Mougayar W., in his book; the bussiness blockchain. The benefits of blockchain technology can be listed as follows: Cost saving – direct or indirect speed – reduction of time delays transparency – more visibility of what is truth full information and what is not better privacy – cryptographic science applied to data management, provides for great privacy lower risk – the resiliency of the distributed peer-to-peer network allows for more security as failures occur and time progresses, because the network can learn from failures, adapt and prepare for future potential impacts access – on a permission less ledger, anyone can have access to the system, regardless of gender, ethnicity or economic status productivity – more work output efficiency – faster processing or reporting quality – less errors more satisfaction Outcomes – profits and growth ## future developments for the blockchain It is no doubt that the blockchain is a revolutionary technology that will transform or [disrupt](https://www.digitaldoughnut.com/articles/2016/april/blockchain-is-the-most-disruptive-invention-since) centralized industries and institutions. As a matter of fact, the application of of blockchain technology is already being realized in the following industries: the banking industry, cyber-security, supply chain management, forecasting (through prediction markets), networking and the Internet of things, insurance, transport, cloud storage, charity, voting, government, healthcare, energy management, online music, retail, real estate, and crowd funding. However, the blockchain’s potential does not end here, in fact the blockchain can be applied in any industry in which a trusted intermediary plays a significant role. This video by future thinkers, explains very well how and what industries will be disrupted by blockchain technology. ## Summary The blockchain is a distributed ledger that utilizes cryptography to create a trusted environment for recording transactions. Using blockchain technology means that traditional trusted intermediaries are replaced by a network of computers, owned and controlled by a community of individuals rather than by one person, corporation or institution. The advent of smart contracts is leapfrogging the blockchain´s abillity to be adopted in any industry that requires a trusted third party. However, the technology is still young and it still has a few more years to go before it has matured to the point where it can be effectively utilized. Eventhough blockchain technology has shown to be a very useful application for currency, it faces some serious challenges in terms of regulation, scalability, integration and speed & costs. However, solutions will be found for these problems as the network grows and attracts more investors, developers and entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the very open-source nature of blockchain technology will open the doors to innovation and thus significantly lower the barrier for improvement. Blockchain is a revolutionary technology, it is the Internet evolving and it is here to stay. Many applications for blockchain have already been realised in industries which include government, healthcare, insurance and many more. It will only be a matter of time until we start to see the true potential of blockchain technology. ## References 1. [Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System | Satoshi Nakamoto Institute](https://nakamotoinstitute.org/bitcoin/) 2. [TAPSCOTT, Don and TAPSCOTT, Alex. Blockchain revolution : how the technology behind bitcoin is changing money, business, and the world. [2016]](https://www.amazon.com/Blockchain-Revolution-Technology-Changing-Business/dp/1101980133/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1507644368&sr=8-1&keywords=the+blockchain+revolution) 3. [MOUGAYAR, William. The business blockchain : promise, practice, and application of the next Internet technology. [2017].](https://www.amazon.com/Business-Blockchain-Practice-Application-Technology/dp/1119300312/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1507644530&sr=1-1&keywords=the+business+blockchain) 4. [MAZONKA, Oleg. Blockchain: Simple Explanation. [ 2016].](http://jrxv.net/x/16/blockchain-gentle-introduction.pdf) 5. [INNOVALUE. Blockchain and financial services industry snapshot and possible future developments. [2015].](https://emergingpayments.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Blockchain-in-Financial-Services-Q3-2015-INNOVALUE-Locke-Lord.pdf) 6. [SMART CONTRACTS ALLIANCE. Smart Contracts : 12 Use Cases for Business & Beyond. Chamber of Digital Commerce. [2016].](https://digitalchamber.org/smart-contracts/)
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Transaction InfoBlock #26240468/Trx 422990e35fea2a863d682a0c554c526863469da7
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      "parent_permlink": "bitcoin",
      "author": "cbn",
      "permlink": "a-short-introduction-into-blockcchain-technology",
      "title": "A Short introduction into blockcchain technology",
      "body": "It [seems](https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?q=bitcoin) Bitcoin has become very popular since its inception in 2009 and with this, a lot of [positive](https://www.coindesk.com/bull-signal-bitcoins-price-breaks-50-day-moving-average/) and [negative](https://www.coindesk.com/bridgewater-associates-head-says-bitcoin-bubble/) headlines are seeming to pop up on the news. Among the confusion and uncertainty, one thing is for sure, people are taking notice of bitcoin and some are [probably seriously considering to invest in it](https://www.businessinsider.nl/bitcoin-price-correlation-google-search-2017-9/?international=true&r=US). Taking this into account, understanding how cryptocurrencies work becomes imperative to make informed decisions for having succesful investments.\n\nTo understand bitcoin, one needs to understand the underlying technology that drives it, namely, the Blockchain. In the following paragraphs, we look at the driving mechanisms of the blockchain and convey possible implications of blockchain technology in our everyday lives.\n\n ## A brief history of the blockchain\nOctober of the year 2008, marked the day Satoshi Nakamoto (a pseudonym for an as of yet, unrecognized individual/group) released a whitepaper named; [Bitcoin: a Peer-Peer Electronic Cash system](http://nakamotoinstitute.org/bitcoin/). In this paper, Satoshi proposed a design of a system for a digital currency that would solve the [double spend problem](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cOc7V64HUDQ) and would allow for peer-to-peer electronic transactions without the requirement of a central authority. This system became known to what is considered to be the “bitcoin-blockchain” and would pave the way for, as some call it; the “blockchain revolution” (Tapscott, D. and Tapscott, A. 2016). [This infographic created by gem.co](https://gem.co/blockchain-timeline/), depicts the development of blockchain technology since the inception of bitcoin.\n\n## Understanding the blockchain\nSince blockchain technology is fairly new, there exist no concrete decided upon definition for it. In his book, the Business Blockchain, Mougayar, W. defines the blockchain in the following contexts:\n\nContext | Definition \n--|---|\n**Technological** | The blockchain is a Back-end database that openly maintains a distributed ledger\n**Business** | The blockchain is an exchange network for the movement of value between peers\n**Legal** | The blockchain is a transaction validation mechanism that does not require intermediary assistance\n\nTaking all the three contexts into account, the blockchain can be more generally defined as follows:\n\n_The blockchain is a distributed network of computers (nodes) that maintain a decentralized (public) database/ledger, in which a historical record of transactions (i.e. valuable data) is timestamped and structured through a mathematical consensus algorithm that utilizes cryptographic security and public  key infrastructure to authenticate, validate and transmit data thus establishing trust without the requirement of an intermediary._\n\nThis definition is a mouthful and difficult to understand when reading it for the first time. However, the definition can be broken into chunks that are easier to comprehend. Essentially the blockchain is comprised of the following elements:\n\n1. Distributed ledger technology\n2. cryptographic security\n3. public key infrastructure\n4. value transfer\n\n### Distributed ledger technology\nFirst of all, a distributed ledger can be seen as a digital file on which data can be recorded (kind of like how data is recorded on a registry or a database) that is replicated and shared (distributed) across a network of interconnected computers or servers which are geographically spread out. \n\nNext, essentially a blockchain ledger is immutable, meaning that it’s record history cannot be changed or tampered with, the ledger can only be updated moving forward. When the ledger is updated on one of the computers in the network, the data is replicated on all other computers in the network. Ledgers on distributed systems are different then ledgers on centralized or decentralized systems.\n\nAlso, when looking at centralized or decentralized computer networks there is the notion of clients and servers. The server acts like the information hub, so all of the information is stored on the server which is then fed to the client (often a desktop or browser) upon request. Kind of like in a restaurant, the client orders something and the server then provides the client with his order. In a distributed network, the client and the server are one. Going back to the restaurant analogy, the client is now able to order and serve his own food and the same applies for the server. Having understood this basic concept it becomes  a bit easier to understand the difference between a centralized or decentralized  computer network and distributed one. \n\nFurthermore, distributed systems have multiple points of access in general do not require a central administrator for access as is in the case of centralized and/or decentralized systems (see figure 1.). Also, distributed systems are more resilient towards system failures and attacks compared to the latter systems since, the computers in network are interconnected. Therefore, if one computer fails, information can still be transferred to all other computers. Also, in case a computer or server is hacked, the hacked computer can  be blocked out of the network, thus leaving the other computers practically unharmed.\n\n\n![image-1.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQn9ioExkVvm7qgusmiJ3jk8aH1AB5xHNkW8rME5ZJv8n/image-1.png)\n###### Figure 1: comparison of a distributed ledger with other centralized and decentralized ledger ([Innovalue, 2015](https://emergingpayments.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Blockchain-in-Financial-Services-Q3-2015-INNOVALUE-Locke-Lord.pdf))\n\nWhat is also important to mention is that there exist two types of distributed system in the blockhain sphere namely: a permissioned (private) blockchain or a permissionless (public) blokchain. In a permissionless blockchain anyone can become part of the network and take part in the maintenance of the ledger e.x. the blockchain of bitcoin and ethereum are essentially permissionless. \n\nOn the other hand, in permissioned blockchain, the network consist of a few “trusted” parties that are allowed to maintain the ledger, i.o.w if a person wants to join the network and take part in the maintenance of the ledger, they will need to get permission from the owners of the network. Ripple for example, is blockchain company that utilizes a permissioned ledger. This [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNhpm9NMVXs) also explains what a distributed ledger looks like.\n\n### Cryptography science\nIf one thinks about sending money from one point to the other or store it, one generally would want this to happen in a secure way. Normally the a bank is authorized as a trusted institution that makes sure that the money is transacted in a secure way by being the one that verifies transactions by checking whether the transaction is authentic and valid. It also provides for a safe space to store your wealth (e.g. a heavily guarded vault or server). Conversely, a blockchain utilizes cryptography science to create security, validity, authenticity and veracity. In general a blockchain applies cryptography science in the following ways:\n\n#### cryptographic hashing\n[cryptographic hashing](https://youtu.be/0WiTaBI82Mc) is an encryption method in which a [cryptographic hash function](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function)  - this is a deterministic mathematical function, that given a certain input, will always produce the same output – is used to convert any type of arbitrary data input (e.g. video, audio or text) into a fixed-size alphanumeric string, which is commonly referred to as a “digest” or “hash value” (see fig 2). Hashing functions can be used to create a so called “digital fingerprint” which can be used for verifying information and creating digital signatures.\n\n![Selection_059.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUkmB5KE3uEYpU1wT4Gtjb9rvPBCX9bGQiseHcdvzbHzJ/Selection_059.png)\n##### Figure 2: simplified illustration of cryptographic hashing\n\nThe encrypted data can only be decrypted by the hash value by using it as an input in the reversed version of the hash function. An example of a hash function is the SHA256 – created by the American National Intelligence agency, SHA stands for security hashing algorithm and the number 256 refers bit size digest string –, which is used in the bitcoin blockchain. figure 3 shows how data can be encrypted using the SHA256, you can replicate the values yourself using [this online calculator](https://md5hashing.net/hash/sha256). As can be observed from the figure, changing the t to a capital T in the input, produces a digest that is completely unrecognizable when compared to the output produced from the initial input.\n\n![image-2.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVBWXYPY1A766SG5aTB6sU4AKQfMRcASrejLJxvLbdpLF/image-2.png)\n##### Figure 3: Hashing with the SHA256\n\n#### public key infrastructure\nThe public key infrastructure PKI of the blockchain refers to the public addresses and private keys that are assigned to the digital wallets used on the blockchain. A public key, serves as the address of a particular wallet and is used to encrypt (sign) transactions that can only be decrypted by the owner of the private key. To conceptualize this idea consider the following analogy as proposed by Mougayar, W.; \n\n_“It’s a bit like your home address. You can publish your home address publicly, but that does not give any information about what your home looks like on the inside. You’ll need your private key to enter your private home, and since you have claimed that address as yours, no one else can claim a similar address as being theirs”._ \n\n#### digital signatures\nA digital signature is referred to as a mathematical computation, that is used to authenticate a message. It is like the signature you put on a document as proof that is was actually you that signed the document. In the case of the blockchain, your private key is used to sign a message and produce a digital signature. This digital signature can be used by anyone, in order to verify that the message is sent by you, without actually revealing your private key. The mathematical process is further explained in [this video](https://youtu.be/Aq3a-_O2NcI).\n\n### Value transfer\nAnother important element of the blockchain is the actual transference of value. Value transfer on the blockchain happens peer-to-peer via the blockchain, which means that instead of using a middleman (e.g. bank), the transfer happens through the blockchain (see fig 4). The following steps can be considered in the process of transferring value. \n\n1. Initiation of transaction – a sender will initiate a transaction by providing the public address he/she wants to send funds to.\n2. Input value – the amount (e.x. 5 euro) is entered as an input\n3. sign transaction – the transaction (message) is signed using the private key and the digital signature is broad-casted to the network so that it can be verified and validated\n4. validation – the transaction gets verified and validated by the blockchain network (note, this is where the consensus mechanism kicks in)\n5. the balance is updated\n\n![image-3.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmeaoRrCT96vTPBdCxa7jdBfncFK9TeCddW8PSJYm9J1Pa/image-3.png)\n##### Figure 4: Conventional value transfer vs value transfer via the blockchain ([Mougayar, M., 2016](https://www.amazon.com/Business-Blockchain-Practice-Application-Technology/dp/1119300312/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1507644530&sr=1-1&keywords=the+business+blockchain))\n\nVerified and validated transactions are bundled into “blocks” of an agreed upon size (e.x. 1 mb), these blocks are then hashed and stored on the public ledger and structured in such a way that they resemble a unique chain of blocks in which each successive block contains the hash of the previous blocks (see figure 5). The key mechanism that drives this sequence of processes is called a mathematical consensus mechanism (algorithm).\n\n![image-4.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmawU9rgykLjgngqYy68kG1o1Ee8HdUcjFGYYnkUJje1Rq/image-4.png)\n##### Figure 5: Chain of hashed blocks on the blockchain ([Mazonka, O. 2016](jrxv.net/x/16/blockchain-gentle-introduction.pdf))\n\nA mathematical consensus mechanism is a set of rules that are programmed into the blockchain infrastructure which allow for the achievement of consensus (agreement) on the state of the public ledger (e.g. this comes down to the length of the blockchain). The enforcement of these rules is all automated because they are essentially programmed software code. Furthermore, the concensus mechanism differs depending of the blockchain for example, bitcoin uses proof of work (POW) to achieve consensus, while ethereum uses proof of stake (POS).\n\nBecause consensus mechanisms are complex processes that can be quite difficult to understand. These will be covered in depth in the upcoming articles on the different companies that utilize blockchain technology, so keep an eye out for those.\n\n## Value creation on the blockchain\nAn Internet/blockchain stack is generally comprised of a protocol layer, think of HTTP or TCP/IP, and an applications layer. The protocol layer refers to the infrastructure that is required in order to run the applications (software programs, web apps, wallets etc.). \n\nValue is captured differently on a blockchain application stack than it is on a traditional Internet application stack (see fig). On an Internet stack, the value is mostly represented by the data that is acquired through the use of applications built on top of the protocol (data) layer. Furthermore, individual applications control access to the data layer. Because of the way a traditional Internet application stack captures value, it is also considered to be a so called “thin” protocol with “fat” applications (e.x. google, facebook, youtube etc.)\n\n![image-5.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUowNbgy3zRxtApKUY2uKjgoQt6ifqKWM4EEL2BcpHeUN/image-5.png)\n\n##### Figure 6: [Blockchain application stack vs Internet application stack](http://www.usv.com/blog/fat-protocols)\n\nOn a blockchain application stack most of the value is captured by the shared data layer (protocol) – think of the distributed ledger – which is represented by cryptographic “access” tokens (e.x. bitcoin tokens) that have some speculative value. The applications layer represents the web apps, exchanges, wallets etc. built on top of the protocol. This form of value representation is regarded as a so called “fat” protocol and “thin” applications. Furthermore, the total market cap of the network itself (the shared data layer) always grows faster than the combined value of the applications on built top of it (exchanges, wallets etc.). This is the result of the positive feedback loop that occurs; first the token increases in value, this then draws in early adopters consisting of speculators, developers and entrepreneurs who then buy a stake of the protocol, because these early adopters are now financially invested in the success of the protocols they start to build applications on top of the protocol, this drive the token price up hence, restarting and continuing the cycle.\n\nIn a traditional internet application stack, the total value is consolidated into one single point, often enough a single application that is owned by one individual or company. A blockchain application stack changes this into a situation where value is now distributed amongst multiple stakeholder of the protocol.\n\n## Innovation on the blockchain\nSmart contracts have gained popularity in recent years. Eventhough the concept has existed for at least 2 decades, it  could not be applied because the technical infrastructure did not exist. However, the trustless – meaning that there is no need for a third party to provide trust – environment that blockchain technology provides, has made it possible to run smart contracts. Blockchain’s like thos of Ethereum and NEO are built to especially run smart contracts. \n\nSo what is a smart contract ? Nick Zsabo was the first person to [conceptualize this Idea in 1996](http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/Courses/InformationInSpeech/CDROM/Literature/LOTwinterschool2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/smart_contracts_2.html) and he defined it as follows: \n\n_“A smart contract is a set of promises, specified in digital form, including protocols within which the parties perform on these promises”_\n\nEssentially, what a smart contract comes down to is a set of programmed conditions, that once they are met, trigger a certain action to occur. An analogy  to consider is that of a coffee vending machine; once a certain amount of money is inserted in the machine and a button is pressed for black coffee, a cup comes out of the machine and fresh hot coffee is poured into it. [This video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hm4Eym4N0_Q) gives a simple non technical explanation of what a smart contract is.\n\nWhat makes smart contracts interesting is that contractual agreements – which in generally are hard to manage, prone to errors and prone to fraud – can be transformed into automatically executable code. Think of when buying, renting or leasing a house, all of the agreements e.x. rent, mortgage payments, transference of ownership etc. can be coded into a smart contract and interacted with through a blockchain. Once the agreements are recorded  on the blockchain they cannot be changed since the ledger is immutable. \n\nFurthermore, so called “decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) ” can be created through the application of smart contracts. A DAO is an organization in which stakeholder management is automated. A smart contract or set of smart contracts can function as an escrow thus automating business administration.  \n\nSmart contracts show much promise for creating new industries and new forms of businesses in the near future. However, the technology itself is still young and needs to develop for a few more years before it’s full potential can be experienced. But regardless of this fact there are already multiple applications for smart contracts that already exist: digix.io, the DAO, multiple initial coin offerings and many more. Also, there are several use cases that exists, one of these use cases is portrayed figure 7. Furthermore, the Chamber of Digital Commerce has listed a number of use cases for the blockchain integrated smart contracts, which include but are not limited to the following sectors:\n\nDigital identity\nsecurities\nTrade and finance\nDerivatives\nFinancial and data recording\nMortgages\nLand and Title recording\nSupply chain\nInsurance (health, auto, etc.)\nClinical Trials\nCancer Research\n\n![image-6.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYMVsBR3obse6yNM4Jo4h9r1LCT3ZXuMJYKPCzHjgDoiw/image-6.png)\n\n\n##### Figure 7: use case smart contracts for digital identity ([Chamber of digital commerce, 2016](https://digitalchamber.org/smart-contracts/))\n\n\n## Challenges for the blockchain\nEven though the blockchain has brought with it many positive changes in the way we transact and value money and is on a path to drastically transforming the way we do everyday business, there are some challenges that need to be considered, these include:\n\nRegulation – currently there exist little to no regulation for blockchain tech, this is because many governments do not understand the technology and it’s impact yet. However, some countries like China, Russia and to some degree, the United States of America, are taking steps to regulate the technology. This will allow for some authenticity of the tech and lead the way to mass adoption\nScalability – As more and more people are starting to use blockchain related technologies like for example bitcoin or ethereum the network will need to scale up in order to provide better service. To give you an idea, there are only around [17 million](https://blockchain.info/charts/my-wallet-n-users) wallets currently on the bitcoin network, [the transaction rate is around 7 transactions per second (tps). Compare this to VISA or Paypal, which handles around 4000 tps and 115 tps respectively, while covering far more users than bitcoin](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Scalability), it becomes obvious  that scalability is going to be a challenge. However, the technology is still young and there is a lot of room for further development.\nIntegration – the integration of blockchain’s (distributed) technology infrastructure into businesses that are function on a centralized model is  [proving](https://www.cnbc.com/2016/02/29/the-challenges-of-using-blockchain-technology.html) to be a hurdle. One reason is that the technology is fairly new, the infrastructure on which the technology is build upon is in a lot of cases completely different than the infrastructure used by the company that wants to integrate. Another thing, there also is a steep learning curve associated with understanding the technical concepts that underline the technology, especially for new comers.\nCosts & speed – currently it takes around 10 to 30 minutes for a transaction (any type of transaction, incl. international) on the bitcoin network to be completed. Next to that, the average fee for a bitcoin transaction has also seen an increase in the last couple of months, currently the average fee is around $ 4,35 (this is because of congestion on the network. Compare this to the transaction speed of from a typical bank (which can last up to days or weeks) with fees that very dramatically with the type of bank transaction ([generally 3%](https://www.valuepenguin.com/credit-card-foreign-transaction-fees)). Nevertheless, it is still cheaper and more efficient to transact with bitcoin. Also, fees will decrease and transaction speed will increase as new scaling methods are developed and applied. \n\n\n## The importance of blockchain technology\nAfter all this talk about the blockchain, where it comes from and what it is, some readers are probably wondering, why is it important at all to notice or engage in blockchain and how can it benefit me. Ofcourse this question of why blockchain technology is so important completely depends on the use case. By looking at the flaws most of our existing social- and economic institutions bring with in terms of trust, privacy or security, we can get good picture of why blockchain technology is important. Some real world examples of these flaws include: violation of trust through e.x. [funding of wars by banks](http://www.washingtonsblog.com/2014/04/wars-bankers-wars.html), [violation of privacy through mass surveillance](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-nsa-wikipedia/nsa-sued-by-wikimedia-rights-groups-over-mass-surveillance-idUSKBN0M60YA20150310), [the incompetence in data security](http://www.ocregister.com/2017/05/26/molina-healthcare-top-obamacare-insurer-investigates-data-breach/) and many other examples. In fact the examples of flaws are so many that one could write an encyclopedia about them. In [this](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuoE5CXlIdY&t=9s) interview, Anreas Antonopoulos explains vividly  why blockchain technology is so imporant. \n\nA more neutral perspective on the benefits of blockchain technology are noted by Mougayar W., in his book; the bussiness blockchain. The benefits of blockchain technology can be listed as follows:\n\nCost saving – direct or indirect\nspeed – reduction of time delays\ntransparency – more visibility of what is truth full information and what is not \nbetter privacy – cryptographic science applied to data management, provides for great privacy\nlower risk – the resiliency of the distributed peer-to-peer network allows for more security as failures occur and time progresses, because the network can learn from failures, adapt and prepare for future potential impacts\naccess – on a permission less ledger, anyone can have access to the system, regardless of gender, ethnicity or economic status\nproductivity – more work output\nefficiency – faster processing or reporting\nquality – less errors more satisfaction\nOutcomes – profits and growth\n\n## future developments for the blockchain\nIt is no doubt that the blockchain is a revolutionary technology that will transform or [disrupt](https://www.digitaldoughnut.com/articles/2016/april/blockchain-is-the-most-disruptive-invention-since) centralized industries and institutions. As a matter of fact, the application of of blockchain technology is already being realized in the following industries: the banking industry, cyber-security, supply chain management, forecasting (through prediction markets), networking and the Internet of things, insurance, transport, cloud storage, charity, voting, government, healthcare, energy management, online music, retail, real estate, and crowd funding. However, the blockchain’s potential does not end here, in fact the blockchain can be applied in any industry  in which a trusted intermediary plays a significant role. This video by future thinkers, explains very well how and what industries will be disrupted by blockchain technology. \n\n\n## Summary\n\nThe blockchain is a distributed ledger that utilizes cryptography to create a trusted environment for recording transactions. Using blockchain technology means that traditional trusted intermediaries are replaced by a network of computers, owned and controlled by a community of individuals rather than by one person, corporation or institution.\n\nThe advent of smart contracts is leapfrogging the blockchain´s abillity to be adopted in any industry that requires a trusted third party. However, the technology is still young and it still has a few more years to go before it has matured to the point where it can be effectively utilized.\n\nEventhough blockchain technology has shown to be a very useful application for currency, it faces some serious challenges in terms of regulation, scalability, integration and speed & costs. However, solutions will be found for these problems as the network grows and attracts more investors, developers and entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the very open-source nature of blockchain technology will open the doors to innovation and thus significantly lower the barrier for improvement.\n\nBlockchain is a revolutionary technology, it is the Internet evolving and it is here to stay. Many applications for blockchain have already been realised in industries which include government, healthcare, insurance and many more. It will only be a matter of time until we start to see the true potential of blockchain technology.\n\n\n## References \n1. [Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System | Satoshi Nakamoto Institute](https://nakamotoinstitute.org/bitcoin/)\n2. [TAPSCOTT, Don and TAPSCOTT, Alex. Blockchain revolution : how the technology behind bitcoin is changing money, business, and the world. [2016]](https://www.amazon.com/Blockchain-Revolution-Technology-Changing-Business/dp/1101980133/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1507644368&sr=8-1&keywords=the+blockchain+revolution)\n3. [MOUGAYAR, William. The business blockchain : promise, practice, and application of the next Internet technology. [2017].](https://www.amazon.com/Business-Blockchain-Practice-Application-Technology/dp/1119300312/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1507644530&sr=1-1&keywords=the+business+blockchain)\n4. [MAZONKA, Oleg. Blockchain: Simple Explanation. [ 2016].](http://jrxv.net/x/16/blockchain-gentle-introduction.pdf)\n5. [INNOVALUE. Blockchain and financial services industry snapshot and possible future developments. [2015].](https://emergingpayments.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Blockchain-in-Financial-Services-Q3-2015-INNOVALUE-Locke-Lord.pdf)\n6. [SMART CONTRACTS ALLIANCE. Smart Contracts : 12 Use Cases for Business & Beyond. Chamber of Digital Commerce. [2016].](https://digitalchamber.org/smart-contracts/)",
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2018/09/18 05:51:21
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2018/09/16 15:26:12
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2018/09/15 17:17:57
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bodyCongratulations @cbn! You have completed the following achievement on the Steem blockchain and have been rewarded with new badge(s) : [![](https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/notifications/firstcommented.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@cbn) You got a First Reply [![](https://steemitimages.com/70x80/http://steemitboard.com/notifications/comments.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@cbn) Award for the number of comments <sub>_Click on the badge to view your Board of Honor._</sub> <sub>_If you no longer want to receive notifications, reply to this comment with the word_ `STOP`</sub> > Support [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)! **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!
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      "body": "Congratulations @cbn! You have completed the following achievement on the Steem blockchain and have been rewarded with new badge(s) :\n\n[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/notifications/firstcommented.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@cbn) You got a First Reply\n[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x80/http://steemitboard.com/notifications/comments.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@cbn) Award for the number of comments\n\n<sub>_Click on the badge to view your Board of Honor._</sub>\n<sub>_If you no longer want to receive notifications, reply to this comment with the word_ `STOP`</sub>\n\n\n\n> Support [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)! **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}"
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}
2018/09/15 16:27:33
voteramnadhillon0
authorcbn
permlinkre-steemladder-re-amnadhillon0-my-name-is-amandeep-singh-20180915t135802165z
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #25986269/Trx 2ec3b5c3650c29e2b5fdd5653c7f26fca8198196
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-09-15T16:27:33",
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "voter": "amnadhillon0",
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      "permlink": "re-steemladder-re-amnadhillon0-my-name-is-amandeep-singh-20180915t135802165z",
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2018/09/15 14:07:36
parent authorangire
parent permlinkin-steemit-life-is-more-tasty-introduction
authorcbn
permlinkre-angire-in-steemit-life-is-more-tasty-introduction-20180915t140735214z
title
bodyHi @angire, welcome to steemit enjoy the use of this awesome platform
json metadata{"tags":["introduceyourself"],"users":["angire"],"app":"steemit/0.1"}
Transaction InfoBlock #25983470/Trx a6026fc15901821c52bed0d1e1f936b6f7f6c8ed
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op": [
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      "permlink": "re-angire-in-steemit-life-is-more-tasty-introduction-20180915t140735214z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Hi @angire, welcome to steemit enjoy the use of this awesome platform",
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2018/09/15 14:07:00
votercbn
authorangire
permlinkin-steemit-life-is-more-tasty-introduction
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #25983458/Trx 847b3c5cd9283991d8e4082a35d0f393b2016847
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op": [
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      "permlink": "in-steemit-life-is-more-tasty-introduction",
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2018/09/15 14:04:09
parent authortravelsbyblue
parent permlinkhello-steemitverse-let-s-travel-together-introduceyourself
authorcbn
permlinkre-travelsbyblue-hello-steemitverse-let-s-travel-together-introduceyourself-20180915t140407510z
title
bodyHello @travelsbyblue welcome to steemit hope you have a great time using this platform
json metadata{"tags":["introduceyourself"],"users":["travelsbyblue"],"app":"steemit/0.1"}
Transaction InfoBlock #25983401/Trx 5e5871d3f5d4fbc99992ccfc6c88a5f42f100ab9
View Raw JSON Data
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  "op": [
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      "permlink": "re-travelsbyblue-hello-steemitverse-let-s-travel-together-introduceyourself-20180915t140407510z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Hello @travelsbyblue welcome to steemit hope you have a great time using this platform",
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}
2018/09/15 14:02:33
votercbn
authortravelsbyblue
permlinkhello-steemitverse-let-s-travel-together-introduceyourself
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #25983369/Trx 3438583ef589b90a73d7768e3a9c115a1801463e
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2018-09-15T14:02:33",
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "voter": "cbn",
      "author": "travelsbyblue",
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      "weight": 10000
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2018/09/15 13:58:03
parent authorsteemladder
parent permlinkre-amnadhillon0-my-name-is-amandeep-singh-20180915t122756077z
authorcbn
permlinkre-steemladder-re-amnadhillon0-my-name-is-amandeep-singh-20180915t135802165z
title
bodyhello @amnadhillon0 welcome to steemit! hope you will have a wonderfull time on this awesome platform
json metadata{"tags":["introduceyourself"],"users":["amnadhillon0"],"app":"steemit/0.1"}
Transaction InfoBlock #25983279/Trx ba862487817a51d43120d8c8c9c76448464d5a4e
View Raw JSON Data
{
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      "permlink": "re-steemladder-re-amnadhillon0-my-name-is-amandeep-singh-20180915t135802165z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "hello @amnadhillon0 welcome to steemit! hope you will have a wonderfull time on this awesome platform",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"introduceyourself\"],\"users\":[\"amnadhillon0\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\"}"
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}
2018/09/15 13:57:18
votercbn
authorsteemladder
permlinkre-amnadhillon0-my-name-is-amandeep-singh-20180915t122756077z
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #25983264/Trx b64a9b8375333ff2b79d27f80199a6208c81ad9b
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op": [
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      "weight": 10000
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}
2018/09/15 13:56:36
votercbn
authoraileenvlog
permlinklove-to-travel-staying-at-mandarin-oriental-geneva-685da3ba76b19
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #25983250/Trx 88d034198df0c49ab28279999c43461ca02dd6f6
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2018-09-15T13:56:36",
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "voter": "cbn",
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      "permlink": "love-to-travel-staying-at-mandarin-oriental-geneva-685da3ba76b19",
      "weight": 10000
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}
cbnfollowed @dtube
2018/09/15 13:53:12
required auths[]
required posting auths["cbn"]
idfollow
json["follow",{"follower":"cbn","following":"dtube","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction InfoBlock #25983182/Trx c175f4e59f3cd32386b140689a0fd49a99f9f2ec
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op": [
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    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
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      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"cbn\",\"following\":\"dtube\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}
2018/09/15 13:50:33
votercbn
authorcbn
permlinkre-rabiujaga-re-cbn-hello-world-20180512t054228003z
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #25983129/Trx 288755458d3248c4a69c6691a2bb5cc6863dd21b
View Raw JSON Data
{
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      "permlink": "re-rabiujaga-re-cbn-hello-world-20180512t054228003z",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ]
}
2018/09/15 13:50:33
votercbn
authorcbn
permlinkre-rosestar-re-cbn-hello-world-20180512t055125330z
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #25983129/Trx b2f3c7e2533bb1e913ea7ac5c748c8ecfc5d7f95
View Raw JSON Data
{
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      "permlink": "re-rosestar-re-cbn-hello-world-20180512t055125330z",
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}
2018/09/15 13:50:30
votercbn
authorcbn
permlinkre-cheneats-re-hello-world-20180511t183347-20180512t162143675z
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #25983128/Trx 1468dd122790d5aa14a9a0a573064b5451ab3b4e
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
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}
2018/09/15 13:50:30
votercbn
authorcbn
permlinkre-jmlucien-re-cbn-hello-world-20180512t163001971z
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #25983128/Trx 66be55e9caf8c972d83dec85f209eeef734de3c9
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op": [
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    {
      "voter": "cbn",
      "author": "cbn",
      "permlink": "re-jmlucien-re-cbn-hello-world-20180512t163001971z",
      "weight": 10000
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}
2018/09/15 13:50:30
votercbn
authorcbn
permlinkre-eric17-port-investment-crypto-caribbean-20180514t100411906z
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #25983128/Trx 5acc2012fa43a0814b7bea9e299a4077050f2565
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2018-09-15T13:50:30",
  "op": [
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    {
      "voter": "cbn",
      "author": "cbn",
      "permlink": "re-eric17-port-investment-crypto-caribbean-20180514t100411906z",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ]
}
2018/09/15 13:50:27
votercbn
authorcbn
permlinkre-kazumi-travel-vlog-tales-in-tobago-20180831t111410616z
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #25983127/Trx c0079c921ce290a48215796e807411acddaa8f9c
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-09-15T13:50:27",
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "voter": "cbn",
      "author": "cbn",
      "permlink": "re-kazumi-travel-vlog-tales-in-tobago-20180831t111410616z",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ]
}
2018/09/15 13:50:27
votercbn
authorcbn
permlinkre-phillipa-did-you-miss-me-20180831t113117086z
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #25983127/Trx ab69c49bfa20fe56962b5c27cfcd462150cbd913
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "ab69c49bfa20fe56962b5c27cfcd462150cbd913",
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  "timestamp": "2018-09-15T13:50:27",
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "voter": "cbn",
      "author": "cbn",
      "permlink": "re-phillipa-did-you-miss-me-20180831t113117086z",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 0.000 SP to @cbn
2018/09/14 02:12:18
delegatorsteem
delegateecbn
vesting shares0.000000 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #25940372/Trx 160dffea334cdb6232ca6ead791c37acff212da8
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "160dffea334cdb6232ca6ead791c37acff212da8",
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-09-14T02:12:18",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "cbn",
      "vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
cbnpowered up 51.392 STEEM to @cbn
2018/09/13 23:59:57
fromcbn
tocbn
amount51.392 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #25937726/Trx 708ba7c32315e88e605a87883b3cc35eb266b4c9
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "708ba7c32315e88e605a87883b3cc35eb266b4c9",
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-09-13T23:59:57",
  "op": [
    "transfer_to_vesting",
    {
      "from": "cbn",
      "to": "cbn",
      "amount": "51.392 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
binance-hotsent 41.402 STEEM to @cbn- "monaaay"
2018/09/13 23:29:00
frombinance-hot
tocbn
amount41.402 STEEM
memomonaaay
Transaction InfoBlock #25937108/Trx 809fa339429f7d72805cf9fdad3fdfb20e490665
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "809fa339429f7d72805cf9fdad3fdfb20e490665",
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-09-13T23:29:00",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "binance-hot",
      "to": "cbn",
      "amount": "41.402 STEEM",
      "memo": "monaaay"
    }
  ]
}
binance-hotsent 9.990 STEEM to @cbn- "100 USD binance"
2018/09/13 23:05:45
frombinance-hot
tocbn
amount9.990 STEEM
memo100 USD binance
Transaction InfoBlock #25936643/Trx f26a22e912cb3db5d5d6c2d7967027b154006d84
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "f26a22e912cb3db5d5d6c2d7967027b154006d84",
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  "trx_in_block": 23,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-09-13T23:05:45",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "binance-hot",
      "to": "cbn",
      "amount": "9.990 STEEM",
      "memo": "100 USD binance"
    }
  ]
}
cbnclaimed reward balance: 0.221 SBD, 0.099 SP
2018/09/13 22:49:42
accountcbn
reward steem0.000 STEEM
reward sbd0.221 SBD
reward vests160.737351 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #25936322/Trx c12ceed1d5c386f95aa875dd65fb672ed34c5fba
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "c12ceed1d5c386f95aa875dd65fb672ed34c5fba",
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-09-13T22:49:42",
  "op": [
    "claim_reward_balance",
    {
      "account": "cbn",
      "reward_steem": "0.000 STEEM",
      "reward_sbd": "0.221 SBD",
      "reward_vests": "160.737351 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
2018/09/13 22:38:36
votercbn
authorrassenguy
permlinkre-cbn-hello-world-20180728t104717353z
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #25936100/Trx 4283033896493ef08a2fe9a3242cfac4c9d02cbb
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-09-13T22:38:36",
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "voter": "cbn",
      "author": "rassenguy",
      "permlink": "re-cbn-hello-world-20180728t104717353z",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ]
}
2018/09/10 14:13:45
votercbn
authorexyle
permlinkspeeding-up-my-efforts-towards-my-goal-of-150k-with-fiat
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #25839635/Trx 28cc0cba3ea1b22827052141131b4985fefaaf86
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-09-10T14:13:45",
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "voter": "cbn",
      "author": "exyle",
      "permlink": "speeding-up-my-efforts-towards-my-goal-of-150k-with-fiat",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ]
}
2018/09/01 14:57:21
required auths[]
required posting auths["cbn"]
idfollow
json["follow",{"follower":"cbn","following":"artzanolino","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction InfoBlock #25581440/Trx 171fbb459f15aa8337d29170fdbe7015b4039d7f
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2018-09-01T14:57:21",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "cbn"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"cbn\",\"following\":\"artzanolino\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}
2018/08/31 11:31:15
parent authorphillipa
parent permlinkdid-you-miss-me
authorcbn
permlinkre-phillipa-did-you-miss-me-20180831t113117086z
title
bodyHey Fellow Caribbean! Would love to get in touch with you, we're working on Blockchain & Crypto adoption in the Caribbean. Would be great to have a chat, could reach out to me at [email protected] or linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/luukweber/ Looking forward to getting in touch with you Phillipa :)
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cbnupvoted (100.00%) @phillipa / did-you-miss-me
2018/08/31 11:28:54
votercbn
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2018/08/31 11:14:09
parent authorkazumi
parent permlinktravel-vlog-tales-in-tobago
authorcbn
permlinkre-kazumi-travel-vlog-tales-in-tobago-20180831t111410616z
title
bodyHey Fellow Caribbean! Would love to get in touch with you, we're working on Blockchain & Crypto adoption in the Caribbean. We already have a couple of people from Trinidad in the community! Would be great if you could reach out to me at [email protected] or linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/luukweber/ Looking forward to getting in touch with you Kazumi :)
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2018/08/31 11:10:30
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2018/08/31 11:09:39
votercbn
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2018/08/31 11:09:21
votercbn
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cbnfollowed @kazumi
2018/08/31 11:08:51
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2018/08/31 11:02:36
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2018/08/31 11:02:33
voterkryptoblockchain
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2018/08/25 08:13:54
voterhackerzizon
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2018/08/25 08:12:36
voterobaku
authorcbn
permlink41c54010-a83c-11e8-bfaa-0242ac110003
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2018/08/25 08:10:24
votersteeming-hot
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2018/08/25 08:09:27
parent author
parent permlinkdlive
authorcbn
permlink41c54010-a83c-11e8-bfaa-0242ac110003
titleRedefining How We Organize Prosperity: Interview with Paul Bessems pt.2
body[![Thumbnail](https://images.dlive.io/2d48e463-a83e-11e8-ba94-0242ac110002)](https://dlive.io/video/cbn/41c54010-a83c-11e8-bfaa-0242ac110003) The human race seems to be enjoying more prosperity than ever before, but at what cost? If you look at prosperity at this moment it is not produced sustainably. Not only if you look at the raw material or the energy, but also we produce prosperity with debt, inequality and less privacy for the people. In this interview with blockchain organization specialist Paul Bessems, we discuss Blockchain Organisation, Prosperity, and Sustainability. - Caribbean Blockchain Network is a platform for Blockchain enthusiasts and professionals with tailor-made content for the Caribbean region. FB Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/618677071807337/ Page: https://www.facebook.com/CaribbeanBlockchainNetwork/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/caribbeanblockchain/ Steemit: https://steemit.com/@cbn My video is at [DLive](https://dlive.io/video/cbn/41c54010-a83c-11e8-bfaa-0242ac110003)
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2018/08/25 08:01:30
parent author
parent permlinkdlive
authorcbn
permlink91f767f9-a83a-11e8-8f37-0242ac110003
titleRedefining How We Organize Prosperity: Interview with Paul Bessems pt.1
body[![Thumbnail](https://images.dlive.io/10efc325-a83d-11e8-ba94-0242ac110002)](https://dlive.io/video/cbn/91f767f9-a83a-11e8-8f37-0242ac110003) The human race seems to be enjoying more prosperity than ever before, but at what cost? If you look at prosperity at this moment it is not produced sustainably. Not only if you look at the raw material or the energy, but also we produce prosperity with debt, inequality and less privacy for the people. In this interview with blockchain organization specialist Paul Bessems, we discuss Blockchain Organisation, Prosperity, and Sustainability. - Caribbean Blockchain Network is a platform for Blockchain enthusiasts and professionals with tailor-made content for the Caribbean region. FB Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/618677071807337/ Page: https://www.facebook.com/CaribbeanBlockchainNetwork/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/caribbeanblockchain/ Steemit: https://steemit.com/@cbn My video is at [DLive](https://dlive.io/video/cbn/91f767f9-a83a-11e8-8f37-0242ac110003)
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steemdelegated 18.520 SP to @cbn
2018/08/24 14:05:06
delegatorsteem
delegateecbn
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cbnupdated their account properties
2018/08/24 11:24:36
accountcbn
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cbnfollowed @the-alien
2018/08/24 11:13:27
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2018/08/24 11:13:06
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required posting auths["cbn"]
idfollow
json["follow",{"follower":"cbn","following":"majes.tytyty","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction InfoBlock #25346677/Trx f6c9435e926c03925abd63afa7cd6d6f24877208
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "f6c9435e926c03925abd63afa7cd6d6f24877208",
  "block": 25346677,
  "trx_in_block": 21,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-24T11:13:06",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "cbn"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"cbn\",\"following\":\"majes.tytyty\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}
cbnunfollowed @majes.tytyty
2018/08/24 11:13:03
required auths[]
required posting auths["cbn"]
idfollow
json["follow",{"follower":"cbn","following":"majes.tytyty","what":[]}]
Transaction InfoBlock #25346676/Trx a4fa9515ebb9d332b10e2dcd1ca418bb2b693b0c
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "a4fa9515ebb9d332b10e2dcd1ca418bb2b693b0c",
  "block": 25346676,
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-24T11:13:03",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "cbn"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"cbn\",\"following\":\"majes.tytyty\",\"what\":[]}]"
    }
  ]
}
cbnfollowed @darsico
2018/08/24 11:12:45
required auths[]
required posting auths["cbn"]
idfollow
json["follow",{"follower":"cbn","following":"darsico","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction InfoBlock #25346670/Trx 36006d8c334514c06d1f984aaed2879fd23ebe1e
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "36006d8c334514c06d1f984aaed2879fd23ebe1e",
  "block": 25346670,
  "trx_in_block": 5,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-24T11:12:45",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "cbn"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"cbn\",\"following\":\"darsico\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}
cbnfollowed @oldtimer
2018/08/24 11:12:36
required auths[]
required posting auths["cbn"]
idfollow
json["follow",{"follower":"cbn","following":"oldtimer","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction InfoBlock #25346667/Trx 4d8bd6ffa9d09e005c2738e6d8700fb8e818bbfd
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "4d8bd6ffa9d09e005c2738e6d8700fb8e818bbfd",
  "block": 25346667,
  "trx_in_block": 8,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-24T11:12:36",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "cbn"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"cbn\",\"following\":\"oldtimer\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}
2018/08/24 11:12:18
required auths[]
required posting auths["cbn"]
idfollow
json["follow",{"follower":"cbn","following":"gringalicious","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction InfoBlock #25346661/Trx fb39cf44f150b2bbc25d32dc7a77a0257b9ba435
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "fb39cf44f150b2bbc25d32dc7a77a0257b9ba435",
  "block": 25346661,
  "trx_in_block": 5,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-24T11:12:18",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "cbn"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"cbn\",\"following\":\"gringalicious\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}
cbnfollowed @exyle
2018/08/24 11:12:06
required auths[]
required posting auths["cbn"]
idfollow
json["follow",{"follower":"cbn","following":"exyle","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction InfoBlock #25346657/Trx cf6131de7c499e39e5855f272310a57e48d3e529
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "cf6131de7c499e39e5855f272310a57e48d3e529",
  "block": 25346657,
  "trx_in_block": 33,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-24T11:12:06",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "cbn"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"cbn\",\"following\":\"exyle\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}
cbnfollowed @mehta
2018/08/24 11:11:57
required auths[]
required posting auths["cbn"]
idfollow
json["follow",{"follower":"cbn","following":"mehta","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction InfoBlock #25346654/Trx 1625100ed53a469c55d84a50dd35afdfd6d67ce9
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "1625100ed53a469c55d84a50dd35afdfd6d67ce9",
  "block": 25346654,
  "trx_in_block": 5,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-24T11:11:57",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "cbn"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"cbn\",\"following\":\"mehta\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}
cbnunfollowed @mehta
2018/08/24 11:11:51
required auths[]
required posting auths["cbn"]
idfollow
json["follow",{"follower":"cbn","following":"mehta","what":[]}]
Transaction InfoBlock #25346652/Trx 13a36fe990bc34d14bbd57c10fa121ced334d91b
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "13a36fe990bc34d14bbd57c10fa121ced334d91b",
  "block": 25346652,
  "trx_in_block": 35,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-24T11:11:51",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "cbn"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"cbn\",\"following\":\"mehta\",\"what\":[]}]"
    }
  ]
}
cbnfollowed @exyle
2018/08/24 11:11:39
required auths[]
required posting auths["cbn"]
idfollow
json["follow",{"follower":"cbn","following":"exyle","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction InfoBlock #25346648/Trx f25f1a51efd185ae8744b5343a5a07e26887fcde
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "f25f1a51efd185ae8744b5343a5a07e26887fcde",
  "block": 25346648,
  "trx_in_block": 29,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-24T11:11:39",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "cbn"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"cbn\",\"following\":\"exyle\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

Account Metadata

POSTING JSON METADATA
profile{"profile_image":"https://scontent-ams3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/29694736_1972827516379365_603471235899071147_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=266faf69ab9cae505d7cf6080079e819&oe=5B63C3F8","name":"Caribbean Blockchain","about":"Network for Blockchain enthusiasts and professionals with tailor-made content for the Caribbean region.","location":"Caribbean","website":"https://www.facebook.com/CaribbeanBlockchainNetwork/","cover_image":"https://i.imgsafe.org/06/06da35b068.jpeg"}
JSON METADATA
profile{"profile_image":"https://scontent-ams3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/29694736_1972827516379365_603471235899071147_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=266faf69ab9cae505d7cf6080079e819&oe=5B63C3F8","name":"Caribbean Blockchain","about":"Network for Blockchain enthusiasts and professionals with tailor-made content for the Caribbean region.","location":"Caribbean","website":"https://www.facebook.com/CaribbeanBlockchainNetwork/","cover_image":"https://i.imgsafe.org/06/06da35b068.jpeg"}
{
  "posting_json_metadata": {
    "profile": {
      "profile_image": "https://scontent-ams3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/29694736_1972827516379365_603471235899071147_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=266faf69ab9cae505d7cf6080079e819&oe=5B63C3F8",
      "name": "Caribbean Blockchain",
      "about": "Network for Blockchain enthusiasts and professionals with tailor-made content for the Caribbean region.",
      "location": "Caribbean",
      "website": "https://www.facebook.com/CaribbeanBlockchainNetwork/",
      "cover_image": "https://i.imgsafe.org/06/06da35b068.jpeg"
    }
  },
  "json_metadata": {
    "profile": {
      "profile_image": "https://scontent-ams3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/29694736_1972827516379365_603471235899071147_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=266faf69ab9cae505d7cf6080079e819&oe=5B63C3F8",
      "name": "Caribbean Blockchain",
      "about": "Network for Blockchain enthusiasts and professionals with tailor-made content for the Caribbean region.",
      "location": "Caribbean",
      "website": "https://www.facebook.com/CaribbeanBlockchainNetwork/",
      "cover_image": "https://i.imgsafe.org/06/06da35b068.jpeg"
    }
  }
}

Auth Keys

Owner
Single Signature
Public Keys
STM6ojaurh79TeMhGi3gcSGBAmpnZG72yCGnJJwrdphXLeroNmiKo1/1
Active
Single Signature
Public Keys
STM8E95PFMqU2nUpmeBQDa3XUrUw93Bu8Qv18sWnVxwSd4iGZT8m61/1
Posting
Single Signature
Public Keys
STM5BQn3WzXDoaR1MScAqKhcK1w4dzznBN3CsjDg2EbPpSu1Vqe7T1/1
App Permissions
Memo
STM7mRG2YKQreTDEVtQCJssgda15CErKKcYhuceGxPLtsnwpqc3KK
{
  "owner": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM6ojaurh79TeMhGi3gcSGBAmpnZG72yCGnJJwrdphXLeroNmiKo",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "active": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM8E95PFMqU2nUpmeBQDa3XUrUw93Bu8Qv18sWnVxwSd4iGZT8m6",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "posting": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [
      [
        "dlive.app",
        1
      ]
    ],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM5BQn3WzXDoaR1MScAqKhcK1w4dzznBN3CsjDg2EbPpSu1Vqe7T",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "memo": "STM7mRG2YKQreTDEVtQCJssgda15CErKKcYhuceGxPLtsnwpqc3KK"
}

Witness Votes

0 / 30
No active witness votes.
[]