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      "body": "Congratulations @yo117! You have received a personal award!\n\n[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@yo117/birthday1.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@yo117)  1 Year on Steemit\n<sub>_Click on the badge to view your Board of Honor._</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the [last post](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-world-cup-contest-germany-vs-mexico) from @steemitboard!**\n\n---\n**Participate in the [SteemitBoard World Cup Contest](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-world-cup-contest-collect-badges-and-win-free-sbd)!**\nCollect World Cup badges and win free SBD\nSupport the Gold Sponsors of the contest: [@good-karma](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=good-karma&approve=1) and [@lukestokes](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=lukestokes.mhth&approve=1)\n\n---\n\n> Do you like [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)? Then **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!",
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      "title": "The Modernity of Ibn al Haytham (965-1039)- Part2",
      "body": "Ibn al Haytham (Alhazen) is considered the initiator of modern optics and the scientific method.          \n\nhttp://images.iop.org/objects/phw/world/24/1/30/oue3.jpg\n        \n         the Eye :\nBy multiple experiments, with camera obscura (darkened chamber) in particular, Ibn al-Haytham showed that:<br>\n&quot;Sight does not perceived any visible object unless there exists in the object some light which the object possesses of itself or which radiates upon it from another object&quot;<br>\n- light rays emanate in all directions from each point on surface of all llaminated objects<br>\n- light rays intersect with each other without interference.\n\nIbn al-Haytham proves the theory of intromission according to which light enters the eye. It proves that all objects reflect light in all directions, but it is when a ray collides with the eye that we see theobject reflecting the ray. Thus the eye can perceive the shape, the color, the transparency as well as the movement of the object. He also proved that indeed each of the two eyes captures an image even if only one is seen. He contradicted Ptolemy on the fact that the eye would emit light.\nAccording to him, if the eye was designed that way we could see at night. He understood that sunlight was scattered by objects and then entered the eye.\n\n&quot;Straight lines [exist between] the surface of the eye [and] every point on the surface of an object.<br>\nAn experimental study of this fact can easily be carried out with the help of rulers and tubes.<br>\n&nbsp;If a part of the opening is closed, only that part of the object which is on a straight line between the eye and the body observed will be masked, the straightness being verified by the stralghtness of the ruler and the tube. It results from this experiment, with an evidence that dispels doubt, that the eye does not perceive as visible any object located in the same siruation, this perception can only be realized by the reflection of light and by following straight lines that can be extended by imagination between the surface of the object and the surface of the eye. The view does not perceive any object unless there is some light from the object, either the object itself is bright or it is illuminated by the radiant light of another object.&quot;<br>\n&quot;Illuminated objects emit light in all directions from the light impact on their surface. When the eye is facing an illuminated object, it is located on the light path that starts from the object. And as the property of light is to affect the sight and as the characteristic of the eye is to be sensitive to light then the sight is exerted thanks to the light which leaves the object and reaches the eye.&quot;<br>\n<br>\nIbn al-Haytham indicated vision occurs in the brain not in the eyes. Eyes are detectors, brain is an interpreter of reality. Scientific method is necessary to get a faithful picture of reality and not an illusory picture.\n  \n                         The scientific method\n\nIbn al-Haytham introduces his method of research into the introdction to his Book of Optics<br>\nas follows : \n&quot;We should distinguish the properties of particulars, and gather by induction what pertains to the eye and what is found in the manner of sensation to be uniform, unchanging, manifest and not subject to doubt. After which we should ascend in our enquiry and reasoning, gradually and orderly criticizing premises and exercising caution in regard to conclusions our aim in all that we make is subject to inspection and review, not to follow prejudice, and to take care in all that we judge and<br>\ncriticize that we seek the truth and not be swayed by opinion&quot;<br>\nHe formulated a theory about judgment and recognition of objects. He notices that we only recognize objects we know, and that the image of an object persists some time after we close our eyes. Recognition is based on memory and is not just a feeling, becasse we do not immediarely recognize objects that are unknown to us.\nIbn al-Haytham, in developing his theory of optics, founded his realistic, materialistic, objective vision of the world. It practically distinguishes theeye is thus the prototype of the detector whose existence is inlependent of the observed object.\n\nIbn al-Haytham is the first to use scientific method sysematically :\n(1) Start from existing observations and theoretical elements with a critical attitude<br>\n(2) Define the project and formulate a hypothesis<br>\n(3) Testing the hypothesis through controlled experimentation and analysis of results<br>\n(4) Interpret them and draw conclusions (confirming, improving or changing the existing theory)<br>\n(5) Publication of results<br>\n(6) Publication of description of different steps of measurements and of measurement instruments<br>\nin order to allow verification of results by others.<br>\n\n          Methodical doubt<br>\n\nIbn al-Haytham practices methodical doubt by subjecting not only the writings of the ancients but also his own prejudices to ruthless criticism. Three examples<br>\n1. &quot;The seeker after truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and<br>\nquestions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration and not the sayings of human beings whose nature is fraught with all kinds of imperfection and deficiency.\n\nThus the duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads, and, applying his mind to the core and margins of its content, attack it from every side. he should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency\".\n\n2&quot;The search for truth is arduous, the road that leads to it is full of pitfalls. To find the truth, one must set aside one&apos;s opinions and not trust the writings of the elders. You must question them and submit each of their assertions to your critical spirit. Rely only on logic and experimentation, never on the affirmation of one another, for every human being is subject to all sorts of imperfections; in our quest for truth, we must also question our own theories, with regard to each of our research to avoid succumbing to prejudice and intellectual laziness. Do so and the thruth will be revealed to you.\"\n\n3- Here is how Ibn al-Haytham responds in a scathing way to an anonymous contradictor who opposes his scientific conceptions: &quot; From the statements made by the noble Sheikh, it is clear that he believes in Ptolemy&apos;s words in everything he says, without relying on a demonstration or calling on a proof, but by pure imtation; that is how experts in the prophetic tradition have faith in<br>\nProphets, may the blessing of God be upon them. But it is not the way that mathematicians have faith in specialists in the demonstrative sciences. And I have taken note that it gives him [i.e. the<br>\nSheikh] pain that I have contradicted Ptolemy, and that he finds it distasteful; his statements suggest is foreign to Ptolemy. Now there are many errors in Ptolemy, in many passages of his<br>\nthat error books. If he wishes me to specify them and point them out, I shall do so.&quot;<br>\nThank you for reading.\n\n[The picture](http://images.iop.org/objects/phw/world/24/1/30/oue3.jpg)\n[The Modernity of Ibn al Haytham (965-1039)- Part](https://steemit.com/science/@yo117/ibn-al-haytham-the-king-of-light)",
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      "title": "The Modernity of Ibn al Haytham (965-1039)- Part1",
      "body": "<html>\n<p><strong>Ibn al Haytham </strong>(<strong>Alhazen</strong>) is considered the initiator of modern optics and the scientific method.</p>\n<p>The latter is based (1) on reciprocal relation between experiment/observation and theory (expressed here in mathematical language) and (2) on primacy of verdict of the experiment</p>\n<p>&nbsp;Starting from four propositions based on experiment, <strong>Ibn al-Haytham</strong> develops optics, like <strong>Euclid</strong>, who develops geometry from five axioms.</p>\n<p>http://images.iop.org/objects/phw/world/24/1/30/oue3.jpg</p>\n<p>Publication of its experimental/observational data is accompanied by that of description of different steps if measurements as well as of measuring instruments in order to allow verification of results by others. It opens the way of doing modern physics, resumed five or six centuries later in Europe.</p>\n<p>Ibn al-Haytham deals with the vision and perception of images by the eye. This allows him to establish an objective conception of the world, treating the observed object as independent of the observing subject. The eye thus acquires its scientific status: that of first detector. Moreover, Ibn al-Haytham practices methodical doubt by subjecting not only the writings of the ancients but also his own prejudices to ruthless criticism.</p>\n<p>Today, while priority to verdict of practice is in many respects challenged - in particular in cosmology , contemporaneity of Ibn al-Haytham is more evident than ever.</p>\n<p>Ibn al-Haytham, known in Western Europe as Alhazen, was born in Basra (Iraq) in 965 and died in Cairo (Egypt) in 1039. There he wrote several books on various subjects (astronomy, medicine, mathematics, physics, psychology, scientific method, etc.). He is above all a physicist. From Claude Ptolemy (~90 -168) to Nicolas Copernicus (1473 - 1543), Ibn al-Haytham is the major figure of physics.</p>\n<p>Between 1015 and 1021, he wrote his major work, “Book of Optics” [in Arabic “Kitab al-Manazir”, in Latin “De Aspectibus” or “Opticae Thesaurus: Albazeni Arabis”]. This book had an important influence on the development of optics and physics in general because it radically transformed the knowledge of light and vision and introduced the scientific method. It was not until the two treaties in optics, of Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) that a real advance was ade in this field.</p>\n<blockquote>” His work on optics, which includes a theory if vision and a theory of light, is considered by many to be his most important contribution, setting the scene for developments well into the seventeenth century. His contributions to geometry and number theory go well beyond the Archimedean tradition. And by promoting the use of experiments in scientific research, Ibn al-Haytham played an important part in setting the scene for modern science.” (Roshdu Rashed)</blockquote>\n<p>It is from the point of view of 20th-21st century physicist that I will discuss with you about Ibn al-Haytham and not a historian, because that is not my job. Historians such as Roshdi Rashed have done important researches on this subject in the last half-century.</p>\n<p>I was interested in Ibn al-Haytham for several reasons. Two of them here. First, there is the underestimation Europe and the United states of the profoundly original contribution of the Arab world to physics between the 8th and 13th centuries. This case, fir example, of Steven Weinberg’s otherwise excellent book “To Explain the World. The Discovery if Modern Science “(2015). Next, in this 21st century, the scientific method, initiated by Ibn al-Haytham, is challenged by various brilliant theorists specialized in superstrings, cosmology or speculating on the existence of a multiverse. Arguing that it would not be possible to experimentally verify the validity of their speculative theories, they come to conclude that the logical coherence of their theories willsuffice.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>I was interested in Ibn al-Haytham for several reasons. Two of them here. First, there is the underestimation Europe and the United states of the profoundly original contribution of the Arab world to physics between the 8th and 13th centuries. This case, fir example, of Steven Weinberg’s otherwise excellent book “To Explain the World. The Discovery if Modern Science “(2015). Next, in this 21st century, the scientific method, initiated by Ibn al-Haytham, is challenged by various brilliant theorists specialized in superstrings, cosmology or speculating on the existence of a multiverse. Arguing that it would not be possible to experimentally verify the validity of their speculative theories, they come to conclude that the logical coherence of their theories will&nbsp;</p>\n<h1>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;https://pbs.twimg.com</h1>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>1-Optics :</strong></p>\n<p>Historically, optics appeared as early as Antiquity, and then was developed by Muslim scholars. Ibn al-Haytham is considered the father of modern optics. Latin translation of part of his work, Book of Optics, had a great influence on scientists in the West, particularly on Kepler.</p>\n<p>The geometrical optics introduced by Ibn al-Haytham developed on the basis of simple observations and is based in four propositions:&nbsp;</p>\n<ol>\n  <li><strong>rectilinear propagation in a transparent ( homogeneous and isotropic) medium;</strong></li>\n  <li><strong>reverse return principle, which expresses the reciprocity of light path between transmission and reception;</strong></li>\n  <li><strong>the law of reflection of light;</strong></li>\n  <li><strong>the law of refraction of light [attributed to Snell and Descartes]</strong></li>\n</ol>\n<p>Geometrical optics makes it possible to find almost all the results concerning mirrors, lenses, optical instruments, etc. Problem solving is done using geometric constructions (straight lines representing light rays, angle calculations). Geometrical optics works well as long as polarization or interference phenomena are not modeled and no dimension of the system is comparable or less than the wavelength or the light used.</p>\n<p>Ibn al-Haytham, by multiple experiments, shows that light - a ray of light - propagates in transparent media in a recliner manner. He counters other conceptions such as a diffuse propagation of it.</p>\n<p>“How does light travel through transparent bodies? Light passes through transparent media in a straight line only (...). We have explained this exhaustively in our Book of Optics. But let us now mention something to prove it convincingly :the fact that light travels in a straight line is clearly observed when light enters a dark room through holes. … the light path will be clearly observable thanks it the dust suspended in the air.”</p>\n<p>Note that the discovery of the law of refraction,</p>\n<p>Sin θ1 /&nbsp;Sin θ2 &nbsp;= constant&nbsp;</p>\n<p>with &nbsp;θ1 and θ2 , the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction respectively, attributed to Snell and Descartes living in the 17th century, was actually made by Ibn Sahl (940-1000) in 983, as shown in 1990 by Rashed Roshdi. More than 600 years before Snell and Descartes. However Ibn al-Haytham knee the law of refraction in approximate from ( θ1/θ2=constant) only.</p>\n<p>A characteristic of modern physics is that theoretical formulation in different fields is based on principles and laws that can be formulated is compactly that they can be printed on a t-shirt:</p>\n<p>Geometric optics (<strong>Ibn al-Haytham</strong>), mechanics (Newton), gravitation (Newton and Einstein), thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, standard models if fundamental interactions, etc.</p>\n<p>While Euclid bases his geometry on 5 axioms to logically deduce multiple theorems, <strong>Ibn al-Haytham</strong>, on the basis of 4 propositions, derives multiple results from geometrical optics which he tests experimentally. It was a novelty in the natural sciences. Chemistry or biology relied in too few experimental facts at the time it achieves such a level if logical coherence reflecting reality.</p>\n<p>Among his many contributions, he was the first to explain why the sun and moon seem larger when they are near horizon he established that moonlight comes from the sun; he understood that the phenomenon of dawn and dusk (light at sunrise and sunset without seeing the sun) is due to a phenomenon of refraction in the atmosphere; etc.</p>\n<p>To <strong>Ibn al-Haytham</strong> applies what Hans Bethe (Nobel Prizes on Physics 1967) told me 50 years ago: “In research, it is not enough to have sufficient intellectual qualities, you must also have the intelligence to choose a subject an area where you can make an important contribution, taking into account your own limitations.” one thousand year ago, geometrical optics was such a field, unlike for example, Ptolemy’s world model.</p>\n<p>Thank you for your reading, and I will wait for your reply.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=Ibn+al+Haytham&amp;rlz=1C1CHBD_enMA728MA728&amp;source=lnms&amp;tbm=isch&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjV3PWqvvvaAhUG8ywKHTf4CrUQ_AUICigB&amp;biw=1366&amp;bih=677#imgrc=YoOSLrlkTCoE4M:\">picture1 </a><a href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=alhazen&amp;tbm=isch&amp;source=iu&amp;ictx=1&amp;tbs=simg:CAESswIJtsv8Zk90XWEapwILEKjU2AQaCggXCD0IQggUCAMMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEiieEvgBnRL1AfgJlAP_1AbQZ1w73BO4k7yTCOqEu9S2OLtokwTqcLv43GjB4eVEzR3QKi2vZKIhPDO8PHKnqqQznrxttl44UExH-b1bOuWeNfnKRqk9bISFdNZsgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBDBznFcMCxCd7cEJGowBChkKBnR1cmJhbtqliPYDCwoJL20vMDFwYmZqChkKBmRhc3RhctqliPYDCwoJL20vMGNnYnFnChkKBnNrZXRjaNqliPYDCwoJL20vMDdnbHpxChoKCHJlbGlnaW9u2qWI9gMKCggvbS8wNmJ2cAodCgptb25vY2hyb21l2qWI9gMLCgkvbS8wMW13a2YM&amp;fir=cVgc1MNihMwrIM%253A%252Cv1rjwO3PrWIdNM%252C_&amp;usg=__ZJyQpa14wlYEXEM3dSlPKQy0wEA%3D&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjRy7iCv_vaAhWOOSwKHQQJAboQ9QEIODAB#imgrc=cVgc1MNihMwrIM:\">picture2</a></p>\n</html>",
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      "author": "yo117",
      "permlink": "he-modernity-of-ibn-al-haytham-965-1039-part2",
      "title": "he Modernity of Ibn al Haytham (965-1039)- Part2",
      "body": "Ibn al Haytham (Alhazen) is considered the initiator of modern optics and the scientific method.          \n\nhttp://images.iop.org/objects/phw/world/24/1/30/oue3.jpg\n        \n                              the Eye :\nBy multiple experiments, with camera obscura (darkened chamber) in particular, Ibn al-Haytham showed that:<br>\n&quot;Sight does not perceived any visible object unless there exists in the object some light which the object possesses of itself or which radiates upon it from another object&quot;<br>\n- light rays emanate in all directions from each point on surface of all llaminated objects<br>\n- light rays intersect with each other without interference.\n\nIbn al-Haytham proves the theory of intromission according to which light enters the eye. It proves that all objects reflect light in all directions, but it is when a ray collides with the eye that we see theobject reflecting the ray. Thus the eye can perceive the shape, the color, the transparency as well as the movement of the object. He also proved that indeed each of the two eyes captures an image even if only one is seen. He contradicted Ptolemy on the fact that the eye would emit light.\nAccording to him, if the eye was designed that way we could see at night. He understood that sunlight was scattered by objects and then entered the eye.\n\n&quot;Straight lines [exist between] the surface of the eye [and] every point on the surface of an object.<br>\nAn experimental study of this fact can easily be carried out with the help of rulers and tubes.<br>\n&nbsp;If a part of the opening is closed, only that part of the object which is on a straight line between the eye and the body observed will be masked, the straightness being verified by the stralghtness of the ruler and the tube. It results from this experiment, with an evidence that dispels doubt, that the eye does not perceive as visible any object located in the same siruation, this perception can only be realized by the reflection of light and by following straight lines that can be extended by imagination between the surface of the object and the surface of the eye. The view does not perceive any object unless there is some light from the object, either the object itself is bright or it is illuminated by the radiant light of another object.&quot;<br>\n&quot;Illuminated objects emit light in all directions from the light impact on their surface. When the eye is facing an illuminated object, it is located on the light path that starts from the object. And as the property of light is to affect the sight and as the characteristic of the eye is to be sensitive to light then the sight is exerted thanks to the light which leaves the object and reaches the eye.&quot;<br>\n<br>\nIbn al-Haytham indicated vision occurs in the brain not in the eyes. Eyes are detectors, brain is an interpreter of reality. Scientific method is necessary to get a faithful picture of reality and not an illusory picture.\n  \n                          The scientific method\n\nIbn al-Haytham introduces his method of research into the introdction to his Book of Optics<br>\nas follows : \n&quot;We should distinguish the properties of particulars, and gather by induction what pertains to the eye and what is found in the manner of sensation to be uniform, unchanging, manifest and not subject to doubt. After which we should ascend in our enquiry and reasoning, gradually and orderly criticizing premises and exercising caution in regard to conclusions our aim in all that we make is subject to inspection and review, not to follow prejudice, and to take care in all that we judge and<br>\ncriticize that we seek the truth and not be swayed by opinion&quot;<br>\nHe formulated a theory about judgment and recognition of objects. He notices that we only recognize objects we know, and that the image of an object persists some time after we close our eyes. Recognition is based on memory and is not just a feeling, becasse we do not immediarely recognize objects that are unknown to us.\nIbn al-Haytham, in developing his theory of optics, founded his realistic, materialistic, objective vision of the world. It practically distinguishes theeye is thus the prototype of the detector whose existence is inlependent of the observed object.\n\nIbn al-Haytham is the first to use scientific method sysematically :\n(1) Start from existing observations and theoretical elements with a critical attitude<br>\n(2) Define the project and formulate a hypothesis<br>\n(3) Testing the hypothesis through controlled experimentation and analysis of results<br>\n(4) Interpret them and draw conclusions (confirming, improving or changing the existing theory)<br>\n(5) Publication of results<br>\n(6) Publication of description of different steps of measurements and of measurement instruments<br>\nin order to allow verification of results by others.<br>\n\n          Methodical doubt<br>\n\nIbn al-Haytham practices methodical doubt by subjecting not only the writings of the ancients but also his own prejudices to ruthless criticism. Three examples<br>\n1. &quot;The seeker after truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and<br>\nquestions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration and not the sayings of human beings whose nature is fraught with all kinds of imperfection and deficiency.\n\nThus the duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads, and, applying his mind to the core and margins of its content, attack it from every side. he should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency\".\n\n2&quot;The search for truth is arduous, the road that leads to it is full of pitfalls. To find the truth, one must set aside one&apos;s opinions and not trust the writings of the elders. You must question them and submit each of their assertions to your critical spirit. Rely only on logic and experimentation, never on the affirmation of one another, for every human being is subject to all sorts of imperfections; in our quest for truth, we must also question our own theories, with regard to each of our research to avoid succumbing to prejudice and intellectual laziness. Do so and the thruth will be revealed to you.\"\n\n3- Here is how Ibn al-Haytham responds in a scathing way to an anonymous contradictor who opposes his scientific conceptions: &quot; From the statements made by the noble Sheikh, it is clear that he believes in Ptolemy&apos;s words in everything he says, without relying on a demonstration or calling on a proof, but by pure imtation; that is how experts in the prophetic tradition have faith in<br>\nProphets, may the blessing of God be upon them. But it is not the way that mathematicians have faith in specialists in the demonstrative sciences. And I have taken note that it gives him [i.e. the<br>\nSheikh] pain that I have contradicted Ptolemy, and that he finds it distasteful; his statements suggest is foreign to Ptolemy. Now there are many errors in Ptolemy, in many passages of his<br>\nthat error books. If he wishes me to specify them and point them out, I shall do so.&quot;<br>\nThank you for reading.\n\n[The picture](http://images.iop.org/objects/phw/world/24/1/30/oue3.jpg)\n[The Modernity of Ibn al Haytham (965-1039)- Part](https://steemit.com/science/@yo117/ibn-al-haytham-the-king-of-light)",
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      "title": "The Modernity of Ibn al Haytham (965-1039)- Part1",
      "body": "@@ -3914,17 +3914,16 @@\n ies will\n- \n suffice.\n@@ -3940,298 +3940,799 @@\n %0A%3Cp%3E\n-                      https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/782541990869209088/y0v0wrBa.jpg%3C/p%3E%0A%3Ch1%3E%3Cstrong%3E             \n+I was interested in Ibn al-Haytham for several reasons. Two of them here. First, there is the underestimation Europe and the United states of the profoundly original contribution of the Arab world to physics between the 8th and 13th centuries. This case, fir example, of Steven Weinberg%E2%80%99s otherwise excellent book %E2%80%9CTo Explain the World. The Discovery if Modern Science %E2%80%9C(2015). Next, in this 21st century, the scientific method, initiated by Ibn al-Haytham, is challenged by various brilliant theorists specialized in superstrings, cosmology or speculating on the existence of a multiverse. Arguing that it would not be possible to experimentally verify the validity of their speculative theories, they come to conclude that the logical coherence of their theories will %3C/p%3E%0A%3Ch1%3E  \n &nbs\n@@ -4851,56 +4851,68 @@\n bsp;\n-       \n+https://pbs.twimg.com%3C/h1%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cbr%3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3E1-\n Optics\n+ :\n %3C/st\n@@ -4918,18 +4918,17 @@\n trong%3E%3C/\n-h1\n+p\n %3E%0A%3Cp%3EHis\n",
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