VOTING POWER100.00%
DOWNVOTE POWER100.00%
RESOURCE CREDITS100.00%
REPUTATION PROGRESS0.00%
Net Worth
0.037USD
STEEM
0.000STEEM
SBD
0.000SBD
Effective Power
5.007SP
├── Own SP
0.635SP
└── Incoming DelegationsDeleg
+4.372SP
Detailed Balance
| STEEM | ||
| balance | 0.000STEEM | STEEM |
| market_balance | 0.000STEEM | STEEM |
| savings_balance | 0.000STEEM | STEEM |
| reward_steem_balance | 0.000STEEM | STEEM |
| STEEM POWER | ||
| Own SP | 0.635SP | SP |
| Delegated Out | 0.000SP | SP |
| Delegation In | 4.372SP | SP |
| Effective Power | 5.007SP | SP |
| Reward SP (pending) | 0.000SP | SP |
| SBD | ||
| sbd_balance | 0.000SBD | SBD |
| sbd_conversions | 0.000SBD | SBD |
| sbd_market_balance | 0.000SBD | SBD |
| savings_sbd_balance | 0.000SBD | SBD |
| reward_sbd_balance | 0.000SBD | SBD |
{
"balance": "0.000 STEEM",
"savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
"reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
"vesting_shares": "1032.695049 VESTS",
"delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
"received_vesting_shares": "7110.964757 VESTS",
"sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
"savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
"reward_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
"conversions": []
}Account Info
| name | xocolatl |
| id | 292615 |
| rank | 949,069 |
| reputation | 52226062 |
| created | 2017-08-01T08:49:48 |
| recovery_account | steem |
| proxy | None |
| post_count | 1 |
| comment_count | 0 |
| lifetime_vote_count | 0 |
| witnesses_voted_for | 0 |
| last_post | 2017-09-14T04:38:42 |
| last_root_post | 2017-09-14T04:38:42 |
| last_vote_time | 2017-09-14T05:09:27 |
| proxied_vsf_votes | 0, 0, 0, 0 |
| can_vote | 1 |
| voting_power | 0 |
| delayed_votes | 0 |
| balance | 0.000 STEEM |
| savings_balance | 0.000 STEEM |
| sbd_balance | 0.000 SBD |
| savings_sbd_balance | 0.000 SBD |
| vesting_shares | 1032.695049 VESTS |
| delegated_vesting_shares | 0.000000 VESTS |
| received_vesting_shares | 7110.964757 VESTS |
| reward_vesting_balance | 0.000000 VESTS |
| vesting_balance | 0.000 STEEM |
| vesting_withdraw_rate | 0.000000 VESTS |
| next_vesting_withdrawal | 1969-12-31T23:59:59 |
| withdrawn | 0 |
| to_withdraw | 0 |
| withdraw_routes | 0 |
| savings_withdraw_requests | 0 |
| last_account_recovery | 1970-01-01T00:00:00 |
| reset_account | null |
| last_owner_update | 1970-01-01T00:00:00 |
| last_account_update | 1970-01-01T00:00:00 |
| mined | No |
| sbd_seconds | 0 |
| sbd_last_interest_payment | 1970-01-01T00:00:00 |
| savings_sbd_last_interest_payment | 1970-01-01T00:00:00 |
{
"id": 292615,
"name": "xocolatl",
"owner": {
"weight_threshold": 1,
"account_auths": [],
"key_auths": [
[
"STM7wLxHdfGxTvNykkWmftMgCyNHNztPQ4TkgnnzNpnRTE2Q2JGVu",
1
]
]
},
"active": {
"weight_threshold": 1,
"account_auths": [],
"key_auths": [
[
"STM8EqnvPi5AY3u66eUkBqdMM5capDikSVok8aAD72zA9s9MAu13v",
1
]
]
},
"posting": {
"weight_threshold": 1,
"account_auths": [],
"key_auths": [
[
"STM5SyoxZdDLLQbM8Xo9atPVVNjMcN9XmQzi4zduW4EYRaNMisaLs",
1
]
]
},
"memo_key": "STM7KSLJzmgCrm3sPB1z888NrzZmVRjkdqUXW2yWrXqy7M5ErMqDP",
"json_metadata": "",
"posting_json_metadata": "",
"proxy": "",
"last_owner_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
"last_account_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
"created": "2017-08-01T08:49:48",
"mined": false,
"recovery_account": "steem",
"last_account_recovery": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
"reset_account": "null",
"comment_count": 0,
"lifetime_vote_count": 0,
"post_count": 1,
"can_vote": true,
"voting_manabar": {
"current_mana": "8143659806",
"last_update_time": 1779092532
},
"downvote_manabar": {
"current_mana": 2035914951,
"last_update_time": 1779092532
},
"voting_power": 0,
"balance": "0.000 STEEM",
"savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
"sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
"sbd_seconds": "0",
"sbd_seconds_last_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
"sbd_last_interest_payment": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
"savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
"savings_sbd_seconds": "0",
"savings_sbd_seconds_last_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
"savings_sbd_last_interest_payment": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
"savings_withdraw_requests": 0,
"reward_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
"reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
"reward_vesting_balance": "0.000000 VESTS",
"reward_vesting_steem": "0.000 STEEM",
"vesting_shares": "1032.695049 VESTS",
"delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
"received_vesting_shares": "7110.964757 VESTS",
"vesting_withdraw_rate": "0.000000 VESTS",
"next_vesting_withdrawal": "1969-12-31T23:59:59",
"withdrawn": 0,
"to_withdraw": 0,
"withdraw_routes": 0,
"curation_rewards": 0,
"posting_rewards": 0,
"proxied_vsf_votes": [
0,
0,
0,
0
],
"witnesses_voted_for": 0,
"last_post": "2017-09-14T04:38:42",
"last_root_post": "2017-09-14T04:38:42",
"last_vote_time": "2017-09-14T05:09:27",
"post_bandwidth": 0,
"pending_claimed_accounts": 0,
"vesting_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
"reputation": 52226062,
"transfer_history": [],
"market_history": [],
"post_history": [],
"vote_history": [],
"other_history": [],
"witness_votes": [],
"tags_usage": [],
"guest_bloggers": [],
"rank": 949069
}Withdraw Routes
| Incoming | Outgoing |
|---|---|
Empty | Empty |
{
"incoming": [],
"outgoing": []
}From Date
To Date
2026/05/18 08:22:12
2026/05/18 08:22:12
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 7110.964757 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #106153149/Trx 00454c30c2e15749b0348cf9fab6cbe767997648 |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 106153149,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "7110.964757 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2026-05-18T08:22:12",
"trx_id": "00454c30c2e15749b0348cf9fab6cbe767997648",
"trx_in_block": 1,
"virtual_op": 0
}2026/05/13 12:48:57
2026/05/13 12:48:57
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 4398.754352 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #106015192/Trx f0d7a81ad881700f46c33d2079db23adbe6d8b97 |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 106015192,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "4398.754352 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2026-05-13T12:48:57",
"trx_id": "f0d7a81ad881700f46c33d2079db23adbe6d8b97",
"trx_in_block": 3,
"virtual_op": 0
}2026/04/26 07:30:57
2026/04/26 07:30:57
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 7123.480513 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #105520574/Trx 96479e55e62f84d0d647a8e0320e2eabeab32cb9 |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 105520574,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "7123.480513 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2026-04-26T07:30:57",
"trx_id": "96479e55e62f84d0d647a8e0320e2eabeab32cb9",
"trx_in_block": 1,
"virtual_op": 0
}2026/01/24 05:37:15
2026/01/24 05:37:15
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 4440.301171 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #102877939/Trx 3869184498d953d3246ec4c47e5ad2dedbe89cd2 |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 102877939,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "4440.301171 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2026-01-24T05:37:15",
"trx_id": "3869184498d953d3246ec4c47e5ad2dedbe89cd2",
"trx_in_block": 3,
"virtual_op": 0
}2024/12/18 00:46:21
2024/12/18 00:46:21
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 4604.520368 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #91324140/Trx f61cc0ccc1b5f650c7432891254d8b0c522a4e7f |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 91324140,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "4604.520368 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2024-12-18T00:46:21",
"trx_id": "f61cc0ccc1b5f650c7432891254d8b0c522a4e7f",
"trx_in_block": 2,
"virtual_op": 0
}2023/11/14 16:25:18
2023/11/14 16:25:18
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 4773.653900 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #79878234/Trx 4ab35037d44c62c0454f62f82d3f280828b543e1 |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 79878234,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "4773.653900 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2023-11-14T16:25:18",
"trx_id": "4ab35037d44c62c0454f62f82d3f280828b543e1",
"trx_in_block": 3,
"virtual_op": 0
}2023/09/22 12:51:21
2023/09/22 12:51:21
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 7710.562686 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #78365813/Trx a29b46b95d85c0f44900652ab2feb5e023268b79 |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 78365813,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "7710.562686 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2023-09-22T12:51:21",
"trx_id": "a29b46b95d85c0f44900652ab2feb5e023268b79",
"trx_in_block": 1,
"virtual_op": 0
}2022/11/03 20:00:00
2022/11/03 20:00:00
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 7932.614124 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #69123173/Trx d8a1aeb4070f3eceb55c6e803004eafdd7bd666c |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 69123173,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "7932.614124 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2022-11-03T20:00:00",
"trx_id": "d8a1aeb4070f3eceb55c6e803004eafdd7bd666c",
"trx_in_block": 5,
"virtual_op": 0
}2022/01/18 00:59:51
2022/01/18 00:59:51
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 8152.721725 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #60826180/Trx 7fcc1b8483632c7684ba8cded3167456b5f7ff70 |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 60826180,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "8152.721725 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2022-01-18T00:59:51",
"trx_id": "7fcc1b8483632c7684ba8cded3167456b5f7ff70",
"trx_in_block": 6,
"virtual_op": 0
}2021/06/14 08:05:39
2021/06/14 08:05:39
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 8336.916013 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #54616394/Trx 70160d7cde70fb85fd5745efcdd67f88466c8a99 |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 54616394,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "8336.916013 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2021-06-14T08:05:39",
"trx_id": "70160d7cde70fb85fd5745efcdd67f88466c8a99",
"trx_in_block": 9,
"virtual_op": 0
}2020/12/11 18:15:51
2020/12/11 18:15:51
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 8524.337987 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #49363590/Trx 800374a41cbfdd1ee53e0a4546434bc067e5978e |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 49363590,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "8524.337987 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2020-12-11T18:15:51",
"trx_id": "800374a41cbfdd1ee53e0a4546434bc067e5978e",
"trx_in_block": 3,
"virtual_op": 0
}2020/12/06 11:50:51
2020/12/06 11:50:51
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 1912.543513 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #49215103/Trx 60581a938870e47c2899c8e8a8675b2511c624a7 |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 49215103,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "1912.543513 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2020-12-06T11:50:51",
"trx_id": "60581a938870e47c2899c8e8a8675b2511c624a7",
"trx_in_block": 0,
"virtual_op": 0
}2020/12/05 21:53:33
2020/12/05 21:53:33
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 8530.545841 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #49198672/Trx 7922b594b5a901fbafdeb742d182a779dfea8d13 |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 49198672,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "8530.545841 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2020-12-05T21:53:33",
"trx_id": "7922b594b5a901fbafdeb742d182a779dfea8d13",
"trx_in_block": 18,
"virtual_op": 0
}2020/11/03 06:26:27
2020/11/03 06:26:27
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 1920.017158 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #48275231/Trx 89bd9805f54311ce991fbf705aed016db15adaf1 |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 48275231,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "1920.017158 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2020-11-03T06:26:27",
"trx_id": "89bd9805f54311ce991fbf705aed016db15adaf1",
"trx_in_block": 4,
"virtual_op": 0
}2020/05/09 12:55:48
2020/05/09 12:55:48
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 8733.351200 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #43225462/Trx a87e3efa0f593eb10795e49524fa864671eb83c0 |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 43225462,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "8733.351200 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2020-05-09T12:55:48",
"trx_id": "a87e3efa0f593eb10795e49524fa864671eb83c0",
"trx_in_block": 23,
"virtual_op": 0
}2020/05/08 17:36:54
2020/05/08 17:36:54
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 1953.311140 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #43202823/Trx ddd4e433e6d2fdc1ac0135a8afaa41e5b22c2290 |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 43202823,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "1953.311140 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2020-05-08T17:36:54",
"trx_id": "ddd4e433e6d2fdc1ac0135a8afaa41e5b22c2290",
"trx_in_block": 4,
"virtual_op": 0
}2020/04/16 04:26:42
2020/04/16 04:26:42
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 8746.238648 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #42570488/Trx 7b42018ab2a9451440012b5b6eade8e56a876bb1 |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 42570488,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "8746.238648 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2020-04-16T04:26:42",
"trx_id": "7b42018ab2a9451440012b5b6eade8e56a876bb1",
"trx_in_block": 12,
"virtual_op": 0
}2019/08/01 09:55:39
2019/08/01 09:55:39
| author | steemitboard |
| body | Congratulations @xocolatl! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@xocolatl/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table> <sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@xocolatl) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=xocolatl)_</sub> ###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes! |
| json metadata | {"image":["https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png"]} |
| parent author | xocolatl |
| parent permlink | analysis-of-the-islamic-state-finances-part-i-administration |
| permlink | steemitboard-notify-xocolatl-20190801t095539000z |
| title | |
| Transaction Info | Block #35169108/Trx 8d0ddc1578a9acef38bdcdbf86ddf05c9d117fd6 |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 35169108,
"op": [
"comment",
{
"author": "steemitboard",
"body": "Congratulations @xocolatl! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@xocolatl/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@xocolatl) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=xocolatl)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
"json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}",
"parent_author": "xocolatl",
"parent_permlink": "analysis-of-the-islamic-state-finances-part-i-administration",
"permlink": "steemitboard-notify-xocolatl-20190801t095539000z",
"title": ""
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2019-08-01T09:55:39",
"trx_id": "8d0ddc1578a9acef38bdcdbf86ddf05c9d117fd6",
"trx_in_block": 13,
"virtual_op": 0
}2019/05/12 21:34:30
2019/05/12 21:34:30
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 8941.855461 VESTS |
| Transaction Info | Block #32853489/Trx 6df7b7274f93ecc603050c86117dca630271b62e |
View Raw JSON Data
{
"block": 32853489,
"op": [
"delegate_vesting_shares",
{
"delegatee": "xocolatl",
"delegator": "steem",
"vesting_shares": "8941.855461 VESTS"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2019-05-12T21:34:30",
"trx_id": "6df7b7274f93ecc603050c86117dca630271b62e",
"trx_in_block": 9,
"virtual_op": 0
}2018/05/17 03:48:39
2018/05/17 03:48:39
| delegatee | xocolatl |
| delegator | steem |
| vesting shares | 9141.370553 VESTS |
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}dtubixupvoted (50.00%) @xocolatl / analysis-of-the-islamic-state-finances-part-i-administration2018/02/08 11:03:51
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}xocolatlfollowed @roosterred2017/09/14 10:07:45
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}xocolatlupvoted (100.00%) @xocolatl / analysis-of-the-islamic-state-finances-part-i-administration2017/09/14 05:09:27
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2017/09/14 05:09:27
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}ubgupvoted (1.00%) @xocolatl / analysis-of-the-islamic-state-finances-part-i-administration2017/09/14 05:07:45
ubgupvoted (1.00%) @xocolatl / analysis-of-the-islamic-state-finances-part-i-administration
2017/09/14 05:07:45
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}xocolatlpublished a new post: analysis-of-the-islamic-state-finances-part-i-administration2017/09/14 04:38:42
xocolatlpublished a new post: analysis-of-the-islamic-state-finances-part-i-administration
2017/09/14 04:38:42
| author | xocolatl |
| body |  **Introduction** The Islamic State (IS)<sup>1</sup> group, at the time of this writing, is one of the largest and most notorious militant organisations in the world. Having cemented its infamy through various acts of terror, the group has imposed its revivalist, ultraconservative interpretation of Sunni Islam in large areas straddling the Iraqi-Syrian border region. To implement this ideological program, IS assumed areas of responsibility that were exclusively the domain of legitimate states such as in the field of finance. The first part of these article series will provide a background of Islamic State’s financial administration which would include examination of currently available IS administrative documentation. **Finances of al-Qa'ida in Iraq** IS had a history of employing structured financial systems even in its previous incarnation as a mere affiliate of al-Qa’ida. Its predecessor group, Al-Qa’ida in Iraq (AQI), has instituted provincial administrations in charge of raising, allocation and distribution of funding in its areas. AQI documents from Iraq’s Anbar province shows the existence of a “General Treasury” which serves as a shared funding resource for the AQI central leadership and other provincial AQI affiliates.<sup>2</sup> AQI also instituted a primitive form of insurance by promising its fighters that their dependents would continue to receive their AQI entitlements even after their death.<sup>3</sup> AQI’s revenue administration was successful enough to the extent that the group was essentially self-sustaining and could even send excess revenue derived to al-Qa’ida Central residing in the Pakistan border region.<sup>4</sup> **Evolving Finances: From Group to a "State"** The trend of bureaucratisation of the group’s finance administration from micro-provincial to macro-national level continued after AQI merged with other associated Iraqi militant groups<sup>5</sup> to form Islamic State of Iraq (ISI). As part of the effort to legitimise its claim to statehood, ISI established a cabinet composed of ten ministries in 2007.<sup>6</sup> The cabinet includes ministries in charge of oil and agriculture portfolios which collectively represents the most significant sectors of the Iraqi economy. According to IMF estimates, oil exports represents at least 75% of Iraqi GDP and 86% of Iraqi government revenue in 2008.<sup>7</sup> US Department of Defense reported that 25% of Iraqis were employed within the agricultural sector. <sup>8</sup> A second ISI cabinet in 2009 replaced the agriculture ministry with a finance ministry.<sup>9</sup> The establishment of finance ministry can be seen as a response to the rapid growth of the financial industry in Iraq as evidenced by the growth of private banking sector by 80% in 2009.<sup>10</sup> Despite the seeming establishment of these institutions, ISI continues to function more as an organised crime syndicate rather than an actual state or even a pseudo-state.<sup>11</sup> Consequently, ISI ministries function in name only and serves more as an implicit attack upon and rejection of the Iraqi government’s legitimacy rather than as actual administrative units. Nonetheless, these ministries serve as the prototype for the future governance structures established by the group. **Funding the "Caliphate"** ISI expanded its area of operations into Syria and became Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) and subsequently cut-off its remaining ties with al-Qa’ida. As ISIL, the group evolved from operating as a mere militant group to become the de facto authority in large areas in Syria after being involved within the country’s ongoing civil war. Strengthened by its acquisition of Syrian territories, the group conquered large areas of territories from the Iraqi government to such extent the group felt confident enough to declare a caliphate on June 2014.<sup>12</sup> The resulting self-declared caliphate, henceforth known as Islamic State (IS), established a cabinet system modelled on the previous ISI cabinets of 2007 and 2009. Among these ministries or diwans is the Diwan Bayt al-Mal<sup>13</sup> , which is in charge of managing IS finances. A snapshot of how the ministry works in practice can be seen from currently available IS documentation dated December 2014 to January 2015, from IS-controlled Deir Ezzor<sup>14</sup> province in Syria.<sup>15</sup> The report was a confidential Diwan Bayt al-Mal memorandum addressed to Diwan al-Wilayah (Provincial administration) and to Diwan al-Hisba (Police Ministry), possibly to be used as basis for the latter departments’ financial decision-making.<sup>16</sup> Included in the report is information such as the provincial sub-district where the particular revenue stream is derived and how it is collected; information regarding how expenditures are allocated are also included.<sup>17</sup> It can be surmised that the Diwan Bayt al-Mal provides the same function of recording financing flows and providing financial reporting to other relevant IS departments in the rest of IS territories, even accounting for peculiarities in each individual province. Majority of IS revenue was derived internally, from Iraqi and Syrian territories under its control. Islamic taxation or *zakat* taxation valued at approximately $40 million monthly, accounting for half of total IS revenues.<sup>18</sup> It must be noted that this figure does not include extra-legal exactions such as the confiscations as presented in the Deir Ezzor IS documents and therefore, might even be significantly larger than $40 million. Additional revenues were derived from the sale of oil and looted antiquities which were under the purview of another IS ministry, Diwan al-Rikaz, which is in charge of management of natural resources.<sup>19</sup> The relative unimportance of both these revenue streams to IS financing compared to earlier media coverage can be seen from the IS Deir Ezzor documentation. Even in oil-rich Deir Ezzor province, oil sales comprised only approximately 30% of total IS revenues within the province, with the remainder derived from taxation and confiscations. As for antiquity sales, only two transactions were recorded worth approximately a mere $1000. <sup>20</sup> IS also derives funding externally compared to the internal funding derived from its control of territory. Money transfers from rich Gulf Arab patrons and other parties sympathetic to the group were constant revenue sources for IS. The transfers was primarily facilitated by the usage of Hawala, an informal money transfer system utilising a network of brokers is the primary medium. Nonetheless, these transfers are minimal compared to IS’ more internal funding sources.<sup>21</sup> Another significant IS external funding stream is its illicit participation in the Central Bank of Iraq’s (CBI) ‘dollar auction’. Dollar auction is the process by which CBI distributes hard currency to Iraqi financial institutions ostensibly for use in imports by potential borrowers.<sup>22</sup> Iraqi Dinar was exchanged for US dollar at a fixed exchange rate set by CBI which is not reflective of the market exchange rate allowing corrupt Iraqi financial institutions to skim off the difference in exchange rates. The opacity of the process allows IS, not only to launder its money, but to also gain revenue to the tune of $20 million monthly through exchange rate differentials.<sup>23</sup> **References and Notes:** <sup>1</sup>Also known as ISIL, ISIS or Da’ish which are respectively acronyms for **I**slamic **S**tate of **I**raq and **L**evant, **I**slamic **S**tate of **I**raq and ash-**S**ham (“ash-Sham” referring to the Arabic name for Levant) and **Da**wlat al-Islamiyyah fi **I**raq wa ash-**Sh**am (Arabic transliteration of “Islamic State of Iraq and Levant”) <sup>2</sup>Benjamin Bahney et al., “An Economic Analysis of the Financial Records of al-Qa’ida in Iraq,” National Defense Research Institute (2010), 32 <sup>3</sup>Ibid., 55 <sup>4</sup>Ibid., 14 - 15 <sup>5</sup>Mujahideen Shura Council, coalition of al-Qaida in Iraq and five other Iraqi militant organisations. See http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/mujahideen-shura-council-islamic-state-iraq <sup>6</sup>Aymenn al-Tamimi, “The Evolution in Islamic State Administration: The Documentary Evidence,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol 9, No 4 (2015) <sup>7</sup>Anthony H. Cordesman and Arleigh A. Burke, “Economic Challenges in Post-Conflict Iraq,” Center for Strategic & International Studies (2010), 6 <sup>8</sup> Ibid., 32 <sup>9</sup>Al-Tamimi, “The Evolution in Islamic State Administration: The Documentary Evidence” <sup>10</sup>Cordesman and Burke, “Economic Challenges in Post-Conflict Iraq,” 53 <sup>11</sup>Al-Tamimi, “The Evolution in Islamic State Administration: The Documentary Evidence” <sup>12</sup>Ibid.; Aaron Y. Zelin, Karl Morand and Aymenn al-Tamimi, Jihadology Podcast: Reality of The Islamic State’s Finances and Economy, audio recording, http://jihadology.net/2015/12/15/jihadology-podcast-reality-of-the-islamic-states-finances-and-economy/ <sup>13</sup>“House of Wealth Ministry”. Ibid. <sup>14</sup>Province is known as Wilayah al-Khayr in IS documentation <sup>15</sup>Aymenn al-Tamimi, “The Archivist: Unseen Islamic State Financial Accounts for Deir az-Zor Province,” Jihadology, 2015, http://jihadology.net/2015/10/05/the-archivist-unseen-islamic-state-financial-accounts-for-deir-az-zor-province/ <sup>16</sup>Ibid. <sup>17</sup>Ibid. <sup>18</sup>Mitch Potter, “Why bombing oil trucks alone won’t put ISIS in poorhouse,” Toronto Star, December 15, 2015, accessed January 14, 2016, http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/12/13/why-bombing-oil-trucks-alone-wont-put-isis-in-poorhouse.html <sup>19</sup>Aymenn al-Tamimi, “The Archivist: Unseen Documents from the Islamic State’s Diwan al-Rikaz,” Jihadology, 2015, http://jihadology.net/2015/10/12/the-archivist-unseen-documents-from-the-islamic-states-diwan-al-rikaz/ <sup>20</sup>Al-Tamimi, “The Archivist: Unseen Islamic State Financial Accounts for Deir az-Zor Province” <sup>21</sup>Jack Moore, “Hawala: The Ancient Banking Practice Used to Finance Terror Groups,” Newsweek, February 24, 2015, accessed January 17, 2016, http://europe.newsweek.com/underground-european-hawala-network-financing-middle-eastern-terror-groups-307984; Robert Windrem, “Who's Funding ISIS? Wealthy Gulf 'Angel Investors,' Officials Say”, NBC News, September 21, 2014, accessed January 17, 2016, https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/whos-funding-isis-wealthy-gulf-angel-investors-officials-say-n208006 <sup>22</sup>Omar al-Shaher, “Currency Auctions by Iraq Bank Called Into Question,” Al-Monitor, April 22, 2013, accessed December 16, 2015, http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/iraq-central-bank-currency-auctions-concerns-persist.html <sup>23</sup>Nibras Kazimi, “The Islamic State’s Sovereign Wealth Fund,” 2015, http://talisman-gate.com/2015/12/11/the-islamic-states-sovereign-wealth-fund/ |
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| permlink | analysis-of-the-islamic-state-finances-part-i-administration |
| title | Analysis of the Islamic State Finances Part I: Administration |
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"body": "\n**Introduction**\n\nThe Islamic State (IS)<sup>1</sup> group, at the time of this writing, is one of the largest and most notorious militant organisations in the world. Having cemented its infamy through various acts of terror, the group has imposed its revivalist, ultraconservative interpretation of Sunni Islam in large areas straddling the Iraqi-Syrian border region. To implement this ideological program, IS assumed areas of responsibility that were exclusively the domain of legitimate states such as in the field of finance. The first part of these article series will provide a background of Islamic State’s financial administration which would include examination of currently available IS administrative documentation. \n\n**Finances of al-Qa'ida in Iraq**\n\nIS had a history of employing structured financial systems even in its previous incarnation as a mere affiliate of al-Qa’ida. Its predecessor group, Al-Qa’ida in Iraq (AQI), has instituted provincial administrations in charge of raising, allocation and distribution of funding in its areas. AQI documents from Iraq’s Anbar province shows the existence of a “General Treasury” which serves as a shared funding resource for the AQI central leadership and other provincial AQI affiliates.<sup>2</sup> AQI also instituted a primitive form of insurance by promising its fighters that their dependents would continue to receive their AQI entitlements even after their death.<sup>3</sup> AQI’s revenue administration was successful enough to the extent that the group was essentially self-sustaining and could even send excess revenue derived to al-Qa’ida Central residing in the Pakistan border region.<sup>4</sup> \n\n**Evolving Finances: From Group to a \"State\"**\n\nThe trend of bureaucratisation of the group’s finance administration from micro-provincial to macro-national level continued after AQI merged with other associated Iraqi militant groups<sup>5</sup> to form Islamic State of Iraq (ISI). As part of the effort to legitimise its claim to statehood, ISI established a cabinet composed of ten ministries in 2007.<sup>6</sup> The cabinet includes ministries in charge of oil and agriculture portfolios which collectively represents the most significant sectors of the Iraqi economy. According to IMF estimates, oil exports represents at least 75% of Iraqi GDP and 86% of Iraqi government revenue in 2008.<sup>7</sup> US Department of Defense reported that 25% of Iraqis were employed within the agricultural sector. <sup>8</sup> A second ISI cabinet in 2009 replaced the agriculture ministry with a finance ministry.<sup>9</sup> The establishment of finance ministry can be seen as a response to the rapid growth of the financial industry in Iraq as evidenced by the growth of private banking sector by 80% in 2009.<sup>10</sup> Despite the seeming establishment of these institutions, ISI continues to function more as an organised crime syndicate rather than an actual state or even a pseudo-state.<sup>11</sup> Consequently, ISI ministries function in name only and serves more as an implicit attack upon and rejection of the Iraqi government’s legitimacy rather than as actual administrative units. Nonetheless, these ministries serve as the prototype for the future governance structures established by the group.\n\n**Funding the \"Caliphate\"**\n\nISI expanded its area of operations into Syria and became Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) and subsequently cut-off its remaining ties with al-Qa’ida. As ISIL, the group evolved from operating as a mere militant group to become the de facto authority in large areas in Syria after being involved within the country’s ongoing civil war. Strengthened by its acquisition of Syrian territories, the group conquered large areas of territories from the Iraqi government to such extent the group felt confident enough to declare a caliphate on June 2014.<sup>12</sup> The resulting self-declared caliphate, henceforth known as Islamic State (IS), established a cabinet system modelled on the previous ISI cabinets of 2007 and 2009. Among these ministries or diwans is the Diwan Bayt al-Mal<sup>13</sup> , which is in charge of managing IS finances.\n\nA snapshot of how the ministry works in practice can be seen from currently available IS documentation dated December 2014 to January 2015, from IS-controlled Deir Ezzor<sup>14</sup> province in Syria.<sup>15</sup> The report was a confidential Diwan Bayt al-Mal memorandum addressed to Diwan al-Wilayah (Provincial administration) and to Diwan al-Hisba (Police Ministry), possibly to be used as basis for the latter departments’ financial decision-making.<sup>16</sup> Included in the report is information such as the provincial sub-district where the particular revenue stream is derived and how it is collected; information regarding how expenditures are allocated are also included.<sup>17</sup> It can be surmised that the Diwan Bayt al-Mal provides the same function of recording financing flows and providing financial reporting to other relevant IS departments in the rest of IS territories, even accounting for peculiarities in each individual province.\n\nMajority of IS revenue was derived internally, from Iraqi and Syrian territories under its control. Islamic taxation or *zakat* taxation valued at approximately $40 million monthly, accounting for half of total IS revenues.<sup>18</sup> It must be noted that this figure does not include extra-legal exactions such as the confiscations as presented in the Deir Ezzor IS documents and therefore, might even be significantly larger than $40 million. Additional revenues were derived from the sale of oil and looted antiquities which were under the purview of another IS ministry, Diwan al-Rikaz, which is in charge of management of natural resources.<sup>19</sup> The relative unimportance of both these revenue streams to IS financing compared to earlier media coverage can be seen from the IS Deir Ezzor documentation. Even in oil-rich Deir Ezzor province, oil sales comprised only approximately 30% of total IS revenues within the province, with the remainder derived from taxation and confiscations. As for antiquity sales, only two transactions were recorded worth approximately a mere $1000. <sup>20</sup>\n\nIS also derives funding externally compared to the internal funding derived from its control of territory. Money transfers from rich Gulf Arab patrons and other parties sympathetic to the group were constant revenue sources for IS. The transfers was primarily facilitated by the usage of Hawala, an informal money transfer system utilising a network of brokers is the primary medium. Nonetheless, these transfers are minimal compared to IS’ more internal funding sources.<sup>21</sup> Another significant IS external funding stream is its illicit participation in the Central Bank of Iraq’s (CBI) ‘dollar auction’. Dollar auction is the process by which CBI distributes hard currency to Iraqi financial institutions ostensibly for use in imports by potential borrowers.<sup>22</sup> Iraqi Dinar was exchanged for US dollar at a fixed exchange rate set by CBI which is not reflective of the market exchange rate allowing corrupt Iraqi financial institutions to skim off the difference in exchange rates. The opacity of the process allows IS, not only to launder its money, but to also gain revenue to the tune of $20 million monthly through exchange rate differentials.<sup>23</sup>\n\n**References and Notes:**\n\n<sup>1</sup>Also known as ISIL, ISIS or Da’ish which are respectively acronyms for **I**slamic **S**tate of **I**raq and **L**evant, **I**slamic **S**tate of **I**raq and ash-**S**ham (“ash-Sham” referring to the Arabic name for Levant) and **Da**wlat al-Islamiyyah fi **I**raq wa ash-**Sh**am (Arabic transliteration of “Islamic State of Iraq and Levant”)\n\n<sup>2</sup>Benjamin Bahney et al., “An Economic Analysis of the Financial Records of al-Qa’ida in Iraq,” National Defense Research Institute (2010), 32 \n \n<sup>3</sup>Ibid., 55\n\n<sup>4</sup>Ibid., 14 - 15\n \n<sup>5</sup>Mujahideen Shura Council, coalition of al-Qaida in Iraq and five other Iraqi militant organisations. See http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/mujahideen-shura-council-islamic-state-iraq\n \n<sup>6</sup>Aymenn al-Tamimi, “The Evolution in Islamic State Administration: The Documentary Evidence,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol 9, No 4 (2015)\n\n<sup>7</sup>Anthony H. Cordesman and Arleigh A. Burke, “Economic Challenges in Post-Conflict Iraq,” Center for Strategic & International Studies (2010), 6\n\n<sup>8</sup> Ibid., 32\n\n<sup>9</sup>Al-Tamimi, “The Evolution in Islamic State Administration: The Documentary Evidence”\n\n<sup>10</sup>Cordesman and Burke, “Economic Challenges in Post-Conflict Iraq,” 53\n\n<sup>11</sup>Al-Tamimi, “The Evolution in Islamic State Administration: The Documentary Evidence”\n \n<sup>12</sup>Ibid.; Aaron Y. Zelin, Karl Morand and Aymenn al-Tamimi, Jihadology Podcast: Reality of The Islamic State’s Finances and Economy, audio recording, http://jihadology.net/2015/12/15/jihadology-podcast-reality-of-the-islamic-states-finances-and-economy/\n \n<sup>13</sup>“House of Wealth Ministry”. Ibid. \n\n<sup>14</sup>Province is known as Wilayah al-Khayr in IS documentation\n \n<sup>15</sup>Aymenn al-Tamimi, “The Archivist: Unseen Islamic State Financial Accounts for Deir az-Zor Province,” Jihadology, 2015, http://jihadology.net/2015/10/05/the-archivist-unseen-islamic-state-financial-accounts-for-deir-az-zor-province/\n \n<sup>16</sup>Ibid.\n \n<sup>17</sup>Ibid.\n \n<sup>18</sup>Mitch Potter, “Why bombing oil trucks alone won’t put ISIS in poorhouse,” Toronto Star, December 15, 2015, accessed January 14, 2016, http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/12/13/why-bombing-oil-trucks-alone-wont-put-isis-in-poorhouse.html \n\n<sup>19</sup>Aymenn al-Tamimi, “The Archivist: Unseen Documents from the Islamic State’s Diwan al-Rikaz,” Jihadology, 2015, http://jihadology.net/2015/10/12/the-archivist-unseen-documents-from-the-islamic-states-diwan-al-rikaz/\n \n<sup>20</sup>Al-Tamimi, “The Archivist: Unseen Islamic State Financial Accounts for Deir az-Zor Province”\n\n<sup>21</sup>Jack Moore, “Hawala: The Ancient Banking Practice Used to Finance Terror Groups,” Newsweek, February 24, 2015, accessed January 17, 2016, http://europe.newsweek.com/underground-european-hawala-network-financing-middle-eastern-terror-groups-307984; Robert Windrem, “Who's Funding ISIS? Wealthy Gulf 'Angel Investors,' Officials Say”, NBC News, September 21, 2014, accessed January 17, 2016, https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/whos-funding-isis-wealthy-gulf-angel-investors-officials-say-n208006\n\n<sup>22</sup>Omar al-Shaher, “Currency Auctions by Iraq Bank Called Into Question,” Al-Monitor, April 22, 2013, accessed December 16, 2015, http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/iraq-central-bank-currency-auctions-concerns-persist.html\n \n<sup>23</sup>Nibras Kazimi, “The Islamic State’s Sovereign Wealth Fund,” 2015, http://talisman-gate.com/2015/12/11/the-islamic-states-sovereign-wealth-fund/",
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