Ecoer Logo
VOTING POWER100.00%
DOWNVOTE POWER100.00%
RESOURCE CREDITS100.00%
REPUTATION PROGRESS0.00%
Net Worth
0.037USD
STEEM
0.000STEEM
SBD
0.000SBD
Effective Power
5.007SP
├── Own SP
0.635SP
└── Incoming Deleg
+4.372SP

Detailed Balance

STEEM
balance
0.000STEEM
market_balance
0.000STEEM
savings_balance
0.000STEEM
reward_steem_balance
0.000STEEM
STEEM POWER
Own SP
0.635SP
Delegated Out
0.000SP
Delegation In
4.372SP
Effective Power
5.007SP
Reward SP (pending)
0.000SP
SBD
sbd_balance
0.000SBD
sbd_conversions
0.000SBD
sbd_market_balance
0.000SBD
savings_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
reward_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
{
  "balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "1032.695049 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "7110.964757 VESTS",
  "sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "conversions": []
}

Account Info

namexocolatl
id292615
rank949,069
reputation52226062
created2017-08-01T08:49:48
recovery_accountsteem
proxyNone
post_count1
comment_count0
lifetime_vote_count0
witnesses_voted_for0
last_post2017-09-14T04:38:42
last_root_post2017-09-14T04:38:42
last_vote_time2017-09-14T05:09:27
proxied_vsf_votes0, 0, 0, 0
can_vote1
voting_power0
delayed_votes0
balance0.000 STEEM
savings_balance0.000 STEEM
sbd_balance0.000 SBD
savings_sbd_balance0.000 SBD
vesting_shares1032.695049 VESTS
delegated_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
received_vesting_shares7110.964757 VESTS
reward_vesting_balance0.000000 VESTS
vesting_balance0.000 STEEM
vesting_withdraw_rate0.000000 VESTS
next_vesting_withdrawal1969-12-31T23:59:59
withdrawn0
to_withdraw0
withdraw_routes0
savings_withdraw_requests0
last_account_recovery1970-01-01T00:00:00
reset_accountnull
last_owner_update1970-01-01T00:00:00
last_account_update1970-01-01T00:00:00
minedNo
sbd_seconds0
sbd_last_interest_payment1970-01-01T00:00:00
savings_sbd_last_interest_payment1970-01-01T00:00:00
{
  "id": 292615,
  "name": "xocolatl",
  "owner": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM7wLxHdfGxTvNykkWmftMgCyNHNztPQ4TkgnnzNpnRTE2Q2JGVu",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "active": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM8EqnvPi5AY3u66eUkBqdMM5capDikSVok8aAD72zA9s9MAu13v",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "posting": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM5SyoxZdDLLQbM8Xo9atPVVNjMcN9XmQzi4zduW4EYRaNMisaLs",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "memo_key": "STM7KSLJzmgCrm3sPB1z888NrzZmVRjkdqUXW2yWrXqy7M5ErMqDP",
  "json_metadata": "",
  "posting_json_metadata": "",
  "proxy": "",
  "last_owner_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "last_account_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "created": "2017-08-01T08:49:48",
  "mined": false,
  "recovery_account": "steem",
  "last_account_recovery": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "reset_account": "null",
  "comment_count": 0,
  "lifetime_vote_count": 0,
  "post_count": 1,
  "can_vote": true,
  "voting_manabar": {
    "current_mana": "8143659806",
    "last_update_time": 1779092532
  },
  "downvote_manabar": {
    "current_mana": 2035914951,
    "last_update_time": 1779092532
  },
  "voting_power": 0,
  "balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "sbd_seconds": "0",
  "sbd_seconds_last_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "sbd_last_interest_payment": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_seconds": "0",
  "savings_sbd_seconds_last_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_sbd_last_interest_payment": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_withdraw_requests": 0,
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_vesting_balance": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "reward_vesting_steem": "0.000 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "1032.695049 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "7110.964757 VESTS",
  "vesting_withdraw_rate": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "next_vesting_withdrawal": "1969-12-31T23:59:59",
  "withdrawn": 0,
  "to_withdraw": 0,
  "withdraw_routes": 0,
  "curation_rewards": 0,
  "posting_rewards": 0,
  "proxied_vsf_votes": [
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0
  ],
  "witnesses_voted_for": 0,
  "last_post": "2017-09-14T04:38:42",
  "last_root_post": "2017-09-14T04:38:42",
  "last_vote_time": "2017-09-14T05:09:27",
  "post_bandwidth": 0,
  "pending_claimed_accounts": 0,
  "vesting_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reputation": 52226062,
  "transfer_history": [],
  "market_history": [],
  "post_history": [],
  "vote_history": [],
  "other_history": [],
  "witness_votes": [],
  "tags_usage": [],
  "guest_bloggers": [],
  "rank": 949069
}

Withdraw Routes

IncomingOutgoing
Empty
Empty
{
  "incoming": [],
  "outgoing": []
}
From Date
To Date
steemdelegated 4.372 SP to @xocolatl
2026/05/18 08:22:12
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares7110.964757 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #106153149/Trx 00454c30c2e15749b0348cf9fab6cbe767997648
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 106153149,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "7110.964757 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-05-18T08:22:12",
  "trx_id": "00454c30c2e15749b0348cf9fab6cbe767997648",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 2.704 SP to @xocolatl
2026/05/13 12:48:57
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares4398.754352 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #106015192/Trx f0d7a81ad881700f46c33d2079db23adbe6d8b97
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 106015192,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "4398.754352 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-05-13T12:48:57",
  "trx_id": "f0d7a81ad881700f46c33d2079db23adbe6d8b97",
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 4.379 SP to @xocolatl
2026/04/26 07:30:57
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares7123.480513 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #105520574/Trx 96479e55e62f84d0d647a8e0320e2eabeab32cb9
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 105520574,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "7123.480513 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-04-26T07:30:57",
  "trx_id": "96479e55e62f84d0d647a8e0320e2eabeab32cb9",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 2.730 SP to @xocolatl
2026/01/24 05:37:15
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares4440.301171 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #102877939/Trx 3869184498d953d3246ec4c47e5ad2dedbe89cd2
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 102877939,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "4440.301171 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-01-24T05:37:15",
  "trx_id": "3869184498d953d3246ec4c47e5ad2dedbe89cd2",
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 2.831 SP to @xocolatl
2024/12/18 00:46:21
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares4604.520368 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #91324140/Trx f61cc0ccc1b5f650c7432891254d8b0c522a4e7f
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 91324140,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "4604.520368 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2024-12-18T00:46:21",
  "trx_id": "f61cc0ccc1b5f650c7432891254d8b0c522a4e7f",
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 2.935 SP to @xocolatl
2023/11/14 16:25:18
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares4773.653900 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #79878234/Trx 4ab35037d44c62c0454f62f82d3f280828b543e1
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 79878234,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "4773.653900 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-11-14T16:25:18",
  "trx_id": "4ab35037d44c62c0454f62f82d3f280828b543e1",
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 4.740 SP to @xocolatl
2023/09/22 12:51:21
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares7710.562686 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #78365813/Trx a29b46b95d85c0f44900652ab2feb5e023268b79
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 78365813,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "7710.562686 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-09-22T12:51:21",
  "trx_id": "a29b46b95d85c0f44900652ab2feb5e023268b79",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 4.877 SP to @xocolatl
2022/11/03 20:00:00
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares7932.614124 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #69123173/Trx d8a1aeb4070f3eceb55c6e803004eafdd7bd666c
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 69123173,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "7932.614124 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2022-11-03T20:00:00",
  "trx_id": "d8a1aeb4070f3eceb55c6e803004eafdd7bd666c",
  "trx_in_block": 5,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.012 SP to @xocolatl
2022/01/18 00:59:51
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8152.721725 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #60826180/Trx 7fcc1b8483632c7684ba8cded3167456b5f7ff70
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 60826180,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8152.721725 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2022-01-18T00:59:51",
  "trx_id": "7fcc1b8483632c7684ba8cded3167456b5f7ff70",
  "trx_in_block": 6,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.125 SP to @xocolatl
2021/06/14 08:05:39
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8336.916013 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #54616394/Trx 70160d7cde70fb85fd5745efcdd67f88466c8a99
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 54616394,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8336.916013 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2021-06-14T08:05:39",
  "trx_id": "70160d7cde70fb85fd5745efcdd67f88466c8a99",
  "trx_in_block": 9,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.241 SP to @xocolatl
2020/12/11 18:15:51
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8524.337987 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49363590/Trx 800374a41cbfdd1ee53e0a4546434bc067e5978e
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 49363590,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8524.337987 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-11T18:15:51",
  "trx_id": "800374a41cbfdd1ee53e0a4546434bc067e5978e",
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 1.176 SP to @xocolatl
2020/12/06 11:50:51
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares1912.543513 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49215103/Trx 60581a938870e47c2899c8e8a8675b2511c624a7
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 49215103,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "1912.543513 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-06T11:50:51",
  "trx_id": "60581a938870e47c2899c8e8a8675b2511c624a7",
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.244 SP to @xocolatl
2020/12/05 21:53:33
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8530.545841 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49198672/Trx 7922b594b5a901fbafdeb742d182a779dfea8d13
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 49198672,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8530.545841 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-05T21:53:33",
  "trx_id": "7922b594b5a901fbafdeb742d182a779dfea8d13",
  "trx_in_block": 18,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 1.180 SP to @xocolatl
2020/11/03 06:26:27
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares1920.017158 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #48275231/Trx 89bd9805f54311ce991fbf705aed016db15adaf1
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 48275231,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "1920.017158 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-11-03T06:26:27",
  "trx_id": "89bd9805f54311ce991fbf705aed016db15adaf1",
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.369 SP to @xocolatl
2020/05/09 12:55:48
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8733.351200 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #43225462/Trx a87e3efa0f593eb10795e49524fa864671eb83c0
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 43225462,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8733.351200 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-05-09T12:55:48",
  "trx_id": "a87e3efa0f593eb10795e49524fa864671eb83c0",
  "trx_in_block": 23,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 1.201 SP to @xocolatl
2020/05/08 17:36:54
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares1953.311140 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #43202823/Trx ddd4e433e6d2fdc1ac0135a8afaa41e5b22c2290
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 43202823,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "1953.311140 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-05-08T17:36:54",
  "trx_id": "ddd4e433e6d2fdc1ac0135a8afaa41e5b22c2290",
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.377 SP to @xocolatl
2020/04/16 04:26:42
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8746.238648 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #42570488/Trx 7b42018ab2a9451440012b5b6eade8e56a876bb1
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 42570488,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8746.238648 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-04-16T04:26:42",
  "trx_id": "7b42018ab2a9451440012b5b6eade8e56a876bb1",
  "trx_in_block": 12,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
2019/08/01 09:55:39
authorsteemitboard
bodyCongratulations @xocolatl! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@xocolatl/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table> <sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@xocolatl) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=xocolatl)_</sub> ###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!
json metadata{"image":["https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png"]}
parent authorxocolatl
parent permlinkanalysis-of-the-islamic-state-finances-part-i-administration
permlinksteemitboard-notify-xocolatl-20190801t095539000z
title
Transaction InfoBlock #35169108/Trx 8d0ddc1578a9acef38bdcdbf86ddf05c9d117fd6
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 35169108,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "body": "Congratulations @xocolatl! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@xocolatl/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@xocolatl) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=xocolatl)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}",
      "parent_author": "xocolatl",
      "parent_permlink": "analysis-of-the-islamic-state-finances-part-i-administration",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-xocolatl-20190801t095539000z",
      "title": ""
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-08-01T09:55:39",
  "trx_id": "8d0ddc1578a9acef38bdcdbf86ddf05c9d117fd6",
  "trx_in_block": 13,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.497 SP to @xocolatl
2019/05/12 21:34:30
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8941.855461 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #32853489/Trx 6df7b7274f93ecc603050c86117dca630271b62e
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 32853489,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "xocolatl",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8941.855461 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-05-12T21:34:30",
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body![estado-islamico.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZ6Q9bqP1V5ev8u5ddTfk8zrF1ipkMKwdRB1SM9h8Qq9C/estado-islamico.jpg) **Introduction** The Islamic State (IS)<sup>1</sup> group, at the time of this writing, is one of the largest and most notorious militant organisations in the world. Having cemented its infamy through various acts of terror, the group has imposed its revivalist, ultraconservative interpretation of Sunni Islam in large areas straddling the Iraqi-Syrian border region. To implement this ideological program, IS assumed areas of responsibility that were exclusively the domain of legitimate states such as in the field of finance. The first part of these article series will provide a background of Islamic State’s financial administration which would include examination of currently available IS administrative documentation. **Finances of al-Qa'ida in Iraq** IS had a history of employing structured financial systems even in its previous incarnation as a mere affiliate of al-Qa’ida. Its predecessor group, Al-Qa’ida in Iraq (AQI), has instituted provincial administrations in charge of raising, allocation and distribution of funding in its areas. AQI documents from Iraq’s Anbar province shows the existence of a “General Treasury” which serves as a shared funding resource for the AQI central leadership and other provincial AQI affiliates.<sup>2</sup> AQI also instituted a primitive form of insurance by promising its fighters that their dependents would continue to receive their AQI entitlements even after their death.<sup>3</sup> AQI’s revenue administration was successful enough to the extent that the group was essentially self-sustaining and could even send excess revenue derived to al-Qa’ida Central residing in the Pakistan border region.<sup>4</sup> **Evolving Finances: From Group to a "State"** The trend of bureaucratisation of the group’s finance administration from micro-provincial to macro-national level continued after AQI merged with other associated Iraqi militant groups<sup>5</sup> to form Islamic State of Iraq (ISI). As part of the effort to legitimise its claim to statehood, ISI established a cabinet composed of ten ministries in 2007.<sup>6</sup> The cabinet includes ministries in charge of oil and agriculture portfolios which collectively represents the most significant sectors of the Iraqi economy. According to IMF estimates, oil exports represents at least 75% of Iraqi GDP and 86% of Iraqi government revenue in 2008.<sup>7</sup> US Department of Defense reported that 25% of Iraqis were employed within the agricultural sector. <sup>8</sup> A second ISI cabinet in 2009 replaced the agriculture ministry with a finance ministry.<sup>9</sup> The establishment of finance ministry can be seen as a response to the rapid growth of the financial industry in Iraq as evidenced by the growth of private banking sector by 80% in 2009.<sup>10</sup> Despite the seeming establishment of these institutions, ISI continues to function more as an organised crime syndicate rather than an actual state or even a pseudo-state.<sup>11</sup> Consequently, ISI ministries function in name only and serves more as an implicit attack upon and rejection of the Iraqi government’s legitimacy rather than as actual administrative units. Nonetheless, these ministries serve as the prototype for the future governance structures established by the group. **Funding the "Caliphate"** ISI expanded its area of operations into Syria and became Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) and subsequently cut-off its remaining ties with al-Qa’ida. As ISIL, the group evolved from operating as a mere militant group to become the de facto authority in large areas in Syria after being involved within the country’s ongoing civil war. Strengthened by its acquisition of Syrian territories, the group conquered large areas of territories from the Iraqi government to such extent the group felt confident enough to declare a caliphate on June 2014.<sup>12</sup> The resulting self-declared caliphate, henceforth known as Islamic State (IS), established a cabinet system modelled on the previous ISI cabinets of 2007 and 2009. Among these ministries or diwans is the Diwan Bayt al-Mal<sup>13</sup> , which is in charge of managing IS finances. A snapshot of how the ministry works in practice can be seen from currently available IS documentation dated December 2014 to January 2015, from IS-controlled Deir Ezzor<sup>14</sup> province in Syria.<sup>15</sup> The report was a confidential Diwan Bayt al-Mal memorandum addressed to Diwan al-Wilayah (Provincial administration) and to Diwan al-Hisba (Police Ministry), possibly to be used as basis for the latter departments’ financial decision-making.<sup>16</sup> Included in the report is information such as the provincial sub-district where the particular revenue stream is derived and how it is collected; information regarding how expenditures are allocated are also included.<sup>17</sup> It can be surmised that the Diwan Bayt al-Mal provides the same function of recording financing flows and providing financial reporting to other relevant IS departments in the rest of IS territories, even accounting for peculiarities in each individual province. Majority of IS revenue was derived internally, from Iraqi and Syrian territories under its control. Islamic taxation or *zakat* taxation valued at approximately $40 million monthly, accounting for half of total IS revenues.<sup>18</sup> It must be noted that this figure does not include extra-legal exactions such as the confiscations as presented in the Deir Ezzor IS documents and therefore, might even be significantly larger than $40 million. Additional revenues were derived from the sale of oil and looted antiquities which were under the purview of another IS ministry, Diwan al-Rikaz, which is in charge of management of natural resources.<sup>19</sup> The relative unimportance of both these revenue streams to IS financing compared to earlier media coverage can be seen from the IS Deir Ezzor documentation. Even in oil-rich Deir Ezzor province, oil sales comprised only approximately 30% of total IS revenues within the province, with the remainder derived from taxation and confiscations. As for antiquity sales, only two transactions were recorded worth approximately a mere $1000. <sup>20</sup> IS also derives funding externally compared to the internal funding derived from its control of territory. Money transfers from rich Gulf Arab patrons and other parties sympathetic to the group were constant revenue sources for IS. The transfers was primarily facilitated by the usage of Hawala, an informal money transfer system utilising a network of brokers is the primary medium. Nonetheless, these transfers are minimal compared to IS’ more internal funding sources.<sup>21</sup> Another significant IS external funding stream is its illicit participation in the Central Bank of Iraq’s (CBI) ‘dollar auction’. Dollar auction is the process by which CBI distributes hard currency to Iraqi financial institutions ostensibly for use in imports by potential borrowers.<sup>22</sup> Iraqi Dinar was exchanged for US dollar at a fixed exchange rate set by CBI which is not reflective of the market exchange rate allowing corrupt Iraqi financial institutions to skim off the difference in exchange rates. The opacity of the process allows IS, not only to launder its money, but to also gain revenue to the tune of $20 million monthly through exchange rate differentials.<sup>23</sup> **References and Notes:** <sup>1</sup>Also known as ISIL, ISIS or Da’ish which are respectively acronyms for **I**slamic **S**tate of **I**raq and **L**evant, **I**slamic **S**tate of **I**raq and ash-**S**ham (“ash-Sham” referring to the Arabic name for Levant) and **Da**wlat al-Islamiyyah fi **I**raq wa ash-**Sh**am (Arabic transliteration of “Islamic State of Iraq and Levant”) <sup>2</sup>Benjamin Bahney et al., “An Economic Analysis of the Financial Records of al-Qa’ida in Iraq,” National Defense Research Institute (2010), 32 <sup>3</sup>Ibid., 55 <sup>4</sup>Ibid., 14 - 15 <sup>5</sup>Mujahideen Shura Council, coalition of al-Qaida in Iraq and five other Iraqi militant organisations. See http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/mujahideen-shura-council-islamic-state-iraq <sup>6</sup>Aymenn al-Tamimi, “The Evolution in Islamic State Administration: The Documentary Evidence,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol 9, No 4 (2015) <sup>7</sup>Anthony H. Cordesman and Arleigh A. Burke, “Economic Challenges in Post-Conflict Iraq,” Center for Strategic & International Studies (2010), 6 <sup>8</sup> Ibid., 32 <sup>9</sup>Al-Tamimi, “The Evolution in Islamic State Administration: The Documentary Evidence” <sup>10</sup>Cordesman and Burke, “Economic Challenges in Post-Conflict Iraq,” 53 <sup>11</sup>Al-Tamimi, “The Evolution in Islamic State Administration: The Documentary Evidence” <sup>12</sup>Ibid.; Aaron Y. Zelin, Karl Morand and Aymenn al-Tamimi, Jihadology Podcast: Reality of The Islamic State’s Finances and Economy, audio recording, http://jihadology.net/2015/12/15/jihadology-podcast-reality-of-the-islamic-states-finances-and-economy/ <sup>13</sup>“House of Wealth Ministry”. Ibid. <sup>14</sup>Province is known as Wilayah al-Khayr in IS documentation <sup>15</sup>Aymenn al-Tamimi, “The Archivist: Unseen Islamic State Financial Accounts for Deir az-Zor Province,” Jihadology, 2015, http://jihadology.net/2015/10/05/the-archivist-unseen-islamic-state-financial-accounts-for-deir-az-zor-province/ <sup>16</sup>Ibid. <sup>17</sup>Ibid. <sup>18</sup>Mitch Potter, “Why bombing oil trucks alone won’t put ISIS in poorhouse,” Toronto Star, December 15, 2015, accessed January 14, 2016, http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/12/13/why-bombing-oil-trucks-alone-wont-put-isis-in-poorhouse.html <sup>19</sup>Aymenn al-Tamimi, “The Archivist: Unseen Documents from the Islamic State’s Diwan al-Rikaz,” Jihadology, 2015, http://jihadology.net/2015/10/12/the-archivist-unseen-documents-from-the-islamic-states-diwan-al-rikaz/ <sup>20</sup>Al-Tamimi, “The Archivist: Unseen Islamic State Financial Accounts for Deir az-Zor Province” <sup>21</sup>Jack Moore, “Hawala: The Ancient Banking Practice Used to Finance Terror Groups,” Newsweek, February 24, 2015, accessed January 17, 2016, http://europe.newsweek.com/underground-european-hawala-network-financing-middle-eastern-terror-groups-307984; Robert Windrem, “Who's Funding ISIS? Wealthy Gulf 'Angel Investors,' Officials Say”, NBC News, September 21, 2014, accessed January 17, 2016, https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/whos-funding-isis-wealthy-gulf-angel-investors-officials-say-n208006 <sup>22</sup>Omar al-Shaher, “Currency Auctions by Iraq Bank Called Into Question,” Al-Monitor, April 22, 2013, accessed December 16, 2015, http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/iraq-central-bank-currency-auctions-concerns-persist.html <sup>23</sup>Nibras Kazimi, “The Islamic State’s Sovereign Wealth Fund,” 2015, http://talisman-gate.com/2015/12/11/the-islamic-states-sovereign-wealth-fund/
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      "body": "![estado-islamico.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZ6Q9bqP1V5ev8u5ddTfk8zrF1ipkMKwdRB1SM9h8Qq9C/estado-islamico.jpg)\n**Introduction**\n\nThe Islamic State (IS)<sup>1</sup>  group, at the time of this writing, is one of the largest and most notorious militant organisations in the world. Having cemented its infamy through various acts of terror, the group has imposed its revivalist, ultraconservative interpretation of Sunni Islam in large areas straddling the Iraqi-Syrian border region. To implement this ideological program, IS assumed areas of responsibility that were exclusively the domain of legitimate states such as in the field of finance. The first part of these article series will provide a background of Islamic State’s financial administration which would include examination of currently available IS administrative documentation. \n\n**Finances of al-Qa'ida in Iraq**\n\nIS had a history of employing structured financial systems even in its previous incarnation as a mere affiliate of al-Qa’ida. Its predecessor group, Al-Qa’ida in Iraq (AQI), has instituted provincial administrations in charge of raising, allocation and distribution of funding in its areas. AQI documents from Iraq’s Anbar province shows the existence of a “General Treasury” which serves as a shared funding resource for the AQI central leadership and other provincial AQI affiliates.<sup>2</sup>  AQI also instituted a primitive form of insurance by promising its fighters that their dependents would continue to receive their AQI entitlements even after their death.<sup>3</sup> AQI’s revenue administration was successful enough to the extent that the group was essentially self-sustaining and could even send excess revenue derived to al-Qa’ida Central residing in the Pakistan border region.<sup>4</sup> \n\n**Evolving Finances: From Group to a \"State\"**\n\nThe trend of bureaucratisation of the group’s finance administration from micro-provincial to macro-national level continued after AQI merged with other associated Iraqi militant groups<sup>5</sup>  to form Islamic State of Iraq (ISI).  As part of the effort to legitimise its claim to statehood, ISI established a cabinet composed of ten ministries in 2007.<sup>6</sup> The cabinet includes ministries in charge of oil and agriculture portfolios which collectively represents the most significant sectors of the Iraqi economy. According to IMF estimates, oil exports represents at least 75% of Iraqi GDP and 86% of Iraqi government revenue in 2008.<sup>7</sup>  US Department of Defense reported that 25% of Iraqis were employed within the agricultural sector. <sup>8</sup> A second ISI cabinet in 2009 replaced the agriculture ministry with a finance ministry.<sup>9</sup> The establishment of finance ministry can be seen as a response to the rapid growth of the financial industry in Iraq as evidenced by the growth of private banking sector by 80% in 2009.<sup>10</sup>  Despite the seeming establishment of these institutions, ISI continues to function more as an organised crime syndicate rather than an actual state or even a pseudo-state.<sup>11</sup>  Consequently, ISI ministries function in name only and serves more as an implicit attack upon and rejection of the Iraqi government’s legitimacy rather than as actual administrative units. Nonetheless, these ministries serve as the prototype for the future governance structures established by the group.\n\n**Funding the \"Caliphate\"**\n\nISI expanded its area of operations into Syria and became Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) and subsequently cut-off its remaining ties with al-Qa’ida. As ISIL, the group evolved from operating as a mere militant group to become the de facto authority in large areas in Syria after being involved within the country’s ongoing civil war. Strengthened by its acquisition of Syrian territories, the group conquered large areas of territories from the Iraqi government to such extent the group felt confident enough to declare a caliphate on June 2014.<sup>12</sup>  The resulting self-declared caliphate, henceforth known as Islamic State (IS), established a cabinet system modelled on the previous ISI cabinets of 2007 and 2009. Among these ministries or diwans is the Diwan Bayt al-Mal<sup>13</sup> , which is in charge of managing IS finances.\n\nA snapshot of how the ministry works in practice can be seen from currently available IS documentation dated December 2014 to January 2015, from IS-controlled Deir Ezzor<sup>14</sup>  province in Syria.<sup>15</sup>  The report was a confidential Diwan Bayt al-Mal memorandum addressed to Diwan al-Wilayah (Provincial administration) and to Diwan al-Hisba (Police Ministry), possibly to be used as basis for the latter departments’ financial decision-making.<sup>16</sup>  Included in the report is information such as the provincial sub-district where the particular revenue stream is derived and how it is collected; information regarding how expenditures are allocated are also included.<sup>17</sup>  It can be surmised that the Diwan Bayt al-Mal provides the same function of recording financing flows and providing financial reporting to other relevant IS departments in the rest of IS territories, even accounting for peculiarities in each individual province.\n\nMajority of IS revenue was derived internally, from Iraqi and Syrian territories under its control. Islamic taxation or *zakat* taxation valued at approximately $40 million monthly, accounting for half of total IS revenues.<sup>18</sup>  It must be noted that this figure does not include extra-legal exactions such as the confiscations as presented in the Deir Ezzor IS documents and therefore, might even be significantly larger than $40 million. Additional revenues were derived from the sale of oil and looted antiquities which were under the purview of another IS ministry, Diwan al-Rikaz, which is in charge of management of natural resources.<sup>19</sup>  The relative unimportance of both these revenue streams to IS financing compared to earlier media coverage can be seen from the IS Deir Ezzor documentation. Even in oil-rich Deir Ezzor province, oil sales comprised only approximately 30% of total IS revenues within the province, with the remainder derived from taxation and confiscations. As for antiquity sales, only two transactions were recorded worth approximately a mere $1000. <sup>20</sup>\n\nIS also derives funding externally compared to the internal funding derived from its control of territory. Money transfers from rich Gulf Arab patrons and other parties sympathetic to the group were constant revenue sources for IS. The transfers was primarily facilitated by the usage of Hawala, an informal money transfer system utilising a network of brokers is the primary medium. Nonetheless, these transfers are minimal compared to IS’ more internal funding sources.<sup>21</sup>   Another significant IS external funding stream is its illicit participation in the Central Bank of Iraq’s (CBI) ‘dollar auction’. Dollar auction is the process by which CBI distributes hard currency to Iraqi financial institutions ostensibly for use in imports by potential borrowers.<sup>22</sup> Iraqi Dinar was exchanged for US dollar at a fixed exchange rate set by CBI which is not reflective of the market exchange rate allowing corrupt Iraqi financial institutions to skim off the difference in exchange rates. The opacity of the process allows IS, not only to launder its money, but to also gain revenue to the tune of $20 million monthly through exchange rate differentials.<sup>23</sup>\n\n**References and Notes:**\n\n<sup>1</sup>Also known as ISIL, ISIS or Da’ish which are respectively acronyms for **I**slamic **S**tate of **I**raq and **L**evant, **I**slamic **S**tate of **I**raq and ash-**S**ham (“ash-Sham” referring to the Arabic name for Levant) and **Da**wlat al-Islamiyyah fi **I**raq wa ash-**Sh**am (Arabic transliteration of “Islamic State of Iraq and Levant”)\n\n<sup>2</sup>Benjamin Bahney et al., “An Economic Analysis of the Financial Records of al-Qa’ida in Iraq,” National Defense Research Institute (2010), 32  \n \n<sup>3</sup>Ibid., 55\n\n<sup>4</sup>Ibid., 14 - 15\n  \n<sup>5</sup>Mujahideen Shura Council, coalition of al-Qaida in Iraq and five other Iraqi militant organisations. See http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/mujahideen-shura-council-islamic-state-iraq\n  \n<sup>6</sup>Aymenn al-Tamimi, “The Evolution in Islamic State Administration: The Documentary Evidence,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol 9, No 4 (2015)\n\n<sup>7</sup>Anthony H. Cordesman and Arleigh A. Burke, “Economic Challenges in Post-Conflict Iraq,” Center for Strategic & International Studies (2010), 6\n\n<sup>8</sup> Ibid., 32\n\n<sup>9</sup>Al-Tamimi, “The Evolution in Islamic State Administration: The Documentary Evidence”\n\n<sup>10</sup>Cordesman and Burke, “Economic Challenges in Post-Conflict Iraq,” 53\n\n<sup>11</sup>Al-Tamimi, “The Evolution in Islamic State Administration: The Documentary Evidence”\n \n<sup>12</sup>Ibid.; Aaron Y. Zelin, Karl Morand and Aymenn al-Tamimi, Jihadology Podcast: Reality of The Islamic State’s Finances and Economy, audio recording, http://jihadology.net/2015/12/15/jihadology-podcast-reality-of-the-islamic-states-finances-and-economy/\n \n<sup>13</sup>“House of Wealth Ministry”. Ibid. \n\n<sup>14</sup>Province is known as Wilayah al-Khayr in IS documentation\n  \n<sup>15</sup>Aymenn al-Tamimi, “The Archivist: Unseen Islamic State Financial Accounts for Deir az-Zor Province,” Jihadology, 2015, http://jihadology.net/2015/10/05/the-archivist-unseen-islamic-state-financial-accounts-for-deir-az-zor-province/\n  \n<sup>16</sup>Ibid.\n  \n<sup>17</sup>Ibid.\n \n<sup>18</sup>Mitch Potter, “Why bombing oil trucks alone won’t put ISIS in poorhouse,” Toronto Star, December 15, 2015, accessed January 14, 2016, http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/12/13/why-bombing-oil-trucks-alone-wont-put-isis-in-poorhouse.html \n\n<sup>19</sup>Aymenn al-Tamimi, “The Archivist: Unseen Documents from the Islamic State’s Diwan al-Rikaz,” Jihadology, 2015, http://jihadology.net/2015/10/12/the-archivist-unseen-documents-from-the-islamic-states-diwan-al-rikaz/\n \n<sup>20</sup>Al-Tamimi, “The Archivist: Unseen Islamic State Financial Accounts for Deir az-Zor Province”\n\n<sup>21</sup>Jack Moore, “Hawala: The Ancient Banking Practice Used to Finance Terror Groups,” Newsweek, February 24, 2015, accessed January 17, 2016, http://europe.newsweek.com/underground-european-hawala-network-financing-middle-eastern-terror-groups-307984; Robert Windrem, “Who's Funding ISIS? Wealthy Gulf 'Angel Investors,' Officials Say”, NBC News, September 21, 2014, accessed January 17, 2016, https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/whos-funding-isis-wealthy-gulf-angel-investors-officials-say-n208006\n\n<sup>22</sup>Omar al-Shaher, “Currency Auctions by Iraq Bank Called Into Question,” Al-Monitor, April 22, 2013, accessed December 16, 2015, http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/iraq-central-bank-currency-auctions-concerns-persist.html\n \n<sup>23</sup>Nibras Kazimi, “The Islamic State’s Sovereign Wealth Fund,” 2015, http://talisman-gate.com/2015/12/11/the-islamic-states-sovereign-wealth-fund/",
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steemdelegated 18.409 SP to @xocolatl
2017/08/04 04:59:30
delegateexocolatl
delegatorsteem
vesting shares29943.304951 VESTS
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steemcreated a new account: @xocolatl
2017/08/01 08:49:48
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Transaction InfoBlock #14189318/Trx fede8c187c1dd0828e587215c2ec464b6ded01a9
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Account Metadata

POSTING JSON METADATA
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JSON METADATA
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Auth Keys

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Single Signature
Public Keys
STM7wLxHdfGxTvNykkWmftMgCyNHNztPQ4TkgnnzNpnRTE2Q2JGVu1/1
Active
Single Signature
Public Keys
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Posting
Single Signature
Public Keys
STM5SyoxZdDLLQbM8Xo9atPVVNjMcN9XmQzi4zduW4EYRaNMisaLs1/1
Memo
STM7KSLJzmgCrm3sPB1z888NrzZmVRjkdqUXW2yWrXqy7M5ErMqDP
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[]