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      "author": "steemitboard",
      "body": "Congratulations @xjray! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@xjray/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@xjray) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=xjray)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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"![153209541952858521f8775.gif](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNq8T4beGBqTQbXbvu44tDpEffqDCfuhV3Vd2ZDjfY24f/153209541952858521f8775.gif)\n\n对于追求惊险刺激的年轻人来说，侦探推理类的作品无疑是非常受欢迎的。这两年就有《法医秦明》、《白夜追凶》这样的卖座电视剧出现。\n\n一部优秀的侦探推理作品会有错综复杂的人物关系，摸不着头脑的犯罪构思，令人发指的作案手段，可以说没有编剧写不出的，只有你想不到的。\n\n![1532095419531fec9df6d42.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRiHPvqrtTxwdbkRFnJBcdhCWMA5mbz96hPx4NMUHNkno/1532095419531fec9df6d42.jpg)\n\n但是，剧本终归只是剧本，就算是《法医秦明》这种基于真实案例改编的作品，也始终不如真实的刑侦案件来的让人震撼。\n\n一部有些被译名耽误的系列纪录片《科学破奇案》看起来平平无奇但第一集就着实惊到了心底。\n\n![15320954199094ffd6348ab.gif](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRQWAoEzGSamGWFE3f7vB2YUt6jLJKhnnskvPgDk76wx7/15320954199094ffd6348ab.gif)\n\n译制方给这一集的标题是“案外有案”，听起来似乎没有什么。所谓的“案中有案”想来无非是小案子暴露出蛛丝马迹，通过细致的证据分析找到的了更大的案件，这种套路的案子在今日说法里也不是没有。但是这个案件的经过比我看过的任何一个都要惊悚得多。\n\n![15320954196270591c4f3e0.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTULSvn8CeX58o5wbLzLNbEPBP3Hj1gSt2VLJ9o93LFG2/15320954196270591c4f3e0.jpg)\n\n这起案子发生在1997年的美国加州奥克兰。主角史蒂薇·奥曼是一位刚退休不久的中年妇女，她至今未婚，可能是因为要照顾一起生活的母亲。\n\n史蒂薇当街坊邻居中的口碑很好，大家都觉得这个中年妇女待人和善，对母亲的照顾也是事无巨细。案发前，史蒂薇年迈的母亲不幸过世，虽然遵照遗嘱，所有财产归史蒂薇继承，但母亲的过世确实让她有些难以适应。\n\n![1532095419899846baa2ce6.gif](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmU1uWGgRQZ3tU7oCEGNsR3vPMbkAKSkaeJtEKCeD7vRrk/1532095419899846baa2ce6.gif)\n\n史蒂薇记录下的真实影像\n\n在那之后，史蒂薇开始将自己原本用于照顾母亲的精力用到了新的事业上——打击当地社区的毒品交易活动。她在家里架设了录像设备，录下了很多毒贩交易的证据，并实名向警方举报。\n\n一来二去，史蒂薇帮助警方打击奥克兰毒贩的事迹在当地逐渐传开了，她也成为了群众眼中的社区英雄，街坊们更是对这位正义的女性赞赏有加。\n\n然而，当地受到打击毒贩们显然不容许这样的英雄存在，必须要给史蒂薇这样多管闲事的大妈一点教训。\n\n![1532095419983d4a964a032.gif](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmaxmAzk92QSpCQ3jwcsRGWM9TTgcrjz8BhTa7ghqS78xq/1532095419983d4a964a032.gif)\n\n1997年6月18日，有人用莫洛托夫鸡尾酒（俗称燃烧弹）袭击了史蒂薇的房子，燃料点燃了木质房屋。幸好史蒂薇及时报警，火势并没有造成更大的损失，她本人也没有受伤。\n\n袭击后警方迅速开始调查，毕竟是一位伸张正义的良好市民。调查发现散落在房屋外墙下的玻璃碎片有些多，看起来可能是手生的小混混所为，燃烧瓶并没有命中目标。\n\n![15320954199514309088269.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmT3Fmvs8aWoh5k2SmSgyVxbvgZFdpVpyA293gvjj3dP54/15320954199514309088269.jpg)\n\n就在警方忙于排查还没确定真凶的时候，又一起袭击发生了。7月1日半夜，燃烧瓶点燃了史蒂薇的卧室，大火吞噬了整栋房子，史蒂薇慌乱之中侥幸逃脱，手脚各处烧伤总面积达15%。\n\n这一起纵火案最终烧毁了史蒂薇的房子，还有她的两条狗，史蒂薇则住进了医院，看起来毒贩们的报复似乎取得了全面胜利。\n\n![1532095420089d07ceb3fac.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQXpiomsTyfrnmBAXXUEkDXEU5K4sKZMt3HAwfVU543YJ/1532095420089d07ceb3fac.jpg)\n\n史蒂薇被袭击至伤的消息传出，受到了全美的关注。支持这位正义女英雄的群众自然愤怒与同情交加，一方面强烈谴责毒贩，另一方面也想帮助史蒂薇度过难关。\n\n史蒂薇住院的期间，当地社区的支持者给她自发地募集了一些捐款，而警方甚至也给她筹集了500美元用于购买新的宠物狗。\n\n![1532095420762c24eab9247.gif](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQYXW6QRXUCbdtSpYRLBbVPrwPcwdjXSgXBfLwMDxi8SS/1532095420762c24eab9247.gif)\n\n在东奥克兰，这样的袭击并不少见，但史蒂薇的案例是绝无仅有的。除了群众的支持外，还有房地产商提议为她免费重建房子。事情甚至惊动了白宫，时任加州州长悬赏50000美元征集破案线索。\n\n当时警方觉得，重赏之下案件必定很快就会有关键性的突破，因为这里的毒贩为了20美元就能出卖自己的灵魂，50000美元别说出卖兄弟，可能灭亲的事都做得出，更何况还有“大义”。\n\n![1532095420697a700e296ea.gif](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmekoCgEapMhGDZGCejE98pvpMvgcDMhPsGGAENwtjvqTY/1532095420697a700e296ea.gif)\n\n但是，实际的情况是警方万万没想到的，如此重赏竟然只接到了一通可有可无的爆料电话。难道是毒贩们真的如此齐心一致对外？还是说案件另有蹊跷？\n\n另一方面，警方也在积极地寻找证据，但从现场的燃烧弹残骸上无法找到任何指纹等痕迹，加上又没有目击者，案子一下子陷入了僵局。\n\n![1532095420473e046f83d2a.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUP3KkUfDY1u8jG9GQ3xLuWW7XJg46LZeSfGaMBRxqwtF/1532095420473e046f83d2a.jpg)\n\n案件发展至此，结合这一集“案中案”标题中的反转暗示，我大概有一些猜测，从被袭后史蒂薇的实际情况上看，我一度怀疑这是她自导自演的苦情戏，为的是骗取捐款或是栽赃毒贩，但案件接下来的发展真的彻彻底底出乎了我的意料。\n\n两周的时间快过去了，史蒂薇被烧毁的房子马上就要被拆除，依旧没有任何线索的警方取得了搜查令，最后一次来到房屋废墟寻找证据。\n\n![1532095420699306eb96ecc.gif](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVg5KdNhjtsFgHvZNsE5Ev4AFt2TUDQbuJY1fUAkfJH5n/1532095420699306eb96ecc.gif)\n\n就在准备撤离的时候，其中两名警员发现了一处异样。在厨房，有一个被胶带牢牢封住的冰柜，因为位置的关系在废墟中不太显眼，也恰好没有被烧毁。\n\n警员打开冰柜，赫然发现里面存放着很多用黑色塑料袋包裹的物体，因为冰柜良好的隔热性能，这些东西完全被完美地保存下来。打开塑料袋，里面竟是被肢解的尸块！\n\n![15320954204693b99053d69.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSsW7A6xmxngJ6LnAfimqJU2souMfrTEwNVB7UbW5M3po/15320954204693b99053d69.jpg)\n\n![15320954206519c875c39cf.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmdm5tduabfV8z3F8af1ak31FK8iSPDMhag1Qsi6QTPRtv/15320954206519c875c39cf.jpg)\n\n发生了什么？尸体是谁？史蒂薇，社区反毒英雄，是深藏不露的变态杀手？纵火案果然是她自导自演的毁尸“大戏”？\n\n在场的犯罪学专家顿时后脊发凉，他猜测这可能是史蒂薇母亲的尸体，毕竟其母立嘱将财产分给她，母亲的死亡，史蒂薇是直接获益人。一个被邻里街坊称赞的好公民，是如何做到如此极端的表里不一？\n\n![153209542105700fa3d41c5.gif](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmWGs1a2b5vsUCnbw6HpuM3BSpB1hhb2uKYBZQL8xBXqqL/153209542105700fa3d41c5.gif)\n\n法医对尸体进行了DNA鉴定，结果显示尸体竟然是史蒂薇·奥曼本人！是的，就是房子的主人，毒贩的眼中钉史蒂薇本人。\n\n我的脑子已经转不过来了，尸体是史蒂薇，那在纵火案中被烧伤住院的那个史蒂薇是谁？史蒂薇被谁所杀害？是毒贩的报复吗？\n\n这个结果过于离奇，让警方都有些措手不及。不过此前警方接到的一通神秘电话却能和案件联系起来。那是在失火发生后不久，自称是史蒂薇妹妹的人说她在新闻中认出了姐姐的房子，但是那位被带出房子的并不是史蒂薇本人，而是史蒂薇的另一个妹妹莎拉。\n\n![15320954209053375351b9b.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVHrXiFfU3ab3wuZ2Pzpt1QNfiwhPdtPrM7CZhJJ7o8Q2/15320954209053375351b9b.jpg)\n\n史蒂薇兄弟姐妹共11人，其中就数莎拉和史蒂薇两姐妹长得最像，她们从小就会被邻居认错，人到中年两位连身形都几乎一样。\n\n不过，虽然长得像，但是两人的性格和作风却相去甚远。姐姐史蒂薇勤劳本分，而妹妹莎拉叛逆颓废，她们从小就结下了梁子，关系并不和谐。\n\n![153209542108602972f1f07.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmek2SB3d4mj8AhcE9mkyxMuirzZppPhRhrgFGDxmGvPFK/153209542108602972f1f07.jpg)\n\n警方通过医院住院记录中的通讯地址找到了那个冒牌史蒂薇，在例行的审讯中，这个冒牌货一直坚称自己就是史蒂薇。但经过指纹比对，冒牌货终究还是露馅了，经过匹配指纹的主人确定是曾经在1971年犯下卖淫罪的莎拉。\n\n前几年，史蒂薇一边照顾老母亲一边还给不争气的妹妹莎拉提供生活费。莎拉非但不知感恩，还嫉妒自己的姐姐，嫉妒她有工作，有养老金还有母亲的关爱和遗产。\n\n![15320954199514309088269 (1).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmT3Fmvs8aWoh5k2SmSgyVxbvgZFdpVpyA293gvjj3dP54/15320954199514309088269%20(1).jpg)\n\n史蒂薇\n\n![1532095421132f049e0b428.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRCPYLgQZiLSdq8H11mVsDGPdy4kz951gvF4LuYunMuGK/1532095421132f049e0b428.jpg)\n\n萨拉\n\n直到案发前，姐妹俩之间发生了一些不愉快，史蒂薇决定不再给妹妹提供生活费，于是二人彻底翻脸。因此史蒂薇被谋杀一案，妹妹莎拉有重大嫌疑。\n\n此时警方最重要的任务是找到直接定罪的证据。最迫切的当属找到凶杀分尸的第一现场。最初警方想到的是浴室，浴室里的浴缸是分尸的最好选择。而史蒂薇家的浴缸边缘恰好有切割机器留下的痕迹，但整间浴室却没有发现任何的血迹，因为其实这是浴室装修留下的痕迹。\n\n![1532095421208365e800c6b.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmd978NZ31qDMNv9Uh7zuxJiQTRsnK3qrWrQcrYLKaEFpd/1532095421208365e800c6b.jpg)\n\n其实第一现场通过简单的推理就可以找到，房子最先起火的地方是史蒂薇的卧室，显然是始作俑者最想毁灭的地方。果然，警方在被熏黑的卧室墙壁上发现了难以辨认的血迹，将木质的地板锯开还能摸到潮湿的痕迹，通过经典的鲁米诺反应验证，地板上存有大量的血迹。\n\n![15320954213454c959f55fa.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRjAFuSmEGY8gX3QWtEc4jtoSLLKuUc7T9Gde8ZNDu9JX/15320954213454c959f55fa.jpg)\n\n![1532095421557476b8e78f0.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUq6nr1Pn9UnH34J61h2izmmnHsUeigXpxuEkqe87g9av/1532095421557476b8e78f0.jpg)\n\n![15320954219703a65c10da7.gif](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmd6CqRouqmufzfx5C1QknqMUTbrepVzWLQYzzwp7tzFVE/15320954219703a65c10da7.gif)\n\n莎拉在史蒂薇睡觉的时候用钝器袭击了她的头部，并在此肢解了自己的亲姐姐，将尸块冻在冰柜里，并且伪装毒贩用燃烧瓶袭击，企图烧毁这一切，并以姐姐史蒂薇的身份接管她的一切。\n\n最后的最后，萨拉认罪被指控一级谋杀，情节十分恶劣，但奥曼家族不想再失去一位亲人，最终免除了萨拉的死刑改为终身监禁。\n\n![1532095421508a72baadec8.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmag9LMzRzrrsM7bjUy5PthBDsYeUNjQRsM7VHKtA5z83C/1532095421508a72baadec8.jpg)\n\n这一个案子之离奇超乎想象，以至于有些掩盖了纪录片当中关于刑侦技术的一些展现，毕竟它的英文原名是“Extreme Forensics”（极限取证），相反中文译名似乎更加切题。\n\n如果你对真实取材的刑侦纪录片感兴趣，这部《科学破奇案》绝对是下饭的好剧。远比浮夸又漏洞百出的侦探电视剧要更加有冲击力。如果还要给一个推荐理由，我想应该是这样的纪录片能让你窥一窥这无奇不有的世界吧。\n喜欢就关注我吧，每天会发新的文章等你哦。",
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      "permlink": "4xwm94",
      "title": "一桩比剧本更离奇的案中案，这部刑侦纪录片刷新了我的三观"
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      "author": "xjray",
      "body": "对于互联网公司而言，程序员的重要性不言而喻，因为大部分互联网公司都是虚拟资产，比如各种各样的程序等，而这些都是程序员研发的成果，可谓牵一发而动全身。如果这些程序经过了错误的处理，很可能会酿成大祸甚至灭顶之灾，轻则损失收益，重则有可能将公司搞黄。有程序员圈子就开启了这个讨论话题：作为程序员，你都闯过多大的篓子？\n\n![1531646044451b561f9399b.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZruNuVMcVRn2THDzZWzPeX9Zgyc8LhUzrCptvfQazSJ5/1531646044451b561f9399b.jpg)\n\n对于这样的话题，各路程序员的答案有如下几种：订单分不出去，损失几千万的流水；损失900万条用户数据；测试环境内容推给用户；不小心把公司核心用户所有数据删除，1分钟后办公室电话被打爆，还好有备份；实验环境的一台服务器直接删掉root目录。\n\n最狠的是这名网友的回复：差点把公司搞黄！\n\n![1531646044527fd4e671c1f.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmdNJwM1yFzeEGMeSVGGyU127VhV6coqmW3dbwtUoU5Vt9/1531646044527fd4e671c1f.jpg)\n\n不要以为这些程序员是在开玩笑，这些都是有真实案例的。曾经有某个智能硬件公司，其程序员原本是打算在测试环境进行测试，但不小心上传到了正式的生产环境，导致大量用户数据错乱，传导到消费者便是设备工作状态失效，瞬间各路客户的投诉就像雪片般飞来；还有一个创业的互联网小公司，某名核心程序员受到了不公正的待遇被迫离职，在受够了领导的嘴脸之后，这名程序员精心策划了一条删库之路，直接导致该公司瘫痪破产，虽然公司知道这名核心程序员做了手脚，但无奈找不到证据，只能自食其果。所以，千万不要得罪程序员！\n\n![15316460444589e7130de86.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcYWDBwngnrY1BHhXTYpiCZKTUsGkU3n3ZARAz6xiiVUd/15316460444589e7130de86.jpg)\n\n话说这些问题能够避免吗？答案是不确定 不管是多大规模的互联网公司都有可能发生这样的事情，君不见，在不久之前，阿里云的宕机事件就引起了轩然大波，像阿里这样的大公司都能出问题，何况那些小的互联网公司，又比如前不久某新闻媒体aop误将测试数据推送给用户，导致用户在短时间内接到大量的无效推送，产生了极不友好的用户体验。在这些问题中，有的问题是因为自己的bug产生的，而有的问题则是外部攻击引起，所以大型互联网公司都将网络安全列为重点防护领域，以保证公司稳定运行。",
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      "body": "据新华社英文版报道，马来西亚政府30日下午就马航MH370客机失联事件，向媒体发布调查报告。马来西亚政府表示，MH370的调查无法确定飞机失联的原因。但调查小组负责人称，目前能够确认，飞机曾经在人工控制下调头。\n\n报道指出，调查人员还表示，这份报告不是最终报告，如果说是最终报告就有点太自大了，因为飞机巨大的残骸还没有找到。\n\n事实上，30日上午，马来西亚政府面向MH370失联者家属公布了这份调查报告，报告共计有822页。有参加会议的失联乘客家属看到报告后告诉记者，该报告着重提及了此次事件中存在的一些错误和没有遵循指导方针的情况，报告中并没有新的发现。\n\n同样看过报告的MH370机长哈扎里的姐姐表示，报告排除了他的弟弟应为飞机失联而负责的说法，包括机长不称职和机长“自杀论”。\n\n据悉，该报告目前已被放到互联网上。同时，报告7月31日将提交马来西亚两院审议。\n\n2014年3月8日，载有239人的MH370飞机从吉隆坡飞往北京的途中失踪。其中乘客227名，机组人员12人。227名乘客中，大陆153人、台湾1人。客机失踪后，多国组织大规模的搜救行动，但迄今为止一直未发现客机下落。\n\n如今，距离马航失事已过去1600多天。从失联30分钟后的塔台呼叫，到数小时后的卫星追踪；从第2天多国联合搜救，到数月后商业公司海底打捞。期间有黑匣子海底耗尽电力的失落，也有海滩发现残骸的惊喜。这场航空史上最漫长的寻找留下不少印记。\n\n几轮搜寻均无疾而终\n\n在MH370失踪后第一天，马来西亚15架空军、6艘海军舰艇和3艘海军舰，开始全面搜寻行动，搜寻范围集中在越南南部和马来西亚之间水域，澳洲派出RAAF P-3C海上侦查机。不久后，中国、澳洲等多国加入搜寻队伍。\n\n在搜寻过程中，只有27块疑似残骸被发现，调查人员之后在印度洋疑似失事地点附近的深海区域进行搜索。\n\n2017年1月份，中国、马来西亚与澳洲三国政府发表联合声明，宣布暂停搜索2014年失踪至今的马航 MH370 客机。声明说，对印度洋12万平方公里的搜索区进行搜索后毫无发现，当局以悲痛的心情做出了暂停搜索的决定。\n\n2018年1月，马来西亚方面再次启动了搜索计划，并与勘探公司“海洋无限”（Ocean Infinity）达成了一项协议，在原区域以北的一个地区恢复搜索，这是科学家们认为最有可能的坠机地点。\n\n而在经过长时间的搜索没有找到任何新的重大发现后，马来西亚方面于5月29日宣布，马航MH370搜寻结束，如无意外情况，将不再进行搜索。\n\n尽管四年多来的搜索中发现了客机部分残骸，但是MH370的具体事故地点和客机的下落依然是个谜。\n\n“阴谋论”层出不穷\n\n由于4年多搜寻未果，围绕MH370失踪的“阴谋论”层出不穷。此前澳大利亚工程师麦克马洪曾声称，他用谷歌地球软件发现了客机残骸位置。他表示，MH370客机残骸位于印度洋西南部的海底，而搜索人员从未搜索过该片海域，因为美国官员拒绝搜索该区域。\n\n而早在今年2月1日至4日期间，MH370的搜索船配备的自动识别系统突然从雷达系统上失踪，“离奇失联”近80小时后才重新恢复连接。这又引发了外界有关“阴谋论”的猜想。\n\n针对这一离奇情况，许多人质疑该船只“隐藏行踪”另有目的，有澳洲媒体甚至称大马政府明知异频雷达收发机的关闭原因却有所隐瞒。有传闻指出，这一搜寻船为了寻宝而进行了绕道。值得一提的是，就在2月初，MH370搜索方称发现了一个沉没在海底的箱子，经调查发现其竟然属于一艘沉船，但箱子里装了什么却并未公布。\n\n此外，也有报道称在马航客机调查小组中，存在着“权力斗争”。据悉，MH370搜索最初是由包括马来西亚和外国官员在内的8名民航专家进行监督。但后来，包括分析黑匣子飞行数据和语音记录仪权威人士在内的4人，却被来自马来西亚皇家空军的7名战斗机和直升机飞行员取代，而这些人的事故调查经验明显不如此前的专家。\n\n在马政府在今年5月底宣布由搜索工作结束时，有关MH370的“阴谋论”仍此起彼伏。曾寻获多块疑是客机残骸的美国西雅图律师吉普森（Blaine Gibson）声称，感觉到在搜索期间有很多跟踪、死亡恐吓甚至暗杀，阻止MH370谜团解开。\n\n机长“自杀论”甚嚣尘上\n\n在MH370失踪后，各路航空专家也对客机是遭遇机械故障还是机长有意为之出现了分歧。此前在澳洲播放的一档60分钟的MH370揭秘节目中，几位航空领域专家一致认定，MH370机长扎哈里操纵飞机在海面上迫降，利用飞机进行了一次自杀式任务。\n\n然而，这种论断很快就被“推翻”。澳大利亚运输安全局调查人员表示，飞行员不太可能操纵飞机在海面上迫降，而有关其给机舱降压而使乘客丧失行动能力的猜想也不太符合实际。该调查人员指出，澳大利亚安全局和马来西亚当局都认为，在MH370客机坠入印度洋时，机长扎哈里当时处于无意识状态，这导致了客机随后以大角度俯冲入海。\n\n拥有30年飞行经验、飞行时长达1.7万小时的瑞典资深飞行员艾兰·林德贝格不久前也驳斥了机长“自杀论”，称机长自杀的说法非常难以置信。他认为，MH370客机飞行员的氧气瓶很有可能出了故障，机长更可能是因为缺氧没来得及呼救，从而导致客机出事。",
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      "body": "最近长生生物疫苗造假事件彻底引爆了舆论圈。\n\n疫苗造假，人神共愤！\n\n二十多万支不合格儿童疫苗流入市场，让孩子承担了患病风险，让接种过该批次疫苗的孩子的家长们心急如焚。\n\n那么什么是疫苗？不打行不行？\n\n说起疫苗，我们应该人人都打过，但是并不是人人都对其很熟悉，只知道是可以预防传染病，抵抗病毒之类的东西，但具体是怎么回事呢？\n\n要了解疫苗，首先要了解我们的免疫系统是如何工作的。当外界微生物入侵我们的身体时，免疫系统会做出一系列反应试图识别查证并将异物消灭。\n\n![How do vaccines work- - Kelwalin Dhanasarnsombut - YouTube_20180725143536.JPG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQvRanKYbMxDmaWsEcL2Ef1SFEqoy8LnvkLWJK7oxoAGa/How%20do%20vaccines%20work-%20-%20Kelwalin%20Dhanasarnsombut%20-%20YouTube_20180725143536.JPG)\n\n\n这时会表现为包括咳嗽、打喷嚏、发炎、发烧等等，这是免疫系统的正常反应，是我们的第一道防线。这些都是为了把体内的威胁物（如细菌、病毒）困住、消灭。如果这些威胁物突破了第一道防线，这些先天的免疫反应还会诱发我们的第二道防线，叫做适应性免疫。适应性免疫是具有专一性的。专一性是指只对特定的某一种入侵物生效，免疫系统会调用特殊的细胞B细胞和T细胞一对一盯防。\n\n![How do vaccines work- - Kelwalin Dhanasarnsombut - YouTube_20180725145109.JPG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmbakHWc6Ua3DF3zXoTGpjFWVpoZp8mJoKQ254C2UxE3Wb/How%20do%20vaccines%20work-%20-%20Kelwalin%20Dhanasarnsombut%20-%20YouTube_20180725145109.JPG)\n\n外来入侵的细胞有成百上千种，而我们主要的特异性免疫细胞只有两种，就是B细胞和T细胞，那么它们是如何一一针对那成百上千种病原体呢？不知道大家发现没有，在示意图中，B细胞外面长了很多抓手，通过这些抓手就可以抓住那些病原体，而每一种抓手都和相应的病原体一一对应。这些抓手是如何产生的？就是与入侵的细菌或病毒接触后，受到抗原的刺激，就自动生成了能抓取这种特定抗原的抓手，抓手的学名叫做免疫球蛋白，可以和抗原相结合，也叫做抗体。当抓住这些入侵的病原体后就会由巨噬细胞来吞掉它们，达到清除入侵物的目的。\n\nT细胞的作用原理和B细胞有所区别，T细胞并没有抓手，它可以直接攻击病原体。T细胞在受到抗原刺激后也会变身，转化为致敏细胞，这时的T细胞就会对这种特定的病原体有攻击性，会释放自身体内的毒素去消灭受感染的细胞或抑制病毒的增殖。\n\n我们身体内的免疫细胞是相互协同作用的，它们发现入侵的病原体后会大量的自我复制，组成一支免疫大军来消灭入侵物，这其中的一少部分免疫细胞会分化成为记忆细胞进入静止期，它们记录了抗原的信息，这些信息在同样的病原体再次入侵的时候就非常有用。当免疫细胞再次与进入机体的相同抗原相遇时，会快速复制，速度会比第一次遇到时快很多，可以非常迅速的把入侵人体的病毒或细菌消灭掉。\n\n![How do vaccines work- - Kelwalin Dhanasarnsombut - YouTube_20180725154332.JPG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQh6VVUwLta8tdwXPyL9VYgGNAYiKtVk6G1WeaAgAErNX/How%20do%20vaccines%20work-%20-%20Kelwalin%20Dhanasarnsombut%20-%20YouTube_20180725154332.JPG)\n\n那么疫苗是什么，既然病毒或细菌进入我们体内后会自动触发免疫反应，为什么还要打疫苗呢？\n\n![How do vaccines work- - Kelwalin Dhanasarnsombut - YouTube_20180725162221.JPG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSyPSpZw5Y5jUe3H5xLrMCeAfxgUbY829opUViwg1JQfx/How%20do%20vaccines%20work-%20-%20Kelwalin%20Dhanasarnsombut%20-%20YouTube_20180725162221.JPG)\n\n因为特异性免疫还有一个特点，就是一部分免疫细胞在遇到抗原后会分化成为记忆细胞进入静止期，它们记录了抗原的信息，这些信息在同样的病原体再次入侵的时候就非常有用。当免疫细胞再次与进入机体的相同抗原相遇时，会快速复制，速度会比第一次遇到时快的多，可以非常迅速的把入侵人体的病毒或细菌消灭掉。而且，我们的身体需要一定的时间才能学会如何对一病原体做出反应并建立相应的防御。即便如此，如果一个人的身体太虚弱或太年轻，在身体被入侵的时候不能反抗，特别是如果这个病原体很厉害的话，如果没有提前做好防御，这个人可能会有很严重的生命威胁。\n\n疫苗正是用了免疫反应的这个特点，把经过处理的，已经灭活或减弱毒性的细菌或病毒制成了生物制剂。这些失活或减毒的细菌或病毒保留了抗原的信息，但是不会对人体造成伤害（但是减毒疫苗对免疫系统较弱的人不能接种）。当疫苗中的病毒或细菌注射进人体后，同样会激发人体的免疫反应，B细胞和T细胞也会来消灭他们，并且记录了这次抗原的信息。下次真正遇到同种具有活性的病毒或细菌时免疫细胞就会快速大量复制，及时将其消灭。\n\n上面所说的疫苗是主动免疫的，通过注射抗原，让身体自发产生抗体，如百白破疫苗。还有一种是被动免疫的，就是直接注射针对某种细菌或病毒的抗体，特点是见效快，不需经过潜伏期，一经输入，立即可获得免疫力，但维持时间短。主要用于治疗或紧急预防。狂犬病疫苗就是被动免疫的，直接注射的抗体，并且在被咬伤24小时内就要接种第一针，没时间等待通过自身反应产生抗体。\n\n疫苗造假，可能不仅会使疫苗失效，还可能因为没有对病毒或细菌充分灭活或减毒，从而使接种的人群感染上该种疾病。疫苗如此重要，岂能造假？",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://www.voicetube.com/videos/64731",
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      "body": "You may take them for granted, but your teeth are a marvel.\nThey break up all your food over the course of your life , while being strong enough to withstand breakage themselves. And they’re formed using only the raw materials from the food they grind down in the first place.\nWhat’s behind their impressive strength? \nTeeth rely on an ingenious structure that makes them both hard and tough. Hardness can be thought of as the ability to resist a crack from starting, while toughness is what stops the crack from spreading. \nVery few materials have both properties. For instance, glass is hard but not tough, while leather is tough but not hard.\nTeeth manage both by having two layers: a hard external cap of enamel, made up almost entirely of a calcium phosphate, and beneath it, a tougher layer of dentin, partly formed from organic fibers that make it flexible.\nThis amazing structure is created by two types of cells: ameloblasts that secrete enamel and odontoblasts that secrete dentin. As they form teeth, odontoblasts move inward, while ameloblasts move out and slough off when they hit the surface. \nFor enamel, this process produces long,  thin strands, each about 60 nanometers in diameter. That’s one one-thousandth the width of a human hair. Those are bundled into rods,  packed together, tens of thousands per square millimeter, to form the shield-like enamel layer. Once this process is finished,  your enamel can’t repair itself again because all the cells that make it are lost, so we’re lucky that enamel can’t be easily destroyed.\nOdontoblasts use a more complex process, but unlike ameloblasts, they stick around, continuing to secrete dentin throughout your life.\nDespite the differences in teeth across the mammalian order, the underlying process of tooth growth is the same whether it’s for lions, kangaroos, elephants, or us.\nWhat changes is how nature sculpts the shape of the tooth, altering the folding and growth patterns to suit the distinct diets of different species.\nCows have flat molar teeth with parallel ridges for grinding tough grasses. Cats have sharp crested molars,  like blades, for shearing meat and sinew. Pigs have blunt, thick ones, useful for crushing hard roots and seeds.\nThe myriad molars of modern mammals can be traced back to a common form called “tribosphenic,\" which first appeared during the dinosaur age.\nIn the 19th Century, paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope developed the basic model for how this form evolved.\nHe hypothesized that it started with a cone-like tooth, as we see in many fishes, amphibians, and reptiles.\nSmall cusps were then added, so the tooth had three in a row, aligned front to back, and connected by crests. Over time, the cusps were pushed out of line to make triangular crowns.\nAdjacent teeth formed a continuous zigzag of crests for slicing and dicing. A low shelf then formed at the back of each set of teeth, which became a platform for crushing.\nAs Cope realized, the tribosphenic molar served as the jumping-off point for the radiation of specialized forms to follow,\neach shaped by evolutionary needs. Straighten the crests and remove the shelf, and you’ve got the conveniently bladed teeth of cats and dogs. Remove the front cusp, raise the shelf,  and you’ve got our human molars. A few additional tweaks get you a horse or cow tooth. \nSome details in Cope’s intuitive hypothesis proved wrong. But in the fossil record, there are examples of teeth that look just as he predicted and we can trace the molars of all living mammals back to that primitive form.\nToday, the ability to consume diverse forms of food enables mammals to survive in habitats ranging from mountain peaks and ocean depths to rainforests and deserts.\nSo the success of our biological class is due in no small measure to the remarkable strength and adaptability of the humble mammalian molar.",
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      "body": "Vote exchange site, auto and manual curation. Ref 10%, https://mysteemup.club?r=alerchenko.",
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      "body": "最近长生生物疫苗造假事件彻底引爆了舆论圈。\n\n疫苗造假，人神共愤！\n\n二十多万支不合格儿童疫苗流入市场，让孩子承担了患病风险，让接种过该批次疫苗的孩子的家长们心急如焚。\n\n那么什么是疫苗？不打行不行？\n\n说起疫苗，我们应该人人都打过，但是并不是人人都对其很熟悉，只知道是可以预防传染病，抵抗病毒之类的东西，但具体是怎么回事呢？\n\n要了解疫苗，首先要了解我们的免疫系统是如何工作的。当外界微生物入侵我们的身体时，免疫系统会做出一系列反应试图识别查证并将异物消灭。\n\n![How do vaccines work- - Kelwalin Dhanasarnsombut - YouTube_20180725143536.JPG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQvRanKYbMxDmaWsEcL2Ef1SFEqoy8LnvkLWJK7oxoAGa/How%20do%20vaccines%20work-%20-%20Kelwalin%20Dhanasarnsombut%20-%20YouTube_20180725143536.JPG)\n\n\n这时会表现为包括咳嗽、打喷嚏、发炎、发烧等等，这是免疫系统的正常反应，是我们的第一道防线。这些都是为了把体内的威胁物（如细菌、病毒）困住、消灭。如果这些威胁物突破了第一道防线，这些先天的免疫反应还会诱发我们的第二道防线，叫做适应性免疫。适应性免疫是具有专一性的。专一性是指只对特定的某一种入侵物生效，免疫系统会调用特殊的细胞B细胞和T细胞一对一盯防。\n\n![How do vaccines work- - Kelwalin Dhanasarnsombut - YouTube_20180725145109.JPG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmbakHWc6Ua3DF3zXoTGpjFWVpoZp8mJoKQ254C2UxE3Wb/How%20do%20vaccines%20work-%20-%20Kelwalin%20Dhanasarnsombut%20-%20YouTube_20180725145109.JPG)\n\n外来入侵的细胞有成百上千种，而我们主要的特异性免疫细胞只有两种，就是B细胞和T细胞，那么它们是如何一一针对那成百上千种病原体呢？不知道大家发现没有，在示意图中，B细胞外面长了很多抓手，通过这些抓手就可以抓住那些病原体，而每一种抓手都和相应的病原体一一对应。这些抓手是如何产生的？就是与入侵的细菌或病毒接触后，受到抗原的刺激，就自动生成了能抓取这种特定抗原的抓手，抓手的学名叫做免疫球蛋白，可以和抗原相结合，也叫做抗体。当抓住这些入侵的病原体后就会由巨噬细胞来吞掉它们，达到清除入侵物的目的。\n\nT细胞的作用原理和B细胞有所区别，T细胞并没有抓手，它可以直接攻击病原体。T细胞在受到抗原刺激后也会变身，转化为致敏细胞，这时的T细胞就会对这种特定的病原体有攻击性，会释放自身体内的毒素去消灭受感染的细胞或抑制病毒的增殖。\n\n我们身体内的免疫细胞是相互协同作用的，它们发现入侵的病原体后会大量的自我复制，组成一支免疫大军来消灭入侵物，这其中的一少部分免疫细胞会分化成为记忆细胞进入静止期，它们记录了抗原的信息，这些信息在同样的病原体再次入侵的时候就非常有用。当免疫细胞再次与进入机体的相同抗原相遇时，会快速复制，速度会比第一次遇到时快很多，可以非常迅速的把入侵人体的病毒或细菌消灭掉。\n\n![How do vaccines work- - Kelwalin Dhanasarnsombut - YouTube_20180725154332.JPG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQh6VVUwLta8tdwXPyL9VYgGNAYiKtVk6G1WeaAgAErNX/How%20do%20vaccines%20work-%20-%20Kelwalin%20Dhanasarnsombut%20-%20YouTube_20180725154332.JPG)\n\n那么疫苗是什么，既然病毒或细菌进入我们体内后会自动触发免疫反应，为什么还要打疫苗呢？\n\n![How do vaccines work- - Kelwalin Dhanasarnsombut - YouTube_20180725162221.JPG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSyPSpZw5Y5jUe3H5xLrMCeAfxgUbY829opUViwg1JQfx/How%20do%20vaccines%20work-%20-%20Kelwalin%20Dhanasarnsombut%20-%20YouTube_20180725162221.JPG)\n\n因为特异性免疫还有一个特点，就是一部分免疫细胞在遇到抗原后会分化成为记忆细胞进入静止期，它们记录了抗原的信息，这些信息在同样的病原体再次入侵的时候就非常有用。当免疫细胞再次与进入机体的相同抗原相遇时，会快速复制，速度会比第一次遇到时快的多，可以非常迅速的把入侵人体的病毒或细菌消灭掉。而且，我们的身体需要一定的时间才能学会如何对一病原体做出反应并建立相应的防御。即便如此，如果一个人的身体太虚弱或太年轻，在身体被入侵的时候不能反抗，特别是如果这个病原体很厉害的话，如果没有提前做好防御，这个人可能会有很严重的生命威胁。\n\n疫苗正是用了免疫反应的这个特点，把经过处理的，已经灭活或减弱毒性的细菌或病毒制成了生物制剂。这些失活或减毒的细菌或病毒保留了抗原的信息，但是不会对人体造成伤害（但是减毒疫苗对免疫系统较弱的人不能接种）。当疫苗中的病毒或细菌注射进人体后，同样会激发人体的免疫反应，B细胞和T细胞也会来消灭他们，并且记录了这次抗原的信息。下次真正遇到同种具有活性的病毒或细菌时免疫细胞就会快速大量复制，及时将其消灭。\n\n上面所说的疫苗是主动免疫的，通过注射抗原，让身体自发产生抗体，如百白破疫苗。还有一种是被动免疫的，就是直接注射针对某种细菌或病毒的抗体，特点是见效快，不需经过潜伏期，一经输入，立即可获得免疫力，但维持时间短。主要用于治疗或紧急预防。狂犬病疫苗就是被动免疫的，直接注射的抗体，并且在被咬伤24小时内就要接种第一针，没时间等待通过自身反应产生抗体。\n\n疫苗造假，可能不仅会使疫苗失效，还可能因为没有对病毒或细菌充分灭活或减毒，从而使接种的人群感染上该种疾病。疫苗如此重要，岂能造假？",
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