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      "body": "Cryptocurrency mining is painstaking, expensive, and only sporadically rewarding. Nonetheless, mining has a magnetic draw for many investors interested in cryptocurrency. This may be because entrepreneurial types see mining as pennies from heaven, like California gold prospectors in 1848. And if you are technologically inclined, why not do it?\n\nWell, before you invest the time and equipment, read this explainer to see whether mining is really for you. We will focus primarily on Bitcoin. (Related: How Bitcoin Works and our helpful infographic, What is Bitcoin?)\n\nWhy should I mine?\nBy mining, you can earn cryptocurrency without having to put down money for it. That said, you certainly don’t have to be a miner to own crypto.  You can also buy crypto using fiat currency (USD, EUR, JPY, etc); you can trade it on an exchange like Bitstamp using other crypto (example: Using Ethereum or NEO to buy Bitcoin); you even can earn it by playing video games or by publishing blogposts on platforms that pay its users in crypto. An example of the latter is Steemit, which is kind of like Medium except that users can reward bloggers by paying them in a proprietary cryptocurrency called Steem.  Steem can then be traded elsewhere for Bitcoin.\n\nIn addition to lining the pockets of miners, mining serves a second and vital purpose: It is the only way to release new cryptocurrency into circulation. In other words, miners are basically “minting” currency. For example, as of the time of writing this piece, there were about 17 million Bitcoin in circulation. Aside from the coins minted via the genesis block (the very first block created by Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto himself), every single one of those Bitcoin came into being because of miners. In the absence of miners, Bitcoin would still exist and be usable, but there would never be any additional Bitcoin. There will come a time when Bitcoin mining ends; per the Bitcoin Protocol, the number of Bitcoin will be capped at 21 million. (Related reading: What Happens to Bitcoin After All 21 Million are Mined?)\n\nHow much can a miner earn from mining Bitcoin?\nBitcoin are mined in units called “blocks.” As of the time of writing, the reward for completing a block is 12.5 Bitcoin. At today’s price of about $10,000 per Bitcoin, this means you’d earn (12.5 x 5000)=$125,000.\n\nWhen Bitcoin was first mined in 2009, mining one block would earn you 50 BTC. In 2012, this was halved to 25 BTC. in 2016, this was halved to the current level of 12.5 BTC. In 2020 or so, the reward size will be halved again to 6.25 BTC.\n\nIf you want to keep track of precisely when these halvings will occur, you can consult the Bitcoin Clock, which updates this information in real time.\n![bitcoin_clock_1.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmRsbmtpkwHzP5AoyPRxBmvqGmf4M2pGnv31bb24nHFzJ9/bitcoin_clock_1.jpg)\n\n(Source: Bitcoinclock.com)\n\nHow many blocks have been mined so far?\nA number of sites, including Blockchain.info, will give you that information in real time. At the time of writing, we are at block #509504.\n\nWhat are miners doing that’s so important that they get free Bitcoin?\nMiners are getting paid for their work as auditors. They are doing the work of verifying previous Bitcoin transactions. This convention is meant to keep Bitcoin users honest, and was conceived by Bitcoin’s founder, Satoshi Nakamoto. By verifying transactions, miners are helping to prevent the “double-spendingproblem.”\n\nDouble spending means, as the name suggests, that a Bitcoin user is illicitly spending the same money twice. With physical currency, this isn’t an issue: Once you hand someone a greenback $20 bill to buy a bottle of vodka, you no longer have it, so there’s no danger you could use that same $20 to buy lotto tickets next door. With digital currency, however, as the Investopedia dictionary explains, “there is a risk that the holder could make a copy of the digital token and send it to a merchant or another party while retaining the original.”\n\nLet’s say you had one legit $20 and one really good photocopy of that same $20. If someone were to try to spend both the real bill and the fake one, someone who took the trouble of looking at both of the bills’ serial numbers would see that they were the same number, and thus one of them had to be false. What a Bitcoin miner does is analogous to that–they check transactions to make sure that users have not illegitimately tried to spend the same Bitcoin twice. This isn’t a perfect analogy–we’ll explain in more detail below.\n\nOnce a miner has verified 1 MB (megabyte) worth of Bitcoin transactions, they are eligible to win the 12.5 BTC. The 1 MB limit was set by Satoshi Nakamoto, and is a matter of controversy, as some miners believe the block size should be increased to accommodate more data.\n\nNote that I said that verifying 1 MB worth of transactions makes a miner eligible to earn Bitcoin–not everyone who verifies transactions will get paid out.\n\n1MB of transactions can theoretically be as small as 1 transaction (though this is not at all common) or several thousand. It depends on how much data the transactions take up.\n\nSo after all that work of verifying transactions, I might still not get any Bitcoin for it?\nThat is correct.\n\nIn order to earn Bitcoin, you need to meet two conditions. One is a matter of effort, one is a matter of luck.\n\n1) You have to verify ~1MB worth of transactions. This is the easy part.\n\n2) You have to be the first miner to arrive at the right answer to a numeric problem. This process is also known as a proof of work.\n\nWhat do you mean, “the right answer to a numeric problem”?\nThe good news: No advanced math or computation is involved. You may have heard that miners are solving difficult mathematical problems–that’s not true at all. What they’re actually doing is trying to be the first miner to come up with a 64-digit hexadecimal number (a “hash“)  that is less than or equal to the target hash. It’s basically guess work.\n\nThe bad news: Because it’s guesswork, you need a lot of computing power in order to get there first. To mine successfully, you need to have a high “hash rate,” which is measured in terms of megahashes per second (MH/s), gigahashes per second (GH/s), and terahashes per second (TH/s).\n\nThat is a great many hashes.\n\nIf you want to estimate how much Bitcoin you could mine with your mining rig’s hash rate, the site Cryptocompare offers a helpful calculator.\n\n![dnd.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmVaRwgNi4zzcczh4ZCpRe5zeLUaT9uK3eHX8WM8PAkaMV/dnd.jpg)\n\n\n\nWhat equipment do I need to mine?\nEither a GPU (graphics processing unit) miner or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) miner. These can run from $500 to the tens of thousands. Some miners–particularly Ethereum miners–buy individual graphics cards as a low-cost way to cobble together mining operations. The photo below is a makeshift, home-made mining machine. The graphics cards are those rectangular blocks with whirring circles. Note the sandwich twist-ties holding the graphics cards to the metal pole. This is probably not the most efficient way to mine, and as you can guess, many miners are in it as much for the fun and challenge as for the money.\n\n![bitcoin_mining.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmeU91iw1z3rhuLGGjdTV7bARcyBpZVHKkF7xYhU9jgZvM/bitcoin_mining.jpg)\n\n\n(Source: Shutterstock)\n\nThe ELI5 (“Explain It Like I’m Five”) version of what Bitcoin miners do\nExample: I tell three friends that I’m thinking of a number between 1 and 100, and I write that number on a piece of paper and seal it in an envelope. My friends don’t have to guess the exact number, they just have to be the first person to guess any number that is less than or equal to the number I am thinking of. And there is no limit to how many guesses they get.\n\nLet’s say I’m thinking of the number 19. If Friend A guesses 21, they lose because 21>19. If Friend B guesses 16 and Friend C guesses 12, then they’ve both theoretically arrived at viable answers, because 16<19 and 12<19. There is no “extra credit” for Friend B, even though B’s answer was closer to the target answer of 19.\n\nIf B and C both answer simultaneously, then the ELI5 analogy breaks down.\n\nIn Bitcoin terms, simultaneous answers occur frequently, but at the end of the day there can only be one winning answer. When multiple simultaneous answers are presented that are equal to or less than the target number, the Bitcoin network will decide by a simple majority–51%–which miner to honour. Typically, it is the miner who has done the most work, i.e. verifies the most transactions. The losing block then becomes an “orphan block.”\n\nNow imagine that I pose the “guess what number I’m thinking of” question, but I’m not asking just three friends, and I’m not thinking of a number between 1 and 100. Rather, I’m asking millions of would-be miners and I’m thinking of a 64-digit hexadecimal number. Now you see that it’s going to be extremely hard to guess the right answer. (See also: What is Bitcoin Mining?)\n\nWhat the hell is a “64-digit hexadecimal number”?\nWell, here is one:\n\n0000000000000000057fcc708cf0130d95e27c5819203e9f967ac56e4df598ee\n\nThe number above has 64 digits. Easy enough to understand so far. As you probably noticed, that number consists not just of numbers, but also letters of the alphabet. Why is that?\n\nIn order to understand what these letters are doing in the middle of numbers, let’s unpack the word “hexadecimal.”\n\nAs you know, we use the “decimal” system, which means it is base 10. This in turn means that every digit has 10 possibilities, 0-9. I will be rather alarmed if these do not look familiar to you:\n\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9\n\n“Hexadecimal,” on the other hand, means base 16, as “hex” is derived from the Greek word for 6 and “deca” is derived from the Greek word for 10. In a hexadecimal system, each digit has 16 possibilities. But our numeric system only offers 10 ways of representing numbers (0-9). That’s why you have to stick letters in, specifically letters a, b, c, d, e, and f. In a hexadecimal system, these are the values of each digit:\n\n![hexadecimal.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmRC8LuLuiigZWHCq8NAoFcKLzHRLKQzVUdVXh71oX31CV/hexadecimal.jpg)\n\nThe above chart is just for background. If you are mining Bitcoin, you do not need to calculate the total value of that 64-digit number (the hash). I repeat: You do not need to calculate the total value of a hash.\n\nThanks a lot. So what do “64-digit hexadecimal numbers” have to do with Bitcoin mining?\nRemember that ELI5 analogy, where I wrote the number 19 on a piece of paper and put it in a sealed envelope?\n\nIn Bitcoin mining terms, that metaphorical undisclosed number in the envelope is called the target hash.\n\nWhat miners are doing with those huge computers and dozens of cooling fans is guessing at the target hash. Miners make these guesses by randomly generating as many “nonces” as possible, as fast as possible. A nonce is short for “number only used once,” and the nonce is the key to generating these 64-bit hexadecimal numbers I keep talking about. In Bitcoin mining, a nonce is 32 bits in size–much smaller than the hash, which is 256 bits. The first miner whose nonce generates a hash that is less than or equal to the target hash is awarded credit for completing that block, and is awarded the spoils of 12.5 BTC.\n\nIn theory you could achieve the same goal by rolling a 16-sided die 64 times to arrive at random numbers, but why on earth would you want to do that?\n\nThe screenshot below, taken from the site Blockchain.info, might help you put all this information together at a glance. You are looking at a summary of everything that happened when block #490163 was mined. The nonce that generated the “winning” hash was 731511405. The target hash is shown on top. The term “Relayed by: Antpool” refers to the fact that this particular block was completed by AntPool, one of the more successful mining pools. As you see here, their contribution to the Bitcoin community is that they confirmed 1768 transactions for this block. If you really want to see all 1768 of those transactions for this block, go to this page and scroll down to the heading “Transactions.”\n\n![blockchaininfo.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmQq8VGfrTMxTLURENz4KZ44sxQcG87bKPDox95TD83vXi/blockchaininfo.jpg)\n\n(source : Blockchain.info)\n\nOK so how do I guess at the target hash?\nAll target hashes begin with zeros–at least eight zeros, and up to 63 zeros.\n\nThere is no minimum target, but there is a maximum target set by the Bitcoin Protocol. No target can be greater than this number:\n\n00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\nHere are some examples of randomized hashes and the criteria for whether they will lead to success for the miner:\n\n![target_hash_example_3.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmeDp1JzEmv6hXBwLKAsSeUVnhUXnwJWQcR4XGCvLkGFq4/target_hash_example_3.jpg)\n\n(Note: These are made-up hashes)\n\nHow do I maximize my chances of guessing the target hash before anyone else does?\nYou’d have to get a fast mining rig or, more realistically, join a mining pool–a group of miners who combine their computing power and split the mined bitcoin. Mining pools are comparable to those Powerball clubs whose members buy lottery tickets en masse and agree to share any winnings. A disproportionately large number of blocks are mined by pools rather than by individual miners.\n\nIn other words, it’s literally just a numbers game. You cannot guess the pattern or make a prediction based on previous target hashes. The difficulty level of the most recent block at the time of writing is 2,874,674,234,416, i.e. the chance of any given nonce producing a hash below the target is 1 in 2,874,674,234,416–less than 1 in 2 trillion.\n\nHow do I decide whether Bitcoin will be profitable for me?\nThe aforementioned site Cryptocompare offers a helpful calculator that allows you to plug in numbers such as your hash speed, electricity costs etc. to estimate the costs and benefits. \n\n![cryptocompare_1.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmeh7hH93JEp8Wwfn8oB4vwxCrFGRE7kbsGiq5vmKSFhqQ/cryptocompare_1.jpg)\n\n(Source: Cryptocompare)\n\nI’ve done the math. Forget mining. Is there a less onerous way to profit from the Crypto boom?\nSure. As discussed, the easiest way to acquire Bitcoin is to buy it on an exchange like Coinbase.com. Alternately, you can always leverage the “pickaxe strategy”. This is based on the old saw that during the 1848 California gold rush, the smart investment was not to pan for gold, but rather to make the pickaxes used for mining. Or, to put it in modern terms, invest in the companies that manufacture those pickaxes. In a crypto context, the pickaxe equivalent would be a company that manufactures equpiment used for Bitcoin mining. You can look into companies that make ASICs miners or GPU miners.",
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      "permlink": "the-fractional-reserve-banking-system-zeitgeist-addendum",
      "title": "The Fractional Reserve Banking System / Zeitgeist Addendum",
      "body": "Society today is composed of a series of institutions…from political institutions, legal institutions, religious institutions… to institutions of social class, familial values\nand occupational specialization. It is obvious the profound influence these traditionalized structures have in shaping our understandings and perspectives…\n![9cbd0702118b9bf7d3c37c7bf052bbf3.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmbXw8tHio1KAsEmAExsNbic5HNMNkhjnYCvMbi1jPBgDd/9cbd0702118b9bf7d3c37c7bf052bbf3.jpg)\nYet, of all the social institutions we are born into, directed by and conditioned upon, there seems to be no system as taken for granted and misunderstood…as the monetary system. Taking on nearly religious proportions, the established monetary institution exists as one of the most unquestioned forms of faith there is. How money is created, the policies by which it is governed and how it truly affects society are unregistered interests of the great majority of the population.\nIn a world where 1% of the population owns 40% of the planet’s wealth…in a world where 34,000 children die every single day from poverty and preventable diseases, and where 50% of the world’s population lives on less than 2 dollars a day… one thing is clear:\nSomething is very wrong.\n\nAnd whether we are aware of it or not, the lifeblood of all of our established institutions and thus society itself, is money. Therefore understanding this institution of monetary policy is critical to understanding why our lives are the way they are.\nUnfortunately, economics is often viewed with confusion and boredom. Endless streams of financial jargon coupled with intimidating mathematics quickly deter people from attempts at understanding it. However, the fact is, the complexity associated with the financial system is a mere mask, designed to conceal one of the most socially paralyzing structures humanity has ever endured.\n\n[PART 1. “None are more hopelessly enslaved than those who falsely believe they are free.”-Johann Wolfgang von Goethe-1749-1832]\n\nA number of years ago, the central bank of the United States, the Federal Reserve, produced a document entitled “Modern Money Mechanics”. This publication detailed the institutionalized practice of money creation, as utilized by the Federal Reserve and the web of global commercial banks it supports. On the opening page, the document states its objective: “The Purpose of this booklet is to describe the basic process of money creation in a fractional reserve banking system”. It then proceeds to describe this ‘fractional reserve process’ through various banking terminology. A translation of which goes something like this:\n![0858411-zeitgeist-the-movie-8-728.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmaSjbkUqRXTKSHVt9SyEt6iu13pXwhUZn4azHxaotc6AT/0858411-zeitgeist-the-movie-8-728.jpg)\nThe United States Government decides it needs some money, so it calls up the Federal Reserve, and requests, say, 10 billion dollars”. The fed replies, saying ” sure… we’ll buy 10 billion in government bonds from you.”\nSo, the government then takes some piece of paper, paints some official looking designs on them, and calls them ‘Treasury Bonds’. Then, it puts a value on these Bonds to the sum of 10 billion dollars, and sends them over to the Fed. In turn, the people at the Fed draw up a bunch of impressive pieces of paper themselves, only this time calling them ‘Federal Reserve Notes’…also designating a value of 10 billion dollars to the set.\nThe Fed then takes these notes and trades them for the Bonds. Once this exchange is complete, the government then takes the 10 billion in Federal Reserve Notes and deposits it into a bank account…and upon this deposit, the paper notes officially become ‘legal tender’ money, adding 10 billion to the US money supply. And there it is… 10 billion in new money has been created. Of course, this example is a generalization, for, in reality, this transaction would occur electronically, with no paper used at all. In fact only 3% of the US money supply exists in physical currency. The other 97% essentially exists in computers alone.\n\nNow, Government bonds are, by design, instruments of Debt and when the Fed purchases these bonds, with money it created essentially out of thin air, the government is actually promising to pay back that money to the Fed.\n\nIn other words… The money was created out of debt. This mind numbing paradox of how money, or value, can be created out of debt, or a liability, will become more clear as we further this exercise.\n\nSo, the exchange has been made and now 10 billion dollars sits in a commercial bank account. Here is where it gets really interesting, for as based on the Fractional Reserve practice, that 10 billion dollar deposit instantly becomes part of the bank’s Reserves, just as all deposits do. And regarding reserve requirements, as stated in Modern money mechanics:\nA bank must maintain legally required reserves, equal to a prescribed percentage of its deposits. It then quantifies this by stating: under current regulations, the reserve requirement against most transaction accounts is 10%.”\n\nThis means that with a ten billion dollar deposit, 10% or 1 billion is held as the required reserve, while the other 9 billion is considered an excessive reserve and can be used as the basis for new loans.\nNow, it is logical to assume that this 9 billion is literally coming out of the existing 10 billion dollars deposit. However, this is actually not the case. What really happens is that the 9 billion is simply created out of thin air, on top of the existing 10 billion dollar deposit. This is how the money supply is expanded. As stated in Modern Money Mechanics: ” of course, they (the banks) do not really pay out loans from the money they receive as deposits. If they did this, no additional money would be created. What they do when they make loans is to accept promissory notes (loan contracts) in exchange for credits (money) to the borrower’s transaction accounts.”\nIn other words, the 9 billion can be created out of nothing, simply because there is a demand for such a loan, and there is a 10 billion dollars deposit to satisfy the reserve requirements.\nNow, let’s assume that somebody walks into this bank and borrows the available 9 billion dollars. They will then most likely take that money and deposit it into their own bank account.\nThe process then repeats, for that deposit becomes part of the banks reserves, 10% is isolated and in turn 90% of the 9 billion or 8.1 billion is now available as newly created money for more loans. And, of course, that 8.1 can be loaned out and redeposited creating an additional 7.2 billion…to 6.5 billion.. to 5.9 billion etc.\nThis deposit-money creation-loan cycle can technically go on to infinity… the average mathematical result is that about 90 billion dollars can be created on top of the original 10 billion. In other words, for every deposit that ever occurs in the banking system, about 9 times that amount can be created out of thin air.\n\n[Bank of America commercial]\n\nSo that we understand how money is created by this fractional reserve banking system,\na logical, yet elusive question might come to mind:\nWhat is actually giving this newly created money value?\nThe answer: The money that already exists.\n\nThe new money essentially steals value from the existing money supply… for the total pool of money is being increased, irrespective to demand for goods and services, and, as supply and demand finds equilibrium- prices rise, diminishing the purchasing power of each individual dollar. This is generally referred to as ‘inflation’ and inflation is essentially a hidden tax on the public.\n\n(Ron Paul) : “…what is the advice that you generally get, and that is inflate the currency. They don`t say debase the currency, they don`t say devalue the currency, they don`t say cheat the people with savings, they say lower the interest rates. The real deception is when we distort the value of money, when we create money out of thin air, we have no savings yet there`s so called capitol…so my question boils down to this-how in the world can we expect to solve the problems of inflation–that is the increase in the supply of money– with more inflation? ”\n\nOf course, it can’t. The Fractional Reserve System of monetary expansion is inherently\ninflationary. For the act of expanding the money supply without there being a proportional expand of good and services in the economy, will always debase a currency..\n\nIn fact a quick glance at the historical values of the US dollars Vs the money supply,\nReflects this point definitively, for the inverse relationship is obvious.\nIn fact, One dollar in 1913 required 21.60 cents in 2007, to match value…that is a 96% devaluation since the Federal reserve has come into existence.\n\nNow, if this realty of inherent and perpetual inflation seems absurd and economically\nself-defeating… hold that thought, for absurdity is an understatement in regard to how our financial system really operates.\n\nFor in our financial system money is debt and debt is money. Here is a chart of the US money supply from 1950 to 2006. Here is a chart of the US national debt for the same period. How interesting it is that the trends are nearly identical… for the more money there is, the more debt there is… the more debt there is, the more money there is.\n\nTo put it a different way, every single dollar in your wallet is owed to somebody by somebody; for remember, the only way the money can come into existence is from loans. Therefore, if everyone in the country were able to pay off all debts, including the government, there would not be one dollar in circulation.\n\n(If there were no debts in our money system, there wouldn`t be any money”\n-Marriner Eccles-Governor of the Federal Reserve\nSeptember 30th, 1941 -House Committee Hearing on Banking and Currency )\n\nIn fact, the last time in American history the national debt was completely paid off was in 1835, after President Andrew Jackson shutdown the Central Bank that preceded the Federal Reserve. In fact Jackson’s entire political platform essentially revolved around his commitment to shut down the Central Bank, stating at one point: ” the bold efforts the present bank has made to control the government are but premonitions of the fate that awaits the American people should they be deluded into a perpetuation of this institution or the establishment of another like it.” Unfortunately his message was short lived, and the international bankers succeeded to install another central bank in 1913…The Federal Reserve. And as long as this institution exists, perpetual debt is guaranteed.\n\nNow, so far we have discussed the reality that money is created out of debt, through loans.\nThese loans are based on a bank’s “Reserves” and Reserves are derived from deposits. Through this fractional reserve system, any one deposit can create 9 times its original value, in turn debasing the existing money supply, raising prices in society.\nAnd since all this money is created out of debt and circulated randomly through commerce, people become detached from their original debt and a disequilibrium exists where people are forced to compete for labor, in order to pull enough money out of the money supply to cover their costs of living.\n![modern-slave-communist-anti-nwo-illuminati-book-poster-karl-marx-che-t-shirt-a29d611e74d8940b44eca821f88ee43e.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmUH4sbnVxuCbREvtKqXvJKtSbGLzNNbvYmDGeeNUbfT4X/modern-slave-communist-anti-nwo-illuminati-book-poster-karl-marx-che-t-shirt-a29d611e74d8940b44eca821f88ee43e.jpg)\nAs dysfunctional and backwards as all of this might seem… there is still one thing we have omitted from this equation… and it is this element of the structure which reveals the truly fraudulent nature of the system itself.\n-The application of Interest.\nWhen the government borrows money from the Fed or when person borrows money from a bank, it almost always has to be paid back with accrued interest. In other words, almost every single dollar that exists must be eventually returned to a bank, with interest paid as well. But, if all money is borrowed from the central bank and is expanded by the commercial banks through loans, only what would be referred to as the ‘principle’ is being created in the money supply…. So then, where is the money to cover all of the interest that is charged?\nNowhere. It doesn’t exist. The ramifications of this are staggering, for the amount of money owed back to the banks will always exceed the amount of money that is available in circulation. This is why Inflation is a constant in the economy, for new money is always needed to help cover the perpetual deficit built into the system, caused by the\nthe need to pay the interest.\n\nWhat this also means is that mathematically, defaults and bankruptcy are literally built into the system. And there will always be poor pockets of society that get the short end of the stick. An analogy would be a game of musical chairs, for once the music stops someone is left out to dry.\nAnd that’s the point. It invariably transfers true wealth from the individual to the banks, for if you are unable to pay for your mortgage, they will take your property. This is particularly enraging when you realize that not only is such a default inevitable due to the fractional reserve practice, but also because of the fact that the money that the bank loaned to you didn’t even legally exist in the first place.\nIn the 1969, there was a Minnesota court case involving a man named Jerome Daly, who was challenging the foreclosure of his home by the bank, which provided the loan to purchase it. His argument was that the mortgage contract required both parties, being he and the bank, each put up a legitimate form of property for the exchange. In legal language, this is called “consideration”.\n\n(Consideration: -a contract`s basis. A contract is founded on an exchange of one form of consideration for another.)\n\nMr. Daly explained that the money was, in fact, not the property of the bank, for it was created out of nothing as soon as the loan agreement was signed.\nRemember what modern money mechanics stated about loans: “what they do when they make loans is to accept promissory notes in exchange for credits…Reserves are unchanged by the loan transactions. But deposit credits constitute new additions to the total deposits of the banking system.” In other words, the money doesn’t come out of any of their existing assets. The bank is simply inventing it, putting up nothing of its own except for a theoretical liability on paper.\n\nAs the court case progressed, the banks president, Mr. Morgan, took the stand, and in the judge’s personal memorandum, he recalled that “The Plaintiff (bank’s president) admitted that it, in combination with the Federal Reserve Bank…did create the…money and credit upon its books by bookkeeping entry…the money and credit first came into existence when they created it…Mr. Morgan admitted that no United States law or statute existed which gave him the right to do this…a lawful consideration must exist and be tendered to support the note.” “The jury found that there was no lawful consideration and I agree” He also poetically added, ” Only God can create something of value out of nothing”\n\nAnd upon that revelation, the court rejected the bank’s claim for foreclosure and Daly kept his home. The implications of this court decision are immense, for every time you borrow money from a bank, whether it is a mortgage loan or a credit card charge, the money given to you is not only counterfeit, it is an illegitimate form of consideration and hence voids the contract to repay… for the bank never had the money as property to begin with. Unfortunately, such legal realizations are suppressed and ignored, and the game of perpetual wealth transfer and perpetual debt continues….\nAnd this brings us to the ultimate question: why?\n\nDuring the American civil war president Lincoln bypassed the high-interest loans offered by the European banks and decided to do what the founding fathers advocated, which was to create an independent and inherently debt-free currency. It was called the Greenback. Shortly after this measure was taken, an internal document circulated between private British and American banking interests stated:\n“…slavery is but the owning of labor and carries with it the care of laborers, while the European plan…is that capital shall control labor by controlling wages. This can be done by controlling the money. It will not do to allow the greenback, as we cannot control that.”-The Hazard Circular, July, 1862\nThe fractional reserve policy perpetrated by the Federal Reserve, which has spread in practice to the great majority of banks in the world is, in fact, a system of modern slavery. Think about it… Money is created out of debt. And what do people do when in debt? They submit to employment to pay it off. But, if money can only be created out of loans, how can society ever be debt free? It can’t. And that’s the point.\n\nAnd it is the fear of losing assets, coupled with the struggle to keep up with the perpetual debt and inflation inherent in the system, compounded by the inescapable scarcity within the money supply itself created by the interest that can never be repaid… that keeps the wage slave in line… running on the hamster wheel with the millions of others… in effect powering an Empire that truly benefits only the elite at the top of the pyramid… for at the end of day, who are you really working for? The banks. Money is created in a bank and invariably ends up in a bank. They are the true masters along with corporations and governments they support.\n\nPhysical slavery requires people to be housed and fed. Economic slavery requires the people to feed and house themselves\n\nIt is one of the most ingenious scams for social manipulation ever created, and at its core, it is an invisible war against the population. Debt is the weapon used to conquer and enslave societies and Interest is its prime ammunition.\n\nAnd as the majority walks around oblivious to this reality, the banks, in collusion with governments and corporations, continue to perfect and expand their tactics of economic warfare…spawning new bases… such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund…",
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      "body": "cheetah you are like agent smith! yes I found the same post on : https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/20/bitcoin-millionaire-erik-finman-says-going-to-college-isnt-worth-it.html",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://www.techworm.net/2017/06/high-school-dropout-bitcoin-millionaire-age-18.html",
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      "body": "![ErikFinman-640x360.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmVw47mmMjM9d6C3N6rC73QxfAZrGh2xRLo5VfSFUniFHr/ErikFinman-640x360.jpg)\n\n**18-year-old  (Erik Finman) owns 403 bitcoins worth more than $1 million after investing in bitcoin at the age of 12**\n\nAs a kid, most of have dreams of becoming a millionaire when we become an adult, but only few have the ability to turn it into reality.\n\nMeet, Erik Finman, an 18-year-old high school dropout from Idaho, U.S., who is a bitcoin millionaire and is the owner of a reported 403 Bitcoins. Currently, per bitcoin is valued at $2,622, which puts Erik’s bitcoin amount to $1.06 million, at the time of writing, which could rise or fall in mere hours due to the currency’s extreme unstable nature. He also holds smaller investments in other digital currencies, including litecoin and ethereum.\n\nThe story of Erik, a successful businessman and a popular figure in the cryptocurrency world, started in May 2011 when he decided to invest $1000 gifted by his grandmother on Bitcoin when he was 12-years-old. Erik who was frustrated with his high school teachers had asked Ph.D-holding, Stanford-educated parents to permit him to leave school at the age of 15. He made a bet with his Ph.D-holding, Stanford-educated parents, that he would not go to college if he became a millionaire by the age of 18.\n\n“(High school) was pretty low quality,” Erik said. “I had these teachers that were all kind of negative”. Even his teachers at school too didn’t see his potential. “One teacher told me to drop out and work at McDonald’s because that was all I would amount to for the rest of my life. I guess I did the dropout part,” he added. He actually did not want to go to college, either.\n\n“I can proudly say I made it, and I’m not going to college,” Erik said after winning the bet.\n\nErik’s received the fruits of his first bitcoin investment at the end of 2013 when his investment of $1,000 grew to $1,00,000. At that time, bitcoins were valued at $1,200 per piece. He then sold everything and used the proceeds to start Botangle.com, an online video tutoring service that “allows students and tutors access to a diverse array of resources that just do not exist in a normal classroom setting”, according to its official website.\n\nHe then made a team consisting of more than 20 workers, including designers, programmers and animators. Due to his age, potential employees would not take him seriously, he said.\n\n“Whenever I interview a potential candidate for a job, I always ask if being part of a team with a 15-year-old bothers them,” Erik said. “Sometimes that’s the end of the conversation right there, and other times people lie — and that shows later on. It’s pretty easy to tell when it happens, but the team I have now are super supportive, and they don’t treat me any differently than anyone else.”\n\nErik also used some funds to move to Silicon Valley, meet Reddit co-founder Alexis Ohanian and travel.\n\n“I really liked Colombia,” he said. “It was fun, but a little sketchy. Some interesting stuff happened. I was held up at gunpoint there, which is pretty scary, but I have this emergency button I programmed in Android that puts you on speaker but turns off audio automatically and dials [a local emergency number].”\n\nRecalling a particular incident, Erik said that an Uber executive had tried to discourage him by not listening to his Botangle pitch and told him that he go and pursue college rather than racking up millions. However, in January 2015, Erik was able to successfully sell Botangle for a cool price of 300 bitcoins. He reportedly turned down the investor’s offer of $1,00,000 and opted for 300 bitcoins instead with the belief that his bitcoins would become the next big thing in the coming years due to its appreciation in value.\n\nWithin a span of one year, bitcoin prices increased more than 300%, with the majority of the gain coming during May and June. While some analysts claiming that bitcoin may reach $1,00,000 in a decade, Erik thinks its best days are still ahead. “Personally I think bitcoin is going to be worth a couple hundred thousand to a million dollars a coin,” he said.\n\nErik who has been managing his own bitcoin investments denies the necessity of education.\n\n“I never got my GED, and I don’t see the value in it,” Finman said. “The purpose of that would be to get another education level and get a job. I had to learn through running a business. Instead of writing essays for English class, I had to write emails to important people.”\n\nErik who is happy learning about the real world from experience still has no plans to go to university. Instead, he believes the internet offers a better education for free. “The way the education system is structured, I wouldn’t recommend it. It doesn’t work for anyone. I would recommend the internet, which is all free. You can learn a million times more off YouTube and Wikipedia,” he added.",
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