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      "body": "Congratulations @typenil! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@typenil/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@typenil) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=typenil)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/use-your-witness-votes-and-get-the-community-badge\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTugCUsoXX762vg1CuHRrpnPbfnjPogp8iCGv7F2kSVuj/image.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/use-your-witness-votes-and-get-the-community-badge\">Use your witness votes and get the Community Badge</a></td></tr></table>\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "title": "Hijacking Default Django 'Through' Tables",
      "body": "A few times in the last year, I've run into the need to add some metadata to a Django many-to-many relationship. By default, there's no explicit model to add fields to, but - if you're working on an active project - you probably have existing data in the default 'through' table that you don't want to lose. So what are you to do if you don't want to have to create a completely new table and migrate the data over? Let's hijack the existing one.\n\nThe existing models:\n```\nfrom django.db import models\n\nclass ModelA(models.Model):\n    b_models = models.ManyToManyField(\"app.ModelB\", related_name=\"a_models\", blank=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        db_table = \"app_model_a\"\n\n\nclass ModelB(models.Model):\n    class Meta:\n        db_table = \"app_model_b\"\n```\n-----\n\nCreate a model that matches the existing 'through' table exactly - and make sure to specify the existing table name using `Meta.db_table`:\n\n```\nfrom django.db import models\n\n\nclass ModelAModelB(models.Model):\n\n    modela = models.ForeignKey(\"app.ModelA\", on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n    modelb = models.ForeignKey(\"app.ModelB\", on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n\n    class Meta:\n        db_table = \"app_model_a_model_b\"\n```\n-----\n\nUpdate the many-to-many relationship to use the new model:\n```\n\nclass ModelA(models.Model):\n    b_models = models.ManyToManyField(\"app.ModelB\", related_name=\"a_models\", through=\"app.ModelAModelB\", blank=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        db_table = \"app_model_a\"\n\n\n```\n-----\n\nNow generate a new migration with `python manage.py makemigrations`; it'll need some editing. The initial migration:\n```\nimport datetime\nfrom django.db import migrations, models\n\n\nclass Migration(migrations.Migration):\n\n    dependencies = [\n        ('api_app', '69420_whatever_your_last_migration_was'),\n    ]\n\n    operations = [\n        migrations.CreateModel(\n            name='ModelAModelB',\n            fields=[\n                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),\n            ],\n            options={\n                'db_table': 'app_model_a_model_b',\n            },\n        ),\n        migrations.AlterField(\n            model_name='modela',\n            name='b_models',\n            field=models.ManyToManyField(blank=True, related_name='a_models', through='app.ModelAModelB', to='app.ModelB'),\n        ),\n        migrations.AddField(\n            model_name='modelamodelb',\n            name='modela',\n            field=models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='app.ModelA'),\n        ),\n        migrations.AddField(\n            model_name='modelamodelb',\n            name='modelb',\n            field=models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='app.ModelB'),\n        ),\n    ]\n```\n-----\n\nWe just need to wrap these operations in `migrations.SeparateDatabaseAndState` to get the models in sync without screwing up the existing database setup. All of the changes above represent state changes:\n\n```\nimport datetime\nfrom django.db import migrations, models\n\n\nclass Migration(migrations.Migration):\n\n    dependencies = [\n        ('api_app', '69420_whatever_your_last_migration_was'),\n    ]\n\n    state_operations = [\n        migrations.CreateModel(\n            name='ModelAModelB',\n            fields=[\n                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),\n            ],\n            options={\n                'db_table': 'app_model_a_model_b',\n            },\n        ),\n        migrations.AlterField(\n            model_name='modela',\n            name='b_models',\n            field=models.ManyToManyField(blank=True, related_name='a_models', through='app.ModelAModelB', to='app.ModelB'),\n        ),\n        migrations.AddField(\n            model_name='modelamodelb',\n            name='modela',\n            field=models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='app.ModelA'),\n        ),\n        migrations.AddField(\n            model_name='modelamodelb',\n            name='modelb',\n            field=models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='app.ModelB'),\n        ),\n    ]\n\n    operations = [\n        migrations.SeparateDatabaseAndState(\n            state_operations=state_operations,\n        )\n    ]\n```\n-----\n\nAnd that should do it. That migration should successfully tie the existing 'through' table to your new model. Now you can add fields and create additional migrations as normal.\n\n### For my notes - filtering on 'through' fields\n\nI want to make one additional note - since it wasn't immediately obvious to me.  With Django 2.2, you should be able to filter on the 'through' table fields by using the lowercase name of the 'through' model.\n\nYou can add something like `state` to the 'through' model:\n\n```\nclass ModelAModelB(models.Model):\n\n    modela = models.ForeignKey(\"app.ModelA\", on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n    modelb = models.ForeignKey(\"app.ModelB\", on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n    state = models.CharField(\n      max_length=16,\n      null=True,\n      blank=True,\n      choices=[(\"good\", \"good\"), (\"ungood\", \"ungood\")]\n    )\n\n    class Meta:\n        db_table = \"app_model_a_model_b\"\n```\n\nThen filtering on this field looks a lot like this:\n```\n# querysets\nModelA.objects.filter(modelamodelb__state=\"good\")\nModelB.objects.filter(modelamodelb__state=\"ungood\")\nModelAModelB.objects.filter(state=\"good\")\n\n# related manager on instances\na_instance = ModelA.objects.first()\na_instance.b_models.filter(modelamodelb__state=\"ungood\")\n\nb_instance = ModelB.objects.first()\nb_instance.a_models.filter(modelamodelb__state=\"good\")\n```\n-----\n\nNow hopefully I can just come back to this post next time I need to do this.\n\n-----\n*Prefer to catch my posts elsewhere?*\nOriginally posted on my blog: https://typenil.com/hijacking-default-django-through-tables/",
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      "body": "@@ -5,37 +5,105 @@\n l%3E%0A%3C\n-div class=%22kg-card-markdown%22%3E\n+p%3EOriginally published on my blog: https://typenil.com/automatic-ghost-medium-cross-posting/%3C/p%3E%0A\n %3Cp%3EW\n@@ -1000,17 +1000,16 @@\n br%3E%0A%3C/a%3E\n- \n+\n without \n@@ -1400,16 +1400,17 @@\n m-app-3%22\n-\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -1662,16 +1662,17 @@\n apier-0%22\n-\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -1913,16 +1913,17 @@\n apier-1%22\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -2091,16 +2091,17 @@\n apier-2%22\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -2306,16 +2306,17 @@\n apier-4%22\n-\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -2524,16 +2524,17 @@\n apier-5%22\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -2615,16 +2615,17 @@\n apier-6%22\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -3248,38 +3248,17 @@\n r-7%22\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3C\n-table%3E%0A%3Cthead%3E%0A%3Ctr%3E%0A%3Cth\n+p\n %3EInp\n@@ -3270,15 +3270,13 @@\n me%3C/\n-th%3E%0A%3Cth\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3EGho\n@@ -3288,84 +3288,39 @@\n me%3C/\n-th%3E%0A%3C/tr%3E%0A%3C/thead%3E%0A%3Ctbody%3E%0A%3Ctr%3E%0A%3Ctd\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3Etitle%3C/\n-td%3E%0A%3Ctd\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3ETitle%3C/\n-td%3E%0A%3C/tr%3E%0A%3Ctr%3E%0A%3Ctd\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3Ecan\n@@ -3334,39 +3334,24 @@\n rl%3C/\n-td%3E%0A%3Ctd\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3EURL%3C/\n-td%3E%0A%3C/tr%3E%0A%3Ctr%3E%0A%3Ctd\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3Econ\n@@ -3356,23 +3356,21 @@\n ontent%3C/\n-td%3E%0A%3Ctd\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3EHTML Fo\n@@ -3390,40 +3390,25 @@\n nt%3C/\n-td%3E%0A%3C/tr%3E%0A%3Ctr%3E%0A%3Ctd\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3Etags%3C/\n-td%3E%0A%3Ctd\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3ETag\n@@ -3419,34 +3419,9 @@\n ug%3C/\n-td%3E%0A%3C/tr%3E%0A%3C/tbody%3E%0A%3C/table\n+p\n %3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -3789,16 +3789,17 @@\n pier-10%22\n-\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -4202,17 +4202,16 @@\n a%3E.%3C/p%3E%0A\n-%0A\n %3Cp%3E(NOTE\n@@ -4291,14 +4291,8 @@\n %3C/p%3E\n-%0A%0A%3Chr%3E\n %0A%3Cp%3E\n@@ -4495,16 +4495,17 @@\n pier-11%22\n-\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -4736,16 +4736,17 @@\n pier-12%22\n+/\n %3E%3Cbr%3E%0A%3Ci\n@@ -4826,16 +4826,17 @@\n pier-13%22\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -4989,16 +4989,17 @@\n pier-14%22\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -5533,13 +5533,8 @@\n /p%3E%0A\n-%3Chr%3E%0A\n %3Cp%3E%3C\n@@ -5586,16 +5586,18 @@\n p%3E%0A%3Cul%3E%0A\n+  \n %3Cli%3EType\n@@ -5672,197 +5672,11 @@\n i%3E%0A%3C\n-li%3EMedium: %3Ca href=%22https://medium.com/@typenil%22%3Ehttps://medium.com/@typenil%3C/a%3E%3C/li%3E%0A%3C/ul%3E%0A%0AOriginally published on my blog: https://typenil.com/automatic-ghost-medium-cross-posting/%0A%3C/div\n+/ul\n %3E%0A%3C/\n",
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      "parent_permlink": "python",
      "author": "typenil",
      "permlink": "how-to-automate-ghost-medium-cross-posting-via-zapier",
      "title": "How to automate Ghost/Medium cross-posting via Zapier",
      "body": "@@ -5,37 +5,105 @@\n l%3E%0A%3C\n-div class=%22kg-card-markdown%22%3E\n+p%3EOriginally published on my blog: https://typenil.com/automatic-ghost-medium-cross-posting/%3C/p%3E%0A\n %3Cp%3EW\n@@ -1000,17 +1000,16 @@\n br%3E%0A%3C/a%3E\n- \n+\n without \n@@ -1400,16 +1400,17 @@\n m-app-3%22\n-\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -1662,16 +1662,17 @@\n apier-0%22\n-\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -1913,16 +1913,17 @@\n apier-1%22\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -2091,16 +2091,17 @@\n apier-2%22\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -2306,16 +2306,17 @@\n apier-4%22\n-\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -2524,16 +2524,17 @@\n apier-5%22\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -2615,16 +2615,17 @@\n apier-6%22\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -3248,38 +3248,17 @@\n r-7%22\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3C\n-table%3E%0A%3Cthead%3E%0A%3Ctr%3E%0A%3Cth\n+p\n %3EInp\n@@ -3270,15 +3270,13 @@\n me%3C/\n-th%3E%0A%3Cth\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3EGho\n@@ -3288,84 +3288,39 @@\n me%3C/\n-th%3E%0A%3C/tr%3E%0A%3C/thead%3E%0A%3Ctbody%3E%0A%3Ctr%3E%0A%3Ctd\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3Etitle%3C/\n-td%3E%0A%3Ctd\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3ETitle%3C/\n-td%3E%0A%3C/tr%3E%0A%3Ctr%3E%0A%3Ctd\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3Ecan\n@@ -3334,39 +3334,24 @@\n rl%3C/\n-td%3E%0A%3Ctd\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3EURL%3C/\n-td%3E%0A%3C/tr%3E%0A%3Ctr%3E%0A%3Ctd\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3Econ\n@@ -3356,23 +3356,21 @@\n ontent%3C/\n-td%3E%0A%3Ctd\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3EHTML Fo\n@@ -3390,40 +3390,25 @@\n nt%3C/\n-td%3E%0A%3C/tr%3E%0A%3Ctr%3E%0A%3Ctd\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3Etags%3C/\n-td%3E%0A%3Ctd\n+p%3E%0A%3Cp\n %3ETag\n@@ -3419,34 +3419,9 @@\n ug%3C/\n-td%3E%0A%3C/tr%3E%0A%3C/tbody%3E%0A%3C/table\n+p\n %3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -3789,16 +3789,17 @@\n pier-10%22\n-\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -4202,17 +4202,16 @@\n a%3E.%3C/p%3E%0A\n-%0A\n %3Cp%3E(NOTE\n@@ -4291,14 +4291,8 @@\n %3C/p%3E\n-%0A%0A%3Chr%3E\n %0A%3Cp%3E\n@@ -4495,16 +4495,17 @@\n pier-11%22\n-\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -4736,16 +4736,17 @@\n pier-12%22\n+/\n %3E%3Cbr%3E%0A%3Ci\n@@ -4826,16 +4826,17 @@\n pier-13%22\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -4989,16 +4989,17 @@\n pier-14%22\n+/\n %3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp\n@@ -5533,13 +5533,8 @@\n /p%3E%0A\n-%3Chr%3E%0A\n %3Cp%3E%3C\n@@ -5586,16 +5586,18 @@\n p%3E%0A%3Cul%3E%0A\n+  \n %3Cli%3EType\n@@ -5672,197 +5672,11 @@\n i%3E%0A%3C\n-li%3EMedium: %3Ca href=%22https://medium.com/@typenil%22%3Ehttps://medium.com/@typenil%3C/a%3E%3C/li%3E%0A%3C/ul%3E%0A%0AOriginally published on my blog: https://typenil.com/automatic-ghost-medium-cross-posting/%0A%3C/div\n+/ul\n %3E%0A%3C/\n",
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    {
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "golang",
      "author": "typenil",
      "permlink": "github-oauth2-in-go",
      "title": "GitHub OAuth2 in Go",
      "body": "I've been playing around with Git repository analysis tools recently (my favorite of which is the now-defunct [gitinspector](https://github.com/ejwa/gitinspector)), tracking my contributions on a regular basis. These tools can only tell you so much, so I've been building out a project to replace my weekly spreadsheet entries. Integrating with GitHub - a treasure trove of contribution data - seemed an inevitability.\n\nSigning up for the [GitHub Developer Program](https://developer.github.com/program/) is pretty straightforward, so I won't cover it here. You provide a URL and a support email and poof - you're a developer.\n\nIf you prefer to jump to the end, you can probably get what you need from this post's [accompanying repo](https://github.com/typenil/golang-github-oauth).\n\n![Key - Matt Artz](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmPrgWX5uyGwWWcND9aMCjbJAHyVDgRr2r8bKnqztjJCHV/matt-artz-353284-unsplash.jpg)\n\nWe'll be looking at how to set up a basic OAuth2 flow in Golang (at which I am a beginner). GitHub covers the same ground as this post quite well [here](https://developer.github.com/v3/guides/basics-of-authentication/), albeit in Ruby.\n\nLuckily, Go already has the [oauth2 package](https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/oauth2) at the ready, which you can install with `go get golang.org/x/oauth2`. The oauth2 package uses a `Config` to represent the standard OAuth flow.\n```\nconf := &oauth2.Config{\n    ClientID:     \"YOUR_CLIENT_ID\",\n    ClientSecret: \"YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET\",\n    Scopes:       []string{\"SCOPE1\", \"SCOPE2\"},\n    Endpoint: oauth2.Endpoint{\n        AuthURL:  \"https://provider.com/o/oauth2/auth\",\n        TokenURL: \"https://provider.com/o/oauth2/token\",\n    },\n}\n```\nThis makes it pretty clear what we need in order to authenticate. In our case, both the `ClientID` and the `ClientSecret` will come from GitHub, so we'll need to setup a [new OAuth application](https://github.com/settings/applications/new).\n\n![New OAuth Application](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmY7cXi4nWzSrnvj65icKQ48fg8qKDzgi15hdx4XFeidsV/github-0.png)\n\nYou can use any values for the application name and homepage url. For our purposes, use http://localhost:4567/callback for the callback.\n\nOnce you've created your application, you should be redirected to a page with your own `ClientID` and `ClientSecret`. To keep them out of the codebase, let's store the GitHub credentials in environment variables by exporting them:\n```\nexport GITHUB_CLIENT_ID=<your GitHub client id>\nexport GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET=<your GitHub client secret>\n```\n\nWith those in place, we can create our `Config`:\n\n```\npackage main\n\nimport (\n\t\"golang.org/x/oauth2\"\n\t\"golang.org/x/oauth2/github\"\n\t\"os\"\n)\n\nfunc main() {\n\tconf := &oauth2.Config{\n\t\tClientID:     os.Getenv(\"GITHUB_CLIENT_ID\"),\n\t\tClientSecret: os.Getenv(\"GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET\"),\n\t\tScopes:       []string{\"public_repo\"},\n\t\tEndpoint: github.Endpoint,\n\t}\n}\n\n```\n\nHere we're using the included `github.Endpoint` constant and limiting ourselves to a `public_repo` scope. GitHub provides a list of [available scopes](https://developer.github.com/apps/building-oauth-apps/understanding-scopes-for-oauth-apps/#available-scopes) from which you can pick.\n\nFrom here, it's surprisingly easy to get integrated. We need to call `AuthCodeURL` to get the OAuth redirect and we need a basic server to handle the callback and token exchange with GitHub.\n\n```\n\turl := conf.AuthCodeURL(\"\", oauth2.AccessTypeOffline)\n\tfmt.Printf(\"Login with GitHub: %v\", url)\n\n\n\thttp.HandleFunc(\"/callback\", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){\n\t\terr := r.ParseForm()\n\t\tif err != nil {\n\t\t\tlog.Fatal(err)\n\t\t}\n\n\t\ttoken, err := conf.Exchange(ctx, r.Form[\"code\"][0])\n\t\tif err != nil {\n\t\t\tlog.Fatal(err)\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfmt.Fprintf(w, \"Token: %s\", token)\n\t})\n\n\tlog.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(\":4567\", nil))\n```\nAt this point, you can run `go run main.go`, click on the link, authenticate with GitHub, and GitHub will callback to your simple server that retrieves your authentication token. But let's actually do something with the GitHub API.\n\nFor my selfish purposes, I want to be interacting with the repository API endpoints. Let's make a call to the repo list endpoint and display it on the callback page. Altogether:\n\n```\npackage main\n\nimport (\n\t\"context\"\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"golang.org/x/oauth2\"\n\t\"golang.org/x/oauth2/github\"\n\t\"io/ioutil\"\n\t\"log\"\n\t\"net/http\"\n\t\"os\"\n)\n\nfunc main() {\n\tctx := context.Background()\n\tconf := &oauth2.Config{\n\t\tClientID:     os.Getenv(\"GITHUB_CLIENT_ID\"),\n\t\tClientSecret: os.Getenv(\"GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET\"),\n\t\tScopes:       []string{\"public_repo\"},\n\t\tEndpoint: github.Endpoint,\n\t}\n\turl := conf.AuthCodeURL(\"\", oauth2.AccessTypeOffline)\n\tfmt.Printf(\"Login with GitHub: %v\", url)\n\n\n\thttp.HandleFunc(\"/callback\", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){\n\t\terr := r.ParseForm()\n\t\tif err != nil {\n\t\t\tlog.Fatal(err)\n\t\t}\n\n\t\ttoken, err := conf.Exchange(ctx, r.Form[\"code\"][0])\n\t\tif err != nil {\n\t\t\tlog.Fatal(err)\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tclient := conf.Client(ctx, token)\n\t\tresponse, err := client.Get(\"https://api.github.com/user/repos?page=0&per_page=100\")\n\t\tif err != nil {\n\t\t\tlog.Fatal(err)\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tdefer response.Body.Close()\n\t\trepos, err := ioutil.ReadAll(response.Body)\n\t\tif err != nil {\n\t\t\tlog.Fatal(err)\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfmt.Fprintf(w, \"Repos: %s\", repos)\n\t})\n\n\tlog.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(\":4567\", nil))\n}\n```\n\nThe response from GitHub is a mess of JSON - which will be far more useful if you [deserialize it](https://gobyexample.com/json) first.\n\nThis is obviously a very bare bones authentication flow. For fleshing out the implementation a bit more, I recommend Gergely Brautigam's [How to do Google sign-in with Go](https://skarlso.github.io/2016/06/12/google-signin-with-go/).\n\n-----------\n*Prefer to catch my posts elsewhere?*\n\nOriginally published on my blog: [https://typenil.com/posts/golang-github-oauth/](https://typenil.com/posts/golang-github-oauth/)",
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      "body": "Congratulations @typenil! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@typenil/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_[Click here to view your Board](https://steemitboard.com/@typenil)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/carnival/@steemitboard/carnival-2019\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/http://i.cubeupload.com/rltzHT.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/carnival/@steemitboard/carnival-2019\">Carnival Challenge - Collect badge and win 5 STEEM</a></td></tr></table>\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) and get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "body": "Autoformatters can be great, keeping diffs small and a code base readable across teams and engineers. [Black](https://github.com/ambv/black) formatting has been enforced in [Lobit](https://www.lobit.io/) builds since day one and I recently added it to the repos at [Downstream](https://www.downstreamimpact.com/) as well.\n\nBut what isn't great is forgetting to run the formatter, having the CI build fail, and having to add a \"Formatting\" commit. That's where [Git Hooks](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Customizing-Git-Git-Hooks) come in.\n\nGit hooks are stored in `.git/hooks` folder of any given Git project. There should be some samples pre-populated. For our purposes, `pre-commit` is the hook of interest.\n\nLets focus on the Black formatter for Python as an example. For the example, it needs to be installed locally (`pip install black`). Naively, we can add formatting on pre-commit by adding a file called `pre-commit` to `.git/hooks` with these contents:\n```\nblack .\n```\n(For Javascript, you might have something like `prettier --write **/*.js`)\n\nDon't forget to make the file executable (use `chmod +x .git/hooks/pre-commit`), or the hook may not fire.\n\nIt's nice and simple, but there are a couple issues with this approach. First off, Black will be running over all the source files rather than just the ones that changed (which can be quite slow, depending on the size of your project). Secondly, the modified source files won't actually be added to the commit, which means you need to re-commit the reformatted files.\n\nHere comes the convoluted piping. To get the names and statuses of files that are staged for commit, we can use `git diff --cached --name-status` to yield output like this:\n\n```\n> $ git diff --cached --name-status\n\nM       someproject/src/whatevs.py\nA       someproject/tests/whatevs_test.py\nD       someproject/tests/lasers.py\nM       someproject/README.md\n```\n--------------\n\nWe want to ignore deleted files, since we can't format them, so let's filter them out:\n\n```\n> $ git diff --cached --name-status | grep -v '^D'\n\nM       someproject/src/whatevs.py\nA       someproject/tests/whatevs_test.py\nM       someproject/README.md\n```\n--------------\nWe want to ignore non-Python files (or Javascript or Golang or whatever you're using), so let's filter on file extension:\n\n```\n> $ git diff --cached --name-status | grep -v '^D' | grep '.py'\n\nM       someproject/src/whatevs.py\nA       someproject/tests/whatevs_test.py\n```\n--------------\nNow that we have the files we want, we just want to focus on the names:\n```\n> $ git diff --cached --name-status | grep -v '^D' | grep '.py' | sed 's/[A-Z][ \\t]*//'\n\nsomeproject/src/whatevs.py\nsomeproject/tests/whatevs_test.py\n```\n--------------\nAnd we can pass that right into Black (or whatever formatter you're using):\n```\n> $ git diff --cached --name-status | grep -v '^D' | grep '.py' | sed 's/[A-Z][ \\t]*//' | xargs black\n\nreformatted someproject/src/whatevs.py\nreformatted someproject/tests/whatevs_test.py\nAll done! ✨ 🍰 ✨\n2 files reformatted.\n```\n--------------\nSo that's all great, but the changes still aren't staged. Let's fix that by processing the output from Black into just the files that were reformatted:\n```\n> $ git diff --cached --name-status | grep -v '^D' | grep '.py' | sed 's/[A-Z][ \\t]*//' | xargs black 2>&1 | grep '^reformatted' | sed 's/reformatted[ \\t]//'\n\nsomeproject/src/whatevs.py\nsomeproject/tests/whatevs_test.py\n```\n--------------\nAnd now we can finally stage the formatted files:\n\n```\n> $ git diff --cached --name-status | grep -v '^D' | grep '.py' | sed 's/[A-Z][ \\t]*//' | xargs black 2>&1 | grep '^reformatted' | sed 's/reformatted[ \\t]//' | xargs git add\n```\n\n--------------\n\nSo the final `.git/hooks/pre-commit` file should look something like [this](https://gist.github.com/typenil/14eb5fbd68798bc1aa8179d96d1cc378):\n\n```\ngit diff --cached --name-status | grep -v '^D' | grep '.py' | sed 's/[A-Z][ \\t]*//' | xargs black 2>&1 | grep '^reformatted' | sed 's/reformatted[ \\t]//' | xargs git add\n```\n--------------\nSet it and forget it. Happy coding.\n\n--------------\n*Prefer to catch my posts elsewhere?*\nOrginally published on my blog: [https://typenil.com/git-hooks-autoformat-before-commit/](https://typenil.com/git-hooks-autoformat-before-commit/)",
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      "body": "<html>\n<div class=\"kg-card-markdown\"><p>With this blog, I'm eager to automate a lot of the tedium that comes with cross-posting to other platforms. Medium was first on the docket due to its popularity - and I quickly came across <a href=\"https://cmichel.io/how-to-crosspost-to-medium\">this fantastic article</a> by Christoph Michel on how he automates the process.</p>\n<p>(NOTE: automatic Steemit crossposting is next on the docket)</p>\n<p>At the time of writing, the <a href=\"http://typenil.com/\">typenil</a> blog uses <a href=\"https://ghost.org/\">Ghost</a> for publishing content, so I had to do things a little differently than Christoph. I also wanted to sidestep the need to host the automation code, myself, so using Ghost's built-in <a href=\"https://zapier.com\">Zapier</a> integration made the most sense.</p>\n<p>(NOTE: you can use the repo <a href=\"https://github.com/typenil/ghost-crosspost-medium\">ghost-crosspost-medium<br>\n</a> without Ghost or Zapier, but it was originally written with these in mind)</p>\n<p>Before we get started on anything, we'll need an integration token from Medium. Make sure you're logged into Medium and go to the \"Integration tokens\" section of <a href=\"https://medium.com/me/settings\">your settings</a>.</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://typenil.com/content/images/2018/07/medium-app-3.png\" alt=\"medium-app-3\"></p>\n<p>Get that integration token - you'll need it as a parameter as we head over to Zapier. Sign up or login to <a href=\"https://zapier.com\">Zapier</a> and \"Make a Zap!\"</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://typenil.com/content/images/2018/07/zapier-0.png\" alt=\"zapier-0\"></p>\n<p>Select Ghost as your trigger app; you can search for it if it's not right there. If you haven't connected Ghost before, Zapier will walk you through it.</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://typenil.com/content/images/2018/07/zapier-1.png\" alt=\"zapier-1\"></p>\n<p>After Ghost is connected and selected, select \"New Story\" as the Ghost trigger.</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://typenil.com/content/images/2018/07/zapier-2.png\" alt=\"zapier-2\"></p>\n<p>When asked to select the status for the trigger, pick \"Published\" unless you have reasons to go with something else.</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://typenil.com/content/images/2018/07/zapier-4.png\" alt=\"zapier-4\"></p>\n<p>Next stage is selecting the action app. We're going with \"Code\" and \"Run Python\" (which is, unfortunately, Python 2.7).</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://typenil.com/content/images/2018/07/zapier-5.png\" alt=\"zapier-5\"></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://typenil.com/content/images/2018/07/zapier-6.png\" alt=\"zapier-6\"></p>\n<p>Configuring the template is where the real setup happens. The required fields for my script are \"integrationToken\", \"content\", \"title\", and \"canonicalUrl\", but including \"tags\" is also adviseable.</p>\n<p>\"integrationToken\" is the token you set up in Medium earlier; it'll be the same for all requests.</p>\n<p>Each of the other fields correspond to values provided by Ghost. This will be easiest if you already have at least 1 post up (even if you post it just for this exercise) since Zapier will show you an example of the input.</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://typenil.com/content/images/2018/07/zapier-7.png\" alt=\"zapier-7\"></p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Input Name</th>\n<th>Ghost Name</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>title</td>\n<td>Title</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>canonicalUrl</td>\n<td>URL</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>content</td>\n<td>HTML Formatted Content</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>tags</td>\n<td>Tags Slug</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>The order you add the items in doesn't matter - and if you're a more advanced user, any additional fields you specify will also be passed on to the Medium call (see the <a href=\"https://github.com/Medium/medium-api-docs#creating-a-post\">Medium post API docs</a> for more info).</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://typenil.com/content/images/2018/07/zapier-10.png\" alt=\"zapier-10\"></p>\n<p>Once the inputs are set up, it's time for the code, itself. I've set up a repository for this project on my GitHub under <a href=\"https://github.com/typenil/ghost-crosspost-medium\">ghost-crosspost-medium</a>, but to get this working on Zapier you just have to copy and paste <a href=\"https://github.com/typenil/ghost-crosspost-medium/blob/master/medium_crosspost/medium_crosspost.py\">this file</a>.</p>\n\n<p>(NOTE: Omitting the code here, as I can't get Steemit to format it correctly.)</p>\n\n<hr>\n<p>Take the code from the link above and paste it into the \"Code\" section at the bottom of the Zapier template page.</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://typenil.com/content/images/2018/07/zapier-11.png\" alt=\"zapier-11\"></p>\n<p>By this point, you should be good to wrap it up. Scroll to the bottom and continue. You'll then have the opportunity to test the connection.</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://typenil.com/content/images/2018/07/zapier-12.png\" alt=\"zapier-12\"><br>\n<img src=\"https://typenil.com/content/images/2018/07/zapier-13.png\" alt=\"zapier-13\"></p>\n<p>If everything checks out, click \"Finish\" and turn on your Zap!</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://typenil.com/content/images/2018/07/zapier-14.png\" alt=\"zapier-14\"></p>\n<p>If you're having problems, feel free to open an issue on <a href=\"https://github.com/typenil/ghost-crosspost-medium\">that GitHub repo</a>. The error messages returned from the Medium API are incredibly vague, so debugging it can be a major pain.</p>\n<p>In the future, I'd like to add automatic relative link resolution like Christoph includes in <a href=\"https://cmichel.io/how-to-crosspost-to-medium/\">his tutorial</a>. For Ghost, this doesn't appear to be necessary; relative links get resolved by the time they hit Zapier.</p>\n<hr>\n<p><em>Prefer to catch my posts elsewhere?</em></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Typenil Blog: <a href=\"https://typenil.com/\">https://typenil.com/</a></li>\n<li>Medium: <a href=\"https://medium.com/@typenil\">https://medium.com/@typenil</a></li>\n</ul>\n\nOriginally published on my blog: https://typenil.com/automatic-ghost-medium-cross-posting/\n</div>\n</html>",
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      "body": "@@ -995,16 +995,32 @@\n plate:%0A%0A\n+--------------%0A%0A\n %60%60%60%0Afrom\n@@ -1656,16 +1656,32 @@\n ()%0A%60%60%60%0A%0A\n+--------------%0A%0A\n # Fixing\n@@ -1945,16 +1945,32 @@\n , e.g.%0A%0A\n+--------------%0A%0A\n %60%60%60%0Aimpo\n@@ -2508,16 +2508,32 @@\n trick:%0A%0A\n+--------------%0A%0A\n %0A%60%60%60%0Aimp\n@@ -3087,16 +3087,32 @@\n ry%0A%60%60%60%0A%0A\n+--------------%0A%0A\n While si\n@@ -3628,16 +3628,32 @@\n ssion:%0A%0A\n+--------------%0A%0A\n %60%60%60%0A    \n@@ -3858,16 +3858,32 @@\n ..%0A%60%60%60%0A%0A\n+--------------%0A%0A\n # Cleani\n@@ -4172,16 +4172,32 @@\n othly.%0A%0A\n+--------------%0A%0A\n %60%60%60%0Afrom\n@@ -4626,16 +4626,32 @@\n ))%0A%60%60%60%0A%0A\n+--------------%0A%0A\n The Fact\n@@ -4826,16 +4826,32 @@\n e one.%0A%0A\n+--------------%0A%0A\n %60%60%60%0A    \n@@ -4967,21 +4967,37 @@\n ession)%0A\n-\n %60%60%60%0A%0A\n+--------------%0A%0A\n Now I co\n",
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      "title": "SQLAlchemy + FactoryBoy: Passing arbitrary sessions to factories",
      "body": "In work projects in the past, my team would try to avoid dealing with the complexity of SQLAlchemy database sessions by making one global session that every module referenced. It made things easy and straightforward and it played nice with FactoryBoy - whose factories seem to work quite well under those conditions.\n\n![\"Don't Look At Me\" - Patrick Hendry](https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1516937941344-00b4e0337589?ixlib=rb-0.3.5&q=80&fm=jpg&crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&w=1080&fit=max&ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjExNzczfQ&s=bf504a1d5183840e87511d01ce729be2)\n\nGoing into building [lobit.io](http://www.lobit.io/), I tried to do things the same way, but as the code base and the number of unit tests grew, I kept facing what seemed to be an unquashable avalanche of OperationalErrors griping about \"Too many connections\".\n\nI implemented an overhaul of the codebase, wrapping every piece of ORM code in a separate session and creating a DbUtils class to handle sessions consistently without too much boilerplate:\n\n```\nfrom contextlib import contextmanager\nfrom sqlalchemy import create_engine\nfrom sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker\nfrom sqlalchemy.orm.session import Session\nfrom config import config\n\n\nclass DbUtils:\n    Session = sessionmaker(bind=create_engine(config.db_connection_url))\n\n    @classmethod\n    @contextmanager\n    def session_scope(cls) -> Session:\n        \"\"\"Provide a transactional scope around a series of operations.\"\"\"\n        session = cls.Session()\n        try:\n            yield session\n            session.commit()\n        except:\n            session.rollback()\n            raise\n        finally:\n            session.close()\n```\n\n# Fixing the test factories\n\nWhen it came to unit tests, I was at a loss for how to best handle all of the factories I was using. They were all tied into the global session. Furthermore, factories took in the session at the time of class creation, not instantiation, e.g.\n\n```\nimport factory\nfrom models.post import Post\nfrom tests.factories.post_thread_factory import PostThreadFactory\n\n\nclass PostFactory(factory.alchemy.SQLAlchemyModelFactory):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Post\n        sqlalchemy_session_persistence = \"commit\"\n        sqlalchemy_session = session\n\n    text = factory.Faker(\"text\", max_nb_chars=100)\n    external_id = factory.Faker(\"text\", max_nb_chars=50)\n    post_thread = factory.SubFactory(PostThreadFactory)\n```\n\n--------------\n\nWrapping factory class creation in a function did the trick:\n\n\n```\nimport factory\nfrom models.post import Post\nfrom tests.factories.post_thread_factory import PostThreadFactory\n\n\ndef PostFactory(session):\n    class _PostFactory(factory.alchemy.SQLAlchemyModelFactory):\n        class Meta:\n            model = Post\n            sqlalchemy_session_persistence = \"commit\"\n            sqlalchemy_session = session\n\n        text = factory.Faker(\"text\", max_nb_chars=100)\n        external_id = factory.Faker(\"text\", max_nb_chars=50)\n        post_thread = factory.SubFactory(PostThreadFactory(session))\n\n    return _PostFactory\n```\n\nWhile simple wrapping worked, it made my tests look God-awful. Manually managing sessions had already added boilerplate overhead to every unit test that hit the database.\n\nBefore refactoring, I could create a post using `PostFactory.create()`. Now it was `PostFactory(session).create()`. Most of the unit tests hit multiple factories several times each, so it was also less efficient to keep creating the same classes over and over.\n\nI took to creating a single instance of each required factory at the top of each session:\n\n```\n    def test_post_stuff(self):\n        with DbUtils.session_scope() as session:\n            post_factory = PostFactory(session)\n            post_thread_factory = PostThreadFactory(session)\n            ...\n```\n\n# Cleaning it up\n\nA given test could have nearly a dozen factories defined at the top - which looked terrible even if it didn't trigger a \"too-many-locals\" warning from Pylint (which it almost always did).\n\nSo I made one more change and hired a manager to keep all the factories running smoothly.\n\n```\nfrom tests.factories.post_factory import PostFactory\nfrom tests.factories.post_thread_factory import PostThreadFactory\n...\n\nclass FactoryManager:\n    known_factories = [\n        PostFactory,\n        PostThreadFactory,\n        ...\n    ]\n\n    def __init__(self, session):\n        self.session = session\n\n        for factory_func in self.known_factories:\n            setattr(self, factory_func.__name__, factory_func(self.session))\n```\n\nThe FactoryManager didn't require a lot of code, but let me leave my tests largely unchanged. Instead of initializing several objects at the top of each test, I could initialize one.\n\n```\n    def test_post_stuff(self):\n        with DbUtils.session_scope() as session:\n            fm = FactoryManager(session)\n```\n\nNow I could prefix all factory calls with `fm.` and get something *almost* as clean as before. At least, `fm.PostFactory.create()` looks better to me than `PostFactory(session).create()` or littering each test with a bunch of locals.\n\n-----------\n*Prefer to catch my posts elsewhere?*\nOriginally published on my blog: http://typenil.com/sqlalchemy-session-wrapping-factories/",
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