Ecoer Logo
VOTING POWER100.00%
DOWNVOTE POWER100.00%
RESOURCE CREDITS100.00%
REPUTATION PROGRESS0.00%
Net Worth
0.052USD
STEEM
0.000STEEM
SBD
0.031SBD
Effective Power
5.008SP
├── Own SP
0.634SP
└── Incoming Deleg
+4.375SP

Detailed Balance

STEEM
balance
0.000STEEM
market_balance
0.000STEEM
savings_balance
0.000STEEM
reward_steem_balance
0.000STEEM
STEEM POWER
Own SP
0.634SP
Delegated Out
0.000SP
Delegation In
4.375SP
Effective Power
5.008SP
Reward SP (pending)
0.004SP
SBD
sbd_balance
0.009SBD
sbd_conversions
0.000SBD
sbd_market_balance
0.000SBD
savings_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
reward_sbd_balance
0.022SBD
{
  "balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "1030.216318 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "7113.443488 VESTS",
  "sbd_balance": "0.009 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.022 SBD",
  "conversions": []
}

Account Info

nametuffailahmed281
id598092
rank697,353
reputation189778055
created2018-01-11T05:09:15
recovery_accountsteem
proxyNone
post_count25
comment_count0
lifetime_vote_count0
witnesses_voted_for0
last_post2018-01-24T17:47:48
last_root_post2018-01-24T11:14:30
last_vote_time2018-01-24T17:40:12
proxied_vsf_votes0, 0, 0, 0
can_vote1
voting_power0
delayed_votes0
balance0.000 STEEM
savings_balance0.000 STEEM
sbd_balance0.009 SBD
savings_sbd_balance0.000 SBD
vesting_shares1030.216318 VESTS
delegated_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
received_vesting_shares7113.443488 VESTS
reward_vesting_balance8.184349 VESTS
vesting_balance0.000 STEEM
vesting_withdraw_rate0.000000 VESTS
next_vesting_withdrawal1969-12-31T23:59:59
withdrawn0
to_withdraw0
withdraw_routes0
savings_withdraw_requests0
last_account_recovery1970-01-01T00:00:00
reset_accountnull
last_owner_update2018-01-25T06:19:03
last_account_update2018-01-25T06:19:03
minedNo
sbd_seconds0
sbd_last_interest_payment1970-01-01T00:00:00
savings_sbd_last_interest_payment1970-01-01T00:00:00
{
  "id": 598092,
  "name": "tuffailahmed281",
  "owner": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM8iZk4ha7k3E5PrRt6eG1NUNMp8yb1omrHk1qCsmzSjS7rWZqWs",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "active": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM7NVcshGT4qjGyDwdgkAc1uqZr7iwzAbDmWVA5vnninhyVPYUNY",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "posting": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM8gAjQ2fswSy1dgdGduQ29q43cj6rr9yTeNnFebUrbPWXTZMFUN",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "memo_key": "STM7ts1TBwxooxtCdPzD1x8L91Ls5XTkpJFdrfSq65jt2wNvstqiK",
  "json_metadata": "{\"profile\":{\"cover_image\":\"\",\"profile_image\":\"https://img.esteem.ws/ur84ojxcc6.jpg\",\"name\":\"Tuffail Ahmed\",\"location\":\"Mianwali Pakistan\"}}",
  "posting_json_metadata": "{\"profile\":{\"cover_image\":\"\",\"profile_image\":\"https://img.esteem.ws/ur84ojxcc6.jpg\",\"name\":\"Tuffail Ahmed\",\"location\":\"Mianwali Pakistan\"}}",
  "proxy": "",
  "last_owner_update": "2018-01-25T06:19:03",
  "last_account_update": "2018-01-25T06:19:03",
  "created": "2018-01-11T05:09:15",
  "mined": false,
  "recovery_account": "steem",
  "last_account_recovery": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "reset_account": "null",
  "comment_count": 0,
  "lifetime_vote_count": 0,
  "post_count": 25,
  "can_vote": true,
  "voting_manabar": {
    "current_mana": "8143659806",
    "last_update_time": 1779090150
  },
  "downvote_manabar": {
    "current_mana": 2035914951,
    "last_update_time": 1779090150
  },
  "voting_power": 0,
  "balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "sbd_balance": "0.009 SBD",
  "sbd_seconds": "0",
  "sbd_seconds_last_update": "2018-01-22T10:20:42",
  "sbd_last_interest_payment": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_seconds": "0",
  "savings_sbd_seconds_last_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_sbd_last_interest_payment": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_withdraw_requests": 0,
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.022 SBD",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_vesting_balance": "8.184349 VESTS",
  "reward_vesting_steem": "0.004 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "1030.216318 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "7113.443488 VESTS",
  "vesting_withdraw_rate": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "next_vesting_withdrawal": "1969-12-31T23:59:59",
  "withdrawn": 0,
  "to_withdraw": 0,
  "withdraw_routes": 0,
  "curation_rewards": 0,
  "posting_rewards": 13,
  "proxied_vsf_votes": [
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0
  ],
  "witnesses_voted_for": 0,
  "last_post": "2018-01-24T17:47:48",
  "last_root_post": "2018-01-24T11:14:30",
  "last_vote_time": "2018-01-24T17:40:12",
  "post_bandwidth": 0,
  "pending_claimed_accounts": 0,
  "vesting_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reputation": 189778055,
  "transfer_history": [],
  "market_history": [],
  "post_history": [],
  "vote_history": [],
  "other_history": [],
  "witness_votes": [],
  "tags_usage": [],
  "guest_bloggers": [],
  "rank": 697353
}

Withdraw Routes

IncomingOutgoing
Empty
Empty
{
  "incoming": [],
  "outgoing": []
}
From Date
To Date
steemdelegated 4.375 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2026/05/18 07:42:30
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares7113.443488 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #106152357/Trx cd892c3974c956d57ec08619350efb286a836d84
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "cd892c3974c956d57ec08619350efb286a836d84",
  "block": 106152357,
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-05-18T07:42:30",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "7113.443488 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 2.707 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2026/05/13 10:03:54
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares4401.233083 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #106011893/Trx a0616936f06c170916c54f9de7cd6c9e8a71911f
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "a0616936f06c170916c54f9de7cd6c9e8a71911f",
  "block": 106011893,
  "trx_in_block": 5,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-05-13T10:03:54",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "4401.233083 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 4.382 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2026/04/26 06:52:27
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares7125.959244 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #105519806/Trx e97b22418de83973ee41864226243ace2f45302e
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "e97b22418de83973ee41864226243ace2f45302e",
  "block": 105519806,
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-04-26T06:52:27",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "7125.959244 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 2.732 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2026/01/24 03:49:06
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares4442.779902 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #102875782/Trx 2639a5c060420c751cf0b2a85dc1b75610d913fe
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "2639a5c060420c751cf0b2a85dc1b75610d913fe",
  "block": 102875782,
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-01-24T03:49:06",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "4442.779902 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 2.833 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2024/12/17 22:57:51
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares4606.999099 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #91321976/Trx a7f5f4557407ec1859eb3f299dd446a7979cb226
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "a7f5f4557407ec1859eb3f299dd446a7979cb226",
  "block": 91321976,
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2024-12-17T22:57:51",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "4606.999099 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 2.937 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2023/11/14 14:36:06
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares4776.132631 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #79876056/Trx ba866c7c4ce109445cc3d908ef3a96b117441fb1
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "ba866c7c4ce109445cc3d908ef3a96b117441fb1",
  "block": 79876056,
  "trx_in_block": 9,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-11-14T14:36:06",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "4776.132631 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 4.743 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2023/09/22 12:03:06
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares7713.041417 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #78364849/Trx 682af1da967a60fa0950f9cc216a50432ba613d6
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "682af1da967a60fa0950f9cc216a50432ba613d6",
  "block": 78364849,
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-09-22T12:03:06",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "7713.041417 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 4.880 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2022/11/03 19:19:51
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares7935.092855 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #69122371/Trx a4e92151f349256e73617efe4646d7fb29008b51
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "a4e92151f349256e73617efe4646d7fb29008b51",
  "block": 69122371,
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2022-11-03T19:19:51",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "7935.092855 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.015 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2022/01/18 00:23:24
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares8155.200456 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #60825455/Trx e4fe98d0c006d3ac002938cc064434df68f28b97
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "e4fe98d0c006d3ac002938cc064434df68f28b97",
  "block": 60825455,
  "trx_in_block": 25,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2022-01-18T00:23:24",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "8155.200456 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.129 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2021/06/14 07:30:51
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares8339.394744 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #54615704/Trx 11f3b6727ea05d373f25a771dd8430fbdee8f084
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "11f3b6727ea05d373f25a771dd8430fbdee8f084",
  "block": 54615704,
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2021-06-14T07:30:51",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "8339.394744 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.244 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2020/12/11 17:41:54
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares8526.816718 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49362924/Trx bd4486b31f724a35e33b7a8cec2e060d494ba565
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "bd4486b31f724a35e33b7a8cec2e060d494ba565",
  "block": 49362924,
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-11T17:41:54",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "8526.816718 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 1.176 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2020/12/06 11:17:12
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares1912.543513 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49214441/Trx 6170b8a786c96b514f4f9f2419ef29e2d9c767c2
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "6170b8a786c96b514f4f9f2419ef29e2d9c767c2",
  "block": 49214441,
  "trx_in_block": 5,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-06T11:17:12",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "1912.543513 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.248 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2020/12/05 21:19:45
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares8533.024572 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49198008/Trx ebe96f554622d91b841c154e1121717aa8a9cf36
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "ebe96f554622d91b841c154e1121717aa8a9cf36",
  "block": 49198008,
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-05T21:19:45",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "8533.024572 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 1.181 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2020/11/03 05:14:51
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares1920.017158 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #48273823/Trx a5724e820ef18205533017b23980b4bdb2028e44
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "a5724e820ef18205533017b23980b4bdb2028e44",
  "block": 48273823,
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-11-03T05:14:51",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "1920.017158 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.372 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2020/05/09 12:21:30
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares8735.829931 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #43224790/Trx 4110e800ab0ad4800c3a90fe40344549b476376f
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "4110e800ab0ad4800c3a90fe40344549b476376f",
  "block": 43224790,
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-05-09T12:21:30",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "8735.829931 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 1.201 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2020/05/08 16:56:57
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares1953.311140 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #43202048/Trx bab38cd26e002aa4828f7f1c4a10f964fb045eed
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "bab38cd26e002aa4828f7f1c4a10f964fb045eed",
  "block": 43202048,
  "trx_in_block": 15,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-05-08T16:56:57",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "1953.311140 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.380 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2020/04/16 04:05:09
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares8748.717379 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #42570072/Trx 823217e3ef86685e13af7a0c6e562d4853392142
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "823217e3ef86685e13af7a0c6e562d4853392142",
  "block": 42570072,
  "trx_in_block": 5,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-04-16T04:05:09",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "8748.717379 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
2020/01/11 06:42:54
parent authortuffailahmed281
parent permlinkadsense
authorsteemitboard
permlinksteemitboard-notify-tuffailahmed281-20200111t064254000z
title
bodyCongratulations @tuffailahmed281! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@tuffailahmed281/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table> <sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@tuffailahmed281) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=tuffailahmed281)_</sub> ###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!
json metadata{"image":["https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png"]}
Transaction InfoBlock #39827832/Trx 7a1214fcd2cc73e60036a1c39556afa4fb2ccfb8
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "7a1214fcd2cc73e60036a1c39556afa4fb2ccfb8",
  "block": 39827832,
  "trx_in_block": 15,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-01-11T06:42:54",
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "parent_author": "tuffailahmed281",
      "parent_permlink": "adsense",
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-tuffailahmed281-20200111t064254000z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Congratulations @tuffailahmed281! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@tuffailahmed281/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@tuffailahmed281) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=tuffailahmed281)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.501 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2019/05/12 21:12:57
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares8944.334192 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #32853059/Trx a49738d66169a64d31c57e7ff1e56429fe4609f0
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "a49738d66169a64d31c57e7ff1e56429fe4609f0",
  "block": 32853059,
  "trx_in_block": 22,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-05-12T21:12:57",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "8944.334192 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
2019/01/11 06:12:48
parent authortuffailahmed281
parent permlinkadsense
authorsteemitboard
permlinksteemitboard-notify-tuffailahmed281-20190111t061247000z
title
bodyCongratulations @tuffailahmed281! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@tuffailahmed281/birthday1.png</td><td>1 Year on Steemit</td></tr></table> <sub>_[Click here to view your Board](https://steemitboard.com/@tuffailahmed281)_</sub> **Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:** <table><tr><td><a href="https://steemit.com/steem/@steemitboard/steemwhales-has-officially-moved-to-steemitboard-ranking"><img src="https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmfRVpHQhLDhnjDtqck8GPv9NPvNKPfMsDaAFDE1D9Er2Z/header_ranking.png"></a></td><td><a href="https://steemit.com/steem/@steemitboard/steemwhales-has-officially-moved-to-steemitboard-ranking">SteemWhales has officially moved to SteemitBoard Ranking</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-witness-update-2019-01-07"><img src="https://steemitimages.com/64x128/http://i.cubeupload.com/7CiQEO.png"></a></td><td><a href="https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-witness-update-2019-01-07">SteemitBoard - Witness Update</a></td></tr></table> > Support [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)! **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!
json metadata{"image":["https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png"]}
Transaction InfoBlock #29354353/Trx b590f31710b9fb621e2533b8da56ec9fb58b6180
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "b590f31710b9fb621e2533b8da56ec9fb58b6180",
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  "op": [
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    {
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      "parent_permlink": "adsense",
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-tuffailahmed281-20190111t061247000z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Congratulations @tuffailahmed281! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@tuffailahmed281/birthday1.png</td><td>1 Year on Steemit</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_[Click here to view your Board](https://steemitboard.com/@tuffailahmed281)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steem/@steemitboard/steemwhales-has-officially-moved-to-steemitboard-ranking\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmfRVpHQhLDhnjDtqck8GPv9NPvNKPfMsDaAFDE1D9Er2Z/header_ranking.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steem/@steemitboard/steemwhales-has-officially-moved-to-steemitboard-ranking\">SteemWhales has officially moved to SteemitBoard Ranking</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-witness-update-2019-01-07\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/http://i.cubeupload.com/7CiQEO.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-witness-update-2019-01-07\">SteemitBoard - Witness Update</a></td></tr></table>\n\n> Support [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)! **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}"
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}
steemdelegated 5.623 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2018/05/17 03:28:36
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares9143.849284 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #22498470/Trx 0f4b3e670c8eebd23331efd8ea6a21542899115e
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op": [
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      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "9143.849284 VESTS"
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}
steemdelegated 18.139 SP to @tuffailahmed281
2018/05/15 12:02:00
delegatorsteem
delegateetuffailahmed281
vesting shares29494.513841 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #22451148/Trx 292ba735285d8757254cc3c5af757ddbb2de3453
View Raw JSON Data
{
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      "delegatee": "tuffailahmed281",
      "vesting_shares": "29494.513841 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
tuffailahmed281received 0.011 SBD, 0.003 SP author reward for @tuffailahmed281 / history-of-cricket
2018/01/31 11:01:09
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkhistory-of-cricket
sbd payout0.011 SBD
steem payout0.000 STEEM
vesting payout4.092173 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #19458021/Virtual Operation #5
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "block": 19458021,
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
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  "op": [
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    {
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      "permlink": "history-of-cricket",
      "sbd_payout": "0.011 SBD",
      "steem_payout": "0.000 STEEM",
      "vesting_payout": "4.092173 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
tuffailahmed281received 0.011 SBD, 0.003 SP author reward for @tuffailahmed281 / history-of-pakistan
2018/01/31 10:45:21
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkhistory-of-pakistan
sbd payout0.011 SBD
steem payout0.000 STEEM
vesting payout4.092176 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #19457705/Virtual Operation #12
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "block": 19457705,
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  "timestamp": "2018-01-31T10:45:21",
  "op": [
    "author_reward",
    {
      "author": "tuffailahmed281",
      "permlink": "history-of-pakistan",
      "sbd_payout": "0.011 SBD",
      "steem_payout": "0.000 STEEM",
      "vesting_payout": "4.092176 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
tuffailahmed281updated their account properties
2018/01/25 06:19:03
accounttuffailahmed281
owner{"weight_threshold":1,"account_auths":[],"key_auths":[["STM8iZk4ha7k3E5PrRt6eG1NUNMp8yb1omrHk1qCsmzSjS7rWZqWs",1]]}
active{"weight_threshold":1,"account_auths":[],"key_auths":[["STM7NVcshGT4qjGyDwdgkAc1uqZr7iwzAbDmWVA5vnninhyVPYUNY",1]]}
posting{"weight_threshold":1,"account_auths":[],"key_auths":[["STM8gAjQ2fswSy1dgdGduQ29q43cj6rr9yTeNnFebUrbPWXTZMFUN",1]]}
memo keySTM7ts1TBwxooxtCdPzD1x8L91Ls5XTkpJFdrfSq65jt2wNvstqiK
json metadata{"profile":{"cover_image":"","profile_image":"https://img.esteem.ws/ur84ojxcc6.jpg","name":"Tuffail Ahmed","location":"Mianwali Pakistan"}}
Transaction InfoBlock #19279702/Trx 0af261daf2ce12396eac4e307ea97bc42f3ad0cb
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op": [
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tuffailahmed281updated their account properties
2018/01/24 17:50:27
accounttuffailahmed281
memo keySTM8CrzuMh5nb47o3euuFuQpPdQzVpR7swPDtT1SyzSSdBt4RXNPt
json metadata{"profile":{"cover_image":"","profile_image":"https://img.esteem.ws/ur84ojxcc6.jpg","name":"Tuffail Ahmed","location":"Mianwali Pakistan"}}
Transaction InfoBlock #19264737/Trx 087a69cdddaf35600e7162e470599bd3e8f4316f
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "087a69cdddaf35600e7162e470599bd3e8f4316f",
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  "timestamp": "2018-01-24T17:50:27",
  "op": [
    "account_update",
    {
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      "memo_key": "STM8CrzuMh5nb47o3euuFuQpPdQzVpR7swPDtT1SyzSSdBt4RXNPt",
      "json_metadata": "{\"profile\":{\"cover_image\":\"\",\"profile_image\":\"https://img.esteem.ws/ur84ojxcc6.jpg\",\"name\":\"Tuffail Ahmed\",\"location\":\"Mianwali Pakistan\"}}"
    }
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}
tuffailahmed281updated their account properties
2018/01/24 17:50:18
accounttuffailahmed281
memo keySTM8CrzuMh5nb47o3euuFuQpPdQzVpR7swPDtT1SyzSSdBt4RXNPt
json metadata{"profile":{"cover_image":"https://img.esteem.ws/0wtg3838nc.jpg","profile_image":"https://img.esteem.ws/ur84ojxcc6.jpg","name":"Tuffail Ahmed","location":"Mianwali Pakistan"}}
Transaction InfoBlock #19264734/Trx 7554563b6144f5dd6608f142fff58641bda10bcc
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2018-01-24T17:50:18",
  "op": [
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      "account": "tuffailahmed281",
      "memo_key": "STM8CrzuMh5nb47o3euuFuQpPdQzVpR7swPDtT1SyzSSdBt4RXNPt",
      "json_metadata": "{\"profile\":{\"cover_image\":\"https://img.esteem.ws/0wtg3838nc.jpg\",\"profile_image\":\"https://img.esteem.ws/ur84ojxcc6.jpg\",\"name\":\"Tuffail Ahmed\",\"location\":\"Mianwali Pakistan\"}}"
    }
  ]
}
2018/01/24 17:47:48
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkre-cheetah-2018124t224737633z
max accepted payout1000000.000 SBD
percent steem dollars10000
allow votestrue
allow curation rewardstrue
extensions[[0,{"beneficiaries":[{"account":"esteemapp","weight":500}]}]]
Transaction InfoBlock #19264684/Trx 68d22a0519ed95520958404ce8822dc0525d3c0e
View Raw JSON Data
{
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      "max_accepted_payout": "1000000.000 SBD",
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      "allow_votes": true,
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      "extensions": [
        [
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          {
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                "account": "esteemapp",
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            ]
          }
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    }
  ]
}
2018/01/24 17:47:48
parent authorcheetah
parent permlinkcheetah-re-tuffailahmed281adsense
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkre-cheetah-2018124t224737633z
title
bodyThank you for upvoted.
json metadata{"tags":["esteem"],"app":"esteem/1.5.0","format":"markdown+html","community":"esteem"}
Transaction InfoBlock #19264684/Trx 68d22a0519ed95520958404ce8822dc0525d3c0e
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2018-01-24T17:47:48",
  "op": [
    "comment",
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      "author": "tuffailahmed281",
      "permlink": "re-cheetah-2018124t224737633z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Thank you for upvoted.",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"esteem\"],\"app\":\"esteem/1.5.0\",\"format\":\"markdown+html\",\"community\":\"esteem\"}"
    }
  ]
}
2018/01/24 17:44:57
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkre-tuffailahmed281-2018124t224454174z
max accepted payout1000000.000 SBD
percent steem dollars10000
allow votestrue
allow curation rewardstrue
extensions[[0,{"beneficiaries":[{"account":"esteemapp","weight":500}]}]]
Transaction InfoBlock #19264627/Trx 5b856c6e3dd5c085cab571b5a443ecd746567ca2
View Raw JSON Data
{
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}
2018/01/24 17:44:57
parent authortuffailahmed281
parent permlinkblack-mirror
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkre-tuffailahmed281-2018124t224454174z
title
bodyThank you so much
json metadata{"tags":["life","photography","steemit"],"app":"esteem/1.5.0","format":"markdown+html","community":"esteem"}
Transaction InfoBlock #19264627/Trx 5b856c6e3dd5c085cab571b5a443ecd746567ca2
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2018-01-24T17:44:57",
  "op": [
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      "author": "tuffailahmed281",
      "permlink": "re-tuffailahmed281-2018124t224454174z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Thank you so much",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"life\",\"photography\",\"steemit\"],\"app\":\"esteem/1.5.0\",\"format\":\"markdown+html\",\"community\":\"esteem\"}"
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}
2018/01/24 17:40:12
votertuffailahmed281
authorcheetah
permlinkcheetah-re-tuffailahmed281adsense
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #19264532/Trx 8f0fd454c97c7462ae858092b7e175f12629fe1c
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2018-01-24T17:40:12",
  "op": [
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    {
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      "weight": 10000
    }
  ]
}
2018/01/24 17:39:18
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkre-cheetah-2018124t223916569z
max accepted payout1000000.000 SBD
percent steem dollars10000
allow votestrue
allow curation rewardstrue
extensions[[0,{"beneficiaries":[{"account":"esteemapp","weight":500}]}]]
Transaction InfoBlock #19264514/Trx 42681c6136814e27d91f5dc215238a10cf41e867
View Raw JSON Data
{
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}
2018/01/24 17:39:18
parent authorcheetah
parent permlinkcheetah-re-tuffailahmed281adsense
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkre-cheetah-2018124t223916569z
title
bodyPlz help me how to use maternity.com Like Facebook our whtsapp
json metadata{"tags":["esteem"],"app":"esteem/1.5.0","format":"markdown+html","community":"esteem"}
Transaction InfoBlock #19264514/Trx 42681c6136814e27d91f5dc215238a10cf41e867
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2018-01-24T17:39:18",
  "op": [
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      "author": "tuffailahmed281",
      "permlink": "re-cheetah-2018124t223916569z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Plz help me how to use maternity.com\nLike Facebook our whtsapp",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"esteem\"],\"app\":\"esteem/1.5.0\",\"format\":\"markdown+html\",\"community\":\"esteem\"}"
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}
2018/01/24 17:37:42
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkre-cheetah-2018124t223738882z
max accepted payout1000000.000 SBD
percent steem dollars10000
allow votestrue
allow curation rewardstrue
extensions[[0,{"beneficiaries":[{"account":"esteemapp","weight":500}]}]]
Transaction InfoBlock #19264482/Trx 207b40f93beb8ac3169417dc4bcdaf9d7151662a
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2018-01-24T17:37:42",
  "op": [
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      "permlink": "re-cheetah-2018124t223738882z",
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}
2018/01/24 17:37:42
parent authorcheetah
parent permlinkcheetah-re-tuffailahmed281adsense
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkre-cheetah-2018124t223738882z
title
bodyMy all post are copy from some websites and I give the link end of the every post
json metadata{"tags":["esteem"],"app":"esteem/1.5.0","format":"markdown+html","community":"esteem"}
Transaction InfoBlock #19264482/Trx 207b40f93beb8ac3169417dc4bcdaf9d7151662a
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2018/01/24 11:34:00
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bodyHi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense
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2018/01/24 11:21:51
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bodyHi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in: http://cricket-rules.com/cricket-history/
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2018/01/24 11:21:39
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tuffailahmed281published a new post: adsense
2018/01/24 11:14:30
parent author
parent permlinksteemit
authortuffailahmed281
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titleAdSense
bodyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Google AdSense is a program run by Google that allows publishers in the Google Network of content sites to serve automatic text, image, video, or interactive media advertisements, that are targeted to site content and audience. These advertisements are administered, sorted, and maintained by Google. They can generate revenue on either a per-click or per-impression basis. Google beta-tested a cost-per-action service, but discontinued it in October 2008 in favor of a DoubleClick offering (also owned by Google).[2] In Q1 2014, Google earned US $3.4 billion ($13.6 billion annualized), or 22% of total revenue, through Google AdSense.[3] AdSense is a participant in the AdChoices program, so AdSense ads typically include the triangle-shaped AdChoices icon.[4][5] This program also operates on HTTP cookies. Over 14.3 million websites use AdSense.[6] Overview: Google uses its technology to serve advertisements based on website content, the user's geographical location, and other factors. Those wanting to advertise with Google's targeted advertisement system may enroll through Google AdWords. AdSense has become one of the popular programs that specializes in creating and placing banner advertisements on a website or blog, because the advertisements are less intrusive and the content of the advertisements is often relevant to the website. Many websites use AdSense to make revenue from their web content (website, online videos, online audio content, etc.), and it is the most popular advertising network.[7] AdSense has been particularly important for delivering advertising revenue to small websites that do not have the resources for developing advertising sales programs and salespeople to seek out advertisers. To display contextually relevant advertisements on a website, webmasters place a brief Javascript code on the website's pages. Websites that are content-rich have been very successful with this advertising program, as noted in a number of publisher case studies on the AdSense website. Google has removed the policy of limiting AdSense ads to three ads per page. Now, Adsense publishers can place unlimited amount of AdSense ads on a page. Some webmasters put significant effort into maximizing their own AdSense income. They do this in three ways:[citation needed] They use a wide range of traffic-generating techniques, including but not limited to online advertising. They build valuable content on their websites that attracts AdSense advertisements, which pay out the most when they are clicked. They use text content on their websites that encourages visitors to click on advertisements. Note that Google prohibits webmasters from using phrases like "Click on my AdSense ads" to increase click rates. The phrases accepted are "Sponsored Links" and "Advertisements". The source of all AdSense income is the AdWords program, which in turn has a complex pricing model based on a Vickrey second price auction. AdSense commands an advertiser to submit a sealed bid (i.e., a bid not observable by competitors). Additionally, for any given click received, advertisers only pay one bid increment above the second-highest bid. Google currently shares 68% of revenue generated by AdSense with content network partners, and 51% of revenue generated by AdSense with AdSense for Search partners.[8] On June 18, 2015, Google announced rebranding of AdSense with a new logo.[9] History: Google launched its AdSense program, originally named content targeting advertising in March 2003.[10] The AdSense name was originally used by Applied Semantics, a competitive offering to AdSense. The name was adopted by Google after Google acquired Applied Semantics in April 2003.[11] Some advertisers complained that AdSense yielded worse results than AdWords, since it served ads that related contextually to the content on a web page and that content was less likely to be related to a user's commercial desires than search results. For example, someone browsing a blog dedicated to flowers was less likely to be interested in ordering flowers than someone searching for terms related to flowers. As a result, in 2004 Google allowed its advertisers to opt out of the AdSense network.[12] Paul Buchheit, the founder of Gmail, had the idea to run ads within Google's e-mail service. But he and others say it was Susan Wojcicki, with the backing of Sergey Brin, who organized the team that adapted that idea into an enormously successful product.[13] By early 2005 AdSense accounted for an estimated 15 percent of Google's total revenues.[12] In 2009, Google AdSense announced that it would now be offering new features, including the ability to "enable multiple networks to display ads". In February 2010, Google AdSense started using search history in contextual matching to offer more relevant ads.[14] On January 21, 2014, Google AdSense launched Direct Campaigns, a tool where publishers may directly sell ads. This feature was retired on February 10, 2015. Types Content The content-based advertisements can be targeted for users with certain interest or contexts. The targeting can be CPC ("per click") or CPM (per impression) based, the only significant difference in CPC and CPM is that with CPC targeting, earnings are based on clicks while CPM earnings recently are actually based not just per views/impression but on a larger scale, per thousand impression, therefore driving it from the market, which makes CPC ads more common. There are various ad sizes available for content ads. The ads can be simple text, image, animated image, flash video, video, or rich media ads. At most ad sizes, users can change whether to show both text and multimedia ads or just one of them. As of November 2012, a grey arrow appears beneath AdSense text ads for easier identification. Google made a policy update regarding the number of ads per page, the three ads per page limit has been removed. [15] Search AdSense for search allows publisher to display ads relating to search terms on their site and receive 51% of the revenue generated from those ads.[8] AdSense custom search ads can be displayed either alongside the results from an AdSense Custom Search Engine or alongside internal search results through the use of Custom Search Ads. Custom Search Ads are only available to "white-listed" publishers. Although the revenue share from AdSense for Search (51%) is lower than from AdSense for Content (68%) higher returns can be achieved due to the potential for higher Click Through Rates. Video AdSense for video allows publishers with video content (e.g., video hosting websites) to generate revenue using ad placements from Google's extensive advertising network. The publisher is able to decide what type of ads are shown with their video inventory. Formats available include linear video ads (pre-roll or post-roll), overlay ads that display AdSense text and display ads over the video content, and the TrueView format.[16] Publishers can also display companion ads - display ads that run alongside video content outside the player. AdSense for video is for publishers running video content within a player and not for YouTube publishers. Link units Link units are closely targeted to the interests of your users. Because users directly interact with the ad unit, they may be more interested in the ads they eventually see. AdSense publishers are paid for clicks on the ads that are linked from link unit topics, not for clicks on the initial topics themselves. The ads on the linked page are pay-per-click Google ads similar to those shown in regular AdSense ad units. How it works The webmaster who wishes to participate in AdSense inserts the AdSense JavaScript code into a webpage. Each time this page is visited by an end user (e.g., a person surfing the Internet), the JavaScript code uses inlined JSON to display content fetched from Google's servers. For contextual advertisements, Google's servers use a web cache of the page created by its Mediabot "crawler" to determine a set of high-value keywords. If keywords have been cached already, advertisements are served for those keywords based on the AdWords bidding system. (More details are described in the AdSense patent.) For website-targeted advertisements, the advertiser chooses the page(s) on which to display advertisements, and pays based on cost per mille (CPM), or the price advertisers choose to pay for every thousand advertisements displayed.[22][23] For referrals, Google adds money to the advertiser's account when visitors either download the referred software or subscribe to the referred service.[24] The referral program was retired in August 2008.[25] Search advertisements are added to the list of results after the visitor/user performs a search. Because the JavaScript is sent to the Web browser when the page is requested, it is possible for other website owners to copy the JavaScript code into their own webpages. To protect against this type of fraud, AdSense publishers can specify the pages on which advertisements should be shown. AdSense then ignores clicks from pages other than those specified Copy from : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense![download.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSUyjBU4KLYrT9Cbz8ze2mmBUuHGF87HoVKBGNY39ti7Q/download.png)
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      "body": "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nGoogle AdSense is a program run by Google that allows publishers in the Google Network of content sites to serve automatic text, image, video, or interactive media advertisements, that are targeted to site content and audience. These advertisements are administered, sorted, and maintained by Google. They can generate revenue on either a per-click or per-impression basis. Google beta-tested a cost-per-action service, but discontinued it in October 2008 in favor of a DoubleClick offering (also owned by Google).[2] In Q1 2014, Google earned US $3.4 billion ($13.6 billion annualized), or 22% of total revenue, through Google AdSense.[3] AdSense is a participant in the AdChoices program, so AdSense ads typically include the triangle-shaped AdChoices icon.[4][5] This program also operates on HTTP cookies. Over 14.3 million websites use AdSense.[6]\nOverview:\nGoogle uses its technology to serve advertisements based on website content, the user's geographical location, and other factors. Those wanting to advertise with Google's targeted advertisement system may enroll through Google AdWords. AdSense has become one of the popular programs that specializes in creating and placing banner advertisements on a website or blog, because the advertisements are less intrusive and the content of the advertisements is often relevant to the website. Many websites use AdSense to make revenue from their web content (website, online videos, online audio content, etc.), and it is the most popular advertising network.[7] AdSense has been particularly important for delivering advertising revenue to small websites that do not have the resources for developing advertising sales programs and salespeople to seek out advertisers. To display contextually relevant advertisements on a website, webmasters place a brief Javascript code on the website's pages. Websites that are content-rich have been very successful with this advertising program, as noted in a number of publisher case studies on the AdSense website. Google has removed the policy of limiting AdSense ads to three ads per page. Now, Adsense publishers can place unlimited amount of AdSense ads on a page.\n\nSome webmasters put significant effort into maximizing their own AdSense income. They do this in three ways:[citation needed]\n\nThey use a wide range of traffic-generating techniques, including but not limited to online advertising.\nThey build valuable content on their websites that attracts AdSense advertisements, which pay out the most when they are clicked.\nThey use text content on their websites that encourages visitors to click on advertisements. Note that Google prohibits webmasters from using phrases like \"Click on my AdSense ads\" to increase click rates. The phrases accepted are \"Sponsored Links\" and \"Advertisements\".\nThe source of all AdSense income is the AdWords program, which in turn has a complex pricing model based on a Vickrey second price auction. AdSense commands an advertiser to submit a sealed bid (i.e., a bid not observable by competitors). Additionally, for any given click received, advertisers only pay one bid increment above the second-highest bid. Google currently shares 68% of revenue generated by AdSense with content network partners, and 51% of revenue generated by AdSense with AdSense for Search partners.[8] On June 18, 2015, Google announced rebranding of AdSense with a new logo.[9]\nHistory:\nGoogle launched its AdSense program, originally named content targeting advertising in March 2003.[10] The AdSense name was originally used by Applied Semantics, a competitive offering to AdSense. The name was adopted by Google after Google acquired Applied Semantics in April 2003.[11] Some advertisers complained that AdSense yielded worse results than AdWords, since it served ads that related contextually to the content on a web page and that content was less likely to be related to a user's commercial desires than search results. For example, someone browsing a blog dedicated to flowers was less likely to be interested in ordering flowers than someone searching for terms related to flowers. As a result, in 2004 Google allowed its advertisers to opt out of the AdSense network.[12]\n\nPaul Buchheit, the founder of Gmail, had the idea to run ads within Google's e-mail service. But he and others say it was Susan Wojcicki, with the backing of Sergey Brin, who organized the team that adapted that idea into an enormously successful product.[13] By early 2005 AdSense accounted for an estimated 15 percent of Google's total revenues.[12] In 2009, Google AdSense announced that it would now be offering new features, including the ability to \"enable multiple networks to display ads\". In February 2010, Google AdSense started using search history in contextual matching to offer more relevant ads.[14] On January 21, 2014, Google AdSense launched Direct Campaigns, a tool where publishers may directly sell ads. This feature was retired on February 10, 2015.\nTypes\nContent\nThe content-based advertisements can be targeted for users with certain interest or contexts. The targeting can be CPC (\"per click\") or CPM (per impression) based, the only significant difference in CPC and CPM is that with CPC targeting, earnings are based on clicks while CPM earnings recently are actually based not just per views/impression but on a larger scale, per thousand impression, therefore driving it from the market, which makes CPC ads more common. There are various ad sizes available for content ads. The ads can be simple text, image, animated image, flash video, video, or rich media ads. At most ad sizes, users can change whether to show both text and multimedia ads or just one of them. As of November 2012, a grey arrow appears beneath AdSense text ads for easier identification. Google made a policy update regarding the number of ads per page, the three ads per page limit has been removed. [15]\n\nSearch\nAdSense for search allows publisher to display ads relating to search terms on their site and receive 51% of the revenue generated from those ads.[8] AdSense custom search ads can be displayed either alongside the results from an AdSense Custom Search Engine or alongside internal search results through the use of Custom Search Ads. Custom Search Ads are only available to \"white-listed\" publishers. Although the revenue share from AdSense for Search (51%) is lower than from AdSense for Content (68%) higher returns can be achieved due to the potential for higher Click Through Rates.\n\nVideo\nAdSense for video allows publishers with video content (e.g., video hosting websites) to generate revenue using ad placements from Google's extensive advertising network. The publisher is able to decide what type of ads are shown with their video inventory. Formats available include linear video ads (pre-roll or post-roll), overlay ads that display AdSense text and display ads over the video content, and the TrueView format.[16] Publishers can also display companion ads - display ads that run alongside video content outside the player. AdSense for video is for publishers running video content within a player and not for YouTube publishers.\n\nLink units\nLink units are closely targeted to the interests of your users. Because users directly interact with the ad unit, they may be more interested in the ads they eventually see.\n\nAdSense publishers are paid for clicks on the ads that are linked from link unit topics, not for clicks on the initial topics themselves. The ads on the linked page are pay-per-click Google ads similar to those shown in regular AdSense ad units.\nHow it works\nThe webmaster who wishes to participate in AdSense inserts the AdSense JavaScript code into a webpage.\nEach time this page is visited by an end user (e.g., a person surfing the Internet), the JavaScript code uses inlined JSON to display content fetched from Google's servers.\nFor contextual advertisements, Google's servers use a web cache of the page created by its Mediabot \"crawler\" to determine a set of high-value keywords. If keywords have been cached already, advertisements are served for those keywords based on the AdWords bidding system. (More details are described in the AdSense patent.)\nFor website-targeted advertisements, the advertiser chooses the page(s) on which to display advertisements, and pays based on cost per mille (CPM), or the price advertisers choose to pay for every thousand advertisements displayed.[22][23]\nFor referrals, Google adds money to the advertiser's account when visitors either download the referred software or subscribe to the referred service.[24] The referral program was retired in August 2008.[25]\nSearch advertisements are added to the list of results after the visitor/user performs a search.\nBecause the JavaScript is sent to the Web browser when the page is requested, it is possible for other website owners to copy the JavaScript code into their own webpages. To protect against this type of fraud, AdSense publishers can specify the pages on which advertisements should be shown. AdSense then ignores clicks from pages other than those specified\nCopy from : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense![download.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSUyjBU4KLYrT9Cbz8ze2mmBUuHGF87HoVKBGNY39ti7Q/download.png)",
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2018/01/24 11:06:09
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authorcheetah
permlinkcheetah-re-tuffailahmed281history-of-pakistan
title
bodyHi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in: https://www.lonelyplanet.com/pakistan/history
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2018/01/24 11:06:03
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tuffailahmed281published a new post: history-of-cricket
2018/01/24 11:01:09
parent author
parent permlinkgaming
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkhistory-of-cricket
titleHistory of Cricket
bodyCricket History The origin of cricket is unknown. Most probably, its name was derived from the Old English cryce, which means “stick,” and, in its rude form, resembled the 13th century game known as club-ball. Cricket evolved in England in the 18th century, mainly because of the interest of great landowners who tried their skills on a field of play with their tenants and the local peasantry. Records show that teams from Kent and London played each other in 1719, and that Kent and Sussex met in 1728. The earliest written laws (rules) date back to 1744. The Hambledon Club in Hampshire was the focal point of cricket from 1768 to about 1788. It attracted the chief patrons and best cricketers in the land and was the place where cricket took a great step forward from the rather rustic pastime that it was to the game it is today. In 1787, Thomas Lord, a Yorkshireman, opened a cricket ground in London, and in that year the Marylebone Cricket Club was formed. Today the present Lord’s at St. John’s Wood is the most famous cricket venue in the world and the M. C. C. is the authoritative source of all cricket legislation. As early as 1859 an All-England team toured Canada and the United States, and in 1861 a team toured Australia. Australia won the first recorded international match in Melbourne in 1877, defeating England by 45 runs. 5 years later, in 1882 Australia won again in London. The Sporting Times in a mock obituary said “In affectionate remembrance of English cricket. … The body will be cremated, and the Ashes taken to Australia.” Since then matches between England and Australia, called The Ashes, have been the highlight of cricket competition. Other participants in Test matches include South Africa, the West Indies, New Zealand, India, and Pakistan. The ruling body for the Test matches is the International Cricket Conference, founded in 1909 as the Imperial Cricket Conference. The year of the first official championships between the counties in England is recognized in 1890. In 1904 the M. C. C. formed the Advisory County Cricket Committee, which has dealt with every aspect of this major English contest since. The Women’s Cricket Association was founded in England in 1926. Women compete on an amateur basis. In 1958 the International Women’s Cricket Council was formed. History of Cricket in the US Cricket has been played in the United States since the 18th century; the first formal clubs were formed in the 1820s. During the 1850s and 1860s, the popularity of cricket rivaled that of baseball. Later in the 19th century, American teams sometimes competed against British and Canadian teams. A few players from this time in the sport’s history are regarded very highly. Nonetheless, interest in the game waned and, by the early 20th century, organized cricket almost vanished in the United States. The game is still played, although primarily by informal clubs composed of immigrant members. Copy : http://cricket-rules.com/cricket-history/
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      "body": "Cricket History\nThe origin of cricket is unknown. Most probably, its name was derived from the Old English cryce, which means “stick,” and, in its rude form, resembled the 13th century game known as club-ball.\n\nCricket evolved in England in the 18th century, mainly because of the interest of great landowners who tried their skills on a field of play with their tenants and the local peasantry.\n\nRecords show that teams from Kent and London played each other in 1719, and that Kent and Sussex met in 1728.\n\nThe earliest written laws (rules) date back to 1744. The Hambledon Club in Hampshire was the focal point of cricket from 1768 to about 1788.\n\nIt attracted the chief patrons and best cricketers in the land and was the place where cricket took a great step forward from the rather rustic pastime that it was to the game it is today.\n\nIn 1787, Thomas Lord, a Yorkshireman, opened a cricket ground in London, and in that year the Marylebone Cricket Club was formed.\n\nToday the present Lord’s at St. John’s Wood is the most famous cricket venue in the world and the M. C. C. is the authoritative source of all cricket legislation.\n\nAs early as 1859 an All-England team toured Canada and the United States, and in 1861 a team toured Australia. Australia won the first recorded international match in Melbourne in 1877, defeating England by 45 runs. 5 years later, in 1882 Australia won again in London.\n\nThe Sporting Times in a mock obituary said “In affectionate remembrance of English cricket. … The body will be cremated, and the Ashes taken to Australia.”\n\nSince then matches between England and Australia, called The Ashes, have been the highlight of cricket competition. Other participants in Test matches include South Africa, the West Indies, New Zealand, India, and Pakistan. The ruling body for the Test matches is the International Cricket Conference, founded in 1909 as the Imperial Cricket Conference.\n\nThe year of the first official championships between the counties in England is recognized in 1890. In 1904 the M. C. C. formed the Advisory County Cricket Committee, which has dealt with every aspect of this major English contest since.\n\nThe Women’s Cricket Association was founded in England in 1926. Women compete on an amateur basis. In 1958 the International Women’s Cricket Council was formed.\n\nHistory of Cricket in the US\nCricket has been played in the United States since the 18th century; the first formal clubs were formed in the 1820s. During the 1850s and 1860s, the popularity of cricket rivaled that of baseball. Later in the 19th century, American teams sometimes competed against British and Canadian teams. A few players from this time in the sport’s history are regarded very highly. Nonetheless, interest in the game waned and, by the early 20th century, organized cricket almost vanished in the United States. The game is still played, although primarily by informal clubs composed of immigrant members.\nCopy : http://cricket-rules.com/cricket-history/",
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2018/01/24 10:51:51
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2018/01/24 10:45:21
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authortuffailahmed281
permlinkhistory-of-pakistan
titleHistory of Pakistan
bodyBoth a nuclear power and important cricketing nation, Pakistan has existed as an independent country for little more than 60 years, but has been playing an important role in the historical epic of the Indian subcontinent for millennia. It has been the birthplace of the world’s first urban civilisation, home to one of the great flowerings of Buddhism, and cornerstone of the Mughal empire. Born in 1947 as a homeland for Muslims, it has been a frontline state in the Cold War and is currently a key location in the struggle against violent Islamism. Understanding Pakistan’s past is essential to understanding its future trajectory. Early civilisations When the Europeans were dressed in animal skins and the USA was known only to the native Indian tribes, the men and women who lived on the land that is now Pakistan were part of one of the most sophisticated societies on earth. The ancient Egyptians, who lived around the same time, may have been better at building pyramids, but when it came to constructing cities, the Indus people were well ahead. Nothing was known of the Indus civilisation until the 1920s, when excavations at Harappa and Moenjodaro revealed cities built of brick. Subsequent research has shown that the Indus people flourished around 2500–1500 BC.They had a population of roughly five million and a sophisticated bureaucracy with standardised systems for weights and brick sizes. While the evidence is sketchy, many scholars believe that a priestly elite governed the Indus people. The Indus civilisation probably declined due to the drying of the Indus Valley. There followed centuries of economic decline and foreign conquest. The first to arrive were the Aryans, whose Vedic religion laid the basis for Hinduism as it is practised today. They were followed by Alexander the Great. When you travel in northern Pakistan and, in particular, places such as the Kalasha valleys, you may notice people with relatively pale skin, fair hair and blue eyes. According to popular theory these are the descendants of Alexander the Great’s troops. After Alexander, a series of imperial powers flexed their muscles in South Asia. The Mauryas were notable for controlling virtually all the subcontinent and promoting Buddhism. Taxila, one of Pakistan’s best-preserved Buddhist sites, was founded by the Mauryans as a university. The Kushans followed close on the Mauryans’ heels, entering from Afghanistan. They took the Greek culture left behind by Alexander’s descendants and fused it with the art of India to produce their sublime Gandharan art. For the first three centuries AD, the Kushans held sway from Taxila to Kabul and left behind a host of ruins, particularly in the Peshawar and Swat Valleys. In AD 711 an Arab general, Mohammed bin Qasim, arrived in Sindh. He and his 6000 cavalrymen were to have a major impact because they brought with them the religion of Islam. After the Arabs had made inroads from the south, in the 11th century the Turkish rulers of Afghanistan, led by Mahmud of Ghazni, brought the same message of Islam from the north. Muslims were then established as the ruling class, although it was not until the arrival of the Mughal dynasty that there was a truly formidable Islamic government able to leave a lasting architectural and cultural impression. ^ Back to top The mughals The Mughals were the undisputed masters of the subcontinent through the 16th and 17th centuries. Their empire was one of only three periods in history during which the subcontinent has come under sustained, unified rule. (The others to pull off this feat were the Mauryas and the British.) The first Mughal emperor, Babur, used the traditional route to invade: from Central Asia. Having taken Kabul he conquered Delhi in 1526. The dynasty he founded endured for more than three centuries. The other great Mughal emperors included Akbar (1556–1605), Shah Jahan (1627–58) and Aurangzeb (1658–1707). Because they were Muslims, the Mughals remain a source of great pride in Pakistan. Under Akbar and his son Jehangir, Lahore was the capital of the empire, and remains home to some of the Muhgals’ greatest architectural legacies, including the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort and Jehangir’s Tomb. All combine the Mughals’ skill for working on a grand scale and their great use of arches, domes, carvings and towers. While the Mughals are today most often celebrated for their artistic legacy, they were also excellent administrators who managed to concentrate power in the central government. Their sophisticated bureaucratic systems became particularly highly developed under Akbar. He appointed officials on the basis of merit rather than family rank. He also prevented the establishment of rival power bases by paying loyal officials in cash rather than land. While many of the Mughal rulers were hostile to their Hindu subjects, Akbar took a different view. He saw that the number of Hindus in India was too great to subjugate. Instead, he integrated them into his empire and allowed Hindus to reach senior positions in the government and the military. Like imperial powers before and after them, the Mughals became overstretched. By the time of Aurangzeb’s death, their empire had become so big it was largely ungovernable. Slowly but steadily the Mughals’ power ebbed away. Their administrative systems were weakened by debilitating and very violent succession struggles and by the decadence of court life. Local powerbrokers in the provinces seized their opportunity and, complaining of Muslim domination and too many taxes, mounted a series of armed rebellions. Faced with these challenges, the Mughals increasingly became rulers only in name. Technically, though, the Mughal empire existed right up until 1857, when the British deposed the 19th and last Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah II. The birth of pakistan Two men are generally credited with having secured the existence of Pakistan. The first was Allama Mohammed Iqbal, a poet and philosopher from Lahore. Iqbal proposed the creation of a separate Muslim state on those parts of the subcontinent where there was a Muslim majority. While Iqbal articulated the demand for a Muslim state, it took Mohammed Ali Jinnah to put it into practice. The British were initially reluctant to divide the subcontinent, but through a mixture of brilliant advocacy skills and sheer obstinacy Jinnah got his way. Jinnah is a universally revered figure in Pakistan. You will see his image and his name depicted on buildings all over the country. He is often referred to as Quaid-i-Azam or the Quaid (Leader of the People or Great Leader). At the turn of the century the Hindus and Muslims had been united in their struggle against the British. The Indian National Congress, which was formed in 1885 to put demands to the British, included members from both faiths. Nevertheless, in 1906 the Muslims founded another political organisation, the All-India Muslim League, ‘to protect and advance the political rights of the Muslims of India and respectfully represent their needs and aspirations to the Government’. For a time the emphasis remained on unity. In 1916 Congress and the Muslim League agreed to the Lucknow Pact, under which they were to campaign for constitutional reform together. After the British massacred a crowd of unarmed protestors at Amritsar in 1919, the demands for greater self-governance turned into an insistence on full independence. The British responded with limited concessions, increasing the number of Indians in the administration and in self-governing institutions. The Indian leaders could see that they were making progress. But as an independent India became a realistic prospect, tensions between the Muslims and Hindus grew. Mohammed Iqbal first raised the issue of a separate Muslim homeland in 1930. He argued that India was so diverse that a unitary form of government was inconceivable. Religion rather than territory, he said, should be the foundation of national aspirations. It was the first coherent expression of the ‘two-nation theory’ to which Pakistan still adheres. Iqbal gave no name to his proposed nation. That was done by a student at Cambridge University, Chaudhry Rahmat Ali, who suggested it be called Pakistan. Taken as one word Pakistan means ‘Land of the Spiritually Clean and Pure’. But it was also a sort of acronym standing for Punjab, Afghania (North-West Frontier Province), Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan. By the late 1930s, Jinnah, who had previously argued for Hindu-Muslim unity, was convinced of the case for Pakistan. At its annual session in Lahore on 23 March 1940, the Muslim League formally demanded that the Muslim majority areas in northwestern and northeastern India should be autonomous and sovereign. With Congress strongly opposed, it was an issue only London could resolve. The man given the task was Lord Louis Mountbatten, who was appointed Viceroy of India in 1947. Shortly after arriving in Delhi he became convinced that the demand for Pakistan would not go away and that, despite all its objections, Congress would accept it as the price for independence. Creating two new independent nations out of one imperial possession was not easy. Assets were divided, and a boundary commission appointed to demarcate frontiers. Cyril Radcliffe, a civil servant who had never visited India, bisected the complicated and deeply connected border areas in little over a month. British troops were evacuated and the military was restructured into two forces. Civil servants were given the choice of joining either country. As the moment of Independence approached, huge numbers of people went on the move. Hindus, fearful of living in the new Pakistan, headed east. So too did the Sikhs. In the period before the British extended their influence to Punjab and Kashmir, the Sikhs had been the dominant power, controlling territory right up to the Afghan border. By 1849 the British military had defeated them and now, with Partition looming, they decided to move and make their future in India. The Muslims, meanwhile, were also leaving their villages and making for their new homeland. It was the largest mass migration in modern times. Around eight million people gave up their jobs, homes and communities. Most travelled on foot or by train and in doing so risked their lives. Many never made it, becoming victims of the frenzied violence triggered by Partition. The scale of the killing was terrible: it’s estimated that up to a million people were butchered in communal violence. Trains full of Muslims, fleeing westwards, were held up and slaughtered by Hindu and Sikh mobs. Hindus and Sikhs fleeing to the east suffered the same fate. For those who crossed the rivers of blood that separated the two new nations and survived, the feeling of relief was intense. And on 14 August 1947, Pakistan and India achieved independence. While the new leaders in India were able to pick up where the British left off, their counterparts in Pakistan had to build state institutions from scratch. The task was made all the more difficult because the one man in Pakistan who could command unquestioning loyalty – Jinnah – died 13 months after Independence. His successors were both incompetent and corrupt. It took them nine years to pass Pakistan’s first constitution. When General Ayub Khan took over in a coup in 1958, most Pakistanis were relieved that the politicians were being kicked out of office.
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      "body": "Both a nuclear power and important cricketing nation, Pakistan has existed as an independent country for little more than 60 years, but has been playing an important role in the historical epic of the Indian subcontinent for millennia. It has been the birthplace of the world’s first urban civilisation, home to one of the great flowerings of Buddhism, and cornerstone of the Mughal empire. Born in 1947 as a homeland for Muslims, it has been a frontline state in the Cold War and is currently a key location in the struggle against violent Islamism. Understanding Pakistan’s past is essential to understanding its future trajectory.\nEarly civilisations\nWhen the Europeans were dressed in animal skins and the USA was known only to the native Indian tribes, the men and women who lived on the land that is now Pakistan were part of one of the most sophisticated societies on earth. The ancient Egyptians, who lived around the same time, may have been better at building pyramids, but when it came to constructing cities, the Indus people were well ahead.\n\nNothing was known of the Indus civilisation until the 1920s, when excavations at Harappa and Moenjodaro revealed cities built of brick. Subsequent research has shown that the Indus people flourished around 2500–1500 BC.They had a population of roughly five million and a sophisticated bureaucracy with standardised systems for weights and brick sizes. While the evidence is sketchy, many scholars believe that a priestly elite governed the Indus people.\n\nThe Indus civilisation probably declined due to the drying of the Indus Valley. There followed centuries of economic decline and foreign conquest. The first to arrive were the Aryans, whose Vedic religion laid the basis for Hinduism as it is practised today. They were followed by Alexander the Great. When you travel in northern Pakistan and, in particular, places such as the Kalasha valleys, you may notice people with relatively pale skin, fair hair and blue eyes. According to popular theory these are the descendants of Alexander the Great’s troops.\n\nAfter Alexander, a series of imperial powers flexed their muscles in South Asia. The Mauryas were notable for controlling virtually all the subcontinent and promoting Buddhism. Taxila, one of Pakistan’s best-preserved Buddhist sites, was founded by the Mauryans as a university. The Kushans followed close on the Mauryans’ heels, entering from Afghanistan. They took the Greek culture left behind by Alexander’s descendants and fused it with the art of India to produce their sublime Gandharan art. For the first three centuries AD, the Kushans held sway from Taxila to Kabul and left behind a host of ruins, particularly in the Peshawar and Swat Valleys.\n\nIn AD 711 an Arab general, Mohammed bin Qasim, arrived in Sindh. He and his 6000 cavalrymen were to have a major impact because they brought with them the religion of Islam. After the Arabs had made inroads from the south, in the 11th century the Turkish rulers of Afghanistan, led by Mahmud of Ghazni, brought the same message of Islam from the north. Muslims were then established as the ruling class, although it was not until the arrival of the Mughal dynasty that there was a truly formidable Islamic government able to leave a lasting architectural and cultural impression.\n\n^ Back to top\n\nThe mughals\nThe Mughals were the undisputed masters of the subcontinent through the 16th and 17th centuries. Their empire was one of only three periods in history during which the subcontinent has come under sustained, unified rule. (The others to pull off this feat were the Mauryas and the British.) The first Mughal emperor, Babur, used the traditional route to invade: from Central Asia. Having taken Kabul he conquered Delhi in 1526. The dynasty he founded endured for more than three centuries. The other great Mughal emperors included Akbar (1556–1605), Shah Jahan (1627–58) and Aurangzeb (1658–1707). Because they were Muslims, the Mughals remain a source of great pride in Pakistan. Under Akbar and his son Jehangir, Lahore was the capital of the empire, and remains home to some of the Muhgals’ greatest architectural legacies, including the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort and Jehangir’s Tomb. All combine the Mughals’ skill for working on a grand scale and their great use of arches, domes, carvings and towers.\n\nWhile the Mughals are today most often celebrated for their artistic legacy, they were also excellent administrators who managed to concentrate power in the central government. Their sophisticated bureaucratic systems became particularly highly developed under Akbar. He appointed officials on the basis of merit rather than family rank. He also prevented the establishment of rival power bases by paying loyal officials in cash rather than land. While many of the Mughal rulers were hostile to their Hindu subjects, Akbar took a different view. He saw that the number of Hindus in India was too great to subjugate. Instead, he integrated them into his empire and allowed Hindus to reach senior positions in the government and the military.\n\nLike imperial powers before and after them, the Mughals became overstretched. By the time of Aurangzeb’s death, their empire had become so big it was largely ungovernable. Slowly but steadily the Mughals’ power ebbed away. Their administrative systems were weakened by debilitating and very violent succession struggles and by the decadence of court life. Local powerbrokers in the provinces seized their opportunity and, complaining of Muslim domination and too many taxes, mounted a series of armed rebellions. Faced with these challenges, the Mughals increasingly became rulers only in name. Technically, though, the Mughal empire existed right up until 1857, when the British deposed the 19th and last Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah II.\nThe birth of pakistan\nTwo men are generally credited with having secured the existence of Pakistan. The first was Allama Mohammed Iqbal, a poet and philosopher from Lahore. Iqbal proposed the creation of a separate Muslim state on those parts of the subcontinent where there was a Muslim majority.\n\nWhile Iqbal articulated the demand for a Muslim state, it took Mohammed Ali Jinnah to put it into practice. The British were initially reluctant to divide the subcontinent, but through a mixture of brilliant advocacy skills and sheer obstinacy Jinnah got his way. Jinnah is a universally revered figure in Pakistan. You will see his image and his name depicted on buildings all over the country. He is often referred to as Quaid-i-Azam or the Quaid (Leader of the People or Great Leader).\n\nAt the turn of the century the Hindus and Muslims had been united in their struggle against the British. The Indian National Congress, which was formed in 1885 to put demands to the British, included members from both faiths. Nevertheless, in 1906 the Muslims founded another political organisation, the All-India Muslim League, ‘to protect and advance the political rights of the Muslims of India and respectfully represent their needs and aspirations to the Government’.\n\nFor a time the emphasis remained on unity. In 1916 Congress and the Muslim League agreed to the Lucknow Pact, under which they were to campaign for constitutional reform together. After the British massacred a crowd of unarmed protestors at Amritsar in 1919, the demands for greater self-governance turned into an insistence on full independence. The British responded with limited concessions, increasing the number of Indians in the administration and in self-governing institutions.\n\nThe Indian leaders could see that they were making progress. But as an independent India became a realistic prospect, tensions between the Muslims and Hindus grew. Mohammed Iqbal first raised the issue of a separate Muslim homeland in 1930. He argued that India was so diverse that a unitary form of government was inconceivable. Religion rather than territory, he said, should be the foundation of national aspirations. It was the first coherent expression of the ‘two-nation theory’ to which Pakistan still adheres.\n\nIqbal gave no name to his proposed nation. That was done by a student at Cambridge University, Chaudhry Rahmat Ali, who suggested it be called Pakistan. Taken as one word Pakistan means ‘Land of the Spiritually Clean and Pure’. But it was also a sort of acronym standing for Punjab, Afghania (North-West Frontier Province), Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan.\n\nBy the late 1930s, Jinnah, who had previously argued for Hindu-Muslim unity, was convinced of the case for Pakistan. At its annual session in Lahore on 23 March 1940, the Muslim League formally demanded that the Muslim majority areas in northwestern and northeastern India should be autonomous and sovereign. With Congress strongly opposed, it was an issue only London could resolve. The man given the task was Lord Louis Mountbatten, who was appointed Viceroy of India in 1947. Shortly after arriving in Delhi he became convinced that the demand for Pakistan would not go away and that, despite all its objections, Congress would accept it as the price for independence.\n\nCreating two new independent nations out of one imperial possession was not easy. Assets were divided, and a boundary commission appointed to demarcate frontiers. Cyril Radcliffe, a civil servant who had never visited India, bisected the complicated and deeply connected border areas in little over a month. British troops were evacuated and the military was restructured into two forces. Civil servants were given the choice of joining either country.\n\nAs the moment of Independence approached, huge numbers of people went on the move. Hindus, fearful of living in the new Pakistan, headed east. So too did the Sikhs. In the period before the British extended their influence to Punjab and Kashmir, the Sikhs had been the dominant power, controlling territory right up to the Afghan border. By 1849 the British military had defeated them and now, with Partition looming, they decided to move and make their future in India. The Muslims, meanwhile, were also leaving their villages and making for their new homeland.\n\nIt was the largest mass migration in modern times. Around eight million people gave up their jobs, homes and communities. Most travelled on foot or by train and in doing so risked their lives. Many never made it, becoming victims of the frenzied violence triggered by Partition. The scale of the killing was terrible: it’s estimated that up to a million people were butchered in communal violence. Trains full of Muslims, fleeing westwards, were held up and slaughtered by Hindu and Sikh mobs. Hindus and Sikhs fleeing to the east suffered the same fate. For those who crossed the rivers of blood that separated the two new nations and survived, the feeling of relief was intense. And on 14 August 1947, Pakistan and India achieved independence.\n\nWhile the new leaders in India were able to pick up where the British left off, their counterparts in Pakistan had to build state institutions from scratch. The task was made all the more difficult because the one man in Pakistan who could command unquestioning loyalty – Jinnah – died 13 months after Independence. His successors were both incompetent and corrupt. It took them nine years to pass Pakistan’s first constitution. When General Ayub Khan took over in a coup in 1958, most Pakistanis were relieved that the politicians were being kicked out of office.",
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2018/01/22 05:49:27
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tuffailahmed281published a new post: good-morning
2018/01/22 04:52:15
parent author
parent permlinklife
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkgood-morning
titleGood morning
bodyhello GooooOOooOd Morning
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2018/01/20 12:56:33
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tuffailahmed281published a new post: good-evening
2018/01/20 12:56:00
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titleGOOD EVENING
bodyHello friends..... How to earn from steemit.com i tried my best but result is not well
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tuffailahmed281published a new post: to-day
2018/01/20 12:49:24
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bodytoday is very hot...![IMG_3514.JPG](https://steemitimages.com/DQmVqG1rgE9WaBNQWm7AC6PtxFnSiwjJKmuEWVESQjGwt5c/IMG_3514.JPG)
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tuffailahmed281published a new post: rivers-of-pakistan
2018/01/20 12:38:45
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permlinkrivers-of-pakistan
titleRIVERS OF PAKISTAN
bodyRivers of Pakistan RIVERS OF PAKISTAN Astor River Chenab River Dasht River Dashtiari River Gambila River Ghaggar-Hakra River Ghizar River Gilgit River Gomal River Hub River Hungol River Hunza River Indus River Jhelum River Kabul River Swaan River Kundar River Kunhar River Kurram River Lyari River Malir River Panjkora Panjnad River Ravi River Shigar River Shimshal River Sutlej River Swat River Tochi River Zhob River ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Astor River The Astore River a tributary of the mighty Indus rises from a glacier of the great Himalayan range near the Burzil Pass in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir. It flows in a northwesterly direction and joins the Indus River at Bunji. Many small streams fall into the Astor River in its short course. Its catchment area is not covered by the vegetation but possess glacial moraines, cirques and steep slopes. This river drains the area lying to the east of Nanga Parbat. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chenab River The Chenab River is formed by the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi located in the upper Himalayas in the Lahul and Spiti District of Himachal Pradesh, India. In its upper reaches it is also known as the Chandrabhaga. It flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir into the plains of the Punjab, forming the boundary between the Rechna and Jech interfluves (Doabs in Persian). It is joined by the Jhelum River at Trimmu and then by the Ravi River. It then merges with the Sutlej River near Uch Sharif to form the Panjnad or the 'Five Rivers', the fifth being the Beas River which joins the Satluj near Ferozepur, India. The Satluj then joins the Indus at Mithankot. The total length of the Chenab is approximately 960 kilometers. The waters of the Chenab are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. The river was known to Indians in the Vedic period as Ashkini or Iskmati and as Acesines to the Ancient Greeks. In 325 BC, Alexander the Great allegedly founded the town of Alexandria on the Indus (present day Uch Sharif or Mithankot or Chacharan) at the confluence of the Indus and the combined stream of Punjab rivers (currently known as the Panjnad River). The Chenab has the same place in the consciousness of the people of the Punjab as, say, the Rhine holds for the Germans or the Danube for the Austrians and the Hungarians. It is the iconic river around which Punjabi consciousness revolves, and plays a prominent part in the tale of Heer Ranjha, the Punjabi national epic and the legend of Sohni Mahiwal. This river has been in the news of late due to the steps taken by the Indian government to build a number of hydropower dams along its length (in India) most notably the Baglihar Hydel power project (expected time of completion 2008). This is a result of the Indus Basin Project. These planned projects on Chenab have been hotly contested by Pakistan which says that India is breaking the terms and clauses of the Indus water treaty by storing and channelling the waters of this river, a claim totally rejected by the Indian government. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dasht River Dasht River is located in Gwadar District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Mirani Dam is being built on Dasht River to provide drinking water to Gwadar city. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dashtiari River Dashtiari River is located in Gwadar District, Balochistan, Pakistan. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gambila River Gambila River, also called the Tochi River, is located in Bannu District, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. It's source are the hills six miles south of the Sufed Koh, the source of the Kurram River, which it runs parallel too and finally joins. The Gambila is an important river for the inhabitants of the Dawar valley, as it serves to irrigate a large area of land that it runs through. Particularly that belonging to the Bakkakhel Wazirs, Miri and Barakzai Bannuchis. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ghaggar-Hakra River The Ghaggar is an intermittent river in India, flowing during the monsoon rains. It originates in the Shivalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh and flows through Punjab and Haryana to Rajasthan; just southwest of Sirsa in Haryana and by the side of Tibi in Rajasthan, this seasonal river feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan. The present-day Sarasvati River originates in a submontane region (Ambala district) and joins the Ghaggar near Shatrana in PEPSU. Near Sadulgarh (Hanumangarh) the Naiwal channel, a dried out channel of the Sutlej, joins the Ghaggar. Near Suratgarh the Ghaggar is then joined by the dried up Drishadvati (Chautang) river. The wide river bed of the Ghaggar river suggest that the river once flowed full of water, and that it formerly continued through the entire region, in the presently dry channel of the Hakra River, possibly emptying into the Rann of Kutch. It supposedly dried up due to the capture of its tributaries by the Indus and Yamuna rivers, and the loss of rainfall in much of its catchment area due to deforestation and overgrazing. This is supposed to have happened at the latest in 1900 BCE, but perhaps much earlier. In India there are also various small or middle-sized rivers called Sarasvati or Saraswati. One of them flows from the west end of the Aravalli Range into the east end of the Rann of Kutch. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ghizar River The Ghizar River is an important tributary of the Gilgit River. It rises as a small snow-melt channel from the glaciers on the northern slopes of the great Himalayan range. Rising from the glaciers the Ghizar valley many small tributaries join the Ghizar River at various places along its course. It flows eastwards to join the Gilgit River flowing in from the north. The entire catchment area of the Ghizar River is bleak and desolate. The slopes are devoid of a vegetative cover. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gilgit River The Shigar River is a tributary of the Indus River that rises from the Hispar glacier at the base of the Haramosh and Kanjut Sar peaks in northern Ladakh. It flows towards southeast and joins the Indus at Skardu. A tributary rising from Baltoro glacier at the base of Masharbrum peak also falls into the Shigar River therefore, it contains waters of two of the most important glaciers of the Karakoram Range. No vegetation is seen on the catchment area because of its high altitude. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gomal River Gomal River is a river in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with its headwaters in the south-east of Ghazni. The headwater springs of the Gomal's main leg come together close to the fort of Babakarkol in Katawaz, a district inhabited primarily by Kharoti and Suleiman Khel Pashtuns. The Gomal's chief tributary is the Zhob River. Within Pakistan, Gomal river surrounds South Waziristan agency, forms the boundary between the North-West Frontier Province and Balochistan. The river passes then through the Damaan plain in Kulachi Tehsil and later on through Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil and then finally falls in river Indus. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hub River Hub River is located in Lasbela, Balochistan, Pakistan. It forms the provincial boundary between Sindh and Balochistan, west of Karachi. Hub Dam is a large water storage reservoir constructed in 1981 on the Hub River in the arid plains north of Karachi. The reservoir supplies water for irrigation in the Lasbella district of Balochistan and drinking water for the city of Karachi. It is an important staging and wintering area for an appreciable number of water birds and contains a variety of fish species which increase in abundance during periods of high water. The Mahseer (Tor putitora), an indigenous riverine fish found in the Hub River, grows up to 2m in length and provides for excellent angling. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hungol River Hungol River or Hingol River is located in Makran, Balochistan, Pakistan. The Hungol valley has fantastic scenery of towering cliffs, pinnacles and buttresses, the river winding between. Some 350 miles in length, the Hungol is Balochistan's longest river. Unlike most other streams in Balochistan which only flow during rare rains, the Hungol always has flowing water in it. The water is crystal–clear, reflecting the incredible blue of the sky. It makes for picture–postcard scenery. Hungol River and valley are located in Hungol National Park ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hunza River Hunza River is the principal river of Hunza, in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is formed by the confluence of the Kilik and Khunjerab nalas (gorges) which are fed by glaciers. It is joined by the Gilgit River and the Naltar River before it flows into the Indus River. The river cuts through the Karakoram Range, flowing from north to south. The Karakoram Highway crosses the Hunza River near Hunza and Nagar valleys. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Indus River The Indus River is the longest and most important river in Pakistan and one of the most important rivers on the Indian subcontinent and has given the country India its name. Originating in the Tibetan plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar, the river runs a course through Ladakh district in Kashmir and Northern Areas, flowing through the North in a southerly direction along the entire length of country, to merge into the Arabian Sea near Pakistan's port city Karachi. The total length of the river is 3200 kilometers (2000 miles). The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 square kilometers (450,000 square miles). The river's estimated annual flow stands at around 207 cubic kilometers. Beginning at the heights of the world with glaciers, the river feeds the ecosystem of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside. Together with the rivers Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Jhelum, Beas and the extinct Sarasvati River, the Indus forms the Sapta Sindhu ("Seven Rivers") delta in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It has 20 major tributaries. The Indus provides the key water resources for the economy of Pakistan - especially the breadbasket of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural production, and Sindh. It also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of potable water in Pakistan. The ultimate source of the Indus is in Tibet; it begins at the confluence of the Sengge and Gar rivers that drain the Nganglong Kangri and Gangdise Shan mountain ranges. The Indus then flows northwest through Ladakh-Baltistan into Gilgit, just south of the Karakoram range. The Shyok, Shigar and Gilgit streams carry glacial waters into the main river. It gradually bends to the south, coming out of the hills between Peshawar and Rawalpindi. The Indus passes gigantic gorges 4500 - 5200 meters (15,000-17,000 feet) high near the Nanga Parbat massif. It swiftly flows across Hazara, and is dammed at the Tarbela Reservoir. The Kabul River joins it near Attock. The remainder of its route to the sea is in plains of the Punjab and Sind, and the river becomes slow-flowing and highly braided. It is joined by Panjnad River at Mithankot. Beyond this confluence, the river, at one time, was named as Satnad River (sat = seven, nadi = river) as the river was now carrying the waters of Kabul River, Indus River and the five Punjab rivers. Passing by Jamshoro, it ends in a large delta to the east of Thatta. The Indus is one of the few rivers in the world that exhibit a tidal bore. The Indus system is largely fed by the snows and glaciers of the Karakoram, Hindu Kush and Himalayan ranges of Tibet, Kashmir and Northern Areas of Pakistan. The flow of the river is also determined by the seasons - it diminishes greatly in the winter, while flooding its banks in the monsoon months from July to September. There is also evidence of a steady shift in the course of the river since prehistoric times - it deviated westwards from flowing into the Rann of Kutch. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jhelum River Jehlum River or Jhelum River is the largest and most western of the five rivers of Punjab, and passes through Jhelum District. It is a tributary of the Indus River. The river Jhelum was called Vitasta by the ancient Indians in the Vedic period and Hydaspes by the ancient Greeks. The Vitastā is mentioned as one of the major river by the holy scriptures of the Indo-Aryans—the Rigveda. It has been speculated that the Vitasta must have been one of the seven rivers (sapta-sindhu) mentioned so many times in the Rigveda. The name survives the Kashmiri name for this river as Vyath. The river was regarded as a god by the ancient Greeks, as were most mountains and streams; the poet Nonnus in the Dionysiaca (section 26, line 350) makes the Hydaspes a titan-descended god, the son of the sea-god Thaumas and the cloud-goddess Elektra. He was the brother of Iris the goddess of the rainbow, and half-brother to the harpies, the snatching winds. Since the river is in a country foreign to the ancient Greeks, it is not clear whether they named the river after the god, or whether the god Hydaspes was named after the river. Alexander the Great and his army crossed the Jhelum in 326 BC at the Battle of the Hydaspes River where he defeated the Indian king, Porus. According to Arrian (Anabasis, 29), he built a city "on the spot whence he started to cross the river Hydaspes", which he named Bukephala (or Bucephala) to honour his famous horse Bukephalis which was buried in Jalalpur Sharif. It is thought that ancient Bukephala was near the site of modern Jhelum City. According to a historian of Gujrat district, Mansoor Behzad Butt, Bukephala was buried in Jalalpur Sharif, but the people of Mandi Bahauddin, a district close to Jehlum, believed that their Tehsil Phalia was named after Bucephala, Alexander's dead horse. They say that the name Phalia was the distortion of the word Bucephala. The waters of the Jhelum are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- read more from : http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compulsory-subjects/pakistan-affairs/13309-rivers-pakistan.html
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      "title": "RIVERS OF PAKISTAN",
      "body": "Rivers of Pakistan\n\nRIVERS OF PAKISTAN\n\nAstor River\nChenab River \nDasht River \nDashtiari River \nGambila River \nGhaggar-Hakra River \nGhizar River\nGilgit River \nGomal River \nHub River \nHungol River \nHunza River \nIndus River \nJhelum River \nKabul River \nSwaan River \nKundar River \nKunhar River \nKurram River \nLyari River \nMalir River \nPanjkora Panjnad River \nRavi River \nShigar River \nShimshal River\nSutlej River \nSwat River \nTochi River \nZhob River\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAstor River\n\nThe Astore River a tributary of the mighty Indus rises from a glacier of the great Himalayan range near the Burzil Pass in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir. It flows in a northwesterly direction and joins the Indus River at Bunji. Many small streams fall into the Astor River in its short course. Its catchment area is not covered by the vegetation but possess glacial moraines, cirques and steep slopes. This river drains the area lying to the east of Nanga Parbat.\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nChenab River\n\nThe Chenab River is formed by the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi located in the upper Himalayas in the Lahul and Spiti District of Himachal Pradesh, India. In its upper reaches it is also known as the Chandrabhaga. It flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir into the plains of the Punjab, forming the boundary between the Rechna and Jech interfluves (Doabs in Persian). It is joined by the Jhelum River at Trimmu and then by the Ravi River. It then merges with the Sutlej River near Uch Sharif to form the Panjnad or the 'Five Rivers', the fifth being the Beas River which joins the Satluj near Ferozepur, India. The Satluj then joins the Indus at Mithankot. The total length of the Chenab is approximately 960 kilometers. The waters of the Chenab are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. \n\nThe river was known to Indians in the Vedic period as Ashkini or Iskmati and as Acesines to the Ancient Greeks. In 325 BC, Alexander the Great allegedly founded the town of Alexandria on the Indus (present day Uch Sharif or Mithankot or Chacharan) at the confluence of the Indus and the combined stream of Punjab rivers (currently known as the Panjnad River).\n\nThe Chenab has the same place in the consciousness of the people of the Punjab as, say, the Rhine holds for the Germans or the Danube for the Austrians and the Hungarians. It is the iconic river around which Punjabi consciousness revolves, and plays a prominent part in the tale of Heer Ranjha, the Punjabi national epic and the legend of Sohni Mahiwal.\n\nThis river has been in the news of late due to the steps taken by the Indian government to build a number of hydropower dams along its length (in India) most notably the Baglihar Hydel power project (expected time of completion 2008). This is a result of the Indus Basin Project. These planned projects on Chenab have been hotly contested by Pakistan which says that India is breaking the terms and clauses of the Indus water treaty by storing and channelling the waters of this river, a claim totally rejected by the Indian government.\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nDasht River\n\nDasht River is located in Gwadar District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Mirani Dam is being built on Dasht River to provide drinking water to Gwadar city.\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nDashtiari River\n\nDashtiari River is located in Gwadar District, Balochistan, Pakistan.\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nGambila River\n\nGambila River, also called the Tochi River, is located in Bannu District, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan.\n\nIt's source are the hills six miles south of the Sufed Koh, the source of the Kurram River, which it runs parallel too and finally joins.\n\nThe Gambila is an important river for the inhabitants of the Dawar valley, as it serves to irrigate a large area of land that it runs through. Particularly that belonging to the Bakkakhel Wazirs, Miri and Barakzai Bannuchis.\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nGhaggar-Hakra River\n\nThe Ghaggar is an intermittent river in India, flowing during the monsoon rains. It originates in the Shivalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh and flows through Punjab and Haryana to Rajasthan; just southwest of Sirsa in Haryana and by the side of Tibi in Rajasthan, this seasonal river feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan.\n\nThe present-day Sarasvati River originates in a submontane region (Ambala district) and joins the Ghaggar near Shatrana in PEPSU. Near Sadulgarh (Hanumangarh) the Naiwal channel, a dried out channel of the Sutlej, joins the Ghaggar. Near Suratgarh the Ghaggar is then joined by the dried up Drishadvati (Chautang) river.\n\nThe wide river bed of the Ghaggar river suggest that the river once flowed full of water, and that it formerly continued through the entire region, in the presently dry channel of the Hakra River, possibly emptying into the Rann of Kutch. It supposedly dried up due to the capture of its tributaries by the Indus and Yamuna rivers, and the loss of rainfall in much of its catchment area due to deforestation and overgrazing. This is supposed to have happened at the latest in 1900 BCE, but perhaps much earlier.\n\nIn India there are also various small or middle-sized rivers called Sarasvati or Saraswati. One of them flows from the west end of the Aravalli Range into the east end of the Rann of Kutch.\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nGhizar River\n\nThe Ghizar River is an important tributary of the Gilgit River. It rises as a small snow-melt channel from the glaciers on the northern slopes of the great Himalayan range. Rising from the glaciers the Ghizar valley many small tributaries join the Ghizar River at various places along its course. It flows eastwards to join the Gilgit River flowing in from the north.\n\nThe entire catchment area of the Ghizar River is bleak and desolate. The slopes are devoid of a vegetative cover.\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nGilgit River\n\nThe Shigar River is a tributary of the Indus River that rises from the Hispar glacier at the base of the Haramosh and Kanjut Sar peaks in northern Ladakh. It flows towards southeast and joins the Indus at Skardu.\n\nA tributary rising from Baltoro glacier at the base of Masharbrum peak also falls into the Shigar River therefore, it contains waters of two of the most important glaciers of the Karakoram Range. No vegetation is seen on the catchment area because of its high altitude.\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nGomal River\n\nGomal River is a river in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with its headwaters in the south-east of Ghazni.\n\nThe headwater springs of the Gomal's main leg come together close to the fort of Babakarkol in Katawaz, a district inhabited primarily by Kharoti and Suleiman Khel Pashtuns.\n\nThe Gomal's chief tributary is the Zhob River. Within Pakistan, Gomal river surrounds South Waziristan agency, forms the boundary between the North-West Frontier Province and Balochistan. The river passes then through the Damaan plain in Kulachi Tehsil and later on through Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil and then finally falls in river Indus.\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nHub River\n\nHub River is located in Lasbela, Balochistan, Pakistan. It forms the provincial boundary between Sindh and Balochistan, west of Karachi. Hub Dam is a large water storage reservoir constructed in 1981 on the Hub River in the arid plains north of Karachi. The reservoir supplies water for irrigation in the Lasbella district of Balochistan and drinking water for the city of Karachi. It is an important staging and wintering area for an appreciable number of water birds and contains a variety of fish species which increase in abundance during periods of high water. The Mahseer (Tor putitora), an indigenous riverine fish found in the Hub River, grows up to 2m in length and provides for excellent angling.\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nHungol River\n\nHungol River or Hingol River is located in Makran, Balochistan, Pakistan.\n\nThe Hungol valley has fantastic scenery of towering cliffs, pinnacles and buttresses, the river winding between. Some 350 miles in length, the Hungol is Balochistan's longest river. Unlike most other streams in Balochistan which only flow during rare rains, the Hungol always has flowing water in it. The water is crystal–clear, reflecting the incredible blue of the sky. It makes for picture–postcard scenery. Hungol River and valley are located in Hungol National Park\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nHunza River\n\nHunza River is the principal river of Hunza, in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is formed by the confluence of the Kilik and Khunjerab nalas (gorges) which are fed by glaciers. It is joined by the Gilgit River and the Naltar River before it flows into the Indus River.\n\nThe river cuts through the Karakoram Range, flowing from north to south. The Karakoram Highway crosses the Hunza River near Hunza and Nagar valleys.\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIndus River\n\nThe Indus River is the longest and most important river in Pakistan and one of the most important rivers on the Indian subcontinent and has given the country India its name. Originating in the Tibetan plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar, the river runs a course through Ladakh district in Kashmir and Northern Areas, flowing through the North in a southerly direction along the entire length of country, to merge into the Arabian Sea near Pakistan's port city Karachi. The total length of the river is 3200 kilometers (2000 miles). \nThe river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 square kilometers (450,000 square miles). The river's estimated annual flow stands at around 207 cubic kilometers. Beginning at the heights of the world with glaciers, the river feeds the ecosystem of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside. Together with the rivers Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Jhelum, Beas and the extinct Sarasvati River, the Indus forms the Sapta Sindhu (\"Seven Rivers\") delta in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It has 20 major tributaries.\n\nThe Indus provides the key water resources for the economy of Pakistan - especially the breadbasket of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural production, and Sindh. It also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of potable water in Pakistan.\n\nThe ultimate source of the Indus is in Tibet; it begins at the confluence of the Sengge and Gar rivers that drain the Nganglong Kangri and Gangdise Shan mountain ranges. The Indus then flows northwest through Ladakh-Baltistan into Gilgit, just south of the Karakoram range. The Shyok, Shigar and Gilgit streams carry glacial waters into the main river. It gradually bends to the south, coming out of the hills between Peshawar and Rawalpindi. The Indus passes gigantic gorges 4500 - 5200 meters (15,000-17,000 feet) high near the Nanga Parbat massif. It swiftly flows across Hazara, and is dammed at the Tarbela Reservoir. The Kabul River joins it near Attock. The remainder of its route to the sea is in plains of the Punjab and Sind, and the river becomes slow-flowing and highly braided. It is joined by Panjnad River at Mithankot. Beyond this confluence, the river, at one time, was named as Satnad River (sat = seven, nadi = river) as the river was now carrying the waters of Kabul River, Indus River and the five Punjab rivers. Passing by Jamshoro, it ends in a large delta to the east of Thatta.\n\nThe Indus is one of the few rivers in the world that exhibit a tidal bore. The Indus system is largely fed by the snows and glaciers of the Karakoram, Hindu Kush and Himalayan ranges of Tibet, Kashmir and Northern Areas of Pakistan. The flow of the river is also determined by the seasons - it diminishes greatly in the winter, while flooding its banks in the monsoon months from July to September. There is also evidence of a steady shift in the course of the river since prehistoric times - it deviated westwards from flowing into the Rann of Kutch.\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nJhelum River\n\nJehlum River or Jhelum River is the largest and most western of the five rivers of Punjab, and passes through Jhelum District. It is a tributary of the Indus River.\n\nThe river Jhelum was called Vitasta by the ancient Indians in the Vedic period and Hydaspes by the ancient Greeks. The Vitastā is mentioned as one of the major river by the holy scriptures of the Indo-Aryans—the Rigveda. It has been speculated that the Vitasta must have been one of the seven rivers (sapta-sindhu) mentioned so many times in the Rigveda. The name survives the Kashmiri name for this river as Vyath.\n\nThe river was regarded as a god by the ancient Greeks, as were most mountains and streams; the poet Nonnus in the Dionysiaca (section 26, line 350) makes the Hydaspes a titan-descended god, the son of the sea-god Thaumas and the cloud-goddess Elektra. He was the brother of Iris the goddess of the rainbow, and half-brother to the harpies, the snatching winds. Since the river is in a country foreign to the ancient Greeks, it is not clear whether they named the river after the god, or whether the god Hydaspes was named after the river.\n\nAlexander the Great and his army crossed the Jhelum in 326 BC at the Battle of the Hydaspes River where he defeated the Indian king, Porus. According to Arrian (Anabasis, 29), he built a city \"on the spot whence he started to cross the river Hydaspes\", which he named Bukephala (or Bucephala) to honour his famous horse Bukephalis which was buried in Jalalpur Sharif. It is thought that ancient Bukephala was near the site of modern Jhelum City. According to a historian of Gujrat district, Mansoor Behzad Butt, Bukephala was buried in Jalalpur Sharif, but the people of Mandi Bahauddin, a district close to Jehlum, believed that their Tehsil Phalia was named after Bucephala, Alexander's dead horse. They say that the name Phalia was the distortion of the word Bucephala. The waters of the Jhelum are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty.\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nread more from : http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compulsory-subjects/pakistan-affairs/13309-rivers-pakistan.html",
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2018/01/18 12:21:03
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2018/01/18 12:00:42
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2018/01/18 11:57:27
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2018/01/18 11:54:00
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2018/01/18 11:54:00
parent authormpraveen
parent permlinkharsil-in-uttarkhand-india
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkre-mpraveen-2018118t16540268z
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2018/01/18 11:52:06
votertuffailahmed281
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tuffailahmed281published a new post: dslr
2018/01/18 11:49:24
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parent permlinkphoto
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkdslr
titleDSLR
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2018/01/18 11:46:27
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2018/01/18 11:44:54
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parent permlinkearly-morning-grind-2018-01-18-11-42-50
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkre-moscato-early-morning-grind-2018-01-18-11-42-50-20180118t114749890z
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2018/01/18 11:43:57
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tuffailahmed281published a new post: changa-manga
2018/01/18 11:43:00
parent author
parent permlinklife
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkchanga-manga
titleChanga Manga
bodyThe Changa Manga (Urdu: چھانگا مانگا‬) is a planted forest which includes a wildlife preserve, in the Kasur and Lahore districts of Punjab, Pakistan. It is located approximately 80 kilometers south-west of Lahore. It was once the largest man-made forest in the world but has undergone illegal deforestation at a massive scale in recent times.[1][2] Changa Manga is known more widely as "one of the oldest hand-planted forests in the world",[3] and hosts a wide variety of flora and fauna. The forest is home to 14 species of mammals, 50 species of birds, six species of reptiles, two species of amphibians and 27 species of insects.[4] Thus, other than producing timber for the local industry, the forest also serves as an important wildlife reserve. Named after two brother dacoits, the Changa Manga forest was originally planted in 1866 by British foresters. Its trees were harvested to gather fuel and resources for the engines employed in the North-Western railway networks. Location:- The Changa Manga forest can be entered from a road off the N-5 Highway near Bhai Pheru and Chunian. At present, the forest covers an area of 48.6 square kilometres (12,000 acres).[8] It was once the largest man-made forest in the world but massive deforestation has reduced it to less than half its original size.[1] It is also known as "one of the oldest hand-planted forests in the world".[3] The forest plantation dates back to 1866 and was planned to fill the need for timber and fuel resources for the North-Western railway networks. The most common species of flora are Dalbergia sissoo (Sheesham) and Acacia nilotica (Kikar), both members of the Fabaceae and native to the Indian subcontinent. Morus alba (white mulberry) was also introduced to the plantation and became popular in cultivation throughout South Asia. The forest also has several species of Eucalyptus and Populus.[9] Read more from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changa_Manga ![Dug_trenches_for_forest_plantation_after_slash_has_been_burnt.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmX8f4RHysLf98jzdTFLQi9zjJbhqqQA5km3H8LKtnhgUE/Dug_trenches_for_forest_plantation_after_slash_has_been_burnt.jpg) copy from : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changa_Manga ![Changa_Manga_Forest.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmYc6Lnu7A29gLswD8ZFnuuTG48WXDJSpsaViyu12ptUpD/Changa_Manga_Forest.jpg)
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      "body": "The Changa Manga (Urdu: چھانگا مانگا‬) is a planted forest which includes a wildlife preserve, in the Kasur and Lahore districts of Punjab, Pakistan. It is located approximately 80 kilometers south-west of Lahore. It was once the largest man-made forest in the world but has undergone illegal deforestation at a massive scale in recent times.[1][2]\n\nChanga Manga is known more widely as \"one of the oldest hand-planted forests in the world\",[3] and hosts a wide variety of flora and fauna. The forest is home to 14 species of mammals, 50 species of birds, six species of reptiles, two species of amphibians and 27 species of insects.[4] Thus, other than producing timber for the local industry, the forest also serves as an important wildlife reserve.\n\nNamed after two brother dacoits, the Changa Manga forest was originally planted in 1866 by British foresters. Its trees were harvested to gather fuel and resources for the engines employed in the North-Western railway networks.\n\nLocation:-\nThe Changa Manga forest can be entered from a road off the N-5 Highway near Bhai Pheru and Chunian. At present, the forest covers an area of 48.6 square kilometres (12,000 acres).[8] It was once the largest man-made forest in the world but massive deforestation has reduced it to less than half its original size.[1] It is also known as \"one of the oldest hand-planted forests in the world\".[3]\n\nThe forest plantation dates back to 1866 and was planned to fill the need for timber and fuel resources for the North-Western railway networks. The most common species of flora are Dalbergia sissoo (Sheesham) and Acacia nilotica (Kikar), both members of the Fabaceae and native to the Indian subcontinent. Morus alba (white mulberry) was also introduced to the plantation and became popular in cultivation throughout South Asia. The forest also has several species of Eucalyptus and Populus.[9]\n\nRead more from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changa_Manga\n![Dug_trenches_for_forest_plantation_after_slash_has_been_burnt.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmX8f4RHysLf98jzdTFLQi9zjJbhqqQA5km3H8LKtnhgUE/Dug_trenches_for_forest_plantation_after_slash_has_been_burnt.jpg)\ncopy from :  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changa_Manga\n![Changa_Manga_Forest.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmYc6Lnu7A29gLswD8ZFnuuTG48WXDJSpsaViyu12ptUpD/Changa_Manga_Forest.jpg)",
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2018/01/16 13:42:36
voterfogas123
authortuffailahmed281
permlinka-click-from-2017
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2018/01/16 10:32:00
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkre-krguidedog-2018116t153158163z
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2018/01/16 10:32:00
parent authorkrguidedog
parent permlinkre-i-am-a-new-user-20180111t104244
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkre-krguidedog-2018116t153158163z
title
bodyThank you so much for information. I am new user
json metadata{"tags":["esteem"],"app":"esteem/1.5.0","format":"markdown+html","community":"esteem"}
Transaction InfoBlock #19025667/Trx 3dac04f3849c065e8b460d748887498ad6577a72
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      "body": "Thank you so much for information.\nI am new user",
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2018/01/16 10:30:06
votertuffailahmed281
authorkrguidedog
permlinkre-i-am-a-new-user-20180111t104244
weight10000 (100.00%)
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2018/01/16 10:11:27
parent authorvajola
parent permlinkwhere-my-fatnes-is-coming-from-2018-01-16-10-11-27
authortuffailahmed281
permlinkre-vajola-where-my-fatnes-is-coming-from-2018-01-16-10-11-27-20180116t101309234z
title
bodygood MoRnInG
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Account Metadata

POSTING JSON METADATA
profile{"cover_image":"","profile_image":"https://img.esteem.ws/ur84ojxcc6.jpg","name":"Tuffail Ahmed","location":"Mianwali Pakistan"}
JSON METADATA
profile{"cover_image":"","profile_image":"https://img.esteem.ws/ur84ojxcc6.jpg","name":"Tuffail Ahmed","location":"Mianwali Pakistan"}
{
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  "json_metadata": {
    "profile": {
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      "profile_image": "https://img.esteem.ws/ur84ojxcc6.jpg",
      "name": "Tuffail Ahmed",
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}

Auth Keys

Owner
Single Signature
Public Keys
STM8iZk4ha7k3E5PrRt6eG1NUNMp8yb1omrHk1qCsmzSjS7rWZqWs1/1
Active
Single Signature
Public Keys
STM7NVcshGT4qjGyDwdgkAc1uqZr7iwzAbDmWVA5vnninhyVPYUNY1/1
Posting
Single Signature
Public Keys
STM8gAjQ2fswSy1dgdGduQ29q43cj6rr9yTeNnFebUrbPWXTZMFUN1/1
Memo
STM7ts1TBwxooxtCdPzD1x8L91Ls5XTkpJFdrfSq65jt2wNvstqiK
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  "memo": "STM7ts1TBwxooxtCdPzD1x8L91Ls5XTkpJFdrfSq65jt2wNvstqiK"
}

Witness Votes

0 / 30
No active witness votes.
[]