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      "body": "welcome to Steemit @tuff33 I do hope that you will have a wonderful time on this platform, if you have any questions or if there is anything I can help you with do not hesitate to ask, I will be more than happy to help.\nPlease Follow me @Fshllc so that I can be able to see and read your posts, I will comment and upvote the ones I like :)\nLet's stay connected and support each other by following, commenting and upvoting each other's posts because together we are strong!",
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      "body": "![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmdXQBdT2ou6RFHSM6ihH8k2fonXdUop5GdYfbqTETfFGA/image.png)\n\n@ericvancewalton, @dougkarr, @the-alien and @andrarchy are thrilled to announce a brand new project made by Steemians who met through Steemit.com, “HardFork”: the first blockchain narrative mini series. A crypto noir thriller set in a near future world where decentralized factions work to overthrow a militarized IRS.\n\nA Steem-Backed Professional-Grade Series\nBridging state of the art filmmaking and storytelling techniques with the underrepresented and truly fascinating landscape of blockchain in the narrative space, HardFork will evoke a detailed future forward sci-fi world in which the Steem Blockchain plays an integral part. The same story that will propel our characters through a “Golden Age of Television” style series will also subtly educate the audience on the blockchain in a highly entertaining fashion.\n\nFans of the series--guided by award-winning director Doug Karr, writer Eric Vance Walton and accomplished actor Christopher James Baker--will invariably become fans of Steemit.com and cryptocurrency as a whole. An ultimate byproduct in creating this narrative work will not only be to entertain, but to help incite mass adoption of cryptocurrency—encouraging awareness, understanding, and investment from the masses.\n\nCentralized v. 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From there, the sky’s the limit in terms of how the HardFork Series can influence culture.\n\n![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZjbMnmsjKPrHigpJYpfgMgJ5bYMif8rGCyFxSHYV8jBn/image.png)\n\nSundance Film Festival alum & Cannes Lion winning director Doug Karr @dougkarr has teamed with Eric Vance Walton @ericvancewalton, an acclaimed American author and Thurber Treat award winner, to craft the tumultuous and futuristic world portrayed in the HardFork Series.\n\n![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmdZAgruscmXDhNQ6Na8rPJrMsqZgAqhJqAvV99JbqZFUR/image.png)\n\nThe hugely talented Christopher James Baker @bakerchristopher (Netflix’s Ozark, True Detective, The Purge Election Year) is attached to star and as a writer for the series.\n\n![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTqUncofDZwiVgWhqkRwYGVPk96GCKWaqWcZ9gEya2HXR/image.png)\n\nAndrew Levine @Andrarchy will serve as Executive Producer and Blockchain advisor.\n\n![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmaJigL89Xpfm7FHRpny9aqqgyVCd9zZL6tGmKsEvSQzDR/image.png)\n\n@the-alien will be a series writer and associate producer.\n\n![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmRuFn8xafXkZDngayTTTsqRHfDZVDZ6yxvMGwZAMyczSn/image.png)\n\n@nickytothenines will be heading up growth hacking.\n\n![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmQTxekxujZxKuqWCQc9fyRnVqVRW7TSVTyVCB4K32d4pj/image.png)\n\nAward winning Cinematographer Joe Victorine @jowvic will lens the project.\n\nAn Invitation To Collaborate\nThis is an exciting time for us. We’re electrified to get your feedback and invite your collaboration and involvement in what we view as a community project with potentially massive reach … but only with your help. Want to see your name in this credit block or get involved in any way, shape or form? If you’re interested in discussing opportunities around the series please feel free to reach out to us on steemit chat at our handles there: @doug.karr or @eric.walton\n\nThanks so much for your interest and help. We’re so excited to bring the HardFork Series to the community and to the screen and are eager to get your feedback and ideas so that we can make this the best mini series possible for our most important audience: Steemians.\n\nStay tuned for more, beginning with @ericvancewalton’s upcoming post, New Territory, about his work collaborating on the series so far.\n\n![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTgR6D5WQedQoasg91P2DEf8xMEDDUKija8hirbfCbAUa/image.png)\n\nWe'd love it if people posted about their ideas on Steemit using the #hardforkseries tag, we just want to point out that in order to avoid any liability that we will be assuming everything posted within that tag is intended to be a derivative work of the HardFork series and so the HardFork team cannot be liable for any apparent similarities between the content and the final product.",
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      "body": "I just recently learned of these remarks from Vitalik on reddit. ![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmfExmjckE1rTCqbzxW335EmpPGQgSdTX6mMebzXSAMeVC/image.png)\n\nIn these remark's Vitalik brings up the issue of Fees and Voting, both of which I feel deserve to be addressed.\n\nClient Side Validation\nLack of in-protocol economic incentives for these master nodes to behave correctly, and the lack of client-side validation capability, mean that there is an extreme reliance on the voting mechanism.\n\nIf we are going to have a discussion then defining terms is critical. I interpret the phrase \"client-side validation\" to mean validation by non-producing full nodes, because the other definition of \"light client validation\" makes no sense in this context. Since EOS, Steem, and BitShares all have more \"non-producing full nodes\" than block producers and anyone can sync BTS and STEEM faster than they can sync ETH it seems clear to me that his statement is fundamentally wrong.\n\nBlock producers have no power to produce invalid blocks and every exchange will run a full node or at the very least a partial node and therefore directly validate the relevant subset of transactions.\n\nEthereum light-clients have to trust the block producers calculated things properly because they only check the hashes not the logic. Thus the failure condition is collusion of mining pools which is similar to collusion of elected block producers. The critical difference being that there are more elected block producers and their power is far more evenly distributed than the concentration of mining pool power.\n\nVoter Turnout\nVitalik then went on to discuss the problems with voting:\n\nVoting has the following problems:\n\nLow voter participation (the DAO carbonvote, the current EIP186 carbonvote, the DAO proposal votes, and even ?Bitshares DPOS votes in 2014 all had <10% participation)\nGame-theoretic tragedy-of-the-commons vulnerabilities: because each voter only has a tiny chance of influencing the result, their incentive to vote correctly is thousands of times lower than the socially optimal incentive. This means that situations like everyone putting their coins on exchanges and exchanges voting on users' behalf, with users not really caring how exchanges vote with their money, are likely to happen.\nCoin holder interests are not perfectly aligned with user interests, and so proposals that increase coin prices at the expense of making the system useful may get implemented.\nLow voter participation has been addressed over the past 3 years through a combination of voting proxies, easier user interfaces, and a reduction on the number of things people have to vote for. All told participation has increased above 20% of total tokens. Concerns over \"exchanges voting\" were largely remedied via Steem Power (exchanges need liquid tokens) and could be completely remedied via the constitution.\n\nFurthermore, non-voters do not make things less secure. They keep tokens off the market which still makes it more expensive for an attacker to acquire stake. Large stakeholders have a huge incentive to vote to protect their wealth and an attacker would have to acquire more stake than the largest whales in the system. Given the turnout on Steem and BitShares and a market cap like Ethereum this would cost an attacker billions of dollars (assuming their buy pressure didn't increase price) and they could easily be forked out if it became a problem.\n\nIf attacker is a collusion by the largest whales, then either the whales think the \"attack\" is a feature that will enhance the protocol or the \"community\" will fork the whales out. Bitcoin and Ethereum have both seen what happens when those with large influence use it to change the rules against the minority interests (ETC and BCC).\n\nFees\nLastly Vitalik addresses the fees:\n\nEOS has a mechanism where instead of having transaction fees, there is a rule that if you hold N tokens you can send a maximum of N * k transactions per period (see Steem whitepaper). This has quite an undesirable consequence for usability: it means that users have to buy N tokens, and have to be exposed to their volatility. This is especially bad for:\n\nThe poor, who are not interested in putting the entirety of their often very low savings into a funky new cryptoasset in order to be able to use a blockchain.\nAnyone who wants to use the blockchain only a few times and then go away (they would need to buy coins and then sell them again)\nIn Ethereum the latter is also true to some extent, but because you have to pay fees, the values involved are much smaller, so buying an extra few dollars of ether just in case is not a big deal.\nI agree, the poor shouldn't have to buy any crytpo assets just to use the platform and this is why fees are a problem. Try to implement Steem on Ethereum and you would drive all the users away due to fees alone. There is a high fixed overhead associated with buying even $0.01 of any crypto currency. You have to create an account, pay bank transfer fees, do KYC, pay market spreads, etc. You have to buy and hold over $100 of cryptocurrency to justify the time and money of acquiring it in the first place. It certainly isn't viable to expect users to go through this process for a $0.01 fee.\n\nAnyone who experiences prolonged unexpected spikes in demand (ie. pretty much everyone); users will have to buy enough coins to cover perhaps the 99th percentile of their expected usage, so that they don't get stuck being \"out of gas\" and having to go to an exchange.\nDue to the fractional reserve nature of the blockchain bandwidth allocation, most people only need to purchase enough for their \"base load\" and the network can handle the surges in demand. Only in situations where the network is 100% congested will you need to purchase enough to cover the 99th percentile usage; however, if people are buying enough to cover the 99th percentile usage then the network will never be 100% congested because they will be holding unused bandwidth during the average usage. Therefore, we can conclude that the market will automatically balance things out and people will not have to buy based on peek usage but average usage.\n\nService Should Pay\nLastly EOS is designed around the idea that service providers (DApp Developers) should cover network costs, not the users. A good application needs a monetization strategy that is fully independent of network operation.\n\nThe existence of Steem is all the proof we need to demonstrate the value of \"free\" transactions and how we solve the issues with users needing stake.\n\nCasper\nVitalik's entire critique on voting hinges on the \"missing slashing conditions\". Namely, that block producers are not punished for misbehaving. If you ignore the loss of future revenue and reputation, DPOS can offer trivial slashing for producing two blocks with the same timestamp and thus attempting to create a fork. It is also trivial to add a bond on producers that stake holders can vote to confiscate for a wide range of objective and subjective violations of the constitution.\n\nIn my Review of Casper, Ethereum's proposed Proof of Stake Algorithm I throughly debunk the algorithm.\n\nthe computational costs of the algorithm consumes the limited transaction throughput\nmaking economic bets on next block producer encourages collusion and cooperation rather than competition.\nultimately Casper will have blocks produced round-robin by a coalition of colluding large stakeholders dividing up the rewards proportional to stake.\nIn effect, the interest of the smaller players will have no impact on block production under Casper and the network overhead of per-block communication will be dramatically higher (favoring those with low latency connections to each other and therefore centralization).\n\nConclusion\nOnce again critiques of DPOS, EOS, and STEEM are based upon flawed economic assumptions, misinformation, and ignorance/denial of vulnerabilities in their proposed solutions. I fully recognize that voting is not ideal, but it is currently the best approach when factoring in all risks, attack vectors, and recovery options.",
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      "body": "I recently reviewed the latest Casper Research Paper in light of an ongoing discussion with Vitalik Buterin over consensus mechinisms. It is my intent to be as objective and practical as possible while recognizing all factors of the greater picture.\n\nOne thing that has become abundantly clear in my research is that the various consensus camps have been talking past each other due to a general lack of language precision. For the sake of clarity I will attempt to use the language and terms found in the Casper papers.\n\nTwo Parts of the Problem\nThere are two parts to the Casper protocol, the proposal mechanism and the consensus mechanism. The proposal mechanism produces a sequence of blocks that link together and the consensus mechanism creates a checkpoint every 100 blocks.\n\nUnder the hybrid proof-of-work model Ethereum will use POW blocks as the proposal mechanism and the Casper algorithm to reach consensus on checkpoints.\n\nThe proposal mechanism is deliberately kept abstract; this can be a dictator, it can be a round-robin scheme between the participants in the consensus, or, as in our case with hybrid Casper, it will be the original proof of work chain.\n\nGiven that the proposal system is abstract, it is trivial to replace it with DPOS. In other words, where Ethereum uses POW we can use DPOS. Note that using POW with casper does require changing the Fork Choice Rule away from the “longest chain” to a new rule that factors in Casper first and only uses longest chain rule to break the tie.\n\nCasper Protocol Messages\nBecause the Casper papers keep the proposal mechanism deliberately abstract, their initial proposal mechanism will be proof of work, and I am not aware of any proposed alternative proposal mechanisms, we can skip straight to the consensus mechanism of Casper.\n\nCasper is first and foremost a protocol based on mathematics and game theory. This protocol attempts to reward those who agree while punishing those who disagree. It also has properties that punish all participants if certain objective measures of mischief are observed.\n\nIn the Casper protocol there is a set of validators and all validators are expected to send two messages per epoch: PREPARE and COMMIT over their preferred last blocks in the chain of the epoch. The proposed epoch is 100 blocks; under Ethereum an epoch is 1500 seconds, under DPOS it would be 300 seconds.\n\nThe bandwidth required grows order N with the number of participating validators and comes at the expense of potential bandwidth for other transactions. It is for this reason that an Epoch is 100 blocks and not 1 block.\n\nCasper as an EOS Application\nWith this basic understanding, the EOS community could elect to adopt Casper as a contract to increase the perceived security of their blockchain. The rewards for participation could be funded by one of the 3 community benefit applications elected by stakeholders. Delegated Proof of Stake currently uses the longest-chain rule.\n\nAll of this could be implemented without actually changing the EOS protocol or at most tweaking the fork-choice rule to account for information from Casper validators. However, given the almost complete lack of forks in DPOS this hardly seems necessary.\n\nThe Importance of the Proposal Mechanism\nThe proposal mechanism determines what transactions get included in blocks and what transactions are censored. It also determines the set of blocks available to the casper consensus process.\n\nThe proposal mechanism controls the following aspects of a protocol:\n\nWhen is a block produced\nWho produces it\nWhat transactions are included\nPotentially who gets the fees\nWhen hard forks are adopted\nWhat soft forks are enforced\nThe speed of short-term transaction confirmation\nThe probability of short-term forks\nThis means that the proposal process is what determines centralization of production and censorship. Shutting down the proposal process shuts down the network as the Casper Consensus process depends upon a valid source of produced blocks. All Casper provides is a economic measure of finality every 30 minutes (Eth POW hybrid) or 5 minutes (DPOS hybrid).\n\nWe can conclude from this that the vast majority of the real consensus problems fall within the responsibility of the proposal mechanism. We can also see that Casper does nothing to improve the performance. Lastly, by the time an Ethereum block is buried under 30 minutes of POW the probability of reversal is so small that the relative cost of \"casper insurance\" likely far outweighs the actual risks involved.\n\nMy Proposed Proposal Mechanism\nIf we allow anyone to propose anything at anytime then Casper validators could reach a deadlock by not knowing which blocks to sign PREPARE messages for. It is in the validators interests to cooperate to reach consensus.\n\nThe Casper Validators may be wise to the deadlock issue and agree to “take turns” sending PREPARE messages. In this way the validators always send PREPARE for a valid block which already has the most PREPARE messages. Once we have established that validators will cooperate to schedule and synchronize timing of sending PREPARE messages we can also suggest that the first to send PREPARE will do so for a block that they themselves produced.\n\nTherefore we can model Casper as a protocol of N validators that each submit a PREPARE message at individually allocated time slices, say once every 3 seconds. This means that with a 100 block epoch and 3 second blocks you could have over 100 validators. You could support more validators if you reduce the interval and start allowing multiple validators to submit PREPARE messages in parallel after enough momentum has built up. Think of it as an avalanche started by a single PREPARE snowflake.\n\nWhile any number of validators is possible, a protocol would be wise to limit the absolute number. My understanding of Casper is that the minimum required bond grows as the number of validators increases. To support scaling Casper expects validators to create pools of bonds and potentially apply multisig to the PREPARE and COMMIT messages.\n\nDPOS is Pipelined Casper\nFor bandwidth and performance reasons Casper currently executes one round (called an epoch) every 100 blocks. You could improve upon this by pipelining the epochs so that you have 100 epochs being processed in parallel with a new epoch finalizing every block. If we assume that the validators are taking turns being first to PRODUCE and PREPARE then we can view each DPOS block as a PREPARE message on all prior blocks for 99 prior epochs and a PROPOSE message for a block in the next epoch. In this same pipeline we can consider a PREPARE a COMMIT for the previous PREPARE.\n\nSo if you pipeline Casper and make each block Proposal a PREPARE for the current round (epoch 0) and a COMMIT for the prior round (epoch -100) then it is possible to apply the similar slashing conditions while getting much higher performance.\n\nTwo Phases to DPOS\nThere are two independent parts of the DPOS algorithm:\n\nSelecting the Producers\nReaching Consensus\nIf you make the producer selection based upon size of the producer bond then you replace voting for producers with producer bonds. If you reinterpret the DPOS block production schedule as a pipelined sequence of Casper epochs then you can apply the Casper slashing conditions while having all the speed and benefits of DPOS.\n\nValidator and Proposer Selection\nUnder the hybrid POW model, the proposers are selected by proof of work and the validators are selected by those with the highest stake. This hybrid model does nothing to prevent empty blocks or censorship from mining pools. This hybrid stage will eventually give way to some other proposal system, so let's speculate on what that might be.\n\nA reasonable solution is to have the validators take turns producing blocks. The frequency of their selection could either be proportional to stake or independent of stake. If it is independent of stake then this role could be sybil attacked by someone dividing their stake into as many independent accounts as they can fund with the minimum bond. Therefore we prefer stake weighted production.\n\nUnder a stake weighted system each “proposer” will produce a block with a frequency proportional to their stake. This would be like the traditional proof of stake system.\n\nWe can assume that block producers (proposers) are rewarded with transaction fees and/or block rewards. These rewards can either be socialized or individualized. To keep incentives aligned among the validators it would appear that socialization makes the most sense to encourage cooperation rather than competition; however, under the hybrid POW model being adopted by Ethereum it would be individualized to the miners (aka producers, proposers).\n\nBias toward centralization\nThere are two forces at work in Ethereum’s proposal that both tend towards centralization. Firstly, assuming the operating cost for a validating node is constant, the rate of return is proportional to the stake at risk under the proposed individualized rewards structure. Therefore those with the largest bonds in a single pool have the highest rate of return.\n\nRationally, in terms of raw return on investment, everyone should pool their stake into a single account that certifies all blocks. Not doing this is against the economic best interest of the majority. The end result will likely mirror the distribution of mining pools where there are less than 10 individuals deciding the entire consensus.\n\nSecondly, the operating cost of the validating node actually rises with the throughput of the blockchain. As Ethereum is already straining at around 15 transactions per second, this is an immediate concern. Purchasing and operating top end hardware is going to challenge smaller operations and therefore is another force for concentration (centralization).\n\nGovernance\nAt this point it should be clear that Casper is an application layer protocol that can be layered on top of any of the existing consensus algorithms to add check points. What Casper does not solve is the governance problem. Layered on POW governance would be left to block signaling, or layered on proof of stake it would amount to stake weighted direct democracy among validators. Under DPOS governance is multi layered delegation to a panel of equally weighted producers.\n\nAbsent a defined and robust governance model blockchains are governed by adhocracy which generally reduces to influence peddling to the largest validators and miners. Decisions over hard forks impact all stakeholders and all stakeholders should have some influence. This influence needs to extend beyond a basic opinion poll which could be ignored by producers, proposers, and validators. The selection of block producers (proposers) needs to be tied to community governance because it is only through the production (proposal) of blocks that decisions of governance are ultimately executed.\n\nOne thing is clear, unless a non-technical individual can trivially participate in the governance the interests among all participants on a blockchain will be misaligned. This means that individuals will have to contribute (and risk) their stake to a validator pool. The risk associated with contributing to a single pool is significant, especially if it is uncompensated. The pool operator would take on significant liability and has no incentive to share 100% of the rewards. This in turn means pool operators gain a larger percentage of the rewards.\n\nJust as in Bitcoin and Ethereum, there will be a small number of pool operators who benefit from economies of scale. The more stake a pool has the lower the risk to the pool and the lower the overhead percentage of the operator. In this case people committing their stake to pools are not “voting” based on the politics of the pool, but based on their selfish rate of return offered by the pool operator. Who knows, pool operators may even rent stake to gain a 51% control over the proposal algorithm.\n\nConclusion\nCasper is an interesting algorithm to reward those willing to bet-their-stake on the validity of a block. It remains to be seen what the real-world risk/reward looks like for participating in this game. It is a game where honest mistakes caused by software bugs, network disruptions, or griefing peers may cause unexpected and undeserved losses. This risk may be difficult to access and may discourage participation of honest players. The slashing conditions are a harsh code-is-law kind of governance that leaves little room for honest mistakes that caused no measurable harm (such as accidentally running a backup node with the same key and signing twice). The intention was to maximize uptime and minimize missed epochs, but the outcome was to get slashed.\n\nAfter all of this effort and game theory, it is still not clear that Casper will result in more relevant security or decentralization than we have with POW and traditional POS. I remain convinced that DPOS provides the best possible proposal algorithm for the Casper consensus algorithm, but I am unconvinced that Casper adds any meaningful value. After all, a properly functioning bug-free version of DPOS produces no forks and achieves irreversible checkpoints 30 times faster.\n\nThat said, I think it would be a worthwhile experiment to implement that Casper protocol as an EOS smart contract. Using our concept of Community Benefit Contracts (CBCs) we can propose that Casper be implemented the staked EOS holders vote on how much inflation to reward the Casper contract with, if any at all.",
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      "title": "Hello again from the merkle tree! :)",
      "body": "![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZrtMB7wMCuq9tPW7H7gp1ump6z9mQKFj63aQejR5nV4H/image.png)\nI'd like to hire a Scala Programmer.\n\nTo qualify:\n\nBe an Expert Scala Programmer; your github proof (with public email displayed) is required\nExperienced with Play Framework\nExperienced with Java\nSome experience with Web Components\nAll cryptocurrencies (especially Steem and Bitcoin!) must still be legal in the country in which you live.\nYou must accept payments in Bitcoin, OR, have an Exchange account (like Kraken.com) for payment (don't worry, they're similar to Paypal)\nNOT required, but this is a plus:\n\nExperience with Javascript and ReactJS\nExperience with Akka\nThis is a long term project and will be mostly your code (I know it's no fun sifting through another guy's code). After you build this, you will be hired to maintain it. This job will employ you immediately, and I am very flexible on hours that you can commit as well as the timezone in which you live. My Dev Teams are located all over the Earth, and upon being hired I am going to introduce you to many of them.\n\nWe are always at your side on Telegram/Keybase (+ there are 14 other Devs here) should you have any questions or want to pitch your ideas, and we always have quick (usually less than 30 minute) meetings each week to sum up everyone’s progress and chit-chat with the other Devs, etc.\n\nIf you are looking to work in the blockchain industry, this is the mother of all projects. We love what we do here and are working fast to bring chain-agnostic infrastructure to the world of digital currencies, so hopefully that matters to you as well.\n\nhr.png\n\nNot qualified? Please spread the word!\n\nRE-STEEMING OR SHARING THIS POST GETS YOU A 100% UPVOTE\nQualified Applicants, please ping me on Telegram: http://t.me/kenCode\n\nThank You! :)\nPeace, Love, and Agorism.\n-ken",
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