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      "body": "<iframe width=\"854\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/_9rvzrTclhc\" frameborder=\"0\" gesture=\"media\" allow=\"encrypted-media\" allowfullscreen></iframe>\n\nThe plumbus is the greatest invention the multiverse has ever seen and the ultimate piece of household tech. Everyone has one and we all know what it does. It’s the squanchiest bit of technology around. But for some unknown reason there seems to be a lot of confusion around what a plumbus actually does. I think it couldn’t be clearer to be honest, it’s been explained over and over again so the fact that I even have to make this video is ridiculous, but it’s time to end all the confusion. Here’s your comprehensive guide to the plumbus….\n\n![maxresdefault.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmfPFCz2QGBpGCxqUtnXov9e5CN1v8hHv6wUUtE3Pa75Zn/maxresdefault.jpg)\n\nSo it’s time to explore the many functions of the plumbus. In order to do this we’re going to do something that no one who has bought a new product has ever done…..we’re going to read the instructions. Again, the fact that the plumbus even needs instructions is obviously some kind of joke by the manufacturer, but I digress. \n\nA plumbus will aid many things in your life, making life easier, providing you with a lifetime of better living and happiness. When you unbox your brand new plumbus you’ll see the plumbus, brushing unit, frood noops, re-hydration packet, the grumbles, large grumbles of course, the fleeb, the krimkram lubricator and the warming tray. As for the plumbus itself, at the top of your plumbus you’ve got the floob. Be aware that if your plumbus doesn’t climb stairs this may be due to an elongated floob. If this problem persists, simply trim the floob. The floob attaches to the grumbo via the grodus. On either side of the grumbo you then have the chumble and the dingle bop. \n\nIt’s important to point out the latest plumbus on the market has seen some amazing improvements. It’s now heavier and spongier than ever before. Also the new plumbus is now 30% more plumbus, so you’re getting more value for your hard earned schmeckles. \n\nFirstly the plumbus is the greatest cleaning device ever devised. It’s great with kitchens. You must hold the plumbus by the dingle bop when cleaning. It is squishy and flexible for all crevices and safe for every room. And before you ask yes, it’s dishwasher safe. It is also used as a cooking device. Be careful though the plumbus surface can get very hot during cooking so exercise caution. For those of you who are of a religious inclination it is important that you must always face your plumbus east when praying. This helps the plumbus to defend against the dark plumbus. Also here’s a plumbus pro-tip that very few people know about - the plumbus actually doubles as a Garbleflug in emergency situations. Can you believe that? There’s a load off your mind. \n\nYou need to proceed with caution when using your plumbus. First and foremost if the plumbus is too red return it to the manufacturer immediately, don’t be a hero. \n\nDon’t operate your plumbus within seven sectons of other plumbuses...plumbii?…whatever the plural is. Make sure you always turn the Grodus to the desired trim length. Also, this goes without saying, but never ever ever stare directly at the parted chumbles. You can only stare at the chumbles through a pinhole in a sheet of paper. Oh and one other minor thing, pressing the plumbus against sensory organs will result in sickness or death, so…..I don’t know...wear gloves I guess? \n\nIt’s incredibly important to maintain your plumbus. Always keep the plumbus at its ideal temperature, it will sweat if it’s too hot or too cold.  Regularly groom your plumbus and speak to it to induce the desired behaviour. \n\nAlso whilst sleeping you should never fully cover the plumbus. Luckily every plumbus comes with a 1 year warranty to put your mind at ease. There have been reports of people experiencing minor issues with their plumbus but these problems can easily be solved. If your plumbus starts humming it’s likely because it’s too dry, so submerge it in dairy. If it starts flashing on and off it’s too wet, so dry it with a towel. If airplane mode, for whatever reason, doesn’t activate you have to crack the spindle until the fluids run clear. I know that seems incredibly obvious but there’s always one who can’t figure out the basics. If your plumbus begins to grow hair then simply hold and rub the plumbus. If it swells to a large size drain the plumbus in a hot sink, as it may be full of fluids. If your plumbus starts revolving faster than 200 rpm, then simply boil it to fix the problem. Finally if your plumbus has connected to an object this may be due to the fact that your plumbus has a mouldy chumble, so gently pry the plumbus away from the object, scrape the mould and massage the plumbus dry spots. These issues happen very rarely and in truth all of these issues can be avoided simply by maintaining your plumbus properly. \n\nNaturally there are tonnes of accessories available at authorised plumbus outlets including handling cream, the squiggle remote and the S-Sack, but plumbus accessories is a topic for a whole other video.\n\nSo there you have it - that is your complete guide to your plumbus. If you have anymore questions about your plumbus, I’m afraid I can’t help you anymore than this. \n\nIf you have any issues with your plumbus you need help with that haven’t been covered in this video well quite frankly you’re a liar and a shill for the many plumbus competitors and counterfeiters out there…..so shame on you. As for the rest of you just be very thankful that you have the privilege of being able to own and use the legendary plumbus.",
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      "title": "How does the Enigma Machine from the Imitation Game work? | Movie Tech",
      "body": "<iframe width=\"854\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/GcI-YlFSGYo\" frameborder=\"0\" gesture=\"media\" allow=\"encrypted-media\" allowfullscreen></iframe> \n\nIt is often remarked that wits win you a war, rather than numbers. Time and again it has been proven throughout history. There have been many such examples when, despite being on the defense for a long time, a sudden breakthrough with the help of sheer intelligence helps to turn \nthe tables.\n \nThis is precisely what happened during World War II when Allied forces cracked the Enigma code used by Germans in their radio communication. This not only helped lead to an Allied victory, but also proved how the pure intelligence of a small group of people can save millions of lives. \n\nSo how did these enigma machines work? Why was the enigma code so difficult to crack? Well you’re about to discover why….\n\n![download.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSW5M2vsPAJX1j9c44d5tW6bSLse4NgTfWgqUBeCQ4XP4/download.jpg)\n\nThe Imitation Game follows the story of Alan Turing, masterfully portrayed by Benedict Cumberbatch,  a brilliant Cambridge mathematician who was instrumental in shortening World War II, having been employed by the British military to crack Nazi codes. \n\nHe famously lead a motley group of scholars, linguists, chess champions and intelligence officers, which cracked the so-called unbreakable codes of Germany's World War II Enigma machine. The Enigma Machine was a cipher machine that was developed back in the 1920s. It was meant to be a cipher device that would help in the transmission and reception of classified messages in the political and business domain. However, due to its brilliant ingenuity, it was used extensively during the second World War by German armed forces in their military operations. \n\nEssentially, the Enigma Machine did the same work as any other cipher machine; it facilitated the encryption of classified communication. In other words, it coded and decoded messages that were then transmitted over thousands of miles. Although the machine was originally meant to be used to transmit confidential business-related information, but in the late 1930s, its unmatched potential as a transmission device in the theater of warfare was realized.So why was the enigma code so difficult to break?\n\nFor a single encoded message, there are a total of 159 million million million settings of the Enigma Machine, only one of which is correct. This means that you have to work through these many settings to find the one correct setting. For a normal human being working without the aid of machines, it would take hundreds of years to go through all these possible settings, and there would still be no guarantee of success.\n\nObviously, you could not possibly take that much time to decode a message in the theater of war, given the fact that the Nazi Army changed the settings of the machine as the clock struck 12 each day at midnight. All you had to work with was a meager 24 hours to go through trillions of millions of possible settings to decode a single message. Adages about finding needles in haystacks seem like childsplay compared to this. So how did the enigma machine work? \n\nThe Enigma machine is an electro-mechanical device. It is mechanically operated, with an electric signal passed through wires and various mechanical parts. The easiest way to explain the mechanics is to follow the journey of a single letter from keyboard to lampboard.\n\nThis diagram shows the path the signal takes from pressing the letter 'T' on the keyboard to the 'G' lamp lighting up.\n![download.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmQRnRkTEvuS9D8xMThrS378engq978D343zDq4h4597kf/download.png)\n\nKeyboard\nWhen the operator presses the letter 'T' on the keyboard it creates an electric signal that begins the journey through the Enigma machine wiring that will end with a lamp flashing on the lampboard.\n\nPlugboard\nThe first stop on the journey is the plugboard. Here the signal is connected to the 'T' input on the keyboard. Some of the letters on the plugboard will be wired up to other letters (the plugs), causing the signal to be diverted. If the 'T' input is not plugged to another letter then our signal will pass straight to the 'T output. In our case, though the 'T' is plugged to the 'K', so the signal is diverted to a new path, the letter is now 'K'.\n\nStatic Rotor\nThe next stop is the static rotor, which as the name suggests does nothing to the signal it simply turns wires into contacts (the signal only passes when the contacts touch). So our signal is still the letter 'K'. The static rotor output is connected to the input of the right rotor. This is where things get more complicated.\nRotors (Scramblers)\nThere are five possible rotors that can be used in any order for the three rotor positions: right, middle, left. Each rotor has an inner ring of contacts and an outer ring of contacts and their purpose is to scramble the signal. The outer ring contacts connect each rotor to the next rotor (or the static rotor / reflector) as well as its own inner ring. The inner ring contacts can be rotated relative to the outer ring which results in even more possible connections (and therefore, letter substitutions). The whole rotor itself can be rotated relative to the static rotor, so that the static rotor 'A' output is not connected to 'A' input on the rotating rotor.\n\nFurthermore, as each letter is entered the rotors rotate by one position, so that the same letters are never connected together in the same message. To add further complication, each rotor has a notches (different rotors have the notch in different positions) which when reached, causes the next rotor to its left to step forward too. In the case of the middle rotor, it causes the left rotor to step as well as itself (the infamous double stepping mechanism).\nIn our example, we are using rotor III in the right-hand position.\n\nReflector\nThe reflector takes the input and reflects back the electrical signal for its return journey through the rotors. There are two possible reflectors, each of which is wired up differently so that the input letter is transformed to a different letter when reflected back. In our example, we are using 'Reflector B', which turns our input letter 'H' into output letter 'D'. It is important that the signal is scrambled when reflected, because of the way the Enigma machine is designed -- if you enter the cipher text you get back the clear text. So if the reflector output is the same letter as its input when the signal passes back through the rotors they will just unscramble what was already scrambled and you would get your original letter back again unencrypted!\n\nReverse Journey\nThe reflected signal now passes back through the rotors, which work in exactly the same way in reverse. So our letter 'D' passes through the left rotor and becomes 'G', which then passes through the middle rotor and becomes 'R', which then passes through the right rotor and becomes 'W'. The signal remains unchanged as it passes through the static rotor again (connecting contacts to wires), before it passes through the plugboard - here the signal is again left as it is if there is no plug, or changed if the letter 'W' is plugged to another letter. In our case the 'W' is plugged to the letter 'G', so our plugboard output is 'G'.\n\nLampboard\nThe final stop is the lampboard, where the plugboard output is connected to the corresponding lamp for that letter. In our example, the letter 'G' lights up meaning the original letter 'T' is encrypted as 'G'.\n\nThe Enigma machine operator notes down the output letter and then enters the next letter in the message, and so on for every letter in the message. \nSo it was extremely well designed, but like the unsinkable ship before it, the unbreakable code was broken by Turing and his team. But how? Well, unlike the movie would have you believe, he actually had a lot of help.\n\nThe Polish Cipher Bureau became aware of a new German code in 1926 and set to work on it. Without having access to an Enigma machine and only having access to encrypted messages, Marian Rejewski, a Polish Mathematician and cryptologist was able to deduce the wiring of the rotors and the reflector; this was a huge intellectual accomplishment that is unfortunately little known today. \n\nThanks to Rejewski, Poland was able to read Enigma enciphered messages from 1932 to the outbreak of World War II. The Polish Cipher Bureau provided all its information on the Enigma machine - a reconstruction of the Enigma machine, details on decryption techniques and \"bombe\" decryption machines - to French and British intelligence services in July 1939. Both France and Britain had made no headway on the Enigma based ciphers up to that point. The cryptanalysts of the Cipher Bureau, including Rejewski, escaped to France at the outbreak of the war and continued their work on Enigma. With the fall of France, Rejewski fled again making a roundabout escape to Britain. On arriving in Britain, Rejewski was inducted into the Polish Army and was set to work on low level German ciphers. He and other Polish cryptographers were not allowed to work on Enigma at Bletchley Park, a senseless waste of their talents. So what contribution to breaking Enigma did Alan Turing make? \n\nKnowing all the internal details of Enigma does not mean any given message can be readily decrypted. If the initial settings of the rotors and plug board are not known, there were 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (Sextillion) possibilities of initial settings to check. \n\nPolish cryptanalysts had invented techniques and machines - \"bombes\" - to automate the search for the initial settings but these had proved increasingly inefficient as Germany increased the complexity of the Enigma machine. Turing's great contribution to breaking Enigma was the design of an improved \"bombe\" to search for the daily Enigma settings. Unlike the mechanical Polish bombe, the Turing-Welchman bombe, developed by Turing and Gordon Welchman, was electro-mechanical and far faster than the mechanical bombes. \n\nOne of the fascinating weaknesses of the Enigma was that a letter could not be encrypted as itself. The cleartext letter A could be cypher letter B, C, D etc up to Z, but never A. Another was that the plugboard cross-connected up to ten pairs of letters. \n\nThis vastly increased the number of combinations, but also meant that if you cross-connected, say, W and T, a cypher W would come out as T after the plugboard and a cypher T would come out as W after the plugboard. These features could lead to contradictions. The bombe looked for contradictory settings where for instance both a cypher A and a cypher T would come out as a W after the plugboard, and eliminated that setting. \n\nThe Bombes themselves were 7ft wide, 6ft 6in tall and weighed a ton – literally.  They had 12 miles of wiring and 97,000 different parts. Turning’s prototype was built on a budget of £100,000, which is around £4m today. Essentially, the Turing Bombe was an electromechanical machine comprised of the equivalent of 36 different Enigma machines, each one containing the exact internal wiring of the German counterpart. \n\nWhen the Bombe was switched on, each of the Enigmas is allocated a pair of letters from the obtained crib text (for example, when a D becomes a T in the guessed word). Once the machine is switched on, each of the three rotors moves at a rate mimicking the Enigma itself, checking on approximately 17,500 possible positions until it finds a match. The machine only stops when each of the Enigma machines finds what it believes to be the correct pair of letters at the same time and opens up its electrical circuit. So rather than guessing the key, the Bombe used logic to dismiss certain possibilities. As Arthur Conan Doyle said: “When you have excluded the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth.” \n\nThis method, though successful, still provided a number of possible correct answers for the German ring settings, so further work needed to be done to narrow it down to the right one. With the help of a checking machine, the process could be repeated until the correct answer was discovered. \n\nThe Turing-Welchman bombes, followed by many improvements in design and speed, reduced the time to decrypt Enigma messages to hours instead of days or weeks making Enigma decrypts much more valuable. \n\nTuring also devised a number of statistical tests to reduce the number of initial settings checked by bombes, thus making Enigma decryption more efficient. It was through this efficient enigma decryption that the allied forces knew the Axis powers every transmission and ultimately what helped steer them on a course to victory in the war. It’s really hard to understate the importance of this breakthrough or to conceive of a world where this small team, building on the work of their Polish counterparts, didn’t crack the enigma code. \n\nThankfully such a scenario can only play out in our imaginations in a very strange and difficult to conceptualize version of history…..a historical enigma. \n\nIf you enjoyed the video then hit the like button, it really helps us out and make sure you subscribe to see more content from us. Let us know in the comments what other pieces of tech we should explore from movies. Check us out on Facebook and Instagram, links are in the description. Thanks for watching and see you next time.",
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      "body": "Interesting read. I wonder how long it will be before they make a film about Ned and Dan from Steemit :)",
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      "body": "Congratulations @todayintech! You have completed some achievement on Steemit and have been rewarded with new badge(s) :\n\n[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x80/http://steemitboard.com/notifications/firstpayout.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@todayintech) You got your First payout\n[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x80/http://steemitboard.com/notifications/payout.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@todayintech) Award for the total payout received\n\nClick on any badge to view your own Board of Honor on SteemitBoard.\nFor more information about SteemitBoard, click [here](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)\n\nIf you no longer want to receive notifications, reply to this comment with the word `STOP`\n\n> By upvoting this notification, you can help all Steemit users. Learn how [here](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/http-i-cubeupload-com-7ciqeo-png)!",
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      "title": "How does the Facemash Algorithm works in the Social Network??",
      "body": "<iframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/D0-mwicFMyI\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen></iframe>\n\nI’m on Facebook. You’re on Facebook. Over 2 billion people are on Facebook so it was inevitable that a movie was going to be made about its founding. It’s a fascinating story brilliantly captured in the Social Network. \n\nOne of my favourite sequences in the movie follows Mark Zuckerberg, played by Jesse Eisenburg as he builds Facemash, which proves to be the catalyst for him building Facebook itself. In the film Facemash is defined by the algorithm that Saverin provides to Zuckerberg that gets written on the window of their Kirkland dorm room.\n\nWhich begs the question - what was this algorithm? And how did it work? \n\n![tumblr_lxd10ydbc01r9r5qno1_500.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmUUNb3daKE9P6x8qqnpBNHCG92RUhKJpUHpiwwoDjtSoc/tumblr_lxd10ydbc01r9r5qno1_500.png)\n\nBefore explaining how it works it’s important to define what an algorithm actually is. An algorithm is, very simply a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations. \n\nIn the case of the film the problem afoot was ranking girls. This is where the equations on the window come into play. The equations written on the window were based around the Elo rating or Elo rating system, named after its creator Arpad Elo. This rating system is used to rate the skills of the players in competitor-versus-competitor games like chess, football and baseball. \n\nElo believed that the performance of each player in a game is a normal distribution of random variables and that the mean value of players irrespective of their performance in an individual game increases slowly. \n\nInitially invented as a rating system for chess players, Elo is now used as a fundamental rating system in most video games, snooker, scrabble, etc. This is even confirmed by the movie as Zuckerberg specifically asks Saverin for the algorithm he used to rank chess players.\n\n![how-to-win-a-game-of-chess-in-two-moves.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSUBYWB1Xsaa8aYVQMSW4fZgKRP7KsHGAxd6CKyBVLKGn/how-to-win-a-game-of-chess-in-two-moves.jpg)\n\nThe Elo rating system is used to determine the output of a game by using a player’s Elo rating. It is all based on probability. Players with a higher Elo rating have a higher probability of winning a game than players with a lower Elo rating. \n\nAfter the game, the winner takes points from the loser, thereby increasing his rating. If a high-rated player wins, only a few points will be transferred from the lower rated player. However, if the lower rated player pulls off an upset win, then the number of points that are taken by the player with the lower rating is far greater.\n\nAs explained in the movie, Facemash was quite simple. Not unlike hotornot.com, students went to a page and 2 random images of girls were picked and presented to them. The students then had to click on the hottest girl presented to them and then another set of two girls would be presented asking the students to repeat the same actions they had done. The difference with hotornot was that the girls presented were all Harvard students. In other words, the students were rating girls of Harvard based on their looks\n\nEvery girl on the Facemash database was assigned a specific base point. When a user rated one girl based on her attractiveness in comparison to another, the rating of the selected girl increased while that of the other girl decreased. \n\nThe number of users that rated a certain girl as attractive, the higher her ranking. Better the ranking, higher the possibility of being the most attractive girl on campus. So let’s go to the equation:\n\nHere, in the equation, the variable can be defined as:\nEa: Expectation that Girl A is hotter than Girl B.\nEb: Expectation that Girl B is hotter than Girl A.\nRa: Rate at which Girl A has been hotter than the other girls \nRb: Rate at which Girl B has been hotter than the other girls \n\nThis can best be explained using an example: Let’ s say that Girl A has been compared to other girls 10 times and she has been chosen hotter 8 out of 10 times. So, Ra=8/10=0.8. Similarly, Girl B has been compared to other girls 8 times and she has been chosen hotter 4 out of 8 times. So, Rb=4/8=0.5. \n\nNow, using the formulae, we can calculate the values of Ea and Eb. These assumptions and the formula actually made sense as the expectations of girl being hotter that the other cannot be calculated independently and must involve the rating of both the girls being compared! But, when we apply these formulae, one can get some absurd results. (Ea=-0.000834 and Eb=0.000832). So, we can assume that the formulae in the movie were just given to understand the basic logic of comparing the expectations of a girl being hotter than the other.  This is a cool tech related moment on-screen which is completely grounded in reality, somewhat of a rarity on screen. \n\nThis algorithm, in someways, can be seen as a proxy for Zuckerberg’s character in the film. In the way the algorithm operates, efficiently but with no semblance of guilt, it perfectly captures Zuckerberg’s affinity for cold hard logic, but his lack of empathy, his immense brain-power, but his lack of heart and expresses to us the audience the character of the man who would go on to change the world.",
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      "body": "<iframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/D0-mwicFMyI\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen></iframe>\n\nI’m on Facebook. You’re on Facebook. Over 2 billion people are on Facebook so it was inevitable that a movie was going to be made about its founding. It’s a fascinating story brilliantly captured in the Social Network. \n\nOne of my favourite sequences in the movie follows Mark Zuckerberg, played by Jesse Eisenburg as he builds Facemash, which proves to be the catalyst for him building Facebook itself. In the film Facemash is defined by the algorithm that Saverin provides to Zuckerberg that gets written on the window of their Kirkland dorm room.\n\nWhich begs the question - what was this algorithm? And how did it work? \n\n![tumblr_lxd10ydbc01r9r5qno1_500.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmUUNb3daKE9P6x8qqnpBNHCG92RUhKJpUHpiwwoDjtSoc/tumblr_lxd10ydbc01r9r5qno1_500.png)\n\nBefore explaining how it works it’s important to define what an algorithm actually is. An algorithm is, very simply a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations. \n\nIn the case of the film the problem afoot was ranking girls. This is where the equations on the window come into play. The equations written on the window were based around the Elo rating or Elo rating system, named after its creator Arpad Elo. This rating system is used to rate the skills of the players in competitor-versus-competitor games like chess, football and baseball. \n\nElo believed that the performance of each player in a game is a normal distribution of random variables and that the mean value of players irrespective of their performance in an individual game increases slowly. \n\nInitially invented as a rating system for chess players, Elo is now used as a fundamental rating system in most video games, snooker, scrabble, etc. This is even confirmed by the movie as Zuckerberg specifically asks Saverin for the algorithm he used to rank chess players.\n\n![how-to-win-a-game-of-chess-in-two-moves.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSUBYWB1Xsaa8aYVQMSW4fZgKRP7KsHGAxd6CKyBVLKGn/how-to-win-a-game-of-chess-in-two-moves.jpg)\n\nThe Elo rating system is used to determine the output of a game by using a player’s Elo rating. It is all based on probability. Players with a higher Elo rating have a higher probability of winning a game than players with a lower Elo rating. \n\nAfter the game, the winner takes points from the loser, thereby increasing his rating. If a high-rated player wins, only a few points will be transferred from the lower rated player. However, if the lower rated player pulls off an upset win, then the number of points that are taken by the player with the lower rating is far greater.\n\nAs explained in the movie, Facemash was quite simple. Not unlike hotornot.com, students went to a page and 2 random images of girls were picked and presented to them. The students then had to click on the hottest girl presented to them and then another set of two girls would be presented asking the students to repeat the same actions they had done. The difference with hotornot was that the girls presented were all Harvard students. In other words, the students were rating girls of Harvard based on their looks\n\nEvery girl on the Facemash database was assigned a specific base point. When a user rated one girl based on her attractiveness in comparison to another, the rating of the selected girl increased while that of the other girl decreased. \n\nThe number of users that rated a certain girl as attractive, the higher her ranking. Better the ranking, higher the possibility of being the most attractive girl on campus. So let’s go to the equation:\n\nHere, in the equation, the variable can be defined as:\nEa: Expectation that Girl A is hotter than Girl B.\nEb: Expectation that Girl B is hotter than Girl A.\nRa: Rate at which Girl A has been hotter than the other girls \nRb: Rate at which Girl B has been hotter than the other girls \n\nThis can best be explained using an example: Let’ s say that Girl A has been compared to other girls 10 times and she has been chosen hotter 8 out of 10 times. So, Ra=8/10=0.8. Similarly, Girl B has been compared to other girls 8 times and she has been chosen hotter 4 out of 8 times. So, Rb=4/8=0.5. \n\nNow, using the formulae, we can calculate the values of Ea and Eb. These assumptions and the formula actually made sense as the expectations of girl being hotter that the other cannot be calculated independently and must involve the rating of both the girls being compared! But, when we apply these formulae, one can get some absurd results. (Ea=-0.000834 and Eb=0.000832). So, we can assume that the formulae in the movie were just given to understand the basic logic of comparing the expectations of a girl being hotter than the other.  This is a cool tech related moment on-screen which is completely grounded in reality, somewhat of a rarity on screen. \n\nThis algorithm, in someways, can be seen as a proxy for Zuckerberg’s character in the film. In the way the algorithm operates, efficiently but with no semblance of guilt, it perfectly captures Zuckerberg’s affinity for cold hard logic, but his lack of empathy, his immense brain-power, but his lack of heart and expresses to us the audience the character of the man who would go on to change the world.",
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      "author": "todayintech",
      "permlink": "how-does-rick-s-portal-gun-work",
      "title": "How does Rick's Portal Gun work?",
      "body": "<iframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/VP8DlqiB80g\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen></iframe>\n\nRick and Morty is arguably the best show on television right now. The show, created by Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland, follows the adventures of Rick, the smartest, drunkest person in the multiverse and his grandson Morty as they get into into all sorts of mishaps and wild escapades in other worlds and alternate dimensions. It’s brilliant, plain and simple. And for the uninitiated who have yet to watch it, make sure you do, it’s worth the time investment. \n\nOne aspect of Rick and Morty that makes it such an entertaining show is that the titular characters have the ability to travel throughout the entire universe, and through infinite dimensions, allowing for endless possibilities for where they can end up. \n\nUsually, they accomplish this by using Rick’s portal gun, which allows them to travel between any point in space to another instantaneously. This forms the core of the show. \n\n![Rick-Morty-Portal-Gun-Cartoon.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmUAaGJfFYexTRgadtZpkMTa6WkSJFdJdkYZB1EBzhvWy5/Rick-Morty-Portal-Gun-Cartoon.jpg)\n\nBut this made me question, how does Rick’s portal gun actually work? What sort of tech might we find in his portal gun that allows him to travel between universes? And could it exist in the real world? Well that’s what we’re going to find out today. \n\nIt’s important to point out that within the show itself we don’t get much insight into how Rick’s portal gun really works. It is not explicitly explained how Rick’s portal gun works at any point, so we’ve had to do a lot of theorising and guessing about how it works. Having said that let’s begin with what we know for sure about Rick’s gun. \n\nRick’s portal gun is a small, self-contained, grey gun with a black dial above the grip. The dial is used to select a destination as shown on a red LED display. It also contains a green energy core which we will explore a bit later. A small hatch on the handle opens up to reveal that the gun has a self-destruct button in the finale of season 2. \n\nInterestingly the gun can be remotely hacked and has a history which logs where the user of the portal gun goes, both of which we find out when Rick gets confronted by the Council of Ricks. It is also clear that Rick’s portal gun technology is highly sought after, as we see in episode 1 of series 3 when the Gromflomite interrogating Rick wants to be taken to the exact moment when Rick discovered the Portal Gun formula which makes interdimensional travel possible. This formula, coupled with this green energy core, holds the key to interdimensional travel. \n\n![shoneys.jpg.CROP.promo-xlarge2.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmd22RrPsPySntqKkRzb2WRSpuZ3MdwFs2GfPudpvae1hg/shoneys.jpg.CROP.promo-xlarge2.jpg)\n\nWhen shot, Rick’s gun shoots green portaIs which emanate from this energy core. The colour of the portal appears to be significant since in the pilot episode Rick alters the teleporter at interdimensional customs to get him and Morty home by forming a large green portal. So what type of portal is this? \n\nThe first conclusion one might come to is that the portal creates 'worm-holes' in space. Worm-holes are theoretical passages through our universe that shrink distances to allow quick passage between two disparate locations across the universe. The key word to note here is “our”….our universe. \n\n![ob_8734e7_l-accelerateur-de-particules-de-ge.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmPFFzPz6TE3JA1AgdLo4EEgoRAPNX9yNDMJpFCBj2GwDK/ob_8734e7_l-accelerateur-de-particules-de-ge.jpg)\n\nRick’s portal gun can act as a simple teleporter within one universe; Rick uses it this way in the episode “MortyNight Run” to reach Morty, and the Ship from Blips and Chitz for example. But Rick’s portal gun can also allow travel to other dimensions and universes, not just within the same universe. So Rick’s portal gun doesn’t create worm-holes.\n\nAnd since this isn’t interstellar blackholes are out too because...well because that would literally make no sense at all.  \n\nSo how else might the portal gun work? \n\nSo with worm-holes out, let’s get even more abstract. Quantum. Even just saying the word quantum makes my head hurt. Incase you didn’t know Quantum is the smallest we can get and the laws of physics at this size break.\n\n![Varsha_ys.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmaLveCfWk1V1ezC44BUJ42eDEsDLsU9h5Grit92XtGvM3/Varsha_ys.jpg)\n\nRick’s portal gun formula may describe how quantum theory can be used, along with huge amounts of energy, in order to facilitate interdimensional travel. It may even go further than that.\n\nThe search for a unified theory of quantum mechanics and general relatively stumped the great Einstein and eludes physicists today still. Is it possible that Rick has developed a unified theory reconciling these disparate fields of physics? Absolutely, this is Rick after all. \n\n![einsteinvsqu.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTsaCmjBLkjA7y4NSFg2YppYCqbrPNpkpcYNFWuU1ZsvC/einsteinvsqu.jpg)\n\nSo this may explain what Rick’s portal gun formula is - a formula that reconciles general relativity and quantum theory to facilitate interdimensional travel. Either way, I believe this is what the formula must relate to. \n\nThere are two ways Rick’s portal gun could work from a quantum perspective. Rick's portal gun may use a combination of Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Tunneling to physically transport himself to wherever he wants to go.\n\nQuantum mechanics observes matter changing mass, teleporting and just popping into existence every second. The portals would seem to be solid as they constitute walls of universes, held only together by Quantum particles. The energy core could be nuclear, or an even more powerful power source used to manipulate the Quantum realm.\n\nThis would allow Rick to transfer physical objects between dimensions using quantum tunneling, where the particles tunnel through a barrier that it classically could not surmount. However it is possible that, rather than transferring the objects themselves, only the information is transferred between dimensions pertaining to the physical objects. Let me explain. \n\nWhat we are talking about here is Rick’s portal gun serving as a  quantum teleportation device. This theory is more rooted in science...kinda.When atoms are teleported by scientists they are destroyed with a copy rebuilt from the data. Physicists at the California Institute of Technology first teleported a single photon back in 1998 a mere three feet using this method. So information transfer, rather than physical transfer, is another possibility. \n\n![big-data.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmabPaGauJS5Lx8UuDX3RiKExEC6iiwr5ze8UAbu5k8oR3/big-data.jpg)\n\nOf course this would have to be information transfer in the quantum realm, which is where quantum teleportation rears its head. \n\nQuantum teleportation is essentially the transmission of Qubits between two different locations. It’s tied to entanglement — the notion that two particles in spacetime are actually connected, and the movement or behaviour of one will affect the movement or behavior of the other, even if they aren’t near one another.\n\nPhysicists who discuss quantum teleportation do so not in the service of teleporting physical objects, but as a way to communicate — by sending along Qubits from one place to another without having to attach information to a physical particle. The quantum states of single atoms have actually been teleported in real world experiments.\n\nA 2004 study using optical fiber successfully completed quantum teleportation across 600 meters. It’s incorrect to say an atom itself has been teleported, but its Qubit — the information encoded into the electronic state of the atom — has been moved across distances. It is possible that the information is transported between dimensions and this information is used to repurpose atoms in the new dimension. \n\nThis would allow multidimensional travel to occur, which all sounds great, however surprise surprise we have an issue with quantum based theories, and a pretty big one at that. \n\nIn order for this to work both dimensions involved in the interdimensional travel would have to have the same Quantum Laws. In an infinite multiuniverse with infinite possibilties is this likely? No. \n\nHowever, could the central finite curve referred to by the Council of Ricks in the episode “Close Rick encounters of the Rick kind’ refer to the set of universes where the laws quantum physics are the same, meaning interdimensional travel is only possible within these universes in the central finite curve? It’s a possibility. Fundamentally, we don’t know enough about Quantum Mechanics for this theory to have any kind of strong scientific basis, or at least I don’t. \n\n![rvaGJXu.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmVAVtHX1BidkA1DKQxB2njGay8nD7RstfEBcKrtbmFGY6/rvaGJXu.png)\n\nSo where does this leave us? Well so far we’ve been focusing on Rick’s portal gun in the context of it’s technology and physics. But perhaps this isn’t the right way to think about this.\n\nWhat if Rick’s portal gun isn’t subject to the laws of physics, but is subject to something much more profound - the laws of screenwriting. There has been a theory which has been circulating forums about Rick’s awareness that he’s in a tv show, which there is ample evidence for in the series such as Rick’s many fourth wall breaks. \n\nThis was even confirmed in an interview with the show creators who said that it’s no secret that Rick is aware he’s in a tv show. \n\nThis means his portal gun is a plot device used to move the story forward. It works because the writers allow it to, not because of any logical or scientific reason. The green energy core, rather than being an energy core that’s nucleur or some other powerful energy source, is actually powered by narrative requirement. The portal gun formula is not one of how worm-holes, black holes or quantum mechanics works, it’s a formula that describes how the presence infinite possibilities for adventure leads to infinitely imaginative and compelling storylines. Rick’s portal gun doesn’t need to obey the laws of physics or even need to be explained how it works. It works because it works...in the end it’s as simple as that. \n\n![maxresdefault.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSWn8fhVWmSR7ryMZYWi5JSU3Xaiz7YnNxXu4TDi51HRP/maxresdefault.jpg)",
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