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      "body": "![bad actor header.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSbj6x4Nu3CexyQEpLyJ9sUtvau6Jc929QZXAUDu2Mesk/bad%20actor%20header.jpg)\n\nPHILOSOPHY !?……….. ( ? ) + ( * ) = ( ! )” by suRANTo\n\nBy Venturi | How Bad Actors in Defi Can Make Good Ones. | 16 Feb 2021\n\n\nAuthor: Louis Bell editor: Josh Anonymous\n\n“On day one of the launch of GXY — I remember the auction being like 19 million TRX (editor note; approx .02 cents per TRX) . It may have been higher day two… like crazy high.\n\nI found the site because I saw on YouTube that people were crushing it with DSP, and T2X — GXY was a new version that was just starting…get in, it will run like these other platforms and you’ll love it.”\n\nI had met Yo on Telegram. I was new to all of this. The group on Telegram that I met him through was called Inspired Finance, and Venturi was a new project that was being hyped up by the admin.\n\nVenturi — A unique platform with unique game theory. At least that was how The Eternal Cryptoptimist — a man involved in GXY from day one, and also the admin of Inspired Finance — described it in a sentence. This was the new project.\n\nYo was invited over and dropped in to tell us a bit about Venturi and I ended up talking with him. He told me he had an article he wanted written and one thing led to another — we got talking about Venturi a bit, but there was also this massive fiasco of a Tron project called GXY that had scammed tons of what he hoped would be future users of Venturi, and he wanted that story fleshed out into what became this article. To clear the air maybe, and restore some trust.\n\nOne thing that stood out to me about Yo was his genuine demeanor. He seemed to really care deeply about those involved in projects he had a stake in, he clearly had beef with those who had left thousands of people ripped off.\n\nAccording to Eternal- the GXY auction on Day 2 was indeed higher than 6 million Tron. At final count the number he estimated GXYMike to have run off with was in excess of 700k USD.\n\nMake Something of Nothing\n\n![the robot.PNG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmee6RyJg7ShrM3ANNKyenkLt6ochmdU2WpTJYfGPTfanX/the%20robot.PNG)\n\n\n\nIt was clear to me that Yo wanted this GYX mess all out in the open and explained before the launch of Venturi. Here I was talking to a bunch of well meaning and obviously successful people who were launching a project with a completely philanthropic look and feel to everything they were doing. There was a sour taste left in everyone’s mouth to remove. And a part of making that happen was dropping the veil on the GXY fiasco — and pointing the finger at the man behind the crime — GXYMike.\n\nThis GXYMike character had ripped everyone off. Hard. The drama unfolded as such in Eternal’s words.\n\n“GXYMike cloned a platform and website and didn’t even put in the effort to change the website. It was apparent he wasn’t in it for the investors when he pulled about 20 million TRX out of the contract and staked billions of GXY so no one else could get profit. A few of us were trying to bring the platform back and even started a new Telegram and Twitter. After a few weeks we figured out what he did with the stakes and that is how Venturi became an idea.”\n\nI collected snippets from talking to Eternal. But my main point of entry into this story was through Yo — who was eager to get the full story out into the open. As I interviewed more and more people and gathered a variety of perspectives, I let him continue as I wrapped my head around it all.\n\n“Around day three GXYMike started saying he could not stake his day one and two coins because he lost his password which was on his phone because he was partying with hookers and doing blow and the cops arrested him and confiscated his phone.”\n\nThere was no sympathy in his words — slander this bastard in the article — go ahead. That was the tone.\n\nAll of this was public in the GXY chat around October of 2020- and according to Yo it caused a mass freakout. That was when he befriended Eternal. What followed was the developer then just disappeared — seemingly without a trace- and those who had bought in freaked out even more.\n\n“That was when I made a backup of the site to help all of these foreign people get access to their crypto because most couldn’t interact with the solidity contract on the tron network directly.”\n\nHe continued in more depth — explaining his efforts to help these people out — and wanting some kind of happy ending to emerge from the wreckage that was unfolding.\n\n“I found a more tech savvy guy in the group. “Nomad”- and he had money in it too and we all started working together to figure out how to salvage our play on the platform.\n\n“After Day 10 it became apparent that we were on our own. I got in touch with a guy that GXYMike hired to do the website UI from searching Github- and he gave us access to the Github and we redirected users to that so they could claim their stakes.”\n\n“We started a little roundtable discussion because this dev GXY Mike was trying to shut down the official Telegram group too. We started a competing Telegram group and invited users over. In the roundtable we were trying to find ways to make this token work for people… So many people went in on days one through five it was crazy. To cut a long story short- GXY Mike bolted on day 10 with about 700 000 US Dollars in crypto. He left the rest of us with nothing.”\n\nSuch was the story.\n\nA massive scam by a massive asshole. Not the first of its kind and not likely to be the last.\n \n\n![vent article.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQme1erbmrkCLPU2d2mzujSrCRe1cZnJHaTCyVzmD4b1tF4/vent%20article.jpg)\n\n\n“14/365 — Where’s your head at?” by andres.thor is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0\n\n \n\nThen again, what did I know about all the technical stuff behind this?\n\nThe short answer is not much except what I’d learnt from these guys and one or two friends who were involved in Tron projects. I was a bitcoin guy. I’d started my crypto journey by just buying a bit of Bitcoin — and spending it on crypto advertising, getting some referrals on faucets. Then I moved on to find a new outlet after the December bull killed off months of my hard work. Although I held no specific grudges, I too had been screwed over and scammed; operating my own projects at a profit starting in March 2020- and the profits just kept coming in until I reinvested hard into sites that changed payouts with sorry excuses that didn’t fit the math.\n\nOctober was my last decent month of dealing with BTC. November I recovered a little only because I held back on spending — but December killed everything. So I moved on — but getting into something new like this I went in slow. This article was a perfect opportunity for me. Not only would I get to do what I loved and hadn’t done in a while for a good freelance pay — but I could learn all kinds of things from the veterans I was interviewing — and how to spot and dodge a scam is a valuable tool in the crypto-sphere.\n\nThat’s when I found someone who could provide a more technical perspective on the story.\n\nYo was the passionate, enthusiastic and heart on his sleeve empathetic type. The Eternal Cryptoptimist was a bit more reserved, our conversations had less sidetrack, yet he was equally full of empathy for the victims. Both of them had boundless valuable input.\n\nThen I got in touch with Nomadic Investor — Nomad as Yo and Eternal had called him in shorthand — and I got something else entirely. A layman’s explanation. Factual and focussed.\n\nI asked him to talk a bit about both projects — Venturi and the GXY scam. GXY was first on the list it seemed.\n\n“In one regard, it’s the devs rights in a platform coded like GXY was to get the first 2 days of dividends to recoup their expenses and make some profit. But, there were some issues in the code that allowed for certain areas to be exploited. Whether that was known to Mike or not, I have no idea. But, by leaving his (GXYMike’s) first few days staked longer than he should have, then removing them all from the platform on the 10th day, it did two things. First, he continued getting the lion’s share of the dividends that should have gone to community members and secondly it completely rekt the share rate, making it impossible for anyone to ever recover.”\n\nSo did GXYMike know what he was going to do? Nomadic Investor had after all said that he wasn’t sure if the loopholes were known to GXYMike. I decided to dig a bit and see what the others had to say.\n\nRegardless of his intent when launching GXY, he had ripped people off once the opportunity was there.\n\nAs Nomadic Investor put it:\n\n“After Mike left his initial days open, I’m not sure and haven’t heard from a single person that was able to ROI. I know the ones I’ve talked to never came close.”\n\nEternal was pretty sure that Mike had planned it from before day one.\n\n“Yeah, you asked what I believe though… and to me it definitely seemed like it was premeditated. He purposely minted billions of tokens… I believe he even staked them on day 0. He definitely had a plan in my opinion.”\n\nYo as well was sure it had been planned from the get go — “just like a business”.\n\nSo what was to come from all of this? From what I’ve seen and gathered — a team of philanthropic cryptocurrency veterans came together and tried their best to clean up the mess. At the forefront of this was Yo — Nomadic Investor — and Eternal. They created (along with the help of several other contributors) a “roundtable” discussion group. That led to the genesis of Venturi.\n\nNomadic investor broke it down as such;\n\n![ladyjustice.jpeg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcz8KtVL3KbKnH266vpUQRnGxeKz9vfcqsFGrrEszb1oS/ladyjustice.jpeg)\n\n\n“Madame Justice” by w4nderlust is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0\n\n \n\n“The roundtable knew what happened wasn’t fair and should have never happened. The users needed more than GXY fixed. They needed a platform they could trust would not rug pull or exit scam them. And they deserved a solid platform where the tokenomics were sustainable. We could have simply thrown another clone out in days and moved on, but there were numerous other clones popping up at the same time. And doing that wouldn’t help any previous GXY users. So, the roundtable went back and forth about how we could proceed. I was adamant I didn’t want that to be a clone of GXY because of the underlying code issues. So, we came up with a list of ‘must haves’ for what we needed to do and I began coding what was to become Venturi.”\n\n \n\nSo in a sense — Venturi is an apology to the victims of GXY. But much more than that — it’s a labour of love created by a few people who share ideals.\n\nVenturi — due to it being founded by a team involved in GXY first as participants and later as teammates battling to mitigate damage — will certainly have to work hard to remove the GXY shadow. But GXY was just a copy of a copy. And it was far from the only scam to have occurred with DeFi and Tron projects. It is but one of many. C3PR is a big name in the world of rug-pulls.\n\nThe developers knew of a flaw and purposefully chose to exploit it once there was enough to steal in their eyes. They cut the cord at 11 million dollars. A Solidity Finance spokesperson explains that C3PR developers were aware of their centralized control of the project, which gave them the power to update the “audited and safe strategy pools.” Fancy words that mean they knew exactly what they were doing when they stole millions.\n\nThat’s just one example. If you dig around for information on crypto scams and rug pulls the list is endless.\n\nBut will Venturi have these? What “must haves” did this new project bring to the table of trust? The project has yet to launch. Understandably, the team can’t spill all the beans yet, but they don’t shy away from a difficult line of questioning.\n\nSo what are these must haves that Nomadic Investor spoke of? I was given a sneak peak of Venturi’s Lite-paper preface. To be honest I had no idea what a Lite-paper even was. I’d read countless White-papers though, and I was far from unable to put two and two together. I was an outsider to all of this on the face of it. Yo had hired me to write an article and given me a lot of liberty. That was a relief from past jobs I’d had where I had no real journalistic freedom at all.\n\nIndeed the freedom allowed me to interview multiple key players — and Nomadic Investor was a veritable wealth of objective technical information. I got permission from him to post the preface in full. Even to share it during interviews. Here it is word for word:\n\n“I was brought in by a small group of GXY Moderators who shared a desire to come up with a solution that could make GXY a viable platform. In the end we felt there was no way to do that. The contract cannot be changed and GXY had no value by being withheld from JustSwap. Using GXY on a new platform would just dilute the new platform’s value. Swapping GXY was a losing proposition as well. At some point, someone was going to have to assign it a value by supplying TRX and then losing that TRX along with GXY’s value. All the while, the original developer would still be collecting the percentages off the top.\n\nSo, we came up with a list of “must haves” to move forward.\n\nIt had to benefit the GXY users first\n\nIt had to benefit everyone else as well\n\nIt had to cut out the original developer\n\nIt had to be sustainable\n\nIt had to launch with a promise of having value and trade-ability\n\nIt had to correct the issues plaguing the share rates\n\nIt had to mitigate suicide staking\n\nIt had to be fairly launched where no single entity could rug pull\n\nIt had to offer something no other platform offered”\n\n— — — —\n\nAn Outside Perspective \n\n![hamlet.jpeg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQch7yELeJMVmYKRsM5gJDBSrgfZWXtoADfGvY11EvSMa/hamlet.jpeg)\n\n\n \n“Denmark is very expensive when it comes to taxes — that’s why I love crypto.”\n\nD!ngo was another member of Inspired Finance. From the few interactions I’d seen him have with both admins and users there, I quickly gathered that he had a lot more crypto invested in staking platforms and Tron projects than most around. I needed to get some outsider perspective to get a feel for what the average user thought of the hype around Venturi.\n\nObviously that was something I couldn’t get from the three main guys behind the new platform even if they had evidence to back up every claim and didn’t shy away from any questions. Whilst I could insert my own outsider view, D!ngo was a large investor in several projects. Was GXY one of them?\n\n“No. I have [a significant amount of] TRX staked in T2X. I’m only invested in stable platforms. GXY was already on the way down before I considered buying in. Many TRX platforms make me think of crocodiles hiding in shallow water.”\n\nI asked him if he was considering going in on Venturi.\n\n“It’s the same people again and again — making these platforms.”\n\nI was surprised at his answer, as originally we made contact when I asked if anyone in the group wanted to help me out with some promotional work for Venturi. I told him I trusted the people behind Venturi, they’d convinced me of their good intentions without any gaps in their stories by showing all the evidence I needed to form my own opinion.\n\n“I trust the contract — then the people behind it.”\n\nHe responded laughingly.\n\nI shared the Lite-paper preface with him, wondering what kind of reaction it would draw out.\n\nIt sounded promising to him apparently. Especially when I pointed out that at least the people behind Venturi weren’t hiding their identities. Sure, they went by Pseudonyms, but these people had a public presence and showed their faces from time to time. Nomadic Investor a bit less so than the others, but that was understandable given that the other two were promoting the project whilst he was the technical expert — the man coding it.\n\nResponding to me pointing out that no one was hiding this time — he did agree that not only was that fact good — it was downright needed.\n\n“It sounds like the perfect platform. We’ll see how good it is.”\n\nOne thing clear — Tron projects can’t function without a benevolent dictator. GXYMike had been the opposite, showing malevolence and criminal selfishness. That alone was why GXY lost many people huge amounts of money. One man with no control over his greed exploited a loophole in the contract and stole from people. That by itself destroyed a lot of trust that was simply necessary for such a community to thrive as a group.\n\nVenturi will be different.\n\nAs Yo put it during one of our back and forth’s -\n\n“Trust is what smart contracts can provide when implemented to provide it. Even Bitcoin has smart contracts now. And Bitcoin is a philosophy. That philosophy in practice has obvious value — a distributed public facing ledger. Imagine if all cash payments were to be recorded on a public facing ledger? Every single transaction…would that not lead to justice if society were inclined to seek it? They say crypto is bad because it’s “dark money” used to transact business. What “they” are really saying is “We have dark money that we do not wish to be made public”.\n\nIndeed trust and trust building seems to be the inherent philosophy of how Venturi will succeed.\n\nEverything about Venturi had been a team effort from the start. Jubimax was a designer early on for Venturi. I spoke with him about his experience. Like the others behind Venturi he had money in GXY too.\n\n“I see myself as someone that got scammed and in anger I pitched in on efforts to gather what I saw as the most sincere people of the GXY community to see what we could do to salvage our investment. That was Yo and Nomadic.”\n\nEvery leaf I turned during my research revealed that Venturi was the brainchild of several working as a unit. All with a common frustration and cause. The cause was the restoration of trust in the GXY community. And Venturi was the activism. The solution.\n\n“I identify as a Designer. Yo, Nomadic and I are all makers. So we think like makers, not like hustlers.”\n\nThinking perhaps idealistically, I went back to Nomadic Investor and pressed him a bit more on how the contract behind Venturi would work. Knowing only what had been in a sense fed to me I decided to ask some questions that would provide some more open ended explanations on how these types of platforms even work.\n\nWas it possible to remove the hierarchical structure, and in doing so decentralize the platform to a purist level? Could it function with such ideals? Had GXY been able to scam users because of a flaw in the design? Yes. That one I knew the answer to. But less clear was the rest. Could a platform be built that was by design unable to scam users? Or was the well meaning hand of the developer a necessity?\n\nNomadic Investor broke it down in detail. Reservedly. Understandable given that Venturi has yet to launch. Would he be in control to the extent of being in the same position that GXYMike had been?\n\n“This is both an easy one and tough one to answer so let’s try it both ways. Yes I will be.”\n\nHe laughed at the short answer.\n\n“The harder to answer version is this. You are kind of correct with the platform being “hierarchical”. In the sense that whoever launches the contract, depending on how it is designed in terms of tokens to mint (how many to create at the onset for the dev) and thus, how they are used. It was GXYMike’s ‘right’ to stake those day 1 tokens, but it was also his responsibility to claim them on time and then provide liquidity to JustSwap using them. Neither of those second things occurred.\n\nThe first caused the death of the share rate; the second not giving people an outlet to set a fair market value. Beyond these initial steps, the rest is not controlled by anything beyond users interacting with the contract. Our entire system is different in a multitude of ways. Not just to fix the issues caused by the dev, but to also fix inherent contract problems and much more that I can’t really speak to yet.\n\nIs there a way for an adept individual to prove I couldn’t rug pull, not at this time. But it is on the radar. I know I will use the funds and the tokens to provide liquidity to set a fair market value for the tokens after launch.\n\nAnd I’ve looked into options to do this programmatically. So far, I have not found a viable solution. I would love to have the contract handle it, but there are a couple of sticking points I’ve hit. Without trying to get too technical, the function that runs when the contract is deployed only runs one time. Right at the time it launches. I can’t provide liquidity at that time, even with my own funds, because the community has not set a price for them yet through the platform. Making the contract “changeable” opens it up to users seeing that as an opportunity for me to do more harm in the future and doesn’t build trust. Also- using more complex functions- such as a time locked wallet address- opens up issues if the transfer fails and loses everyone’s funds leaving them stuck there forever.\n\nSo, if I can come up with a way that’s safe, fair, and concretely proven it will work, I will definitely remove myself from that position. At the time, however, I simply cannot do that with a clear conscience of knowing it won’t do more damage.”\n\nSo it seems that at this point we all have to live with the aspect of trust. We need the “benevolent dictator” in order for things to function as they should. So why should we trust Venturi?\n\n“Proving that we are trustworthy? So far it’s just been built on the character we have shown. We’ve done what we have (rebuilding GXY for users to interact) on our own time with our own funds. And we have driven the narrative of Venturi with this same concept. To provide a better option for everyone while trying to help GXY sufferers recoup losses even faster.”\n\nIndeed that is something that the Venturi team has done on a mass scale. Show philanthropy. And that is not something that can be said for all who build such platforms. As far as pitching itself as “The platform you can trust” — it would be massively unfair and ignorant to disregard the actions of the Venturi team concerning the way in which they selflessly helped GXY victims recover losses on their own dime.\n\nTime will tell what the community thinks — but if I myself had to place a bet on the outcome I would bet that the outcome of Venturi — whether it is a success or not — will depend on the community themselves well after any possibility of scamming has lapsed.\n\nThrough the records I examined in order to understand the story of GXY and the up and coming platform that will be Venturi- I certainly can testify that the team has poured a lot of blood- sweat- tears and love into rebuilding and earning the community’s trust.\n\nWhether you’re a skeptic, a trusting type, or just a cryptocurrency enthusiast getting some popcorn ready to watch from the sidelines, if you’re not excited or curious about what Venturi will bring to the table — then you’re not paying attention.\n\n \n\n\n![vent.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmf95znpb4tMtPJHqSCKAdQTCwpEdzXtiZv9S1svF3ogxm/vent.jpg)\n\n![vent article.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQme1erbmrkCLPU2d2mzujSrCRe1cZnJHaTCyVzmD4b1tF4/vent%20article.jpg)",
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      "body": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/S%C3%ADtio_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Boqueir%C3%A3o_da_Pedra_Furada.jpg/800px-S%C3%ADtio_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Boqueir%C3%A3o_da_Pedra_Furada.jpg (Image CC Diego Rego)\nIt is often considered an accepted fact that human habitation began in America as the two continental ice sheets separated and created a land bridge over the Bering Sea, allowing Neolithic hunters to follow herds of large games into what we now call America. We call these migratory humans Clovis, for the shape of the arrowhead technology they almost universally used to survive, we have found them all over the country, dating from not later than 13,000 years before present. This has become a hard cutoff date. However, several sites of interest have arisen in the Americas which have sparked a keen interest in scientists who are not married to the Clovis first hypothesis. Surveying broadly the empirical data generated from Pedra Furada--in the modern state of Brazil in South America, settlements in Topper South Carolina, On Your Knees Cave in Alaska, and Meadowland in the state of Pennsylvania in North America. Evidence generated by archeologists whose data is in contrast with evidence left by the people we call Clovis. Offering some alternate dates and migrations to America by homo sapiens sapiens during the Wisconsin Glacial Episode.\nHuman beings currently exist in what is termed the Holocene era, Greek for entirely recent, a warm period preceded by the Wisconsin Glacial Episode –which lasted between 85,000 to 11,000 years before present (ybp). The evidence in Northern America is stark, in some places the scratches left by the massive glaciers can still be seen. It occurred as temperatures dropped and the advancement of three major glaciers converged over the American continent. The importance of this period in human migration is evident in the Clovis first theory of human settlement developed in the early thirties. This theory holds that as the massive North American Cordillera Ice sheet and the Innuitian ice sheets blocked and absorbed much water, lowering sea level and creating what is known as Beringia, where the Bering Strait is currently located. The theory proposes that Asiatic haplogroup humans followed game migrations into North America between 17,000 and 12,000 ybp. The standard model holds a vast amount of evidence that a massive migration originated from Beringia, with shared technology (Clovis fluted arrowheads) and DNA, and became the predominant and most successful group in the peopling of America. However, new theories--with supporting in situ evidence, suggesting coastal migrations from Europe and Africa indicate Clovis may not be the only group responsible for human origination in America. \nDuring the last forty years, evidence has been suggesting occupation of America by a pre-Clovis, i.e., non-Mongoloid, people in America. The sites which exist and are still being examined using new techniques, not available to scientists who purported or supported the Clovis theory. Using mitochondrial DNA, acid-base oxidation-steeped combustion radiocarbon dating (an advancement in radiocarbon dating developed at Oxford University), and empirical approaches to what is by some considered a gospel theory, scientists have begun to paint a different picture of human peopling in America.\nIn discussing the Clovis First theory, I turned to a book by Stuart Fiedel of John Milner Associates (historic preservation and archeological non-profit) called, The Peopling of the New World.  He states, “In 1590, the Spanish cleric Jose de Acosta theorized that Native Americans were descended from ancient ‘savage hunters’ who had followed game animals over a hypothetical land bridge from northeastern Asia into northwestern America” (Fiedel 39). This is the first recorded hypothesis for how the Natives got to America. Fiedel points to the origins of the currently accepted model further by summarizing, “Edward Brerewood, an English Scholar, observed in 1614, that the people of America, lacking the civilized arts of China, India, and Japan, ‘resemble the old rude Tartars [i.e., Mongols], above all the nations of the earth’…Ever since these prescient early assessments of the origins of Native Americans, the migration of their northeast Asian ancestors across a land bridge, subsequently inundated by the Bering Sea, has been assumed by most serious scholars” (Fiedel 39-40). The only fact contended, beyond these surface interpretations, are dates of origin and time frames of establishment on the continent according to Fiedel’s analysis of the theory at large. What began to emerge next in this theory occurred first in New Mexico with the discovery of man-made arrow points embedded in mammoth skeletons in strata dated to about 10,000 ybp. This discovery happened near Clovis, New Mexico in the late thirties through the early fifties of the last century. Following these discoveries, the time ranges began to change of the people’s emergence who used this Paleolithic technology, the Clovis point, and its descendant stylistic shaped arrowhead points all throughout North and South America (Fiedel 40). Dating the modern form of humanity by the tools they used has been a predominant method for many years. Establishing the migrations of different branches of proto-humans from out of Africa, and how humans advanced through the different epochs over millions of years of homo evolution (Fiedel 42). Summarizing the entire scope of the following comparison; he postulates a rather poignant truth, “It is only after about 9500 B.C. that we find entirely convincing evidence of human occupation in North America, although I had to admit that the archaeological record offers tantalizing hints of earlier occupation” (Fiedel 43), it is here in an earlier account that he begins to point at human life below the Wisconsin era ice sheet and the realities of human settlement before Clovis.\nThe basic distinctions found in theory contrary or complimentary to the Clovis First hypothesis are these; that homo sapiens were in the Americas before Bering strait migration-- of what became the Clovis arrow people--with DNA linked to Siberia or Asia, and that they arrived 30,000 ybp. In Fiedel’s research, he sites Alan Bryan from 1978, “biological evolution probably occurred within America from a paleo anthropine ancestor to explain at least some of the highly diverse populations of modern American Indians” (44). He expands on Bryan further, explaining, “Bryan has theorized that, in several areas, generalized foragers carrying a simple core/flake lithic tradition independently innovated specialized hunting and a number of regionally distinct bifacial spearpoints (Clovis east of Rockies, stemmed points in the West, fishtails in southern South America, tanged points in Brazil, and leaf-shaped El Jobo points in Northern South America)” (Fiedel 44). Using the Clovis spear/arrow point against itself, these findings offer a distinct possibility of another picture emerging regarding our topic. \nTechniques used on artifacts recovered at Pedra Furada in Serra de Capiucra, by Brazilian doctor of Natural History from Sorbonne in France Niedi Guidon published findings from 1986-2002. The oldest samples of charcoal found in what are thought to be Paleolithic era hearths which predate Clovis significantly were found near rock art, as well as human skeletal remains. Guidon and her team relied on new techniques for dating charcoal with radiocarbon from 35,000-48,000 ybp. Their findings under the Pedra Furada rock shelter deep in strata beneath settlements in the 12,000-6,000 ybp, have been challenged but not disproven. Also comparing the morphology of teeth found in situ has yielded similarities closely resembling Neanderthal and other archaic remains found in Australia and Indonesia. An interview published in the archaeological magazine, Athena Review with Guidon, where she explains the difficulty modern American Clovis First theorists are having with evidence and interpretation of said findings and techniques, “Perhaps because when you are the first to discover something, people want to kill you because you disturbed the placid waters of the lake. The theories on the peopling of America are only theories, and in prehistory, it is not possible to say that something does not exist only because we do not find them. A theory is not a law, but may and must be changed each time new facts are discovered” (Athena 3). Ms. Guidon is a distinguished scientist, and her Brazilian team’s techniques use the same as those used to determine Clovis as well as newer accepted methods. Perhaps time will again be the determining factor in updating what has been found throughout the Americas. \nA multinational team of ecologist’s, natural historians, anthropologists, and marine scientists presented a fascinating study on a non-terrestrial migration inspired by the biodiverse animal and plant concentrations around kelp. The article is titled, The Kelp Highway Hypothesis, published in the Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology in 2007. The methods used by this team yield what seems an intuitive solution regarding the peopling of America. Their findings discuss the role kelp forests may have played in supporting migrations into America. One of the fascinating ideas behind this is congruent with the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis of human evolution, which was developed by Alistair Hardy, a marine biologist in the late 1800’s. This idea that human beings branched off from a distant relative by adapting to a semi-aquatic period. One issue with proving these theories regarding coastal habitation is that sea levels have risen since these ancestors would have habituated these environments, leaving any remains lost underwater. However as stated Erlandson et al. in Kelp Highway, “Evidence for even earlier maritime voyaging by anatomically modern humans (earlier than sites in Baja and Alta which prove Paleo Indians had seaworthy boats circa 13,000-11,500 ybp.) has emerged from islands of the western Pacific Rim, including the colonization of Australia roughly 50,000 years ago” (Erlandson 163). Using computer reconstructions of geography provided by satellite data of the area around Beringia between 25,000-15,000 years ago, scientists in this study proved a coastal environment with many opportunities for a successful migration all the way to Southern America. These techniques are very intriguing to support an Atlantic migration and suggest similar studies done between Brazil and Africa could prove a similar hypothesis if one were to emerge.\nAll of these techniques have come about providing evidence for the alternate hypothesis, and enough data has been generated to dispel the Clovis First hypothesis. It is my conclusion based on all of the data I have read that it is time to rewrite history. We do not know exactly what happened in the archaeological record; we do know that the Beringia migration was not the only explanation. This is enough to open the field for more research and an accurate hypothesis.\n\n\t\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWorks Cited\n\n\"Athena Review, Peopling of the Americas: Pedra Furada, Brazil: Paleoindians, Paintings, and Paradoxes.\" Athena Review, Peopling of the Americas: Pedra Furada, Brazil: Paleoindians, Paintings, and Paradoxes. Athena Publications Inc. Web. 23 Apr. 2016. <http://www.athenapub.com/10pfurad.htm>. \n\nErlandson, Jon M., Michael Graham, Bruce Bourque, Debra Corbett, James Estes, and Robert Steneck. \"The Kelp Highway Hypothesis: Marine Ecology, the Coastal Migration Theory, and the Peopling of the Americas.\" The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2.2 (2007): 161-74. Web. \n\nFiedel, Stuart J. \"Peopling of the New World.\" Journal of Archaeological Research 8.1 (2000): 39-103. \n\nhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CC_some_rights_reserved.svg/90px-CC_some_rights_reserved.svg.png Photo Credic CC Diego Rego Monteiro Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara \"Sítio Arqueológico Boqueirão da Pedra Furada\"",
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Surveying broadly the empirical data generated from Pedra Furada--in the modern state of Brazil in South America, settlements in Topper South Carolina, On Your Knees Cave in Alaska, and Meadowland in the state of Pennsylvania in North America. Evidence generated by archeologists whose data is in contrast with evidence left by the people we call Clovis. Offering some alternate dates and migrations to America by homo sapiens sapiens during the Wisconsin Glacial Episode.\nHuman beings currently exist in what is termed the Holocene era, Greek for entirely recent, a warm period preceded by the Wisconsin Glacial Episode –which lasted between 85,000 to 11,000 years before present (ybp). The evidence in Northern America is stark, in some places the scratches left by the massive glaciers can still be seen. It occurred as temperatures dropped and the advancement of three major glaciers converged over the American continent. The importance of this period in human migration is evident in the Clovis first theory of human settlement developed in the early thirties. This theory holds that as the massive North American Cordillera Ice sheet and the Innuitian ice sheets blocked and absorbed much water, lowering sea level and creating what is known as Beringia, where the Bering Strait is currently located. The theory proposes that Asiatic haplogroup humans followed game migrations into North America between 17,000 and 12,000 ybp. The standard model holds a vast amount of evidence that a massive migration originated from Beringia, with shared technology (Clovis fluted arrowheads) and DNA, and became the predominant and most successful group in the peopling of America. However, new theories--with supporting in situ evidence, suggesting coastal migrations from Europe and Africa indicate Clovis may not be the only group responsible for human origination in America. \nDuring the last forty years, evidence has been suggesting occupation of America by a pre-Clovis, i.e., non-Mongoloid, people in America. The sites which exist and are still being examined using new techniques, not available to scientists who purported or supported the Clovis theory. Using mitochondrial DNA, acid-base oxidation-steeped combustion radiocarbon dating (an advancement in radiocarbon dating developed at Oxford University), and empirical approaches to what is by some considered a gospel theory, scientists have begun to paint a different picture of human peopling in America.\nIn discussing the Clovis First theory, I turned to a book by Stuart Fiedel of John Milner Associates (historic preservation and archeological non-profit) called, The Peopling of the New World.  He states, “In 1590, the Spanish cleric Jose de Acosta theorized that Native Americans were descended from ancient ‘savage hunters’ who had followed game animals over a hypothetical land bridge from northeastern Asia into northwestern America” (Fiedel 39). This is the first recorded hypothesis for how the Natives got to America. Fiedel points to the origins of the currently accepted model further by summarizing, “Edward Brerewood, an English Scholar, observed in 1614, that the people of America, lacking the civilized arts of China, India, and Japan, ‘resemble the old rude Tartars [i.e., Mongols], above all the nations of the earth’…Ever since these prescient early assessments of the origins of Native Americans, the migration of their northeast Asian ancestors across a land bridge, subsequently inundated by the Bering Sea, has been assumed by most serious scholars” (Fiedel 39-40). The only fact contended, beyond these surface interpretations, are dates of origin and time frames of establishment on the continent according to Fiedel’s analysis of the theory at large. What began to emerge next in this theory occurred first in New Mexico with the discovery of man-made arrow points embedded in mammoth skeletons in strata dated to about 10,000 ybp. This discovery happened near Clovis, New Mexico in the late thirties through the early fifties of the last century. Following these discoveries, the time ranges began to change of the people’s emergence who used this Paleolithic technology, the Clovis point, and its descendant stylistic shaped arrowhead points all throughout North and South America (Fiedel 40). Dating the modern form of humanity by the tools they used has been a predominant method for many years. Establishing the migrations of different branches of proto-humans from out of Africa, and how humans advanced through the different epochs over millions of years of homo evolution (Fiedel 42). Summarizing the entire scope of the following comparison; he postulates a rather poignant truth, “It is only after about 9500 B.C. that we find entirely convincing evidence of human occupation in North America, although I had to admit that the archaeological record offers tantalizing hints of earlier occupation” (Fiedel 43), it is here in an earlier account that he begins to point at human life below the Wisconsin era ice sheet and the realities of human settlement before Clovis.\nThe basic distinctions found in theory contrary or complimentary to the Clovis First hypothesis are these; that homo sapiens were in the Americas before Bering strait migration-- of what became the Clovis arrow people--with DNA linked to Siberia or Asia, and that they arrived 30,000 ybp. In Fiedel’s research, he sites Alan Bryan from 1978, “biological evolution probably occurred within America from a paleo anthropine ancestor to explain at least some of the highly diverse populations of modern American Indians” (44). He expands on Bryan further, explaining, “Bryan has theorized that, in several areas, generalized foragers carrying a simple core/flake lithic tradition independently innovated specialized hunting and a number of regionally distinct bifacial spearpoints (Clovis east of Rockies, stemmed points in the West, fishtails in southern South America, tanged points in Brazil, and leaf-shaped El Jobo points in Northern South America)” (Fiedel 44). Using the Clovis spear/arrow point against itself, these findings offer a distinct possibility of another picture emerging regarding our topic. \nTechniques used on artifacts recovered at Pedra Furada in Serra de Capiucra, by Brazilian doctor of Natural History from Sorbonne in France Niedi Guidon published findings from 1986-2002. The oldest samples of charcoal found in what are thought to be Paleolithic era hearths which predate Clovis significantly were found near rock art, as well as human skeletal remains. Guidon and her team relied on new techniques for dating charcoal with radiocarbon from 35,000-48,000 ybp. Their findings under the Pedra Furada rock shelter deep in strata beneath settlements in the 12,000-6,000 ybp, have been challenged but not disproven. Also comparing the morphology of teeth found in situ has yielded similarities closely resembling Neanderthal and other archaic remains found in Australia and Indonesia. An interview published in the archaeological magazine, Athena Review with Guidon, where she explains the difficulty modern American Clovis First theorists are having with evidence and interpretation of said findings and techniques, “Perhaps because when you are the first to discover something, people want to kill you because you disturbed the placid waters of the lake. The theories on the peopling of America are only theories, and in prehistory, it is not possible to say that something does not exist only because we do not find them. A theory is not a law, but may and must be changed each time new facts are discovered” (Athena 3). Ms. Guidon is a distinguished scientist, and her Brazilian team’s techniques use the same as those used to determine Clovis as well as newer accepted methods. Perhaps time will again be the determining factor in updating what has been found throughout the Americas. \nA multinational team of ecologist’s, natural historians, anthropologists, and marine scientists presented a fascinating study on a non-terrestrial migration inspired by the biodiverse animal and plant concentrations around kelp. The article is titled, The Kelp Highway Hypothesis, published in the Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology in 2007. The methods used by this team yield what seems an intuitive solution regarding the peopling of America. Their findings discuss the role kelp forests may have played in supporting migrations into America. One of the fascinating ideas behind this is congruent with the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis of human evolution, which was developed by Alistair Hardy, a marine biologist in the late 1800’s. This idea that human beings branched off from a distant relative by adapting to a semi-aquatic period. One issue with proving these theories regarding coastal habitation is that sea levels have risen since these ancestors would have habituated these environments, leaving any remains lost underwater. However as stated Erlandson et al. in Kelp Highway, “Evidence for even earlier maritime voyaging by anatomically modern humans (earlier than sites in Baja and Alta which prove Paleo Indians had seaworthy boats circa 13,000-11,500 ybp.) has emerged from islands of the western Pacific Rim, including the colonization of Australia roughly 50,000 years ago” (Erlandson 163). Using computer reconstructions of geography provided by satellite data of the area around Beringia between 25,000-15,000 years ago, scientists in this study proved a coastal environment with many opportunities for a successful migration all the way to Southern America. These techniques are very intriguing to support an Atlantic migration and suggest similar studies done between Brazil and Africa could prove a similar hypothesis if one were to emerge.\nAll of these techniques have come about providing evidence for the alternate hypothesis, and enough data has been generated to dispel the Clovis First hypothesis. It is my conclusion based on all of the data I have read that it is time to rewrite history. We do not know exactly what happened in the archaeological record; we do know that the Beringia migration was not the only explanation. This is enough to open the field for more research and an accurate hypothesis.\n\n\t\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWorks Cited\n\n\"Athena Review, Peopling of the Americas: Pedra Furada, Brazil: Paleoindians, Paintings, and Paradoxes.\" Athena Review, Peopling of the Americas: Pedra Furada, Brazil: Paleoindians, Paintings, and Paradoxes. Athena Publications Inc. Web. 23 Apr. 2016. <http://www.athenapub.com/10pfurad.htm>. \n\nErlandson, Jon M., Michael Graham, Bruce Bourque, Debra Corbett, James Estes, and Robert Steneck. \"The Kelp Highway Hypothesis: Marine Ecology, the Coastal Migration Theory, and the Peopling of the Americas.\" The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2.2 (2007): 161-74. Web. \n\nFiedel, Stuart J. \"Peopling of the New World.\" Journal of Archaeological Research 8.1 (2000): 39-103. \n\nhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CC_some_rights_reserved.svg/90px-CC_some_rights_reserved.svg.png Photo Credic CC Diego Rego Monteiro Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara \"Sítio Arqueológico Boqueirão da Pedra Furada\"",
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      "author": "partiko",
      "body": "Thank you so much for sharing this amazing post with us!\n\nHave you heard about Partiko? It’s a really convenient mobile app for Steem! With Partiko, you can easily see what’s going on in the Steem community, make posts and comments (no beneficiary cut forever!), and always stayed connected with your followers via push notification!\n\nPartiko also rewards you with Partiko Points (3000 Partiko Point bonus when you first use it!), and Partiko Points can be converted into Steem tokens. You can earn Partiko Points easily by making posts and comments using Partiko.\n\nWe also noticed that your Steem Power is low. We will be very happy to delegate 15 Steem Power to you once you have made a post using Partiko! With more Steem Power, you can make more posts and comments, and earn more rewards!\n\nIf that all sounds interesting, you can: \n\n- Download Partiko Android at [Google Play](http://bit.ly/2SRFIta)\n- Or Download Partiko iOS on the [App Store](https://apple.co/2PcXkSd)\n\nThank you so much for reading this message!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"app\":\"partiko\"}",
      "parent_author": "terratian",
      "parent_permlink": "cryptokitties-bios-are-hillarious-free-cantonese-speaking-cryptokittie-to-the-funniest-bio-in-the-comments",
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      "title": ""
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  "timestamp": "2019-01-18T17:01:06",
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