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      "body": "Your contribution cannot be approved because it does not follow the [Utopian Rules](https://utopian.io/rules).\n\n***\nAccording to the blog post rules:\n* *\"Contents already shared anywhere else may still be rejected if submitted in Utopian.\"*\n***\n\nYou can contact us on [Discord](https://discord.gg/uTyJkNm).\n**[[utopian-moderator]](https://utopian.io/moderators)**",
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      "title": "WEB PERFORMANCE DONE RIGHT",
      "body": "Sharing my views on my favourite and most interesting topic in the web industry. My views on this post are mostly derived from FrontEnd Masters web performance workshop. So to start with I will state [performance golden rule by steve souders](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2012/02/10/the-performance-golden-rule/) which is\n\n80-90% of the end-user response time is spent on the frontend. Start there\n\nBelow is the backend frontend split waterfall diagram from linkedin and again I took this from [steve souders blog](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2012/02/10/the-performance-golden-rule/).\n\n![image.png](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1517078204/qtqlqcihgottgwc8xluq.png)\n\n\nFrom the graph we can easily conclude that we should spent most of our resource for optimization on frontend. Web is all about measurement and perception and we should know how to balance between these two. If our site loads quickly but our user hate the experience of the way our site loads then we have not actually won. Then the user will start hating us more because may we are loading bizarre content first. So we need to properly balance measurement and perception.\n\nWe need to focus on improving the efficiency, speed, memory. We need to focus on how well its doing its job the way it was supposed to do. It doesn’t matter that site loads in 6 seconds but what matters is how much bandwidth it takes to load. Measure your website performance, benchmark it and find out where we need optimization and work on it to make it better.\n\nOptimization is all about critical versus non critical. In our software we can find out which part needs optimization and which didn’t. I will state another quote from Donald Knuth\n\n*Programmers waste enormous amount of time … worrying about the speed of noncritical parts of their programs… we should forget about small efficiencies, say about 97% of the time … Yet we should not pass up our opportunities in that critical 3%*\n\nNon critical optimization or optimization done wrongly is the root of all evil. [This article](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/gg622887.aspx?ranMID=24542&ranEAID=TnL5HPStwNw&ranSiteID=TnL5HPStwNw-SKqzVvITqvXuDUfoCsUvsA&tduid=(752443d0ed95b99f089f43ccd9e3232c)(256380)(2459594)(TnL5HPStwNw-SKqzVvITqvXuDUfoCsUvsA)()) focuses on mature optimization. Most of the frontend optimization happens in the middle-end (term coined by kyle simpson) which is url routing, templating, headers, caching, ajax, etc. and optimizing middle-end is all about focussing on YSlow, resources (Images, CSS/JS), architecture, communication.\n\n**YSlow:**\n\n    1. Fewer HTTP Requests\n    2. Use a CDN\n    3. Expires/Cache-control Header\n    4. Gzip\n    5. Stylesheets at top\n    6. Scripts at bottom\n    7. Avoid CSS Expressions\n    8. External CSS/JS\n    9. Fewer DNS lookups\n    10. Minify JS/CSS\n    11. Avoid Redirects\n    12. Avoid Duplicate Scripts\n    13. ETags\n    14. Cacheable Ajax\nDon’t use Expires/Cache-control header and ETags both at the same time, you will end up putting extra headers. Some useful tips on fewer HTTP requests are below:\n\n## Fewer HTTP Requests:-\n\n### Image Sprites\nCombine all images into one and optimize it. Remember horizontal sprites are more performant than vertical sprites because CPU takes more time to process vertical sprites.\nConcat JS/CSS – Concatenate (combine all files into one) JS and CSS\nGZip – gzip your content. Test if gzipping is done correct or not.\nThis article contains detailed description about all the above rules.\n\n## Resources:\n\n### Image\nCompress(lossless) images and sprite it.\n### Minification\nMinify your JS and CSS files. You can use google closure compiler for the same. This article has the list of tools for concatenating and minifying CSS and JS files based on the development environment.\n\n## Architecture:\nThe architectural approach should be like doing the least amount of work for making something visible on the page. Single Page Architecture (SPA) is performant for web applications as it reduces round trips to the server. Take an example of gmail which is a huge single page application, it has lots of data but its performant.\n\n## Communication:\n### JSON \nWhen it comes to data transfer, JSON size should be optimal. Don’t put duplicate entries, don’t put data which can be easily derived with the help of existing properties. If you put redundant data, it will increase the JSON size and will take more time for transfer.\n### Web Sockets and Ajax\nUse web sockets  over Ajax. Ajax requests are heavier because on every connection it uses extra resources like HTTP packets over the wire, server side resources, connection resources. On the other hand web sockets connection happens only once in the request response cycle. There are 1600 overhead bytes in the request response cycle, so why you want these bytes again and again by using ajax.\n\nThat was all about middle-end optimization. There is some useful information that I want to share:\n\n* Preloading Images - Preload your content by using the below code:\n~~~~\n<link rel=\"prefetch\" href=\"image.jpg\">\n~~~~\n~~~~\n<script>\n  var img = new Image();\n  img.src = \"image.jpg\";\n</script>\n~~~~\n\n* Lazy load - (On demand loading or post loading)\nUse script loaders like LABjs or you can do the following:\n~~~~\nfunction scriptLoaded(){\n  //done\n}\n~~~~\n~~~~\nvar script = document.createElement(\"script\");\nscript.src = \"abc.js\";\ndocument.head.appendChild(script);\n~~~~\n~~~~\nscript.onload = scriptLoaded; // not supported in some browsers so have to use onreadystatechange\n~~~~\n~~~~\nscript.onreadystatechange = function(){\n  if(script.readyState === \"loaded\" || script.readyState === \"complete\")   {\n    scriptLoaded();\n  }\n}\n~~~~\n* Reduce abstractions in your JavaScript code.\n* Use CSS animation over JS animations.\n* Use websites like jsperf to test performance of your JS code.\n* Do every UI operation in less than 100 ms because user can perceive an action which takes more than 100 ms. According to research if an action(on button click etc.) takes more than 100 ms then user can treat it as a slow operation. Perceived performance matters.\nThere are lot of things you need to focus when it comes to optimizing web application. I listed some of them, hope it helps.\nSource:- [My personal blog](https://activegeek22.wordpress.com/2015/08/15/web-performance-done-right/)\n\n<br /><hr/><em>Posted on <a href=\"https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@tarunchaudhary/web-performance-done-right\">Utopian.io -  Rewarding Open Source Contributors</a></em><hr/>",
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      "body": "Such innocence :) At this age a child doesn't know what colors of the world he/she will see after growing up. A child is unaware about the cruelty and love of the surroundings they gonna get. Take good care of this kid :)",
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      "body": "Thanks :) It feels great when people find your post informative :)",
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      "body": "Thanks @tarunchaudhary!",
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      "body": "Hey\nI loved the recipe, I am also a cook and I will definitely try this. Experimentation with pizza is rare nowadays, great going keep it up. Just a suggestion try to compress images as they won't load on slow internet connection. :) Use this [compressor](https://compressor.io/). (It's not developed by me .. just helping) :)",
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      "body": "Thanks for upvoting. The link you shared is my personal blog and I have mentioned this in the blog post as well.",
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      "body": "@@ -6234,16 +6234,118 @@\n  helps.%0A\n+Source:- %5BMy personal blog%5D(https://activegeek22.wordpress.com/2015/08/15/web-performance-done-right/)\n %0A%0A%3Cbr /%3E\n",
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      "title": "WEB PERFORMANCE DONE RIGHT",
      "body": "Sharing my views on my favourite and most interesting topic in the web industry. My views on this post are mostly derived from FrontEnd Masters web performance workshop. So to start with I will state [performance golden rule by steve souders](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2012/02/10/the-performance-golden-rule/) which is\n\n80-90% of the end-user response time is spent on the frontend. Start there\n\nBelow is the backend frontend split waterfall diagram from linkedin and again I took this from [steve souders blog](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2012/02/10/the-performance-golden-rule/).\n\n![image.png](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1517078204/qtqlqcihgottgwc8xluq.png)\n\n\nFrom the graph we can easily conclude that we should spent most of our resource for optimization on frontend. Web is all about measurement and perception and we should know how to balance between these two. If our site loads quickly but our user hate the experience of the way our site loads then we have not actually won. Then the user will start hating us more because may we are loading bizarre content first. So we need to properly balance measurement and perception.\n\nWe need to focus on improving the efficiency, speed, memory. We need to focus on how well its doing its job the way it was supposed to do. It doesn’t matter that site loads in 6 seconds but what matters is how much bandwidth it takes to load. Measure your website performance, benchmark it and find out where we need optimization and work on it to make it better.\n\nOptimization is all about critical versus non critical. In our software we can find out which part needs optimization and which didn’t. I will state another quote from Donald Knuth\n\n*Programmers waste enormous amount of time … worrying about the speed of noncritical parts of their programs… we should forget about small efficiencies, say about 97% of the time … Yet we should not pass up our opportunities in that critical 3%*\n\nNon critical optimization or optimization done wrongly is the root of all evil. [This article](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/gg622887.aspx?ranMID=24542&ranEAID=TnL5HPStwNw&ranSiteID=TnL5HPStwNw-SKqzVvITqvXuDUfoCsUvsA&tduid=(752443d0ed95b99f089f43ccd9e3232c)(256380)(2459594)(TnL5HPStwNw-SKqzVvITqvXuDUfoCsUvsA)()) focuses on mature optimization. Most of the frontend optimization happens in the middle-end (term coined by kyle simpson) which is url routing, templating, headers, caching, ajax, etc. and optimizing middle-end is all about focussing on YSlow, resources (Images, CSS/JS), architecture, communication.\n\n**YSlow:**\n\n    1. Fewer HTTP Requests\n    2. Use a CDN\n    3. Expires/Cache-control Header\n    4. Gzip\n    5. Stylesheets at top\n    6. Scripts at bottom\n    7. Avoid CSS Expressions\n    8. External CSS/JS\n    9. Fewer DNS lookups\n    10. Minify JS/CSS\n    11. Avoid Redirects\n    12. Avoid Duplicate Scripts\n    13. ETags\n    14. Cacheable Ajax\nDon’t use Expires/Cache-control header and ETags both at the same time, you will end up putting extra headers. Some useful tips on fewer HTTP requests are below:\n\n## Fewer HTTP Requests:-\n\n### Image Sprites\nCombine all images into one and optimize it. Remember horizontal sprites are more performant than vertical sprites because CPU takes more time to process vertical sprites.\nConcat JS/CSS – Concatenate (combine all files into one) JS and CSS\nGZip – gzip your content. Test if gzipping is done correct or not.\nThis article contains detailed description about all the above rules.\n\n## Resources:\n\n### Image\nCompress(lossless) images and sprite it.\n### Minification\nMinify your JS and CSS files. You can use google closure compiler for the same. This article has the list of tools for concatenating and minifying CSS and JS files based on the development environment.\n\n## Architecture:\nThe architectural approach should be like doing the least amount of work for making something visible on the page. Single Page Architecture (SPA) is performant for web applications as it reduces round trips to the server. Take an example of gmail which is a huge single page application, it has lots of data but its performant.\n\n## Communication:\n### JSON \nWhen it comes to data transfer, JSON size should be optimal. Don’t put duplicate entries, don’t put data which can be easily derived with the help of existing properties. If you put redundant data, it will increase the JSON size and will take more time for transfer.\n### Web Sockets and Ajax\nUse web sockets  over Ajax. Ajax requests are heavier because on every connection it uses extra resources like HTTP packets over the wire, server side resources, connection resources. On the other hand web sockets connection happens only once in the request response cycle. There are 1600 overhead bytes in the request response cycle, so why you want these bytes again and again by using ajax.\n\nThat was all about middle-end optimization. There is some useful information that I want to share:\n\n* Preloading Images - Preload your content by using the below code:\n~~~~\n<link rel=\"prefetch\" href=\"image.jpg\">\n~~~~\n~~~~\n<script>\n  var img = new Image();\n  img.src = \"image.jpg\";\n</script>\n~~~~\n\n* Lazy load - (On demand loading or post loading)\nUse script loaders like LABjs or you can do the following:\n~~~~\nfunction scriptLoaded(){\n  //done\n}\n~~~~\n~~~~\nvar script = document.createElement(\"script\");\nscript.src = \"abc.js\";\ndocument.head.appendChild(script);\n~~~~\n~~~~\nscript.onload = scriptLoaded; // not supported in some browsers so have to use onreadystatechange\n~~~~\n~~~~\nscript.onreadystatechange = function(){\n  if(script.readyState === \"loaded\" || script.readyState === \"complete\")   {\n    scriptLoaded();\n  }\n}\n~~~~\n* Reduce abstractions in your JavaScript code.\n* Use CSS animation over JS animations.\n* Use websites like jsperf to test performance of your JS code.\n* Do every UI operation in less than 100 ms because user can perceive an action which takes more than 100 ms. According to research if an action(on button click etc.) takes more than 100 ms then user can treat it as a slow operation. Perceived performance matters.\nThere are lot of things you need to focus when it comes to optimizing web application. I listed some of them, hope it helps.\n\n\n<br /><hr/><em>Posted on <a href=\"https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@tarunchaudhary/web-performance-done-right\">Utopian.io -  Rewarding Open Source Contributors</a></em><hr/>",
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      "body": "Hey guys\n\nOn 22 Jan 2018 facebook announced a new time unit called flick which is \n\n1 flick = 1/705,600,000 seconds = 1.417 nanoseconds\n\nNow you must be wondering how they derived it. So while doing experiments with VR and Oculus, Christopher posted [this](https://www.facebook.com/christopher.horvath.395/posts/1157292757692660) in late 2016.  \nSo to start they looked at the video frame rates and audio sampling rates :\n\nCommon Video frame rate:-\n24 Hz, 25 Hz, 30 Hz, 48 Hz, 50 Hz, 60 Hz, 90 Hz, 100 Hz, 120 Hz\n\nSo common video frame rates in sample per second will be with 1/1000 subdivision:\n24000, 25000, 30000, 48000, 50000, 60000, 90000, 100000, 120000\n\nand\n\nCommon Audio sampling rates in samples per second (1 kHz = 1000Hz):\n8 kHz, 16 kHz, 22.05 kHz, 24 kHz, 32 kHz, 44.1 kHz, 48 kHz, 88.2 kHz, 96 kHz, 192 kHz\n\nSo we can write these audio sampling rates as\n8000, 16000, 22050, 24000, 32000, 44100, 48000, 88200, 96000, 192000\n\nNow they wanted a smallest frequency that can evenly divide all of this. What can be that number?\nQuick answer can be achieved by brute force which will be 705,600,000 or it can be solved through number theory as well. \n\nFirst of all let's write down all the numbers (video frame rates and audio sampling rates)\n24000, 25000, 30000, 48000, 50000, 60000, 90000, 100000, 120000,\n8000, 16000, 22050, 24000, 32000, 44100, 48000, 88200, 96000, 192000\n\nSo if we have to find a number which can evenly divide all of these , we have to calculate LCM (Least common multiple). We can simplify the calculation by eliminating smaller number that is a factor of large number.\nFor Eg:-\n192000 has factors 8000, 16000, 24000, 32000, 48000, 96000 \n88200 has factors 22050, 44100\n120000 has factors 30000, 60000\n100000 has factors 25000, 50000\n\nWe can eliminate these smaller numbers because least common multiple will be at least as large as this largest number. So, we are left with 192000, 88200, 120000, 100000, 90000. Prime factorisation of these numbers will be:\n\n192000 = 2<sup>9</sup> x 3 x 5<sup>3</sup>\n\n88200 = 2<sup>3</sup> x 3<sup>2</sup> x 5<sup>2</sup> x 7<sup>2</sup>\n\n120000 = 2<sup>6</sup> x 3 x 5<sup>4</sup>\n\n100000 = 2<sup>5</sup> x 5<sup>5</sup>\n\n90000   = 2<sup>4</sup> x 3<sup>2</sup> x 5<sup>4</sup>\n\nNow we take highest power of each prime in order to calculate LCM \n2<sup>9</sup> x 3<sup>2</sup> x 5<sup>5</sup> x 7<sup>2</sup> = 705,600,000\n\nand this is the number of flicks we want in 1 second\n1 flick = 1/705600000 second ~1.417 nanoseconds\n\nSo we can convert frame rates to flicks and it will be an integer number.\n\nSource:-  [Blog](https://mindyourdecisions.com/blog/2018/01/25/why-did-facebook-invent-a-new-unit-of-time-the-flick-explained-with-math/)\n\nExplanation:- [Github](https://github.com/OculusVR/Flicks)",
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