{
  "block": 57461220,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "permlink": "caudillismo-in-latin-america",
      "voter": "azishartadi",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2021-09-22T02:10:33",
  "trx_id": "82c7c1c83adf9f4a75d6e334eac0d1e1f353cdcd",
  "trx_in_block": 15,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 43200973,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "srebon",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "1953.311140 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-05-08T16:01:51",
  "trx_id": "a52eb85f541dbfec6e3ab6486c039cb96a9d9f7b",
  "trx_in_block": 27,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 40032926,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "srebon",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "9826.441022 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-01-18T09:58:15",
  "trx_id": "b26343148427ae8699a1bfb5dc5652e87ca8a8ba",
  "trx_in_block": 13,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 38017456,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "body": "Congratulations @srebon! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@srebon/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@srebon) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=srebon)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemfest/@steemitboard/steemfest-meet-the-stemians-contest-the-mysterious-rule-revealed\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmasWw4jQHwxng82DKxY6Q6tVg9mWcto4xcDURs8knFgCa/image.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemfest/@steemitboard/steemfest-meet-the-stemians-contest-the-mysterious-rule-revealed\">SteemFest Meet The Stemians Contest - The mysterious rule revealed</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemfest/@steemitboard/steemfest-meet-the-steemians-contest\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmasWw4jQHwxng82DKxY6Q6tVg9mWcto4xcDURs8knFgCa/image.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemfest/@steemitboard/steemfest-meet-the-steemians-contest\">SteemFest⁴  - Meet the Steemians Contest</a></td></tr></table>\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}",
      "parent_author": "srebon",
      "parent_permlink": "caudillismo-in-latin-america",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-srebon-20191109t071517000z",
      "title": ""
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-11-09T07:15:18",
  "trx_id": "b88363ebe3ea311a73a4d8c8f2df220e047bf95d",
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 30432144,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "srebon",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "10022.977967 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-02-17T17:12:15",
  "trx_id": "a86e31e36408027471956868d7309c1228c100b2",
  "trx_in_block": 35,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 29946770,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "srebon",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "30098.578710 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-01-31T20:22:42",
  "trx_id": "53827c8cbd2a675c451c04b8a4d90290bc08a4ad",
  "trx_in_block": 20,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 28131299,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "steemcleaner",
      "body": "!cheetah ban\nFailed ID Verification",
      "json_metadata": "{\"app\":\"steemcleaners/0.3\",\"format\":\"markdown+html\",\"community\":\"steemcleaners\"}",
      "parent_author": "srebon",
      "parent_permlink": "caudillismo-in-latin-america",
      "permlink": "re-srebon-caudillismo-in-latin-america-20181129t181925385z",
      "title": ""
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-29T18:19:27",
  "trx_id": "50a139e8a775fdd00d42618a3caf6e5d86f677df",
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27980598,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "steemcleaners",
      "body": "Hello, \n\nWe have contacted you on your Twitter to verify the authorship of your Steemit blog but we have received no response yet. We would be grateful if you could, please, respond to us via Twitter. \n\nhttps://twitter.com/steemcleaners/status/1064617675593318400\n\nPlease note I am a volunteer that works to ensure that plagiarised content does not get rewarded. I have no way to remove any content from steemit.com.\n\nThank you",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"history\"],\"links\":[\"https://twitter.com/steemcleaners/status/1064617675593318400\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\"}",
      "parent_author": "srebon",
      "parent_permlink": "caudillismo-in-latin-america",
      "permlink": "re-srebon-caudillismo-in-latin-america-20181124t124054883z",
      "title": ""
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-24T12:40:57",
  "trx_id": "c8c69a0f867a0cdf1a7ceb122b3c8ba1d22b3c11",
  "trx_in_block": 6,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27810518,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "permlink": "caudillismo-in-latin-america",
      "voter": "sensation",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-18T14:53:15",
  "trx_id": "1780ccc0b12cfdb0b263b61941c780dee4798eab",
  "trx_in_block": 9,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27809215,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "rizkianjasmara26",
      "permlink": "peanut-sauce-typical-indonesian-food-marinade-wheat-flour-soup-leaf-water-salt-masako-peanuts-chili",
      "voter": "srebon",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-18T13:48:00",
  "trx_id": "e5752d5ad2cc812fcbe79c48c6d2ae4acd454d10",
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27809196,
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"srebon\",\"following\":\"rizkianjasmara26\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]",
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "srebon"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-18T13:47:03",
  "trx_id": "16bd1f8e178d629545072234aa5b15e016986865",
  "trx_in_block": 7,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27808822,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "permlink": "caudillismo-in-latin-america",
      "voter": "rizkianjasmara26",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-18T13:28:21",
  "trx_id": "816ce666e5146e5948ac34ea33541851f989a6fd",
  "trx_in_block": 25,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27808817,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "minibot",
      "body": "This post has been upvoted for free by @minibot with 5%! \n Get better upvotes by bidding on me.\nMore profits? 100% Payout! Delegate some SteemPower to @minibot:  [1 SP](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/delegateVestingShares?delegator=&delegatee=minibot&vesting_shares=2049%20VESTS), [5 SP](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/delegateVestingShares?delegator=&delegatee=minibot&vesting_shares=10245%20VESTS), [10 SP](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/delegateVestingShares?delegator=&delegatee=minibot&vesting_shares=20489%20VESTS), [custom amount](https://steembottracker.com/delegation.html)\nYou like to bet and win 20x your bid? Have a look at @gtw and [this description](https://steemit.com/guessthewitness/@isnochys/guess-the-witness-steemdice-for-witnesses)!",
      "json_metadata": "",
      "parent_author": "srebon",
      "parent_permlink": "caudillismo-in-latin-america",
      "permlink": "re-caudillismo-in-latin-america-20181118t132802",
      "title": ""
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-18T13:28:06",
  "trx_id": "067b5e114b9277bce32a10f23cff643c7f778d57",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27808815,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "permlink": "caudillismo-in-latin-america",
      "voter": "minibot",
      "weight": 500
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-18T13:28:00",
  "trx_id": "a85e36e6dfff4261c6a15d8d3277ed7020012fdb",
  "trx_in_block": 8,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27808784,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "body": "__The phenomenon of Latin American Caudillismo in the 19th century__\n\n ... and that persists in the 21st century\n\nby _Susana Rebon López_\n\n![Caudillismo en Latinoamérica.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZ8wMn9ZbvFgoDyiXdW9hFqNFX2H1cFkY6fVGQcA1Dy3u/Caudillismo%20en%20Latinoam%C3%A9rica.jpg)\n\nThe process of Independence is one of the essential factors that led to the appearance of the __caudillo__ as a figure of power. The vacuum of authority in vast geographical regions, such as the llanos of Venezuela and the pampas of Argentina, led to the increase of the banditry which took shape in impunity. The members of these bands, being skilled with weapons, especially rude and cruel, and connoisseurs of the country, in the crucial moments of the struggles of independence, were captured to their ranks by both sides in  conflict. In some cases they were peons of the large farm or haciendas who, because of the disorder, had lost their masters, others were simply adventurers or fugitive slaves, there were also defectors of war.  In any case, they were people who were living in a extremely hostile environment, to which only survived in a group, and who, with their peculiar form of organization, offered a solution of order to the chaos of the moment. \n\nA group of these characteristics always requires a leader, and in this case, leadership was characterized by strength, courage, audacity, a strong will and fear that they were capable of instilling in their followers.  They were charismatic leaders by nature, and being illiterate people grown in very narrow contact with the nature, their decisions were made more intuitively than rational. They were telluric and visceral personalities, accommodated only to his will, or to the will of a stronger one. They were beings handed to passions, fond of women, the game of roosters and the bets, born seducers. The cities and their way of life adapted to the citizen norms were unknown to them. They lived and died practically in the same place where they were born. \n\nIn _Venezuela_ came out of this way as caudillo José Antonio Páez, and in _Argentina_ we have Facundo Quiroga. In _Mexico_ emerges Santa Anna, who in this case comes from the regular army, and is the son of a lawyer and colonial official. So we can pose as a possible hypothesis, that more than a matter of upbringing, or geographical determinism, it was a matter of willing and indomitable personality, conditioned and valued by the circumstances of the war, and that in conditions of peace, most of them, it would only be in the best of cases, social misfits reluctant to any form of authority, or in a extreme case, very effective criminals.  \n\n![Antonio_López_de_Santa_Anna,_siglo_XIX,_óleo_sobre_tela.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNyBQfDjFGHLYvfSJGhAw1WeSQ66K38QYbbysvo9pCEXA/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna,_siglo_XIX,_%C3%B3leo_sobre_tela.png)\n\n__Antonio López de Santa Anna__ [a]\n\nIn his _Autobiografía_, José Antonio Páez tells us:\n\n_\"Such was the life of those men. (...) The ringing of the bell that reminded them of religious duties never came to their ears, and they lived and died as men who had no other destiny than to fight with the elements and beasts, and their ambition was limited to one day to be foreman in the same point where he had previously served in peon class.\"_ [1]\n\nThey were men especially gifted physically to be able to resist and impose themselves in such a hostile environment. They copied somehow the ways of the beasts with which they shared the environment. The nicknames would refer to these. We have Páez called him the _Tigre de Payara_, and Facundo the _Tigre de Los Llanos_, titles always won in actions of extreme violence, whether against the beasts or against enemies of any kind, personal or political. \n\n![Facundo_Quiroga_por_Fermepin.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSAtapdk7JeYiVUmDRFD4CtZ2CznRQWyPN21BcYDKRPFw/Facundo_Quiroga_por_Fermepin.jpg)\n\n__Facundo Quiroga__  [b]\n\nFacundo is described to us by Sarmiento:\n\n_\"His black eyes, full of fire and shaded by crowded eyebrows, caused an involuntary sensation of terror in those upon whom, some time, they were fixed; because Facundo never looked at the front, and by habit, for art, for the desire of becoming fearsome, had his head usually bowed and looked through his eyebrows (...) \"_ [2]\n\nHowever, contrary to what one might think, they valued their way of life above what they assumed to be the way of life of the citizens, which they perceived as weak, since many of these leaders only came to know them in the years , when gained Independence served as support to _hacendados_ and _estancieros_, who entering into politics wanted to assert their position against the city, or as in the case of Páez and Facundo, when already generals directly assume positions of government, national and provincial.\n\n![José_Antonio_Páez,_1828 Completo.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZXrxM5WaoefgcZDqTf9YUkN5RVrxRRmmdC3yeWwBaYR4/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez,_1828%20Completo.jpg)\n\nJosé Antonio Páez [c]\n\nThe perception of Páez is eloquent:\n\n_\"The struggle of man with wild beasts -which are nothing more than horses and wild bulls- is a constant struggle in which life escapes as of miracle, a struggle that tests the bodily forces, and which needs an unlimited moral resistance, much stoicism (...); That struggle, I say, had to be and was a terrible ordeal. (...) This was the gym where I acquired the athletic sturdiness that was very useful to me many times later, and that even today many men envy me in the vigor and strength of their years. My body, by force of blows, became of iron, and my soul acquired, with the adversities in the first years, that temper that the most careful education could hardly have been able to give it.\"_ [3]\n\nThose who looked like this, could hardly do anything but impose their forms on a community, once they have the power to do so. The confrontation between the values of the countryside and the city in the formation of the new nations is inevitable. Once the power granted by the victory in the War of Independence is in the hands of the caudillos, it will hardly yield to the politicians of the cities, or it can be subtracted to them by the civil power, although the reason bases the actions of these last. And it could not be otherwise. Their actions are dictated by irrationality based on terror and their own ignorance and the majority of the population.\n\n_\"Facundo is a type of primitive barbarism: he did not know the subjection of any kind, his anger was that of the beasts (...) In the inability to handle the springs of civil government, he put terror as a record to replace patriotism and abnegation; ignorant, surrounded by mysteries and becoming impenetrable, using a natural sagacity, an uncommon ability to observe and the credulity of the plebe, pretended a prescience of events that gave him prestige and reputation among vulgar people.\"_ [4]\n\nThey embrace any political tendency, they can either support federalism or centralism as forms of government to be implemented, the one that favors them more personally, and they change their position when it is unfavorable to them; in any case there is no other support in their decisions. However, in almost all cases, if the city imposed the centralist regime, the regions rebelled because they did not feel represented in the decisions taken from the central power and therefore demanded that the government be the federal one. In the case that the city advocated a federal government, the regional caudillos wanted to impose their position on each other, the federal government being unable to reconcile the positions found, so that the strongest __caudillo__ ventured into the city to impose its policy, which generally preclaimed itself to be federalist in use, the action was typical of a central government.\n\nIn short, the regime that managed to impose itself in the first years of life of the independent nations was the central conservative republican government, which after new fights would give way to federal governments of liberal type.\n\nOnce they assume power, by force and terror, the caudillos take possession of the communal goods, monopolizing in their hands the main sources of economic wealth of the region that is under their government until decimate them in the majority of cases, which gave them the necessary goods to undertake the campaigns to gain power at the national level. Then, at the slightest excuse of warlike action they might undertake, the work of government delegates them to the most affectionate subordinate. They were men of war. \n\nThe network of relations that supported the power of the caudillos was established based on the friendship and compadrazgo between the leaders. They must know personally the individual in which they delegate. And their adherence had to be unconditional, at the risk of losing personal wealth and life in case they disagree. \n\nLocal and provincial caudillos are the basis of the power of the  national caudillo within a pyramid organization. With subordinates, the relationship is from employer to client. In Venezuela this relation derives from the one that has from the colony the hacendado and the peon, in Argentina between the estanciero and the gaucho. The patron protects and rewards the client according to their work and at the cost of a total adhesion. The caudillo rewards with lands or official positions to be preyed upon. It depends on the moment. \n\nAfter the Wars of Independence the institutions of civic government have disappeared or they do not have the force to impose the norm, for which reason the _caudillo_ is called. That is in essence its function.  In the face of chaos the autocratic order that would help to form the new national states is less evil.\n\n_\"In taking power the caudillo usually followed a dual process: first he exercised informal authority and then actually took office as supreme executive, whether president o governor. But office did not replace a caudillo´s power or become a substitute for his authority: it simply confirmed his position and reinforced his original capacity to take decisions and impose order, a capacity which he had won by his personal qualifications, his response to war, and his reaction to politics.\"_ [5]\n\nThe civil power would come later in Latin America, at the cost of  a vital sacrifice and patience of the people, however their permanence has not been stable. There are still states in Latin America that, although they call themselves democratic, are led by de facto national militarism.\n\n\n\n__REFERENCES__\n\n[1] José Antonio Páez, \"Autobiografía\", Caracas, PDVSA, 1989. p.38. \n\n_«Tal era la vida de aquellos hombres. (…) Jamás llegaba a sus oídos el tañido de la campana que recuerda los deberes religiosos, y vivían y morían como hombres a quienes no cupo otro destino que luchar con los elementos y las fieras, limitándose su ambición a llegar un día a ser capataz en el mismo punto donde había servido antes en clase de peón»._\n\n[2] Domingo F. Sarmiento,  Facundo. Capítulo 5, Vida de Juan Facundo Quiroga. \nhttp://www.cervantesvirtual.com                                       \n\n_«Sus ojos negros, llenos de fuego y sombreados por pobladas cejas, causaban una sensación involuntaria de terror en aquellos sobre quienes, alguna vez, llegaban a fijarse; porque Facundo no miraba nunca de frente, y por hábito, por arte, por  deseo de  hacerse  temible, tenía  de ordinario  la cabeza  inclinada y  miraba  por  entre  las cejas (...)»_\n\n[3]José Antonio Páez, Autobiografía, Caracas, PDVSA, 1989. p.38. \n\n_«La lucha del hombre con las fieras –que no son otra cosa los caballos y los toros salvajes- lucha incesante en que la vida escapa como de milagro, lucha que pone a prueba las fuerzas corporales, y que necesita una resistencia moral ilimitada, mucho estoicismo. (…); esa lucha, digo, debía ser y era durísima prueba. (…)Este fue el gimnasio donde adquirí la robustez atlética que tantas veces me fue utilísima después, y que aún hoy me envidian muchos hombres en el vigor y fuerza de sus años. Mi cuerpo, a fuerza de golpes, se volvió de hierro, y mi alma adquirió, con las adversidades en los primeros años, ese temple que la educación más esmerada difícilmente habría podido darle»._\n\n[4] Domingo F. Sarmiento,  Facundo. Capítulo 5, Vida de Juan Facundo Quiroga. \nhttp://www.cervantesvirtual.com                               \n\n_«Facundo es un tipo de la barbarie primitiva: no conoció la sujeción de ningún género; su cólera era la de las fieras. (…) En la incapacidad de manejar los resortes del gobierno civil, ponía el terror como expediente para suplir el patriotismo y la abnegación; ignorante, rodeábase de misterios y haciéndose impenetrable, valiéndose de una sagacidad natural, una capacidad de observación nada común y de la credulidad del vulgo, fingía una presciencia de los acontecimientos que le daba prestigio y reputación entre las gentes vulgares»._  \n\n[5] John Lynch, Caudillos in Spanish America. (1800-1850), Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1992, p. 411.\n\n\n__BIBLIOGRPHIC SOURCES__\n\nHALPERING DONGHI, Tulio,\nHistoria Contemporánea de América Latina,\nMadrid, Alianza Editorial, 1972.\n\nLYNCH, John,\nCaudillos in Spanish America. 1800-1850,\nOxford, Clarendon Press, 1992.\n\nPÁEZ, José Antonio,\nAutobiografía,\nCaracas, PDVSA, 1989.\n\n\n__DIGITAL SOURCES__\n\nhttp://www.ancmyp.org.ar/user/files/Presidencialismo1.pdf\nDardo Pérez Guilhou\nPresidencialismo, caudillismo y populismo.\n\nhttp://www.cervantesvirtual.com\nDomingo F. Sarmiento,  Facundo. Capítulo 5, Vida de Juan Facundo Quiroga.  Capítulo 6, La Rioja. Capítulo 7, Ensayos.\n\nhttp://www.pbs.org\nAntonio López de Santa Anna.\n\n\nIMAGES\n\na.- Antonio López de Santa Anna |  https://goo.gl/dRqRhx\nb.- Facundo Quiroga  |  https://goo.gl/5pHTeG\nc.- José Antonio Páez | https://goo.gl/GZ4GuE",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"history\",\"america\",\"politics\",\"hispanic\",\"business\"],\"image\":[\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZ8wMn9ZbvFgoDyiXdW9hFqNFX2H1cFkY6fVGQcA1Dy3u/Caudillismo%20en%20Latinoam%C3%A9rica.jpg\",\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNyBQfDjFGHLYvfSJGhAw1WeSQ66K38QYbbysvo9pCEXA/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna,_siglo_XIX,_%C3%B3leo_sobre_tela.png\",\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSAtapdk7JeYiVUmDRFD4CtZ2CznRQWyPN21BcYDKRPFw/Facundo_Quiroga_por_Fermepin.jpg\",\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZXrxM5WaoefgcZDqTf9YUkN5RVrxRRmmdC3yeWwBaYR4/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez,_1828%20Completo.jpg\"],\"links\":[\"http://www.cervantesvirtual.com\",\"http://www.ancmyp.org.ar/user/files/Presidencialismo1.pdf\",\"http://www.pbs.org\",\"https://goo.gl/dRqRhx\",\"https://goo.gl/5pHTeG\",\"https://goo.gl/GZ4GuE\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "history",
      "permlink": "caudillismo-in-latin-america",
      "title": "Caudillismo in Latin America"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-18T13:26:27",
  "trx_id": "44378a7eeaba16885f3c099746f6f1250ffe6bd7",
  "trx_in_block": 5,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27779103,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "body": "This essay is mine. It was published by another person who indicates that I am the essay author.",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"historia\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\"}",
      "parent_author": "cheetah",
      "parent_permlink": "cheetah-re-sreboncaudillismo-en-latinoamerica",
      "permlink": "re-cheetah-cheetah-re-sreboncaudillismo-en-latinoamerica-20181117t124154231z",
      "title": ""
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-17T12:42:06",
  "trx_id": "7baf5676230e1b7744115be52f32c64efa60ca61",
  "trx_in_block": 8,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27778919,
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"srebon\",\"following\":\"sezenke\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]",
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "srebon"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-17T12:32:54",
  "trx_id": "8ca3281e93640ad28c846956ab67abdac071ad7b",
  "trx_in_block": 10,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27757856,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "council",
      "permlink": "council-upvoting-authors-with-good-content--sponsored-by-yehey--witness---11162018-120012-reports",
      "voter": "srebon",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-16T18:58:57",
  "trx_id": "87f52d250eedfb90999cc7833e610f42451ee022",
  "trx_in_block": 5,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27757847,
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"srebon\",\"following\":\"council\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]",
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "srebon"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-16T18:58:30",
  "trx_id": "b5dc8f3449f9a8a05f36ff1d02abff2dbb437b7d",
  "trx_in_block": 12,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27757790,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "permlink": "caudillismo-en-latinoamerica",
      "voter": "sensation",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-16T18:55:36",
  "trx_id": "0f46960a82e0b2d3ab72564e8856d778e942f0e8",
  "trx_in_block": 11,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27757298,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "permlink": "caudillismo-en-latinoamerica",
      "voter": "council",
      "weight": 1000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-16T18:31:00",
  "trx_id": "2539baa99a68c43f2b01d2002701c80976f29251",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27757281,
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"srebon\",\"following\":\"cheetah\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]",
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "srebon"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-16T18:30:09",
  "trx_id": "428c1997666f6d62dcc327c8939195db5788fc5f",
  "trx_in_block": 26,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27757249,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "cheetah",
      "permlink": "2018-11-10",
      "voter": "srebon",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-16T18:28:33",
  "trx_id": "a10ffc29de460fcb6427e3f07e40b2afb58b2a14",
  "trx_in_block": 22,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27757154,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "body": "__El fenómeno del Caudillismo Latinoamericano en el siglo XIX \n… y que pervive en el siglo XXI__\n\n![Caudillismo en Latinoamérica.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZ8wMn9ZbvFgoDyiXdW9hFqNFX2H1cFkY6fVGQcA1Dy3u/Caudillismo%20en%20Latinoam%C3%A9rica.jpg)\n\nEl proceso de Independencia es uno de los factores esenciales que provocaron la aparición del caudillo como figura de poder. El vacío de autoridad en vastas regiones geográficas, como los llanos de Venezuela y las pampas de la Argentina, dio lugar al incremento del bandidaje el cual tomó cuerpo en la impunidad. Los miembros de estas bandas, por ser diestros con las armas, especialmente rudos y crueles, y conocedores del país, en los momentos cruciales de las luchas de independencia, fueron captados para sus filas por ambos bandos en pugna. En algunos casos eran peones de hacienda que por razón del desorden reinante habían perdido a sus patrones, en otros eran simplemente aventureros o esclavos fugitivos, también estaban los desertores de la guerra. En todo caso eran personas que se encontraban viviendo en un ambiente sumamente hostil, al cual solo se sobrevivía en grupo, y quienes a la vez con su forma peculiar de organización, ofrecieron una solución de orden frente al caos del momento. \n\nUn grupo de estas características siempre requiere de un líder y en este caso el liderazgo estaba caracterizado por la fuerza, la valentía, la audacia, una voluntad férrea y el temor que eran capaces de infundir en sus seguidores. Eran líderes carismáticos por naturaleza, y al ser personas iletradas, crecidas en estrechísimo contacto con la naturaleza, sus decisiones eran tomadas más en forma intuitiva que racional. Eran personalidades telúricas y viscerales, acomodadas sólo a su voluntad, o a la de otro más fuerte. Eran seres entregados a las pasiones, aficionados a las mujeres, al juego de gallos y a las apuestas, seductores natos. Las ciudades y su modo de vida acomodado a las normas ciudadanas les eran desconocidas. Vivían y morían prácticamente en el mismo lugar en que nacían. \n\nEn Venezuela surgió de este modo como caudillo José Antonio Páez, y en Argentina tenemos a Facundo Quiroga. En México emerge Santa Anna, que en este caso proviene del ejército regular, y es hijo de un abogado y funcionario colonial, sin embargo su personalidad encaja perfectamente en lo descrito anteriormente, por lo que podemos plantear como posible hipótesis, que más que un asunto de crianza, o de determinismo geográfico, era un asunto de personalidad de por sí voluntariosa e indomable, condicionada y valorada por las circunstancias de la guerra, y que en condiciones de paz, la mayoría de ellos, sólo pasarían por ser en el mejor de los casos unos inadaptados sociales renuentes a cualquier forma de autoridad, o en el extremo unos delincuentes muy efectivos. \n   \n![Antonio_López_de_Santa_Anna,_siglo_XIX,_óleo_sobre_tela.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNyBQfDjFGHLYvfSJGhAw1WeSQ66K38QYbbysvo9pCEXA/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna,_siglo_XIX,_%C3%B3leo_sobre_tela.png)\n\n__Antonio López de Santa Anna__ [a]\n\nEn su Autobiografía, José Antonio Páez nos dice:\n\n_«Tal era la vida de aquellos hombres. … Jamás llegaba a sus oídos el tañido de la campana que recuerda los deberes religiosos, y vivían y morían como hombres a quienes no cupo otro destino que luchar con los elementos y las fieras, limitándose su ambición a llegar un día a ser capataz en el mismo punto donde había servido antes en clase de peón»._[1]\n\nEran hombres especialmente dotados físicamente para poder resistir e imponerse en ambiente tan hostil. Copiaban de alguna forma las maneras de las fieras con las que compartían el entorno. Los apodos los referirían a estas. Tenemos que a Páez lo llamaban el Tigre de Payara, y a Facundo el Tigre de los Llanos, títulos ganados siempre en acciones de suma violencia, ya fuera contra las fieras o contra los enemigos de cualquier índole, personal o política.\n\n![Facundo_Quiroga_por_Fermepin.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSAtapdk7JeYiVUmDRFD4CtZ2CznRQWyPN21BcYDKRPFw/Facundo_Quiroga_por_Fermepin.jpg)\n\n__Facundo Quiroga__ [b]\n\nA Facundo nos lo describe Sarmiento: \n\n_«Sus ojos negros, llenos de fuego y sombreados por pobladas cejas, causaban una sensación involuntaria de terror en aquellos sobre quienes, alguna vez, llegaban a fijarse; porque Facundo no miraba nunca de frente, y por hábito, por arte, por  deseo de  hacerse  temible, tenía  de ordinario  la cabeza  inclinada y  miraba  por  entre  las cejas...»_  [2]\n\nSin embargo, contrario a lo que se pudiera pensar, valoraban su forma de vida por encima de la que suponían que era la forma de vida ciudadana, a la cual percibían como débil, pues muchos de estos caudillos solo la llegaron a conocer entrados los años, cuando ganada la Independencia sirvieron de apoyo a hacendados y estancieros, que incursionando en la política querían hacer valer su posición frente a los citadinos, o como en el caso de Páez y de Facundo, cuando ya generales asumen directamente posiciones de gobierno, nacional y provincial.\n\n![José_Antonio_Páez,_1828 Completo.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZXrxM5WaoefgcZDqTf9YUkN5RVrxRRmmdC3yeWwBaYR4/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez,_1828%20Completo.jpg)\n\n__José Antonio Páez__  [c]\n\nLa percepción de Páez es elocuente:\n\n_«La lucha del hombre con las fieras –que no son otra cosa los caballos y los toros salvajes- lucha incesante en que la vida escapa como de milagro, lucha que pone a prueba las fuerzas corporales, y que necesita una resistencia moral ilimitada, mucho estoicismo…; esa lucha, digo, debía ser y era durísima prueba. … Este fue el gimnasio donde adquirí la robustez atlética que tantas veces me fue utilísima después, y que aún hoy me envidian muchos hombres en el vigor y fuerza de sus años. Mi cuerpo, a fuerza de golpes, se volvió de hierro, y mi alma adquirió, con las adversidades en los primeros años, ese temple que la educación más esmerada difícilmente habría podido darle»._ [3]\n\nQuienes así se veían, difícilmente podrían hacer otra cosa que imponer sus formas a una comunidad, una vez que tienen el poder de hacerlo. El enfrentamiento entre los valores del campo y de la ciudad en la formación de las nuevas naciones es inevitable. Una vez que el poder otorgado por la victoria en la Guerra de Independencia está en manos de los caudillos, difícilmente lo cederán a los políticos de las ciudades, o les podrá ser sustraído por el poder civil, por más que la razón fundamente las acciones de estos últimos. Y no podría ser de otra forma. Sus acciones son dictadas por la irracionalidad sustentada en el terror y en su propia ignorancia y en de la mayoría de la población.\n\n_«Facundo es un tipo de la barbarie primitiva: no conoció la sujeción de ningún género; su cólera era la de las fieras. (…) En la incapacidad de manejar los resortes del gobierno civil, ponía el terror como expediente para suplir el patriotismo y la abnegación; ignorante, rodeábase de misterios y haciéndose impenetrable, valiéndose de una sagacidad natural, una capacidad de observación nada común y de la credulidad del vulgo, fingía una presciencia de los acontecimientos que le daba prestigio y reputación entre las gentes vulgares»._  [4]\n\nAbrazan cualquier tendencia política, bien pueden apoyar el federalismo o el centralismo como formas de gobierno a implantar, la que más les favorezca en lo personal, y mudan de posición al momento en que les es desfavorable; en todo caso no hay otro sustento en sus decisiones. Sin embargo en casi todos los casos, si la ciudad imponía el régimen centralista, las regiones se rebelaban porque no se sentían representadas en las decisiones tomadas desde el poder central y en consecuencia exigieron que el gobierno fuera el federal. En el caso que la ciudad abogaba por un gobierno federal, los caudillos regionales querían imponer cada uno su posición a los demás, siendo el gobierno federal incapaz de hacer conciliar las posiciones encontradas, por lo que el caudillo más fuerte se aventuraba a ir a la ciudad a imponer su política, que por lo general aunque pregonaba ser federalista en el uso, la acción era propia de un gobierno central.\n\nEn definitiva el régimen que logró imponerse en los primeros años de vida de las naciones independientes fué el gobierno central republicano de corte conservador, el cual luego de nuevas luchas daría paso a gobiernos federales de tipo liberal.\n\nUna vez que asumen el poder, por la fuerza y el terror, los caudillos se apropian de los bienes comunales, monopolizando en sus manos las principales fuentes de riqueza económica de la región que está bajo su gobierno hasta diezmarlas en la mayoría de los casos, lo cual les otorgaba los bienes necesarios para emprender las campañas para hacerse con el poder a nivel nacional. Luego, a la menor excusa de acción bélica que pudieran acometer, las labores de gobierno las delegan en el subordinado más afecto. Eran hombres de guerra. \n\nLa red de relaciones que sustentaban el poder de los caudillos se establecía teniendo como base la amistad y el compadrazgo entre los líderes. Debían conocer personalmente al individuo en que delegan. Y su adhesión tenía que ser incondicional, con riesgo de perder la riqueza personal y la vida en caso de que disintieran. \n\nLos caudillos locales y provinciales son la base del poder del caudillo nacional dentro de una organización piramidal. Con sus subordinados la relación es de patrón a cliente. En Venezuela esta relación deriva de la que tienen desde la colonia el hacendado y el peón, en Argentina entre el estanciero y el gaucho. El patrón protege y recompensa al cliente de acuerdo a sus labores y a costa de una total adhesión. El caudillo recompensa con tierras o puestos oficiales que depredar. Depende del momento.\n\nLuego de las Guerras de Independencia las instituciones de gobierno cívico han desaparecido o no tienen la fuerza para imponer la norma, por lo cual se llama al caudillo. Esa es en esencia su función. Frente al caos es mal menor el orden autocrático que ayudaría a formar los nuevos estados nacionales.\n\n_«In taking power the caudillo usually followed a dual process: first he exercised informal authority and then actually took office as supreme executive, whether president o governor. But office did not replace a caudillo´s power or become a substitute for his authority: it simply confirmed his position and reinforced his original capacity to take decisions and impose order, a capacity which he had won by his personal qualifications, his response to war, and his reaction to politics»._ [5]\n\nEl poder civil sobrevendría en Latinoamérica más tarde, a costa de mucho sacrificio vital y paciencia de los pueblos, sin embargo su permanencia no ha sido estable, aún existen estados en Latinoamérica que aunque se autodenominan democráticos, son liderados por caudillos sustentados de facto por el militarismo nacional. \n\nLa sociedad guerrera pervive y sigue enarbolando sus valores de dominación e imposición de políticas personalistas por la fuerza, por encima de los valores de la razón, y de la conciliación y complementación de posiciones diversas, propios de la sociedad civil.\n\n__REFERENCIAS__\n\n[1] José Antonio Páez, \"Autobiografía\", Caracas, PDVSA, 1989. p.38.\n[2] Domingo F. Sarmiento,  Facundo. Capítulo 5, Vida de Juan Facundo Quiroga. | http://www.cervantesvirtual.com\n[3] José Antonio Páez, \"Autobiografía\", Caracas, PDVSA, 1989. p.38.\n[4] Domingo F. Sarmiento,  Facundo. Capítulo 5, Vida de Juan Facundo Quiroga. | http://www.cervantesvirtual.com\n[5] John Lynch, \"Caudillos in Spanish America. 1800-1850\", Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1992, p. 411.\n\n\n__FUENTES BIBLIOGRÁFICAS__\n\nHALPERING DONGHI, Tulio,\nHistoria Contemporánea de América Latina,\nMadrid, Alianza Editorial, 1972.\n\nLYNCH, John,\nCaudillos in Spanish America. 1800-1850,\nOxford, Clarendon Press, 1992.\n\nPÁEZ, José Antonio,\nAutobiografía,\nCaracas, PDVSA, 1989.\n\n\n__FUENTES DIGITALES__\n\nhttp://www.ancmyp.org.ar/user/files/Presidencialismo1.pdf\nDardo Pérez Guilhou\nPresidencialismo, caudillismo y populismo.\n\nhttp://www.cervantesvirtual.com\nDomingo F. Sarmiento,  Facundo. Capítulo 5, Vida de Juan Facundo Quiroga.  Capítulo 6, La Rioja. Capítulo 7, Ensayos.\n\nhttp://www.pbs.org\nAntonio López de Santa Anna\n\n\n__IMÁGENES__\n\n[a] Antonio López de Santa Anna |  https://goo.gl/dRqRhx\n\n[b] Facundo Quiroga | https://goo.gl/5pHTeG\n\n[c] José Antonio Páez | https://goo.gl/GZ4GuE",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"historia\",\"politica\",\"sociologia\",\"latinoamerica\",\"siglo-xix\"],\"image\":[\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZ8wMn9ZbvFgoDyiXdW9hFqNFX2H1cFkY6fVGQcA1Dy3u/Caudillismo%20en%20Latinoam%C3%A9rica.jpg\",\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNyBQfDjFGHLYvfSJGhAw1WeSQ66K38QYbbysvo9pCEXA/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna,_siglo_XIX,_%C3%B3leo_sobre_tela.png\",\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSAtapdk7JeYiVUmDRFD4CtZ2CznRQWyPN21BcYDKRPFw/Facundo_Quiroga_por_Fermepin.jpg\",\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZXrxM5WaoefgcZDqTf9YUkN5RVrxRRmmdC3yeWwBaYR4/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez,_1828%20Completo.jpg\"],\"links\":[\"http://www.cervantesvirtual.com\",\"http://www.ancmyp.org.ar/user/files/Presidencialismo1.pdf\",\"http://www.pbs.org\",\"https://goo.gl/dRqRhx\",\"https://goo.gl/5pHTeG\",\"https://goo.gl/GZ4GuE\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "historia",
      "permlink": "caudillismo-en-latinoamerica",
      "title": "Caudillismo en Latinoamérica"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-16T18:23:48",
  "trx_id": "b673f19f90ffe23f85866e5536db6745db5c137c",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27757105,
  "op": [
    "delete_comment",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "permlink": "re-cheetah-cheetah-re-sreboncaudillismo-en-latinoamerica-20181116t181615301z"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-16T18:21:21",
  "trx_id": "17942dba0281af61db102d63901475054d15c597",
  "trx_in_block": 14,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27757074,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "body": "__El fenómeno del Caudillismo Latinoamericano en el siglo XIX \n… y que pervive en el siglo XXI__\n\n![Caudillismo en Latinoamérica.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZ8wMn9ZbvFgoDyiXdW9hFqNFX2H1cFkY6fVGQcA1Dy3u/Caudillismo%20en%20Latinoam%C3%A9rica.jpg)\n\nEl proceso de Independencia es uno de los factores esenciales que provocaron la aparición del caudillo como figura de poder. El vacío de autoridad en vastas regiones geográficas, como los llanos de Venezuela y las pampas de la Argentina, dio lugar al incremento del bandidaje el cual tomó cuerpo en la impunidad. Los miembros de estas bandas, por ser diestros con las armas, especialmente rudos y crueles, y conocedores del país, en los momentos cruciales de las luchas de independencia, fueron captados para sus filas por ambos bandos en pugna. En algunos casos eran peones de hacienda que por razón del desorden reinante habían perdido a sus patrones, en otros eran simplemente aventureros o esclavos fugitivos, también estaban los desertores de la guerra. En todo caso eran personas que se encontraban viviendo en un ambiente sumamente hostil, al cual solo se sobrevivía en grupo, y quienes a la vez con su forma peculiar de organización, ofrecieron una solución de orden frente al caos del momento. \n\nUn grupo de estas características siempre requiere de un líder y en este caso el liderazgo estaba caracterizado por la fuerza, la valentía, la audacia, una voluntad férrea y el temor que eran capaces de infundir en sus seguidores. Eran líderes carismáticos por naturaleza, y al ser personas iletradas, crecidas en estrechísimo contacto con la naturaleza, sus decisiones eran tomadas más en forma intuitiva que racional. Eran personalidades telúricas y viscerales, acomodadas sólo a su voluntad, o a la de otro más fuerte. Eran seres entregados a las pasiones, aficionados a las mujeres, al juego de gallos y a las apuestas, seductores natos. Las ciudades y su modo de vida acomodado a las normas ciudadanas les eran desconocidas. Vivían y morían prácticamente en el mismo lugar en que nacían. \n\nEn Venezuela surgió de este modo como caudillo José Antonio Páez, y en Argentina tenemos a Facundo Quiroga. En México emerge Santa Anna, que en este caso proviene del ejército regular, y es hijo de un abogado y funcionario colonial, sin embargo su personalidad encaja perfectamente en lo descrito anteriormente, por lo que podemos plantear como posible hipótesis, que más que un asunto de crianza, o de determinismo geográfico, era un asunto de personalidad de por sí voluntariosa e indomable, condicionada y valorada por las circunstancias de la guerra, y que en condiciones de paz, la mayoría de ellos, sólo pasarían por ser en el mejor de los casos unos inadaptados sociales renuentes a cualquier forma de autoridad, o en el extremo unos delincuentes muy efectivos. \n   \n![Antonio_López_de_Santa_Anna,_siglo_XIX,_óleo_sobre_tela.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNyBQfDjFGHLYvfSJGhAw1WeSQ66K38QYbbysvo9pCEXA/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna,_siglo_XIX,_%C3%B3leo_sobre_tela.png)\n\n__Antonio López de Santa Anna__ [a]\n\nEn su Autobiografía, José Antonio Páez nos dice:\n\n_«Tal era la vida de aquellos hombres. … Jamás llegaba a sus oídos el tañido de la campana que recuerda los deberes religiosos, y vivían y morían como hombres a quienes no cupo otro destino que luchar con los elementos y las fieras, limitándose su ambición a llegar un día a ser capataz en el mismo punto donde había servido antes en clase de peón»._[1]\n\nEran hombres especialmente dotados físicamente para poder resistir e imponerse en ambiente tan hostil. Copiaban de alguna forma las maneras de las fieras con las que compartían el entorno. Los apodos los referirían a estas. Tenemos que a Páez lo llamaban el Tigre de Payara, y a Facundo el Tigre de los Llanos, títulos ganados siempre en acciones de suma violencia, ya fuera contra las fieras o contra los enemigos de cualquier índole, personal o política.\n\n![Facundo_Quiroga_por_Fermepin.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSAtapdk7JeYiVUmDRFD4CtZ2CznRQWyPN21BcYDKRPFw/Facundo_Quiroga_por_Fermepin.jpg)\n\n__Facundo Quiroga__ [b]\n\nA Facundo nos lo describe Sarmiento: \n\n_«Sus ojos negros, llenos de fuego y sombreados por pobladas cejas, causaban una sensación involuntaria de terror en aquellos sobre quienes, alguna vez, llegaban a fijarse; porque Facundo no miraba nunca de frente, y por hábito, por arte, por  deseo de  hacerse  temible, tenía  de ordinario  la cabeza  inclinada y  miraba  por  entre  las cejas...»_  [2]\n\nSin embargo, contrario a lo que se pudiera pensar, valoraban su forma de vida por encima de la que suponían que era la forma de vida ciudadana, a la cual percibían como débil, pues muchos de estos caudillos solo la llegaron a conocer entrados los años, cuando ganada la Independencia sirvieron de apoyo a hacendados y estancieros, que incursionando en la política querían hacer valer su posición frente a los citadinos, o como en el caso de Páez y de Facundo, cuando ya generales asumen directamente posiciones de gobierno, nacional y provincial.\n\n![José_Antonio_Páez,_1828 Completo.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZXrxM5WaoefgcZDqTf9YUkN5RVrxRRmmdC3yeWwBaYR4/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez,_1828%20Completo.jpg)\n\n__José Antonio Páez__  [c]\n\nLa percepción de Páez es elocuente:\n\n_«La lucha del hombre con las fieras –que no son otra cosa los caballos y los toros salvajes- lucha incesante en que la vida escapa como de milagro, lucha que pone a prueba las fuerzas corporales, y que necesita una resistencia moral ilimitada, mucho estoicismo…; esa lucha, digo, debía ser y era durísima prueba. … Este fue el gimnasio donde adquirí la robustez atlética que tantas veces me fue utilísima después, y que aún hoy me envidian muchos hombres en el vigor y fuerza de sus años. Mi cuerpo, a fuerza de golpes, se volvió de hierro, y mi alma adquirió, con las adversidades en los primeros años, ese temple que la educación más esmerada difícilmente habría podido darle»._ [3]\n\nQuienes así se veían, difícilmente podrían hacer otra cosa que imponer sus formas a una comunidad, una vez que tienen el poder de hacerlo. El enfrentamiento entre los valores del campo y de la ciudad en la formación de las nuevas naciones es inevitable. Una vez que el poder otorgado por la victoria en la Guerra de Independencia está en manos de los caudillos, difícilmente lo cederán a los políticos de las ciudades, o les podrá ser sustraído por el poder civil, por más que la razón fundamente las acciones de estos últimos. Y no podría ser de otra forma. Sus acciones son dictadas por la irracionalidad sustentada en el terror y en su propia ignorancia y en de la mayoría de la población.\n\n_«Facundo es un tipo de la barbarie primitiva: no conoció la sujeción de ningún género; su cólera era la de las fieras. (…) En la incapacidad de manejar los resortes del gobierno civil, ponía el terror como expediente para suplir el patriotismo y la abnegación; ignorante, rodeábase de misterios y haciéndose impenetrable, valiéndose de una sagacidad natural, una capacidad de observación nada común y de la credulidad del vulgo, fingía una presciencia de los acontecimientos que le daba prestigio y reputación entre las gentes vulgares»._  [4]\n\nAbrazan cualquier tendencia política, bien pueden apoyar el federalismo o el centralismo como formas de gobierno a implantar, la que más les favorezca en lo personal, y mudan de posición al momento en que les es desfavorable; en todo caso no hay otro sustento en sus decisiones. Sin embargo en casi todos los casos, si la ciudad imponía el régimen centralista, las regiones se rebelaban porque no se sentían representadas en las decisiones tomadas desde el poder central y en consecuencia exigieron que el gobierno fuera el federal. En el caso que la ciudad abogaba por un gobierno federal, los caudillos regionales querían imponer cada uno su posición a los demás, siendo el gobierno federal incapaz de hacer conciliar las posiciones encontradas, por lo que el caudillo más fuerte se aventuraba a ir a la ciudad a imponer su política, que por lo general aunque pregonaba ser federalista en el uso, la acción era propia de un gobierno central.\n\nEn definitiva el régimen que logró imponerse en los primeros años de vida de las naciones independientes fué el gobierno central republicano de corte conservador, el cual luego de nuevas luchas daría paso a gobiernos federales de tipo liberal.\n\nUna vez que asumen el poder, por la fuerza y el terror, los caudillos se apropian de los bienes comunales, monopolizando en sus manos las principales fuentes de riqueza económica de la región que está bajo su gobierno hasta diezmarlas en la mayoría de los casos, lo cual les otorgaba los bienes necesarios para emprender las campañas para hacerse con el poder a nivel nacional. Luego, a la menor excusa de acción bélica que pudieran acometer, las labores de gobierno las delegan en el subordinado más afecto. Eran hombres de guerra. \n\nLa red de relaciones que sustentaban el poder de los caudillos se establecía teniendo como base la amistad y el compadrazgo entre los líderes. Debían conocer personalmente al individuo en que delegan. Y su adhesión tenía que ser incondicional, con riesgo de perder la riqueza personal y la vida en caso de que disintieran. \n\nLos caudillos locales y provinciales son la base del poder del caudillo nacional dentro de una organización piramidal. Con sus subordinados la relación es de patrón a cliente. En Venezuela esta relación deriva de la que tienen desde la colonia el hacendado y el peón, en Argentina entre el estanciero y el gaucho. El patrón protege y recompensa al cliente de acuerdo a sus labores y a costa de una total adhesión. El caudillo recompensa con tierras o puestos oficiales que depredar. Depende del momento.\n\nLuego de las Guerras de Independencia las instituciones de gobierno cívico han desaparecido o no tienen la fuerza para imponer la norma, por lo cual se llama al caudillo. Esa es en esencia su función. Frente al caos es mal menor el orden autocrático que ayudaría a formar los nuevos estados nacionales.\n\n_«In taking power the caudillo usually followed a dual process: first he exercised informal authority and then actually took office as supreme executive, whether president o governor. But office did not replace a caudillo´s power or become a substitute for his authority: it simply confirmed his position and reinforced his original capacity to take decisions and impose order, a capacity which he had won by his personal qualifications, his response to war, and his reaction to politics»._ [5]\n\nEl poder civil sobrevendría en Latinoamérica más tarde, a costa de mucho sacrificio vital y paciencia de los pueblos, sin embargo su permanencia no ha sido estable, aún existen estados en Latinoamérica que aunque se autodenominan democráticos, son liderados por caudillos sustentados de facto por el militarismo nacional. \n\nLa sociedad guerrera pervive y sigue enarbolando sus valores de dominación e imposición de políticas personalistas por la fuerza, por encima de los valores de la razón, y de la conciliación y complementación de posiciones diversas, propios de la sociedad civil.\n\n__REFERENCIAS__\n\n[1] José Antonio Páez, \"Autobiografía\", Caracas, PDVSA, 1989. p.38.\n[2] Domingo F. Sarmiento,  Facundo. Capítulo 5, Vida de Juan Facundo Quiroga. | http://www.cervantesvirtual.com\n[3] José Antonio Páez, \"Autobiografía\", Caracas, PDVSA, 1989. p.38.\n[4] Domingo F. Sarmiento,  Facundo. Capítulo 5, Vida de Juan Facundo Quiroga. | http://www.cervantesvirtual.com\n[5] John Lynch, \"Caudillos in Spanish America. 1800-1850\", Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1992, p. 411.\n\n\n__FUENTES BIBLIOGRÁFICAS__\n\nHALPERING DONGHI, Tulio,\nHistoria Contemporánea de América Latina,\nMadrid, Alianza Editorial, 1972.\n\nLYNCH, John,\nCaudillos in Spanish America. 1800-1850,\nOxford, Clarendon Press, 1992.\n\nPÁEZ, José Antonio,\nAutobiografía,\nCaracas, PDVSA, 1989.\n\n\n__FUENTES DIGITALES__\n\nhttp://www.ancmyp.org.ar/user/files/Presidencialismo1.pdf\nDardo Pérez Guilhou\nPresidencialismo, caudillismo y populismo.\n\nhttp://www.cervantesvirtual.com\nDomingo F. Sarmiento,  Facundo. Capítulo 5, Vida de Juan Facundo Quiroga.  Capítulo 6, La Rioja. Capítulo 7, Ensayos.\n\nhttp://www.pbs.org\nAntonio López de Santa Anna\n\n\n__IMÁGENES__\n\n[a] Antonio López de Santa Anna |  https://goo.gl/dRqRhx\n\n[b] Facundo Quiroga | https://goo.gl/5pHTeG\n\n[c] José Antonio Páez | https://goo.gl/GZ4GuE",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"historia\",\"politica\",\"sociologia\",\"latinoamerica\",\"siglo-xix\"],\"image\":[\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZ8wMn9ZbvFgoDyiXdW9hFqNFX2H1cFkY6fVGQcA1Dy3u/Caudillismo%20en%20Latinoam%C3%A9rica.jpg\",\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNyBQfDjFGHLYvfSJGhAw1WeSQ66K38QYbbysvo9pCEXA/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna,_siglo_XIX,_%C3%B3leo_sobre_tela.png\",\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSAtapdk7JeYiVUmDRFD4CtZ2CznRQWyPN21BcYDKRPFw/Facundo_Quiroga_por_Fermepin.jpg\",\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZXrxM5WaoefgcZDqTf9YUkN5RVrxRRmmdC3yeWwBaYR4/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez,_1828%20Completo.jpg\"],\"links\":[\"http://www.cervantesvirtual.com\",\"http://www.ancmyp.org.ar/user/files/Presidencialismo1.pdf\",\"http://www.pbs.org\",\"https://goo.gl/dRqRhx\",\"https://goo.gl/5pHTeG\",\"https://goo.gl/GZ4GuE\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "historia",
      "permlink": "caudillismo-en-latinoamerica",
      "title": "Caudillismo en Latinoamérica; fenómeno político y social."
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-16T18:19:48",
  "trx_id": "77dc6de207964db5685a6aa2f7c520838dc19fcd",
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27757006,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "body": "This is mine too.",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"historia\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\"}",
      "parent_author": "cheetah",
      "parent_permlink": "cheetah-re-sreboncaudillismo-en-latinoamerica",
      "permlink": "re-cheetah-cheetah-re-sreboncaudillismo-en-latinoamerica-20181116t181615301z",
      "title": ""
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-16T18:16:24",
  "trx_id": "3ab1cb576c484c1df73b955a46130daafb23536c",
  "trx_in_block": 17,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27756959,
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "amount": "0.001 SBD",
      "from": "allaz",
      "memo": "Promote your post. Your post will be min. 10  resteemed with over 13000  followers and min. 25  Upvote Different account (5000  STEEM POWER). Your post will be more popular and you will find new friends. Send 0.5 SBD or STEEM to @allaz (post URL as memo ) Service Active.",
      "to": "srebon"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-16T18:14:03",
  "trx_id": "34dd6290c06c4686a2006ddbd505ce6e53117544",
  "trx_in_block": 28,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27756935,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "cheetah",
      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://www.scribd.com/document/321016595/Caudillismo-en-Latinoamerica-pdf",
      "json_metadata": "",
      "parent_author": "srebon",
      "parent_permlink": "caudillismo-en-latinoamerica",
      "permlink": "cheetah-re-sreboncaudillismo-en-latinoamerica",
      "title": ""
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-16T18:12:51",
  "trx_id": "77a67e92c06a539d88360301ea409414b9cb10af",
  "trx_in_block": 7,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27756933,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "permlink": "caudillismo-en-latinoamerica",
      "voter": "cheetah",
      "weight": 8
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-16T18:12:45",
  "trx_id": "0c1b655b4a86f54ca309335eed883b1e1cc7e411",
  "trx_in_block": 8,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27756929,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "body": "__El fenómeno del Caudillismo Latinoamericano en el siglo XIX \n… y que pervive en el siglo XXI__\n\n![Caudillismo en Latinoamérica.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZ8wMn9ZbvFgoDyiXdW9hFqNFX2H1cFkY6fVGQcA1Dy3u/Caudillismo%20en%20Latinoam%C3%A9rica.jpg)\n\nEl proceso de Independencia es uno de los factores esenciales que provocaron la aparición del caudillo como figura de poder. El vacío de autoridad en vastas regiones geográficas, como los llanos de Venezuela y las pampas de la Argentina, dio lugar al incremento del bandidaje el cual tomó cuerpo en la impunidad. Los miembros de estas bandas, por ser diestros con las armas, especialmente rudos y crueles, y conocedores del país, en los momentos cruciales de las luchas de independencia, fueron captados para sus filas por ambos bandos en pugna. En algunos casos eran peones de hacienda que por razón del desorden reinante habían perdido a sus patrones, en otros eran simplemente aventureros o esclavos fugitivos, también estaban los desertores de la guerra. En todo caso eran personas que se encontraban viviendo en un ambiente sumamente hostil, al cual solo se sobrevivía en grupo, y quienes a la vez con su forma peculiar de organización, ofrecieron una solución de orden frente al caos del momento. \n\nUn grupo de estas características siempre requiere de un líder y en este caso el liderazgo estaba caracterizado por la fuerza, la valentía, la audacia, una voluntad férrea y el temor que eran capaces de infundir en sus seguidores. Eran líderes carismáticos por naturaleza, y al ser personas iletradas, crecidas en estrechísimo contacto con la naturaleza, sus decisiones eran tomadas más en forma intuitiva que racional. Eran personalidades telúricas y viscerales, acomodadas sólo a su voluntad, o a la de otro más fuerte. Eran seres entregados a las pasiones, aficionados a las mujeres, al juego de gallos y a las apuestas, seductores natos. Las ciudades y su modo de vida acomodado a las normas ciudadanas les eran desconocidas. Vivían y morían prácticamente en el mismo lugar en que nacían. \n\nEn Venezuela surgió de este modo como caudillo José Antonio Páez, y en Argentina tenemos a Facundo Quiroga. En México emerge Santa Anna, que en este caso proviene del ejército regular, y es hijo de un abogado y funcionario colonial, sin embargo su personalidad encaja perfectamente en lo descrito anteriormente, por lo que podemos plantear como posible hipótesis, que más que un asunto de crianza, o de determinismo geográfico, era un asunto de personalidad de por sí voluntariosa e indomable, condicionada y valorada por las circunstancias de la guerra, y que en condiciones de paz, la mayoría de ellos, sólo pasarían por ser en el mejor de los casos unos inadaptados sociales renuentes a cualquier forma de autoridad, o en el extremo unos delincuentes muy efectivos. \n   \n![Antonio_López_de_Santa_Anna,_siglo_XIX,_óleo_sobre_tela.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNyBQfDjFGHLYvfSJGhAw1WeSQ66K38QYbbysvo9pCEXA/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna,_siglo_XIX,_%C3%B3leo_sobre_tela.png)\n\n__Antonio López de Santa Anna__ [a]\n\nEn su Autobiografía, José Antonio Páez nos dice:\n\n_«Tal era la vida de aquellos hombres. … Jamás llegaba a sus oídos el tañido de la campana que recuerda los deberes religiosos, y vivían y morían como hombres a quienes no cupo otro destino que luchar con los elementos y las fieras, limitándose su ambición a llegar un día a ser capataz en el mismo punto donde había servido antes en clase de peón»._[1]\n\nEran hombres especialmente dotados físicamente para poder resistir e imponerse en ambiente tan hostil. Copiaban de alguna forma las maneras de las fieras con las que compartían el entorno. Los apodos los referirían a estas. Tenemos que a Páez lo llamaban el Tigre de Payara, y a Facundo el Tigre de los Llanos, títulos ganados siempre en acciones de suma violencia, ya fuera contra las fieras o contra los enemigos de cualquier índole, personal o política.\n\n![Facundo_Quiroga_por_Fermepin.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSAtapdk7JeYiVUmDRFD4CtZ2CznRQWyPN21BcYDKRPFw/Facundo_Quiroga_por_Fermepin.jpg)\n\n__Facundo Quiroga__ [b]\n\nA Facundo nos lo describe Sarmiento: \n\n_«Sus ojos negros, llenos de fuego y sombreados por pobladas cejas, causaban una sensación involuntaria de terror en aquellos sobre quienes, alguna vez, llegaban a fijarse; porque Facundo no miraba nunca de frente, y por hábito, por arte, por  deseo de  hacerse  temible, tenía  de ordinario  la cabeza  inclinada y  miraba  por  entre  las cejas...»_  [2]\n\nSin embargo, contrario a lo que se pudiera pensar, valoraban su forma de vida por encima de la que suponían que era la forma de vida ciudadana, a la cual percibían como débil, pues muchos de estos caudillos solo la llegaron a conocer entrados los años, cuando ganada la Independencia sirvieron de apoyo a hacendados y estancieros, que incursionando en la política querían hacer valer su posición frente a los citadinos, o como en el caso de Páez y de Facundo, cuando ya generales asumen directamente posiciones de gobierno, nacional y provincial.\n\n![José_Antonio_Páez,_1828 Completo.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZXrxM5WaoefgcZDqTf9YUkN5RVrxRRmmdC3yeWwBaYR4/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez,_1828%20Completo.jpg)\n\n__José Antonio Páez__  [c]\n\nLa percepción de Páez es elocuente:\n\n_«La lucha del hombre con las fieras –que no son otra cosa los caballos y los toros salvajes- lucha incesante en que la vida escapa como de milagro, lucha que pone a prueba las fuerzas corporales, y que necesita una resistencia moral ilimitada, mucho estoicismo…; esa lucha, digo, debía ser y era durísima prueba. … Este fue el gimnasio donde adquirí la robustez atlética que tantas veces me fue utilísima después, y que aún hoy me envidian muchos hombres en el vigor y fuerza de sus años. Mi cuerpo, a fuerza de golpes, se volvió de hierro, y mi alma adquirió, con las adversidades en los primeros años, ese temple que la educación más esmerada difícilmente habría podido darle»._ [3]\n\nQuienes así se veían, difícilmente podrían hacer otra cosa que imponer sus formas a una comunidad, una vez que tienen el poder de hacerlo. El enfrentamiento entre los valores del campo y de la ciudad en la formación de las nuevas naciones es inevitable. Una vez que el poder otorgado por la victoria en la Guerra de Independencia está en manos de los caudillos, difícilmente lo cederán a los políticos de las ciudades, o les podrá ser sustraído por el poder civil, por más que la razón fundamente las acciones de estos últimos. Y no podría ser de otra forma. Sus acciones son dictadas por la irracionalidad sustentada en el terror y en su propia ignorancia y en de la mayoría de la población.\n\n_«Facundo es un tipo de la barbarie primitiva: no conoció la sujeción de ningún género; su cólera era la de las fieras. (…) En la incapacidad de manejar los resortes del gobierno civil, ponía el terror como expediente para suplir el patriotismo y la abnegación; ignorante, rodeábase de misterios y haciéndose impenetrable, valiéndose de una sagacidad natural, una capacidad de observación nada común y de la credulidad del vulgo, fingía una presciencia de los acontecimientos que le daba prestigio y reputación entre las gentes vulgares»._  [4]\n\nAbrazan cualquier tendencia política, bien pueden apoyar el federalismo o el centralismo como formas de gobierno a implantar, la que más les favorezca en lo personal, y mudan de posición al momento en que les es desfavorable; en todo caso no hay otro sustento en sus decisiones. Sin embargo en casi todos los casos, si la ciudad imponía el régimen centralista, las regiones se rebelaban porque no se sentían representadas en las decisiones tomadas desde el poder central y en consecuencia exigieron que el gobierno fuera el federal. En el caso que la ciudad abogaba por un gobierno federal, los caudillos regionales querían imponer cada uno su posición a los demás, siendo el gobierno federal incapaz de hacer conciliar las posiciones encontradas, por lo que el caudillo más fuerte se aventuraba a ir a la ciudad a imponer su política, que por lo general aunque pregonaba ser federalista en el uso, la acción era propia de un gobierno central.\n\nEn definitiva el régimen que logró imponerse en los primeros años de vida de las naciones independientes fué el gobierno central republicano de corte conservador, el cual luego de nuevas luchas daría paso a gobiernos federales de tipo liberal.\n\nUna vez que asumen el poder, por la fuerza y el terror, los caudillos se apropian de los bienes comunales, monopolizando en sus manos las principales fuentes de riqueza económica de la región que está bajo su gobierno hasta diezmarlas en la mayoría de los casos, lo cual les otorgaba los bienes necesarios para emprender las campañas para hacerse con el poder a nivel nacional. Luego, a la menor excusa de acción bélica que pudieran acometer, las labores de gobierno las delegan en el subordinado más afecto. Eran hombres de guerra. \n\nLa red de relaciones que sustentaban el poder de los caudillos se establecía teniendo como base la amistad y el compadrazgo entre los líderes. Debían conocer personalmente al individuo en que delegan. Y su adhesión tenía que ser incondicional, con riesgo de perder la riqueza personal y la vida en caso de que disintieran. \n\nLos caudillos locales y provinciales son la base del poder del caudillo nacional dentro de una organización piramidal. Con sus subordinados la relación es de patrón a cliente. En Venezuela esta relación deriva de la que tienen desde la colonia el hacendado y el peón, en Argentina entre el estanciero y el gaucho. El patrón protege y recompensa al cliente de acuerdo a sus labores y a costa de una total adhesión. El caudillo recompensa con tierras o puestos oficiales que depredar. Depende del momento.\n\nLuego de las Guerras de Independencia las instituciones de gobierno cívico han desaparecido o no tienen la fuerza para imponer la norma, por lo cual se llama al caudillo. Esa es en esencia su función. Frente al caos es mal menor el orden autocrático que ayudaría a formar los nuevos estados nacionales.\n\n_«In taking power the caudillo usually followed a dual process: first he exercised informal authority and then actually took office as supreme executive, whether president o governor. But office did not replace a caudillo´s power or become a substitute for his authority: it simply confirmed his position and reinforced his original capacity to take decisions and impose order, a capacity which he had won by his personal qualifications, his response to war, and his reaction to politics»._ [5]\n\nEl poder civil sobrevendría en Latinoamérica más tarde, a costa de mucho sacrificio vital y paciencia de los pueblos, sin embargo su permanencia no ha sido estable, aún existen estados en Latinoamérica que aunque se autodenominan democráticos, son liderados por caudillos sustentados de facto por el militarismo nacional. \n\nLa sociedad guerrera pervive y sigue enarbolando sus valores de dominación e imposición de políticas personalistas por la fuerza, por encima de los valores de la razón, y de la conciliación y complementación de posiciones diversas, propios de la sociedad civil.\n\n__REFERENCIAS__\n\n[1] José Antonio Páez, \"Autobiografía\", Caracas, PDVSA, 1989. p.38.\n[2] Domingo F. Sarmiento,  Facundo. Capítulo 5, Vida de Juan Facundo Quiroga. | http://www.cervantesvirtual.com\n[3] José Antonio Páez, \"Autobiografía\", Caracas, PDVSA, 1989. p.38.\n[4] Domingo F. Sarmiento,  Facundo. Capítulo 5, Vida de Juan Facundo Quiroga. | http://www.cervantesvirtual.com\n[5] John Lynch, \"Caudillos in Spanish America. 1800-1850\", Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1992, p. 411.\n\n\n__FUENTES BIBLIOGRÁFICAS__\n\nHALPERING DONGHI, Tulio,\nHistoria Contemporánea de América Latina,\nMadrid, Alianza Editorial, 1972.\n\nLYNCH, John,\nCaudillos in Spanish America. 1800-1850,\nOxford, Clarendon Press, 1992.\n\nPÁEZ, José Antonio,\nAutobiografía,\nCaracas, PDVSA, 1989.\n\n\n__FUENTES DIGITALES__\n\nhttp://www.ancmyp.org.ar/user/files/Presidencialismo1.pdf\nDardo Pérez Guilhou\nPresidencialismo, caudillismo y populismo.\n\nhttp://www.cervantesvirtual.com\nDomingo F. Sarmiento,  Facundo. Capítulo 5, Vida de Juan Facundo Quiroga.  Capítulo 6, La Rioja. Capítulo 7, Ensayos.\n\nhttp://www.pbs.org\nAntonio López de Santa Anna\n\n\n__IMÁGENES__\n\n[a] Antonio López de Santa Anna |  https://goo.gl/dRqRhx\n\n[b] Facundo Quiroga | https://goo.gl/5pHTeG\n\n[c] José Antonio Páez | https://goo.gl/GZ4GuE",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"historia\",\"politica\",\"sociologia\",\"latinoamerica\",\"siglo-xix\"],\"image\":[\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZ8wMn9ZbvFgoDyiXdW9hFqNFX2H1cFkY6fVGQcA1Dy3u/Caudillismo%20en%20Latinoam%C3%A9rica.jpg\",\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNyBQfDjFGHLYvfSJGhAw1WeSQ66K38QYbbysvo9pCEXA/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna,_siglo_XIX,_%C3%B3leo_sobre_tela.png\",\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSAtapdk7JeYiVUmDRFD4CtZ2CznRQWyPN21BcYDKRPFw/Facundo_Quiroga_por_Fermepin.jpg\",\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZXrxM5WaoefgcZDqTf9YUkN5RVrxRRmmdC3yeWwBaYR4/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez,_1828%20Completo.jpg\"],\"links\":[\"http://www.cervantesvirtual.com\",\"http://www.ancmyp.org.ar/user/files/Presidencialismo1.pdf\",\"http://www.pbs.org\",\"https://goo.gl/dRqRhx\",\"https://goo.gl/5pHTeG\",\"https://goo.gl/GZ4GuE\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "historia",
      "permlink": "caudillismo-en-latinoamerica",
      "title": "Caudillismo en Latinoamérica"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-16T18:12:33",
  "trx_id": "bbb121332bc7ef5eba1916e189bec3d248689883",
  "trx_in_block": 26,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27752034,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "body": "![Minority Business Enterprise (MBE).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXUmkN19kgPvdQKdf4svRjqDUYGy2yuJJTEQnFqaSjqHz/Minority%20Business%20Enterprise%20(MBE).jpg)\n\n\nThe classification of companies focuses on the types of services or products they provide to the society at the local, national and international levels, and also on their profit or nonprofit activities. At present, there is another way of classification based on issues related to the conditions or types of owners or shareholders of companies. Sometimes those owners are members of the so-called \"minorities.\"\n\n\nThe term \"minority\" refers to minority populations in relation to the total population of a nation and is characterized by ethnicity, identity national, language or religion different to the general population. Usually, they want to preserve and promote its identity as a group. Are also considered \"minorities\" those groups, that being not numerically weak, are in a non-dominant position and in disadvantage at making decisions of importance in terms of social, political and economic development. A well-known example of this type of “minorities” was the blacks in South Africa apartheid.\n\n\nThe rights of \"minorities\" are established, since 1992, by the United Nations in the _United Nations Declaration on rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities_ [1]. Among the rights are included the effective participation in public life, especially in decision-making processes, and the demand that take into account the legitimate interests of the persons who constitute the \"minorities.\"\n\nThe right to non-discrimination and the right to equality are also guaranteed as well as the possibility to develop and promote intercultural and educational activities at local and national levels in their language. It is important to take into account the considerations and concerns regarding the economic welfare of the population, promoting the generation of income through employment and the exercise of business.\n\nIn the United States, to facilitate and promote the opening of enterprises by the “minorities,\" it has been established a type of company that is known officially as a __Minority Business Enterprise (MBE)__. This type of company must be physically based in the United States or its territories. They are for-profit companies in which it is required that at least 51% of its shares be owned by one or more citizens or residents of the United States. These citizens most are members of \"minorities\" as recognized by the Small Business Administration (SBA), in the _8(a) Business Development Program_ [2], which is one of its federal programs aimed to the development of the business. \"Minorities\" established as eligible are Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, Black Americans and Asians Americans from the East and West Asia. These owners should take control of the regular activities of operation and management of the company.\n\nIn addition to these types of companies listed by the Government, others are favoring more disadvantaged groups, such as the __Woman Business Enterprise (WBE)__, the __Small Business Enterprise (SBE)__, the __Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE)__ and __Veteran Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DVBE)__.\n\nThrough specific government programs for such enterprises, it is promoted the inclusion of these groups in the process of obtaining business contracts in which they historically have been excluded. These programs are based on the fact that when large companies receive an important contract, they require a certain amount of outsourcing companies for specific purposes.  The government then promotes the subcontracts to be offered to companies established by the SBA, and so the main contractors are provided with incentives for giving subcontractors guidance and advice for the success of their business. With this, fair access to contracting opportunities is open to business groups able to meet high standards of performance and quality at competitive prices and with legitimate business criteria.\n\nIn addition to these types of companies listed by the Government, others are favoring more disadvantaged groups, such as the __Woman Business Enterprise (WBE)__, the __Small Business Enterprise (SBE)__, the __Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE)__ and __Veteran Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DVBE)__.\n\nTo qualify for these government programs is necessary for these companies of specific groups to obtain a certification. These certifications are aimed to ensure that companies comply with the requirements set by the SBA.  Specifically, an EBM at order with the certification criteria is entitled to programs and services offered by the _National Minority Supplier Development Council (NMSDC)_ [3] as appearing in its national database, _Minority Business Information System (MBISYS)_ [4].  This database is accessible to all national corporate members providing the MBE with the opportunity to offer their products and services. Additionally, any MBE can be certified in the Agencies of Regional Certification which are accepted by the NMSDC and get the services of Regional Councils.\n\n__P.S.__ _Harvard Law School_ students help to struggle small-time entrepreneurs flourish.\n\nhttp://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/01/taking-people-to-where-they-want-to-be/\n\nREFERENCES\n\n1.- http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Minorities/Booklet_Minorities_English.pdf\n2.- https://www.mbda.gov/news/blog/2012/03/what-8a-business-development-program\n3.- http://www.nmsdc.org/about-nmsdc/\n4.- http://www.nmsdc.org/nmsdc-home.html",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"business\",\"entrepreneur\",\"usa\",\"harvard\",\"minority\"],\"image\":[\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXUmkN19kgPvdQKdf4svRjqDUYGy2yuJJTEQnFqaSjqHz/Minority%20Business%20Enterprise%20(MBE).jpg\"],\"links\":[\"http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/01/taking-people-to-where-they-want-to-be/\",\"http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Minorities/Booklet_Minorities_English.pdf\",\"https://www.mbda.gov/news/blog/2012/03/what-8a-business-development-program\",\"http://www.nmsdc.org/about-nmsdc/\",\"http://www.nmsdc.org/nmsdc-home.html\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "minority",
      "permlink": "what-is-a-minority-business-enterprise-mbe",
      "title": "What is a Minority Business Enterprise (MBE)?"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-16T14:07:45",
  "trx_id": "1c06bf1825b4e170f662d77d9d8e1cdee14fd5c4",
  "trx_in_block": 7,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27752023,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "body": "![Minority Business Enterprise (MBE).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXUmkN19kgPvdQKdf4svRjqDUYGy2yuJJTEQnFqaSjqHz/Minority%20Business%20Enterprise%20(MBE).jpg)\n\n\nThe classification of companies focuses on the types of services or products they provide to the society at the local, national and international levels, and also on their profit or nonprofit activities. At present, there is another way of classification based on issues related to the conditions or types of owners or shareholders of companies. Sometimes those owners are members of the so-called \"minorities.\"\n\n\nThe term \"minority\" refers to minority populations in relation to the total population of a nation and is characterized by ethnicity, identity national, language or religion different to the general population. Usually, they want to preserve and promote its identity as a group. Are also considered \"minorities\" those groups, that being not numerically weak, are in a non-dominant position and in disadvantage at making decisions of importance in terms of social, political and economic development. A well-known example of this type of “minorities” was the blacks in South Africa apartheid.\n\n\nThe rights of \"minorities\" are established, since 1992, by the United Nations in the _United Nations Declaration on rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities_ [1]. Among the rights are included the effective participation in public life, especially in decision-making processes, and the demand that take into account the legitimate interests of the persons who constitute the \"minorities.\"\n\nThe right to non-discrimination and the right to equality are also guaranteed as well as the possibility to develop and promote intercultural and educational activities at local and national levels in their language. It is important to take into account the considerations and concerns regarding the economic welfare of the population, promoting the generation of income through employment and the exercise of business.\n\nIn the United States, to facilitate and promote the opening of enterprises by the “minorities,\" it has been established a type of company that is known officially as a __Minority Business Enterprise (MBE)__. This type of company must be physically based in the United States or its territories. They are for-profit companies in which it is required that at least 51% of its shares be owned by one or more citizens or residents of the United States. These citizens most are members of \"minorities\" as recognized by the Small Business Administration (SBA), in the _8(a) Business Development Program_ [2], which is one of its federal programs aimed to the development of the business. \"Minorities\" established as eligible are Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, Black Americans and Asians Americans from the East and West Asia. These owners should take control of the regular activities of operation and management of the company.\n\nIn addition to these types of companies listed by the Government, others are favoring more disadvantaged groups, such as the __Woman Business Enterprise (WBE)__, the __Small Business Enterprise (SBE)__, the __Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE)__ and __Veteran Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DVBE)__.\n\nThrough specific government programs for such enterprises, it is promoted the inclusion of these groups in the process of obtaining business contracts in which they historically have been excluded. These programs are based on the fact that when large companies receive an important contract, they require a certain amount of outsourcing companies for specific purposes.  The government then promotes the subcontracts to be offered to companies established by the SBA, and so the main contractors are provided with incentives for giving subcontractors guidance and advice for the success of their business. With this, fair access to contracting opportunities is open to business groups able to meet high standards of performance and quality at competitive prices and with legitimate business criteria.\n\nIn addition to these types of companies listed by the Government, others are favoring more disadvantaged groups, such as the __Woman Business Enterprise (WBE)__, the __Small Business Enterprise (SBE)__, the __Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE)__ and __Veteran Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DVBE)__.\n\nTo qualify for these government programs is necessary for these companies of specific groups to obtain a certification. These certifications are aimed to ensure that companies comply with the requirements set by the SBA.  Specifically, an EBM at order with the certification criteria is entitled to programs and services offered by the _National Minority Supplier Development Council (NMSDC)_ [3] as appearing in its national database, _Minority Business Information System (MBISYS)_ [4].  This database is accessible to all national corporate members providing the MBE with the opportunity to offer their products and services. Additionally, any MBE can be certified in the Agencies of Regional Certification which are accepted by the NMSDC and get the services of Regional Councils.\n\n__P.S.__ _Harvard Law School_ students help to struggle small-time entrepreneurs flourish.\n\nhttp://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/01/taking-people-to-where-they-want-to-be/\n\nREFERENCES\n\n1.- http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Minorities/Booklet_Minorities_English.pdf\n2.- https://www.mbda.gov/news/blog/2012/03/what-8a-business-development-program\n3.- http://www.nmsdc.org/about-nmsdc/\n4.- http://www.nmsdc.org/nmsdc-home.html",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"business\",\"entrepreneur\",\"usa\",\"harvard\",\"minority\"],\"image\":[\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXUmkN19kgPvdQKdf4svRjqDUYGy2yuJJTEQnFqaSjqHz/Minority%20Business%20Enterprise%20(MBE).jpg\"],\"links\":[\"http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/01/taking-people-to-where-they-want-to-be/\",\"http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Minorities/Booklet_Minorities_English.pdf\",\"https://www.mbda.gov/news/blog/2012/03/what-8a-business-development-program\",\"http://www.nmsdc.org/about-nmsdc/\",\"http://www.nmsdc.org/nmsdc-home.html\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "minority",
      "permlink": "what-is-a-minority-business-enterprise-mbe",
      "title": "What is a Minority Business Enterprise (MBE)?"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-16T14:07:12",
  "trx_id": "59499ff328f51d562e27d2918b246a4b17659d83",
  "trx_in_block": 37,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27723718,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "kylightning",
      "permlink": "2g5g6bjl",
      "voter": "srebon",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-15T14:30:18",
  "trx_id": "705b10f0b9c863c846bc0e117e549f1c9e23e3ce",
  "trx_in_block": 11,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27723667,
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"srebon\",\"following\":\"kylightning\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]",
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "srebon"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-15T14:27:45",
  "trx_id": "50dbd15cb21e9c3d92b936be215db1d171b17b84",
  "trx_in_block": 11,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27722684,
  "op": [
    "account_update",
    {
      "account": "srebon",
      "json_metadata": "{\"profile\":{\"profile_image\":\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmc1mMqKyeSpk48tzAN91LdQ27BBZqGGaAdiXTr8Vzxe6s/0%20SUSANA%20REBON%202018.jpg\",\"name\":\"Susana Rebon\",\"about\":\"Historia\",\"location\":\"Isla de Margarita\",\"website\":\"https://susanarebon.wordpress.com/\"}}",
      "memo_key": "STM71b8J1NYxmDu2AiGn1K7gdzZpwxRe32qumUHsHFQKKpwaqp11V"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-15T13:38:36",
  "trx_id": "4fa14de5041c67515b88725acb5463bc1ba5c33f",
  "trx_in_block": 30,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27693788,
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"srebon\",\"following\":\"acknowledgement\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]",
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "srebon"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-14T13:32:06",
  "trx_id": "c80430e044d3998b859716bde353dd6a70be607e",
  "trx_in_block": 14,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27693613,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "permlink": "what-is-a-minority-business-enterprise-mbe",
      "voter": "kylightning",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-14T13:23:21",
  "trx_id": "d69e4c2a8a200be34261518e33c8cc767b2b4bae",
  "trx_in_block": 16,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27693506,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "body": "![Minority Business Enterprise (MBE).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXUmkN19kgPvdQKdf4svRjqDUYGy2yuJJTEQnFqaSjqHz/Minority%20Business%20Enterprise%20(MBE).jpg)\n\n\nThe classification of companies focuses on the types of services or products they provide to the society at the local, national and international levels, and also on their profit or nonprofit activities. At present, there is another way of classification based on issues related to the conditions or types of owners or shareholders of companies. Sometimes those owners are members of the so-called \"minorities.\"\n\n\nThe term \"minority\" refers to minority populations in relation to the total population of a nation and is characterized by ethnicity, identity national, language or religion different to the general population. Usually, they want to preserve and promote its identity as a group. Are also considered \"minorities\" those groups, that being not numerically weak, are in a non-dominant position and in disadvantage at making decisions of importance in terms of social, political and economic development. A well-known example of this type of “minorities” was the blacks in South Africa apartheid.\n\n\nThe rights of \"minorities\" are established, since 1992, by the United Nations in the _United Nations Declaration on rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities_ [1]. Among the rights are included the effective participation in public life, especially in decision-making processes, and the demand that take into account the legitimate interests of the persons who constitute the \"minorities.\"\n\nThe right to non-discrimination and the right to equality are also guaranteed as well as the possibility to develop and promote intercultural and educational activities at local and national levels in their language. It is important to take into account the considerations and concerns regarding the economic welfare of the population, promoting the generation of income through employment and the exercise of business.\n\nIn the United States, to facilitate and promote the opening of enterprises by the “minorities,\" it has been established a type of company that is known officially as a __Minority Business Enterprise (MBE)__. This type of company must be physically based in the United States or its territories. They are for-profit companies in which it is required that at least 51% of its shares be owned by one or more citizens or residents of the United States. These citizens most are members of \"minorities\" as recognized by the Small Business Administration (SBA), in the _8(a) Business Development Program_ [2], which is one of its federal programs aimed to the development of the business. \"Minorities\" established as eligible are Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, Black Americans and Asians Americans from the East and West Asia. These owners should take control of the regular activities of operation and management of the company.\n\nIn addition to these types of companies listed by the Government, others are favoring more disadvantaged groups, such as the __Woman Business Enterprise (WBE)__, the __Small Business Enterprise (SBE)__, the __Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE)__ and __Veteran Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DVBE)__.\n\nThrough specific government programs for such enterprises, it is promoted the inclusion of these groups in the process of obtaining business contracts in which they historically have been excluded. These programs are based on the fact that when large companies receive an important contract, they require a certain amount of outsourcing companies for specific purposes.  The government then promotes the subcontracts to be offered to companies established by the SBA, and so the main contractors are provided with incentives for giving subcontractors guidance and advice for the success of their business. With this, fair access to contracting opportunities is open to business groups able to meet high standards of performance and quality at competitive prices and with legitimate business criteria.\n\nIn addition to these types of companies listed by the Government, others are favoring more disadvantaged groups, such as the __Woman Business Enterprise (WBE)__, the __Small Business Enterprise (SBE)__, the __Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE)__ and __Veteran Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DVBE)__.\n\nTo qualify for these government programs is necessary for these companies of specific groups to obtain a certification. These certifications are aimed to ensure that companies comply with the requirements set by the SBA.  Specifically, an EBM at order with the certification criteria is entitled to programs and services offered by the _National Minority Supplier Development Council (NMSDC)_ [3] as appearing in its national database, _Minority Business Information System (MBISYS)_ [4].  This database is accessible to all national corporate members providing the MBE with the opportunity to offer their products and services. Additionally, any MBE can be certified in the Agencies of Regional Certification which are accepted by the NMSDC and get the services of Regional Councils.\n\n__P.S.__ _Harvard Law School_ students help to struggle small-time entrepreneurs flourish.\n\nhttp://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/01/taking-people-to-where-they-want-to-be/\n\nREFERENCES\n\n1.- http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Minorities/Booklet_Minorities_English.pdf\n2.- https://www.mbda.gov/news/blog/2012/03/what-8a-business-development-program\n3.- http://www.nmsdc.org/about-nmsdc/\n4.- http://www.nmsdc.org/nmsdc-home.html",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"minority\",\"business\",\"enterprise\",\"usa\",\"harvard\"],\"image\":[\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXUmkN19kgPvdQKdf4svRjqDUYGy2yuJJTEQnFqaSjqHz/Minority%20Business%20Enterprise%20(MBE).jpg\"],\"links\":[\"http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/01/taking-people-to-where-they-want-to-be/\",\"http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Minorities/Booklet_Minorities_English.pdf\",\"https://www.mbda.gov/news/blog/2012/03/what-8a-business-development-program\",\"http://www.nmsdc.org/about-nmsdc/\",\"http://www.nmsdc.org/nmsdc-home.html\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "minority",
      "permlink": "what-is-a-minority-business-enterprise-mbe",
      "title": "What is a Minority Business Enterprise (MBE)?"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-14T13:17:57",
  "trx_id": "f4f1c069f7f8e589a0d8c75f8f349e03e89d3877",
  "trx_in_block": 10,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27693365,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "permlink": "what-is-a-minority-business-enterprise-mbe",
      "voter": "acknowledgement",
      "weight": 1000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-14T13:10:54",
  "trx_id": "2455a768c2577b4af2156c49166d77bfade0bc9e",
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27693225,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "body": "@@ -5165,16 +5165,194 @@\n ncils.%0A%0A\n+__P.S.__ _Harvard Law School_ students help to struggle small-time entrepreneurs flourish.%0A%0Ahttp://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/01/taking-people-to-where-they-want-to-be/%0A\n %0AREFEREN\n",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"minority\",\"business\",\"enterprise\",\"usa\",\"harvard\"],\"image\":[\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXUmkN19kgPvdQKdf4svRjqDUYGy2yuJJTEQnFqaSjqHz/Minority%20Business%20Enterprise%20(MBE).jpg\"],\"links\":[\"http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/01/taking-people-to-where-they-want-to-be/\",\"http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Minorities/Booklet_Minorities_English.pdf\",\"https://www.mbda.gov/news/blog/2012/03/what-8a-business-development-program\",\"http://www.nmsdc.org/about-nmsdc/\",\"http://www.nmsdc.org/nmsdc-home.html\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "minority",
      "permlink": "what-is-a-minority-business-enterprise-mbe",
      "title": "What is an MBE (Minority Business Enterprise)?"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-14T13:03:54",
  "trx_id": "4c11943a8b40ed3895daada491f30017d293724e",
  "trx_in_block": 18,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27692960,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "body": "![Minority Business Enterprise (MBE).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXUmkN19kgPvdQKdf4svRjqDUYGy2yuJJTEQnFqaSjqHz/Minority%20Business%20Enterprise%20(MBE).jpg)\n\n\nThe classification of companies focuses on the types of services or products they provide to the society at the local, national and international levels, and also on their profit or nonprofit activities. At present, there is another way of classification based on issues related to the conditions or types of owners or shareholders of companies. Sometimes those owners are members of the so-called \"minorities.\"\n\n\nThe term \"minority\" refers to minority populations in relation to the total population of a nation and is characterized by ethnicity, identity national, language or religion different to the general population. Usually, they want to preserve and promote its identity as a group. Are also considered \"minorities\" those groups, that being not numerically weak, are in a non-dominant position and in disadvantage at making decisions of importance in terms of social, political and economic development. A well-known example of this type of “minorities” was the blacks in South Africa apartheid.\n\n\nThe rights of \"minorities\" are established, since 1992, by the United Nations in the _United Nations Declaration on rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities_ [1]. Among the rights are included the effective participation in public life, especially in decision-making processes, and the demand that take into account the legitimate interests of the persons who constitute the \"minorities.\"\n\nThe right to non-discrimination and the right to equality are also guaranteed as well as the possibility to develop and promote intercultural and educational activities at local and national levels in their language. It is important to take into account the considerations and concerns regarding the economic welfare of the population, promoting the generation of income through employment and the exercise of business.\n\nIn the United States, to facilitate and promote the opening of enterprises by the “minorities,\" it has been established a type of company that is known officially as a __Minority Business Enterprise (MBE)__. This type of company must be physically based in the United States or its territories. They are for-profit companies in which it is required that at least 51% of its shares be owned by one or more citizens or residents of the United States. These citizens most are members of \"minorities\" as recognized by the Small Business Administration (SBA), in the _8(a) Business Development Program_ [2], which is one of its federal programs aimed to the development of the business. \"Minorities\" established as eligible are Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, Black Americans and Asians Americans from the East and West Asia. These owners should take control of the regular activities of operation and management of the company.\n\nIn addition to these types of companies listed by the Government, others are favoring more disadvantaged groups, such as the __Woman Business Enterprise (WBE)__, the __Small Business Enterprise (SBE)__, the __Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE)__ and __Veteran Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DVBE)__.\n\nThrough specific government programs for such enterprises, it is promoted the inclusion of these groups in the process of obtaining business contracts in which they historically have been excluded. These programs are based on the fact that when large companies receive an important contract, they require a certain amount of outsourcing companies for specific purposes.  The government then promotes the subcontracts to be offered to companies established by the SBA, and so the main contractors are provided with incentives for giving subcontractors guidance and advice for the success of their business. With this, fair access to contracting opportunities is open to business groups able to meet high standards of performance and quality at competitive prices and with legitimate business criteria.\n\nIn addition to these types of companies listed by the Government, others are favoring more disadvantaged groups, such as the __Woman Business Enterprise (WBE)__, the __Small Business Enterprise (SBE)__, the __Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE)__ and __Veteran Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DVBE)__.\n\nTo qualify for these government programs is necessary for these companies of specific groups to obtain a certification. These certifications are aimed to ensure that companies comply with the requirements set by the SBA.  Specifically, an EBM at order with the certification criteria is entitled to programs and services offered by the _National Minority Supplier Development Council (NMSDC)_ [3] as appearing in its national database, _Minority Business Information System (MBISYS)_ [4].  This database is accessible to all national corporate members providing the MBE with the opportunity to offer their products and services. Additionally, any MBE can be certified in the Agencies of Regional Certification which are accepted by the NMSDC and get the services of Regional Councils.\n\n\nREFERENCES\n\n1.- http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Minorities/Booklet_Minorities_English.pdf\n2.- https://www.mbda.gov/news/blog/2012/03/what-8a-business-development-program\n3.- http://www.nmsdc.org/about-nmsdc/\n4.- http://www.nmsdc.org/nmsdc-home.html",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"minority\",\"business\",\"enterprise\",\"usa\",\"mbe\"],\"image\":[\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXUmkN19kgPvdQKdf4svRjqDUYGy2yuJJTEQnFqaSjqHz/Minority%20Business%20Enterprise%20(MBE).jpg\"],\"links\":[\"http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Minorities/Booklet_Minorities_English.pdf\",\"https://www.mbda.gov/news/blog/2012/03/what-8a-business-development-program\",\"http://www.nmsdc.org/about-nmsdc/\",\"http://www.nmsdc.org/nmsdc-home.html\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "minority",
      "permlink": "what-is-a-minority-business-enterprise-mbe",
      "title": "What is an MBE (Minority Business Enterprise)?"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-14T12:50:39",
  "trx_id": "00dbf4460b2adb930a93c09246469e601017938e",
  "trx_in_block": 44,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27692908,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "srebon",
      "body": "![Minority Business Enterprise (MBE).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXUmkN19kgPvdQKdf4svRjqDUYGy2yuJJTEQnFqaSjqHz/Minority%20Business%20Enterprise%20(MBE).jpg)\n\n\nThe classification of companies focuses on the types of services or products they provide to the society at the local, national and international levels, and also on their profit or nonprofit activities. At present, there is another way of classification based on issues related to the conditions or types of owners or shareholders of companies. Sometimes those owners are members of the so-called \"minorities.\"\n\n\nThe term \"minority\" refers to minority populations in relation to the total population of a nation and is characterized by ethnicity, identity national, language or religion different to the general population. Usually, they want to preserve and promote its identity as a group. Are also considered \"minorities\" those groups, that being not numerically weak, are in a non-dominant position and in disadvantage at making decisions of importance in terms of social, political and economic development. A well-known example of this type of “minorities” was the blacks in South Africa apartheid.\n\n\nThe rights of \"minorities\" are established, since 1992, by the United Nations in the _United Nations Declaration on rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities_ [1]. Among the rights are included the effective participation in public life, especially in decision-making processes, and the demand that take into account the legitimate interests of the persons who constitute the \"minorities.\"\n\nThe right to non-discrimination and the right to equality are also guaranteed as well as the possibility to develop and promote intercultural and educational activities at local and national levels in their language. It is important to take into account the considerations and concerns regarding the economic welfare of the population, promoting the generation of income through employment and the exercise of business.\n\nIn the United States, to facilitate and promote the opening of enterprises by the “minorities,\" it has been established a type of company that is known officially as a __Minority Business Enterprise (MBE)__. This type of company must be physically based in the United States or its territories. They are for-profit companies in which it is required that at least 51% of its shares be owned by one or more citizens or residents of the United States. These citizens most are members of \"minorities\" as recognized by the Small Business Administration (SBA), in the _8(a) Business Development Program_ [2], which is one of its federal programs aimed to the development of the business. \"Minorities\" established as eligible are Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, Black Americans and Asians Americans from the East and West Asia. These owners should take control of the regular activities of operation and management of the company.\n\nIn addition to these types of companies listed by the Government, others are favoring more disadvantaged groups, such as the __Woman Business Enterprise (WBE)__, the __Small Business Enterprise (SBE)__, the __Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE)__ and __Veteran Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DVBE)__.\n\nThrough specific government programs for such enterprises, it is promoted the inclusion of these groups in the process of obtaining business contracts in which they historically have been excluded. These programs are based on the fact that when large companies receive an important contract, they require a certain amount of outsourcing companies for specific purposes.  The government then promotes the subcontracts to be offered to companies established by the SBA, and so the main contractors are provided with incentives for giving subcontractors guidance and advice for the success of their business. With this, fair access to contracting opportunities is open to business groups able to meet high standards of performance and quality at competitive prices and with legitimate business criteria.\n\nIn addition to these types of companies listed by the Government, others are favoring more disadvantaged groups, such as the __Woman Business Enterprise (WBE)__, the __Small Business Enterprise (SBE)__, the __Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE)__ and __Veteran Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DVBE)__.\n\nTo qualify for these government programs is necessary for these companies of specific groups to obtain a certification. These certifications are aimed to ensure that companies comply with the requirements set by the SBA.  Specifically, an EBM at order with the certification criteria is entitled to programs and services offered by the _National Minority Supplier Development Council (NMSDC)_ [3] as appearing in its national database, _Minority Business Information System (MBISYS)_ [4].  This database is accessible to all national corporate members providing the MBE with the opportunity to offer their products and services. Additionally, any MBE can be certified in the Agencies of Regional Certification which are accepted by the NMSDC and get the services of Regional Councils.\n\n\nREFERENCES\n\n1.- http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Minorities/Booklet_Minorities_English.pdf\n2.- https://www.mbda.gov/news/blog/2012/03/what-8a-business-development-program\n3.- http://www.nmsdc.org/about-nmsdc/\n4.- http://www.nmsdc.org/nmsdc-home.html",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"minority\",\"business\",\"enterprise\",\"usa\",\"mbe\"],\"image\":[\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXUmkN19kgPvdQKdf4svRjqDUYGy2yuJJTEQnFqaSjqHz/Minority%20Business%20Enterprise%20(MBE).jpg\"],\"links\":[\"http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Minorities/Booklet_Minorities_English.pdf\",\"https://www.mbda.gov/news/blog/2012/03/what-8a-business-development-program\",\"http://www.nmsdc.org/about-nmsdc/\",\"http://www.nmsdc.org/nmsdc-home.html\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "minority",
      "permlink": "what-is-a-minority-business-enterprise-mbe",
      "title": "What is a Minority Business Enterprise (MBE)?"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-14T12:48:03",
  "trx_id": "59c182a94b6c9e676fdd93f0201ff9a16e87a143",
  "trx_in_block": 48,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27541921,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "srebon",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "30300.000000 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-09T06:54:30",
  "trx_id": "f4522d49bad7364c17de184893f81d7c67581875",
  "trx_in_block": 21,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27541921,
  "op": [
    "create_claimed_account",
    {
      "active": {
        "account_auths": [],
        "key_auths": [
          [
            "STM5LkmmDjbeUrw6G1pQU3B18T4J7xnE4mNzPzVrBnt4MsXoaZ5rm",
            1
          ]
        ],
        "weight_threshold": 1
      },
      "creator": "steem",
      "extensions": [],
      "json_metadata": "{}",
      "memo_key": "STM71b8J1NYxmDu2AiGn1K7gdzZpwxRe32qumUHsHFQKKpwaqp11V",
      "new_account_name": "srebon",
      "owner": {
        "account_auths": [],
        "key_auths": [
          [
            "STM6qRZwt6wQLXwDwWYRcuGNZCHGa7MzNpfexb6YcJETFqQK9R7i7",
            1
          ]
        ],
        "weight_threshold": 1
      },
      "posting": {
        "account_auths": [],
        "key_auths": [
          [
            "STM6ucAXSSvFJBYyQgPnkGCj32r63mS7bpux91489FPgNWiWK9CC3",
            1
          ]
        ],
        "weight_threshold": 1
      }
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-09T06:54:30",
  "trx_id": "f4522d49bad7364c17de184893f81d7c67581875",
  "trx_in_block": 21,
  "virtual_op": 0
}