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      "body": "환영합니다. 좋은 글 기대가 됩니다. 보팅&팔로우 합니다.^^",
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      "author": "pm1230",
      "body": "@slpmickeybell님, 안녕하세요.<br>스팀잇에 오신 걸 환영합니다!<br><br>저희는 질문충 [열두시반](https://steemit.com/@pm1230)입니다!<br>[열두시반](https://steemit.com/@pm1230)은 매일 생각해볼 만한 질문을 던지고 있어요.<br>처음부터 장문의 글을 쓰기 어려우시다면 열두시반의 댓글 이벤트에 참여해보세요!<br>이벤트에 참여해 생각도 발전시키고 스달도 받아가세요 :)",
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      "author": "pliton",
      "body": "스팀잇에 오신것 을 환영합니다.^^<br>저는 krwhale이라는 아기고래와 코인시세 챗봇을 운영하고 있어요 :)<br> - <a href=https://steemit.com/krwhale/@krwhale/krwhale-v2018-06-14>아기고래에게 Voting 받는 법</a><br> - <a href=https://pf.kakao.com/_Miqxod>코인시세 챗봇</a><br>1주일 뒤 부터 유용하게 쓰실 수 있을 거에요~^^<br><br>그리고 암호화폐 관련 데일리 리포트도 작성하고 있으니 관심 있으시면 많은 구독 부탁드릴게요~<br> - <a href=https://steemit.com/created/pliton-coin>Pliton의 암호화폐 데일리 리포트</a>",
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      "body": "<br />\n안녕하세요. 저는 미국에서 언어치료사로 일하는 믹키 입니다. \n만나서 반가워요. ^^ \n대학교 졸업하고 한국에 가서 영어 강사로 일 했어요. \n2008년에 가서 2012년 다시 미국으로 돌아 갔어요. \n대학교에서 영문학, 대학원에서 언어치료학을 전공했어요. \n5년 전에 유튜브 채널을 시작했는데 대학원 공부 때문에 많이 하지를 못 했어요. ㅠㅠ \n다시 영어 비디오도 만들고 한국어 공부도 하고 싶어서 \n스팀잇을 시작했어요. (와이프가 많이 도와줘요!) \n영어 관련 컨텐츠 계속 올릴테니 많이 봐 주세요. ^^ \n영어 글도 올려요. \n질문 있으면 물어 봐 주세요. 그리고 한국어도 많이 가르쳐 주세요. \n마지막으로 토트넘 팬이예요. \n친하게 지내요! \n\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6h3omKZ3E3QbvHBs9w12rA\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"tx-link\">믹키 tv 유튜브 바로가기</a></p>\n\n최근에 찍은 비디오예요. \n축구 관련 영어 표현 비디오 더 올릴게요! \n<br />\nhttps://youtu.be/tUdmb3cOvKc\n\n\n<br />",
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      "body": "<br />\n<p style=\"line-height: 2;\">\nThroughout my experiences in grad school to become a speech-language pathologist, I heard a lot of people say that ABA, which stands for Applied Behavior Analysis, was bad. I generally just nodded and did not contribute anything to the conversation because I did not know what to say. For all I know, maybe behavior analysts say the same things about our field! They might say we “just play games” and do not take enough quality data. As a part of my blog, I wanted to delve deeper into whether there can be a happy marriage between the two. \n<br />\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYromMfaf7joQ1nLfyzb29rPv2EQsXAUYhnA1Wpau16yN/children-817365_640.jpg</center>\n<br />\n\n<p style=\"line-height: 2;\">\nABA is a systematic approach to intervention which brings to mind the concepts of Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner. Pavlov is of course most famous for his experiments with dogs where he found out he could condition the dogs to salivate when they heard a bell ring because they had begun to associate the bell with food. B.F. Skinner came up with operant conditioning which basically states that individuals learn behaviors based on the reward or punishment they receive. The plan of ABA is to slowly fade (get rid of) prompts and rewards as the individual becomes more independent. The ultimate goal is that the individual will carry out the action/behavior without even being prompted.\n\n<center>\nhttps://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSLAef3Wt7jRGbtAB2ZAN1kG496MfeSk6zhx8dx3UnoZ4/bell-2899920_640.jpg\n</center>\n<br />\n<p style=\"line-height: 2;\">\nAs an aside, keep in mind that a punishment in these terms does not mean a spanking or whatever, but rather some type of action which makes the behavior less likely to occur again. Punishment in psychology does not always match up with the traditional definitions of the word and could in fact mean the opposite. What if a child refuses to do a classroom assignment, throws a tantrum, and gets sent to timeout. What happened? It is possible that the child achieved his goal through the behavior (the tantrum) because he did not have to finish the assignment. Is that a punishment? On the contrary, it is reinforcement.\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcfDdfgm77oTS5UG7D4SDMwEZjSVscaBQ8bG1889qbxip/christmas-3013762_640.jpg</center>\n<br />\n<p style=\"line-height: 2;\">\nTwo main components of ABA are prompting an individual to do a certain behavior/action and then rewarding them when they do it. Prompting could be telling the individual to do it, gesturing towards what or where they have to do something, modeling (acting out) the behavior, providing hand-over-hand assistance, etc. I have listed them in the order that generally represents the most to least independence required by the student. Rewards can vary based on how independently and “correctly” the individual carried out the action or behavior. He might get a minute on the iPad if he followed the directions after simply being told to do so but only get 30 seconds if he displayed some undesired behavior.\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVQD6yLyLPaFq4eQNLpNS2oWP51R3zGef1iWr6FYf89o4/child-865116_640.jpg</center>\n<br />\n<p style=\"line-height: 2;\">\nSo what do SLPs have against ABA? They say it is too robotic and does not generalize. Generalization refers to a skill that was learned in therapy being able to be used outside of the “therapy room” and in real situations. In the real world, they say, you never get a Hershey Kiss for following directions. \n<p style=\"line-height: 2;\">\nI am more optimistic that speech and ABA can have a symbiotic relationship. One of the reasons for this is that we as SLPs are not given enough training in behavioral management skills. And since undesirable behaviors might be inextricably linked to individuals’ difficulties with language and communication, it behooves us to learn a thing or two about it. In fact, the “undesired behavior” itself is a means of communication. And at the very worse, even if an SLP does not want to explicitly incorporate ABA therapy into sessions, they can examine the data kept by behavior analysts to figure out why behaviors seem to be occurring (antecedents) as well as what prompts and rewards seem to help the individual cooperate with others. Moreover, if we figure what a behavior is communicating, we can come up with alternative and adaptive ways for the student to communicate the same thing. \n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmdEtthRjeKmhDaGDABuq1fjzKStbH2rM89JqvpqWnZu9e/thumb-422558_640.jpg</center>\n<br />\n<p style=\"line-height: 2;\">\nNot only can an SLP examine behavior analysts’ data and learn by talking to them, SLPs already actively use some principles of ABA in their sessions without even realizing it. What if we suddenly stop playing with a child and wait for them to request the action before continuing the play? That is rewarding the behavior of requesting.\n<p style=\"line-height: 2;\">\nThe PLAY Project developed by Dr. Rick Solomon is an early intervention technique which incorporates naturalistic play into helping children communicate and develop deeper bonds with others while training the parents to keep carrying out this intervention. On the surface, one might say this is the antithesis of ABA but it is actually, in my opinion, an effective hybrid. \n\n<center>\nhttps://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQMkVt3UVU94vKtqMSyGtaM1KxnGLAp3pViRNQbn6fDPM/people-1560569_640.jpg</center>\n<br />\n<p style=\"line-height: 2;\">\nI went to a seminar by Sheryl Rosin, Ph.D., CCC-SLP, at the 2016 ASHA Convention titled ‘The PLAY Project: An Evidence-Based Early Intervention Program for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders’. Mostly, her presentation involved showing and discussing videos of her consulting with parents during play-based activities. During one video, a child expressed interest in a ball. The mother took the ball and ran away from him. At first, he just chased her happily, but as time went on, the mother was consulted to do more and more to facilitate interactions (Rosin, 2016). She stopped and waited for her son to request for play to continue. She made comments and encouraged responses. What was she doing? She was rewarding requests, the reward was more play.\n<p style=\"line-height: 2;\">\nWe can learn a lot from ABA. But also, if we dismiss a field, we are missing a chance to develop a multidisciplinary team that allows them to learn from us too. Behavior is inextricably linked to communication. Not only that, remember that we can help behavior analysts by contributing information based on our expertise. We can tell behavior analysts when a child is not completing a certain behavior because of their apraxia, dysphagia, receptive language disorder, or whatever it may be. We can come up with alterations and adaptations that help the child. \n<p style=\"line-height: 2;\">\nReferences\nRosin, S. (2016). <i>The PLAY Project: An evidence-based early intervention program for children with autism spectrum disorders.</i> Presented at the 2016 ASHA Convention, Philadelphia, PA.\n<br />\n\nYou might be interested in reading these articles:\n\nhttp://www.difflearn.com/product/speech-language-pathology-and-ABA/\nhttp://teachmetotalk.com/2015/04/23/lessons-from-aba/\nhttp://blog.asha.org/2012/02/07/the-abcs-of-aba-in-the-slp-world/\nhttps://www.reddit.com/r/slp/comments/2wy1vy/what_do_slps_think_about_aba_therapy_and_aba/\nhttps://spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/controversy-autisms-common-therapy/\nhttps://www.autismweb.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=1410\nhttp://speechandaba.blogspot.com/\nhttp://www.autism-pdd.net/testdump/test16288.htm\nhttp://www.sentex.net/~nexus23/naa_aba.html\nhttps://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/08/aba-autism-controversy/495272/\nhttps://sociallyanxiousadvocate.wordpress.com/2015/05/22/why-i-left-aba/\nhttp://autismmythbusters.com/parents/therapy/the-truth-about-aba/\nhttps://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/breaking-barriers/201411/answers-beliefs-about-aba-0\nhttp://www.wikihow.com/Tell-if-an-Autism-ABA-Therapy-Is-Harmful\nhttp://blog.theautismsite.com/aba-therapy-controversy/\n<br />",
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      "body": "<br />\n<p style=\"line-height: 2;\">\nBefore we discuss why echolalia gets a bad rap, I will briefly explain what echolalia is. There are two broad categories of echolalia: immediate echolalia and delayed echolalia. Immediate echolalia is what most people might think of when they hear the term or think about the interaction style of some people with autism and/or other disorders. Immediate echolalia is repeating back the phrase, last few words, or very last word of what was just said. This is sometimes referred to pejoratively as “parroting”.\n<br /><br />\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNb3fHUqWqKecZQenRfdTUVHMPtrCi9Ds78M71K73wMDk/parrot-1246688_640.jpg</center>\n<br />\n<p style=\"line-height: 2;\">There are several reasons why an individual might use immediate echolalia. One of the reasons is that the individual might be processing what was said to them. Not only could repeating what was just said be a way to take one’s time and “stall”, it could also be a way for the individual to digest the statement or question in the same way a typically developing person might repeat a really tough question they were just asked as they pondered a response. Another reason for immediate echolalia could be limitations in language skills. Karen Kabaki-Sisto is an SLP who developed a communication app. You can check the app out, which is called I Can Have Conversations With You, at icanforautism.com.. On an episode of the podcase By Your Side podcast (http://byyoursideac.com/bys-podcast-008-karen-kabaki-sisto-m-s-ccc-slp-founder-of-autism-breakthrough-solutions/), she made the excellent analogy of going to a foreign country and having limited skills in that language. If repeated what you knew or had access to and were ignored, told that was not right, or to “use your words” another way, you might display some “behaviors” too.\n<br /><br />\n<center>\n(https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmV3ZFFeMbeSeRXigEXHDog3m8s3x4qB5mhb9s78i3DNgZ/one-against-all-1744091_640.jpg</center>\n<br />\n<p style=\"line-height: 2;\">\nKabaki-Sisto went on to say that if the individual is given a choice of two colors and asked “Do you want red or blue?” They might first grab the one they want or repeat the question, thinking it will solve the situation. As SLPs, teachers, parents, or whomever, simply repeating the question might not be advancing the individual’s language skills. It is clear the individual was expressing a want/need to have, say, the red crayon but maybe did not have the exact words to say it. We have to read body language, then model or narrate the situation if the individual is not ready to answer complex questions just yet. Similarly, an individual might use echolalia to echo your sentiment and display engagement in the conversation by repeating what was said. Lastly, an individual might use echolalia simply because the word or phrase is interesting to them or perhaps as a means of self-regulation (which is essentially a better term for “stimming”).\n<br ><br >\n<center>\nhttps://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcqd7owHV7hc6AVwhYspaogC41Bmm7mUmoSdHLW4bdwBj/question-mark-2492009_640.jpg</center>\n<br >\n<p style=\"line-height: 2;\">\nThis leads into delayed echolalia which also can serve many communicative and/or emotional purposes including self-regulation. It might have a calming effect or help the individual not become overwhelmed by their current surroundings. An individual might also use a phrase they have seen or heard from their life, a book, or a movie which they feel either fits the current situation or helps them deal with it. Marge Blanc, head of the Communication Development Center in Madison, Wisconsin onced talked about an individual repeating a line from Buzz Lightyear of Toy Story, a strong and confident character, when the individual felt nervous. This was a way of boosting up his own courage. \n<br /><br />\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQJsdCiHzYjvYC9d8qV9mGhuCX198fCrWGYZ5QpQeBo7J/courage-2050840_640.jpg</center>\n<br /><br />\nSimilarly, an individual might remember a time when their favorite character was really happy and said, “My lucky stars, you did it!” and then the individual uses that phrase the next time they feel happy. The “problem” with this might be that it doesn’t fit in a lot of the situations the individual uses it. But that does not mean echolalia is not serving a communicative purpose. We all use echolalia to some extent. From my personal experience learning Korean, I use echolalia, repeating a phrase word-for-word from a movie, textbook, or wherever when I think it makes sense. Sometimes people look at me odd because I have used it in the wrong context or messed the words up a bit. But sometimes they think I am better at Korean than I even am! We as SLPs, teachers, parents, etc. just need to help our students or children harness this echolalia in a more appropriate way depending on the situation.\n<br /><br />\n<center>\nhttps://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQZYER3Q3pVPhoeQTr79VuQyBgnTsAhwCfeqn2xws1EU5/michelangelo-71282_640.jpg</center>\n<br />\n <p style=\"line-height: 2;\">\nBefore I talked about Kabaki-Sisto’s example of a teacher holding out two markers and asking, “Do you want red or blue?” The child perhaps repeats the question while reaching for his color of choice. The teacher pulls the markers out of his reach and repeats the question herself. What could she do instead? Kabaki-Sisto recommends something like this: if you find the child using this type of echolalia, hold out both markers, allow the child to choose, and then narrate something like, “Oh, you want the red marker.” Maybe then the teacher can take two more markers, place them in front of herself, and then say, “I want the purple marker” as a way of modeling the correct grammar in a meaningful context.\n<br />\n<br />\n<br />",
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