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      "body": "Congratulations @service2client! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@service2client/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Steem Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@service2client) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=service2client)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "title": "Why eSignatures Are Better Than Handwritten Signatures",
      "body": "<div class=\"pull-right\"><img class=\"C2CArticleContentImageRight alignright\" title=\"cpa esignatures\" src=\"https://pas.service2client.com/assets/contentimages/2020_02/CPA Esignature.jpg\" alt=\"cpa esignatures\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" /></div><br/>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.service2client.com/cpa-secure-file-transfer/cpa-esign\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Signatures</a> play an important role in authenticating a document or binding an individual by the provisions contained in a document. And sometimes, a handwritten signature can slow down the process. This is because it’s dependent on the availability of the parties that are involved. It also includes the exchange of paper. You can imagine if you are doing business with an overseas company and have to wait for the documents to be delivered before you can continue with the transaction.\r\n\r\nMany business processes have now been automated – and the signing of documents is one of these processes that has been streamlined.\r\n\r\nHere are some reasons that make e-signatures better than handwritten ones:\r\n<ul>\r\n <li><strong>More secure: </strong>With handwritten signatures, you are never 100 percent sure that the signature has not been forged. To the contrary, with an e-signature you can always track it to see if the document was tampered with.</li>\r\n <li><strong>Reduces costs: </strong>E-signatures eliminate the cost of printing documents and the postage incurred with handwritten signed documents.</li>\r\n <li><strong>Speeds up processes: </strong>E-signatures speed up business processes, considering that today almost all documents can be delivered online in an instant.</li>\r\n <li><strong>You can do it for free: </strong>Some online programs provide signing digital documents for free. To prevent forgery, online signatures are protected through verification methods and security audits.</li>\r\n <li><strong>Integrates with modern business:</strong> Technology has helped businesses evolve to be automated, saving time and speeding up processes.</li>\r\n <li><strong>Easy to use</strong>: Users can sign documents online by tracing their handwritten signature using a stylus or with the click of a mouse button.</li>\r\n <li><strong>Easy to track documents:</strong> Unlike tracking a physical document, it’s easy to track documents signed online using most of the available e-signature software. This eliminates lost paperwork problems.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nClearly, electronic signatures now play a big role in businesses today due to their convenience. And with the growing trend for businesses to go paperless, anyone who wants to enhance the efficiency of their business has no choice but to use <a href=\"https://www.icfiles.net/esign/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">e-signatures</a>. <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.icfiles.net/why-esignatures-are-better-than-handwritten-signatures/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "title": "TOP 6 LEGAL RISKS WHEN ADOPTING E-SIGNATURES AND HOW TO ADDRESS THEM",
      "body": "<h2>RISK AND ENFORCEABILITY</h2>\r\nAuthor OneSpan\r\n<h3>How to Reduce Risk and Strengthen the Enforceability of Signed Records</h3>\r\n<h4>Moving business processes online without introducing new risks is not a simple task. The fraud, repudiation, admissibility, and compliance risks are challenging enough to address when executing transactions on paper. If not done properly in the electronic world, these risks can be far greater. This paper discusses how a well-designed process, supported by newgeneration electronic signature technology, can actually reduce risk and increase the enforceability of e-transactions compared to paper processes.</h4>\r\nWhile the ESIGN Act gave electronically signed records the same legal validity as their pen and paper counterparts, it did not guarantee that e-records will be admitted into court as evidence or provide adequate defense to ensure a positive outcome in the event of a dispute. Moreover, meeting the basic requirements of the ESIGN Act does not mitigate against several other risks associated with bringing high-value consumer transactions online.\r\n\r\nA new generation of electronic signature technology has emerged in response to evolving market demands for a more comprehensive solution that provides better compliance and control of highly regulated transactions. Electronic signature solutions today must go beyond simple signature capture to control the execution of transactions electronically from start to finish, reducing risk and capturing the most comprehensive audit trail evidence.\r\n\r\nThis paper explains how OneSpan Sign addresses the top six risks of bringing processes online as identified by leading e-commerce law firm, Locke Lord LLP, which has guided Fortune 500 companies in the design and implementation of electronic signature processes.\r\n<h3>1. User Authentication Risk: “This Isn’t My Signature”</h3>\r\nWhile the vast majority of legal disputes challenge the terms and conditions of a signed document, not whether a signature belongs to a person, user authentication is still a risk organizations must address, especially when doing business with new and unknown customers over the web.\r\n\r\nLocke Lord defines the user authentication issue as the risk that a document is signed by someone other than who the person actually signing claims to be, and therefore, a forger. The risk, according to Locke Lord, is that a company will not be able to enforce the document against the person with whom the company thought it was contracting, because the person claims, “That is not my signature!”\r\n\r\nIt is important to note, however, that a signer’s identity is rarely authenticated in one instance or based on a single point technology, regardless of whether transactions take place remotely over the web or face to face. Normally, a combination of events and evidence is used to establish the identity of a party to a transaction, including conversations with agents or representatives, the provision of personal information, and signatures.\r\n\r\nE-Signature technology combined with a solid business process can mitigate user authentication risk with a number of identity and credential verification techniques. A well-designed e-signature solution supports a wide variety of authentication methods, including user ID/password, knowledge-based authentication, smart cards, or multi-factor authentication services (e.g., OneSpan's Digipass®). Look for an e-signature solution that can easily integrate with many types of authentication methods throughout the e-sign workflow. This provides the flexibility to calibrate the level of authentication to the risk associated with each process.\r\n\r\nIn the event that a person denies having signed a record, a point to consider for determining the legitimacy of the claim is whether the person, subsequent to the transaction, made a payment to obtain the product or service? Further, what would motivate the person to make a fraud claim, knowing that without the existence of a valid contract, the relationship would be rendered null and void, and the claim would be moot?\r\n<h3>2. Repudiation Risk: “That’s Not What I Signed”</h3>\r\nLocke Lord defines the second risk, repudiation, as the risk that a person claims the document was altered after they signed it. “The risk is that a company relying on an applicant’s electronic signature seeks to enforce the terms of the signed document bearing the applicant’s signature and the applicant claims, “Yes, that is my signature, but the terms and conditions of what I signed are different than that document!\"\r\n\r\nRepudiation generally occurs when a customer has provided false information in a document or now disagrees with terms and conditions to which they had originally agreed. Therefore the customer is asserting that although they did sign a document, either the document or their signature has been altered.\r\n\r\nE-Signatures can mitigate repudiation risk by ensuring that a person’s signature is permanently bound to the exact contents of the record at the time of signing.\r\n\r\nA secure e-signature solution uses digital signature technology to create a link between the electronic record, the user authentication data, and any additionalevidence related to the transaction. A digital \"fingerprint\" of the record is taken at the time of signing using industry-standard hashing algorithms. This fingerprint can then be used to detect even the smallest change to the signed document. A person cannot, therefore, claim that someone tampered with the e-signed record, nor can the person claim that their signature was fraudulently added to another document, because the solution would visibly invalidate the electronic signature.\r\n<h3>3. Admissibility Risk: “Objection, Your Honor”</h3>\r\nLocke Lord defines the risk of admissibility as the risk that an e-contract cannot be enforced, because it does not provide strong enough evidence and, therefore, is not admissible in court. Laying the proper foundation, according to Locke Lord, is critical.\r\n\r\nProducing reliable and persuasive electronic evidence, however, can be challenging, especially when processes take place over the web. Web interfaces and processes change frequently in response to compliance requirements and usability feedback, making it difficult for organizations to recreate a customer experience that occurred months or years past. Even if historical web interface information is retained, it is likely stored in a number of separate databases and content management systems, making it difficult to retrieve and reproduce in a reliable manner. This information is then available to a company’s records custodian to help in laying the foundation for the reliability, and therefore admissibility, of such records.\r\n\r\nTo mitigate admissibility risk, look for an e-signature solution that enables organizations to capture and reproduce every step that occurred during the transaction execution.\r\n\r\nBy capturing a visual audit trail of the entire transaction from beginning to end, the e-signature solution offers organizations better visibility into processes and stronger evidence than is possible with paper. Organizations can then accurately and reliably reproduce the entire e-transaction for litigation, regulatory, and internal control purposes. This includes the signing act itself, as well as all web pages viewed; all legal disclosures and documents presented for review, acceptance, and signing; all actions taken by signers; and the delivery of e-signed copies to all parties and systems.\r\n<h3>4. Compliance Risk: “I Never Saw That”</h3>\r\nIn addition to the ESIGN Act, organizations must comply with rules and regulations for presenting documents, disclosures, and other information at specific stages during a transaction. Failure to comply can cost organizations dearly, including possibly rendering the signed document null and void. Locke Lord explains that organizations can be sanctioned by regulatory authorities and the other party involved in the transaction may be permitted to avoid its obligations under the documents signed. Further, depending on the industry, organizations may be subjected to hefty fines, lose accreditation status, or compromise brand equity.\r\n\r\nE-Signatures can mitigate compliance risk by enforcing regulatory requirements and proving that compliant processes were followed throughout a transaction.\r\n\r\nA well-designed e-signature process enables organizations to configure the business logic needed to control the execution of transactions so that compliant processes are followed throughout. This includes ensuring that ESIGN Consent is obtained, that all required documents, disclosures and information are presented in the correct format, sequence, and time frame; that no signatures are missing; and that all parties receive a copy of the final records. Moreover, because the transaction remains electronic, there is no need to re-key data and potentially introduce errors.\r\n<h3>5. Adoption Risk: “Am I Done Yet?”</h3>\r\nWhile user adoption is not a legal risk per se, it is important to consider in the context of this discussion. Organizations often look to adopt more rigorous security in an attempt to address legal or compliance risk. This approach is not recommended, because security and usability are most always in conflict and adopting excessive security measures can negatively impact return-on-investment. Locke Lord defines adoption risk as “the risk that the e-process takes longer than the traditional process or is not as convenient as the traditional process and consequently, adoption of the process is slow. The risk is that a company invests considerable resources to design an e-process only to find that there is little use of the e-process.”\r\n\r\nIn an effort to address the user authentication and admissibility risk, organizations often inadvertently make the electronic process more complex and difficult to use, because they set a higher standard for security than is normally required. It is important to remember that the primary reason for moving transactions online is to make them more efficient and convenient for all parties involved. If e-transactions become too complex, users will simply abandon the process and an organization will not realize the full potential of its investment.\r\n\r\nE-Signatures can mitigate adoption risk by offering flexible options for e-signing, security, and authentication to accommodate the unique requirements of each process.\r\n\r\nA flexible e-signature solution provides organizations with numerous options for authenticating customers, presenting documents, and applying electronic signatures to ensure high adoption and the optimal user experience across all channels and processes. For instance, organizations can use dynamic knowledge-based authentication, to authenticate unknown, online applicants. In point-of-sale environments, documents can be presented to customers in paper format for review and customers can add their signature to records by hand-signing on an electronic pad, tablet, smartphone, or other device. For web processes, customers click-to-sign documents directly within the browser, thereby eliminating the need to download special software. These options mean organizations do not have to compromise on requirements and can achieve the optimal balance between security and usability.\r\n<h3>6. Relative Risk: “How Does It Compare To Paper?”</h3>\r\nLocke Lord defines relative risk as the risk the e-process poses compared to traditional processes: “There are authentication risks, repudiation risks and compliance risks with the traditional process of using wet ink and paper to complete transactions. Many companies have not examined such risks until they begin developing an e-process. For most electronic signature and e-discovery processes, the goal will be to have the transaction, on the whole, be no riskier than the current processes.”\r\n\r\nE-Signatures decrease overall risk compared to paper by providing greater control and visibility into processes.\r\n\r\nWhen processes fall to paper, organizations not only decrease their operational efficiency and incur unnecessary costs, they lose control and visibility into their processes. The only evidence that a business agreement or transaction took place is the resulting document or contract. While this paper evidence captures signing intent, it does not reproduce all events leading up to the act of signing which may render a document ineffective or unenforceable. Further, paper documents are more easily lost and destroyed, and may be archived in a manner that makes them difficult and time-consuming to retrieve for litigation, regulatory, and internal control purposes.\r\n\r\nWhen processes remain electronic, organizations gain unprecedented control and visibility into their business. E-Signature software fully executes and captures e-signing processes electronically from start to finish to enforce business, legal, and regulatory requirements and enables organizations to reliably reproduce all events and actions. And because processes remain electronic, they can be monitored for anomalies and security breaches, and system administrators can be alerted.\r\n<h3>Conclusion</h3>\r\nThe ESIGN team at Locke Lord has concluded that a reasonably well designed process, which includes making sure the correct version of the mandated forms are used, supported by e-signature technology such as OneSpan Sign, can reduce the authentication, repudiation, admissibility, and compliance risk below the levels of paper processes, and capture a reliable record of the entire transaction.\r\n\r\nhttps://www.icfiles.net/service-areas/cpa-esignature/ <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.icfiles.net/top-6-legal-risks-when-adopting-e-signatures-and-how-to-address-them/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "title": "TOP 6 LEGAL RISKS WHEN ADOPTING E-SIGNATURES AND HOW TO ADDRESS THEM",
      "body": "<h2>RISK AND ENFORCEABILITY</h2>\r\n<h3>How to Reduce Risk and Strengthen the Enforceability of Signed Records</h3>\r\n<h4>Moving business processes online without introducing new risks is not a simple task. The fraud, repudiation, admissibility, and compliance risks are challenging enough to address when executing transactions on paper. If not done properly in the electronic world, these risks can be far greater. This paper discusses how a well-designed process, supported by newgeneration electronic signature technology, can actually reduce risk and increase the enforceability of e-transactions compared to paper processes.</h4>\r\nWhile the ESIGN Act gave electronically signed records the same legal validity as their pen and paper counterparts, it did not guarantee that e-records will be admitted into court as evidence or provide adequate defense to ensure a positive outcome in the event of a dispute. Moreover, meeting the basic requirements of the ESIGN Act does not mitigate against several other risks associated with bringing high-value consumer transactions online.\r\n\r\nA new generation of electronic signature technology has emerged in response to evolving market demands for a more comprehensive solution that provides better compliance and control of highly regulated transactions. Electronic signature solutions today must go beyond simple signature capture to control the execution of transactions electronically from start to finish, reducing risk and capturing the most comprehensive audit trail evidence.\r\n\r\nThis paper explains how OneSpan Sign addresses the top six risks of bringing processes online as identified by leading e-commerce law firm, Locke Lord LLP, which has guided Fortune 500 companies in the design and implementation of electronic signature processes.\r\n<h3>1. User Authentication Risk: “This Isn’t My Signature”</h3>\r\nWhile the vast majority of legal disputes challenge the terms and conditions of a signed document, not whether a signature belongs to a person, user authentication is still a risk organizations must address, especially when doing business with new and unknown customers over the web.\r\n\r\nLocke Lord defines the user authentication issue as the risk that a document is signed by someone other than who the person actually signing claims to be, and therefore, a forger. The risk, according to Locke Lord, is that a company will not be able to enforce the document against the person with whom the company thought it was contracting, because the person claims, “That is not my signature!”\r\n\r\nIt is important to note, however, that a signer’s identity is rarely authenticated in one instance or based on a single point technology, regardless of whether transactions take place remotely over the web or face to face. Normally, a combination of events and evidence is used to establish the identity of a party to a transaction, including conversations with agents or representatives, the provision of personal information, and signatures.\r\n\r\nE-Signature technology combined with a solid business process can mitigate user authentication risk with a number of identity and credential verification techniques. A well-designed e-signature solution supports a wide variety of authentication methods, including user ID/password, knowledge-based authentication, smart cards, or multi-factor authentication services (e.g., OneSpan's Digipass®). Look for an e-signature solution that can easily integrate with many types of authentication methods throughout the e-sign workflow. This provides the flexibility to calibrate the level of authentication to the risk associated with each process.\r\n\r\nIn the event that a person denies having signed a record, a point to consider for determining the legitimacy of the claim is whether the person, subsequent to the transaction, made a payment to obtain the product or service? Further, what would motivate the person to make a fraud claim, knowing that without the existence of a valid contract, the relationship would be rendered null and void, and the claim would be moot?\r\n<h3>2. Repudiation Risk: “That’s Not What I Signed”</h3>\r\nLocke Lord defines the second risk, repudiation, as the risk that a person claims the document was altered after they signed it. “The risk is that a company relying on an applicant’s electronic signature seeks to enforce the terms of the signed document bearing the applicant’s signature and the applicant claims, “Yes, that is my signature, but the terms and conditions of what I signed are different than that document!\"\r\n\r\nRepudiation generally occurs when a customer has provided false information in a document or now disagrees with terms and conditions to which they had originally agreed. Therefore the customer is asserting that although they did sign a document, either the document or their signature has been altered.\r\n\r\nE-Signatures can mitigate repudiation risk by ensuring that a person’s signature is permanently bound to the exact contents of the record at the time of signing.\r\n\r\nA secure e-signature solution uses digital signature technology to create a link between the electronic record, the user authentication data, and any additionalevidence related to the transaction. A digital \"fingerprint\" of the record is taken at the time of signing using industry-standard hashing algorithms. This fingerprint can then be used to detect even the smallest change to the signed document. A person cannot, therefore, claim that someone tampered with the e-signed record, nor can the person claim that their signature was fraudulently added to another document, because the solution would visibly invalidate the electronic signature.\r\n<h3>3. Admissibility Risk: “Objection, Your Honor”</h3>\r\nLocke Lord defines the risk of admissibility as the risk that an e-contract cannot be enforced, because it does not provide strong enough evidence and, therefore, is not admissible in court. Laying the proper foundation, according to Locke Lord, is critical.\r\n\r\nProducing reliable and persuasive electronic evidence, however, can be challenging, especially when processes take place over the web. Web interfaces and processes change frequently in response to compliance requirements and usability feedback, making it difficult for organizations to recreate a customer experience that occurred months or years past. Even if historical web interface information is retained, it is likely stored in a number of separate databases and content management systems, making it difficult to retrieve and reproduce in a reliable manner. This information is then available to a company’s records custodian to help in laying the foundation for the reliability, and therefore admissibility, of such records.\r\n\r\nTo mitigate admissibility risk, look for an e-signature solution that enables organizations to capture and reproduce every step that occurred during the transaction execution.\r\n\r\nBy capturing a visual audit trail of the entire transaction from beginning to end, the e-signature solution offers organizations better visibility into processes and stronger evidence than is possible with paper. Organizations can then accurately and reliably reproduce the entire e-transaction for litigation, regulatory, and internal control purposes. This includes the signing act itself, as well as all web pages viewed; all legal disclosures and documents presented for review, acceptance, and signing; all actions taken by signers; and the delivery of e-signed copies to all parties and systems.\r\n<h3>4. Compliance Risk: “I Never Saw That”</h3>\r\nIn addition to the ESIGN Act, organizations must comply with rules and regulations for presenting documents, disclosures, and other information at specific stages during a transaction. Failure to comply can cost organizations dearly, including possibly rendering the signed document null and void. Locke Lord explains that organizations can be sanctioned by regulatory authorities and the other party involved in the transaction may be permitted to avoid its obligations under the documents signed. Further, depending on the industry, organizations may be subjected to hefty fines, lose accreditation status, or compromise brand equity.\r\n\r\nE-Signatures can mitigate compliance risk by enforcing regulatory requirements and proving that compliant processes were followed throughout a transaction.\r\n\r\nA well-designed e-signature process enables organizations to configure the business logic needed to control the execution of transactions so that compliant processes are followed throughout. This includes ensuring that ESIGN Consent is obtained, that all required documents, disclosures and information are presented in the correct format, sequence, and time frame; that no signatures are missing; and that all parties receive a copy of the final records. Moreover, because the transaction remains electronic, there is no need to re-key data and potentially introduce errors.\r\n<h3>5. Adoption Risk: “Am I Done Yet?”</h3>\r\nWhile user adoption is not a legal risk per se, it is important to consider in the context of this discussion. Organizations often look to adopt more rigorous security in an attempt to address legal or compliance risk. This approach is not recommended, because security and usability are most always in conflict and adopting excessive security measures can negatively impact return-on-investment. Locke Lord defines adoption risk as “the risk that the e-process takes longer than the traditional process or is not as convenient as the traditional process and consequently, adoption of the process is slow. The risk is that a company invests considerable resources to design an e-process only to find that there is little use of the e-process.”\r\n\r\nIn an effort to address the user authentication and admissibility risk, organizations often inadvertently make the electronic process more complex and difficult to use, because they set a higher standard for security than is normally required. It is important to remember that the primary reason for moving transactions online is to make them more efficient and convenient for all parties involved. If e-transactions become too complex, users will simply abandon the process and an organization will not realize the full potential of its investment.\r\n\r\nE-Signatures can mitigate adoption risk by offering flexible options for e-signing, security, and authentication to accommodate the unique requirements of each process.\r\n\r\nA flexible e-signature solution provides organizations with numerous options for authenticating customers, presenting documents, and applying electronic signatures to ensure high adoption and the optimal user experience across all channels and processes. For instance, organizations can use dynamic knowledge-based authentication, to authenticate unknown, online applicants. In point-of-sale environments, documents can be presented to customers in paper format for review and customers can add their signature to records by hand-signing on an electronic pad, tablet, smartphone, or other device. For web processes, customers click-to-sign documents directly within the browser, thereby eliminating the need to download special software. These options mean organizations do not have to compromise on requirements and can achieve the optimal balance between security and usability.\r\n<h3>6. Relative Risk: “How Does It Compare To Paper?”</h3>\r\nLocke Lord defines relative risk as the risk the e-process poses compared to traditional processes: “There are authentication risks, repudiation risks and compliance risks with the traditional process of using wet ink and paper to complete transactions. Many companies have not examined such risks until they begin developing an e-process. For most electronic signature and e-discovery processes, the goal will be to have the transaction, on the whole, be no riskier than the current processes.”\r\n\r\nE-Signatures decrease overall risk compared to paper by providing greater control and visibility into processes.\r\n\r\nWhen processes fall to paper, organizations not only decrease their operational efficiency and incur unnecessary costs, they lose control and visibility into their processes. The only evidence that a business agreement or transaction took place is the resulting document or contract. While this paper evidence captures signing intent, it does not reproduce all events leading up to the act of signing which may render a document ineffective or unenforceable. Further, paper documents are more easily lost and destroyed, and may be archived in a manner that makes them difficult and time-consuming to retrieve for litigation, regulatory, and internal control purposes.\r\n\r\nWhen processes remain electronic, organizations gain unprecedented control and visibility into their business. E-Signature software fully executes and captures e-signing processes electronically from start to finish to enforce business, legal, and regulatory requirements and enables organizations to reliably reproduce all events and actions. And because processes remain electronic, they can be monitored for anomalies and security breaches, and system administrators can be alerted.\r\n<h3>Conclusion</h3>\r\nThe ESIGN team at Locke Lord has concluded that a reasonably well designed process, which includes making sure the correct version of the mandated forms are used, supported by e-signature technology such as OneSpan Sign, can reduce the authentication, repudiation, admissibility, and compliance risk below the levels of paper processes, and capture a reliable record of the entire transaction.\r\n\r\nhttps://www.icfiles.net/service-areas/cpa-esignature/ <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.icfiles.net/top-6-legal-risks-when-adopting-e-signatures-and-how-to-address-them/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "title": "TOP 6 LEGAL RISKS WHEN ADOPTING E-SIGNATURES AND HOW TO ADDRESS THEM",
      "body": "<h2>RISK AND ENFORCEABILITY</h2>\r\n<h3>How to Reduce Risk and Strengthen the Enforceability of Signed Records</h3>\r\n<h4>Moving business processes online without introducing new risks is not a simple task. The fraud, repudiation, admissibility, and compliance risks are challenging enough to address when executing transactions on paper. If not done properly in the electronic world, these risks can be far greater. This paper discusses how a well-designed process, supported by newgeneration electronic signature technology, can actually reduce risk and increase the enforceability of e-transactions compared to paper processes.</h4>\r\nWhile the ESIGN Act gave electronically signed records the same legal validity as their pen and paper counterparts, it did not guarantee that e-records will be admitted into court as evidence or provide adequate defense to ensure a positive outcome in the event of a dispute. Moreover, meeting the basic requirements of the ESIGN Act does not mitigate against several other risks associated with bringing high-value consumer transactions online.\r\n\r\nA new generation of electronic signature technology has emerged in response to evolving market demands for a more comprehensive solution that provides better compliance and control of highly regulated transactions. Electronic signature solutions today must go beyond simple signature capture to control the execution of transactions electronically from start to finish, reducing risk and capturing the most comprehensive audit trail evidence.\r\n\r\nThis paper explains how OneSpan Sign addresses the top six risks of bringing processes online as identified by leading e-commerce law firm, Locke Lord LLP, which has guided Fortune 500 companies in the design and implementation of electronic signature processes.\r\n<h3>1. User Authentication Risk: “This Isn’t My Signature”</h3>\r\nWhile the vast majority of legal disputes challenge the terms and conditions of a signed document, not whether a signature belongs to a person, user authentication is still a risk organizations must address, especially when doing business with new and unknown customers over the web.\r\n\r\nLocke Lord defines the user authentication issue as the risk that a document is signed by someone other than who the person actually signing claims to be, and therefore, a forger. The risk, according to Locke Lord, is that a company will not be able to enforce the document against the person with whom the company thought it was contracting, because the person claims, “That is not my signature!”\r\n\r\nIt is important to note, however, that a signer’s identity is rarely authenticated in one instance or based on a single point technology, regardless of whether transactions take place remotely over the web or face to face. Normally, a combination of events and evidence is used to establish the identity of a party to a transaction, including conversations with agents or representatives, the provision of personal information, and signatures.\r\n\r\nE-Signature technology combined with a solid business process can mitigate user authentication risk with a number of identity and credential verification techniques. A well-designed e-signature solution supports a wide variety of authentication methods, including user ID/password, knowledge-based authentication, smart cards, or multi-factor authentication services (e.g., OneSpan's Digipass®). Look for an e-signature solution that can easily integrate with many types of authentication methods throughout the e-sign workflow. This provides the flexibility to calibrate the level of authentication to the risk associated with each process.\r\n\r\nIn the event that a person denies having signed a record, a point to consider for determining the legitimacy of the claim is whether the person, subsequent to the transaction, made a payment to obtain the product or service? Further, what would motivate the person to make a fraud claim, knowing that without the existence of a valid contract, the relationship would be rendered null and void, and the claim would be moot?\r\n<h3>2. Repudiation Risk: “That’s Not What I Signed”</h3>\r\nLocke Lord defines the second risk, repudiation, as the risk that a person claims the document was altered after they signed it. “The risk is that a company relying on an applicant’s electronic signature seeks to enforce the terms of the signed document bearing the applicant’s signature and the applicant claims, “Yes, that is my signature, but the terms and conditions of what I signed are different than that document!\"\r\n\r\nRepudiation generally occurs when a customer has provided false information in a document or now disagrees with terms and conditions to which they had originally agreed. Therefore the customer is asserting that although they did sign a document, either the document or their signature has been altered.\r\n\r\nE-Signatures can mitigate repudiation risk by ensuring that a person’s signature is permanently bound to the exact contents of the record at the time of signing.\r\n\r\nA secure e-signature solution uses digital signature technology to create a link between the electronic record, the user authentication data, and any additionalevidence related to the transaction. A digital \"fingerprint\" of the record is taken at the time of signing using industry-standard hashing algorithms. This fingerprint can then be used to detect even the smallest change to the signed document. A person cannot, therefore, claim that someone tampered with the e-signed record, nor can the person claim that their signature was fraudulently added to another document, because the solution would visibly invalidate the electronic signature.\r\n<h3>3. Admissibility Risk: “Objection, Your Honor”</h3>\r\nLocke Lord defines the risk of admissibility as the risk that an e-contract cannot be enforced, because it does not provide strong enough evidence and, therefore, is not admissible in court. Laying the proper foundation, according to Locke Lord, is critical.\r\n\r\nProducing reliable and persuasive electronic evidence, however, can be challenging, especially when processes take place over the web. Web interfaces and processes change frequently in response to compliance requirements and usability feedback, making it difficult for organizations to recreate a customer experience that occurred months or years past. Even if historical web interface information is retained, it is likely stored in a number of separate databases and content management systems, making it difficult to retrieve and reproduce in a reliable manner. This information is then available to a company’s records custodian to help in laying the foundation for the reliability, and therefore admissibility, of such records.\r\n\r\nTo mitigate admissibility risk, look for an e-signature solution that enables organizations to capture and reproduce every step that occurred during the transaction execution.\r\n\r\nBy capturing a visual audit trail of the entire transaction from beginning to end, the e-signature solution offers organizations better visibility into processes and stronger evidence than is possible with paper. Organizations can then accurately and reliably reproduce the entire e-transaction for litigation, regulatory, and internal control purposes. This includes the signing act itself, as well as all web pages viewed; all legal disclosures and documents presented for review, acceptance, and signing; all actions taken by signers; and the delivery of e-signed copies to all parties and systems.\r\n<h3>4. Compliance Risk: “I Never Saw That”</h3>\r\nIn addition to the ESIGN Act, organizations must comply with rules and regulations for presenting documents, disclosures, and other information at specific stages during a transaction. Failure to comply can cost organizations dearly, including possibly rendering the signed document null and void. Locke Lord explains that organizations can be sanctioned by regulatory authorities and the other party involved in the transaction may be permitted to avoid its obligations under the\r\ndocuments signed. Further, depending on the industry, organizations may be subjected to hefty fines, lose accreditation status, or compromise brand equity.\r\n\r\nE-Signatures can mitigate compliance risk by enforcing regulatory requirements and proving that compliant processes were followed throughout a transaction.\r\n\r\nA well-designed e-signature process enables organizations to configure the business logic needed to control the execution of transactions so that compliant processes are followed throughout. This includes ensuring that ESIGN Consent is obtained, that all required documents, disclosures and information are presented in the correct format, sequence, and time frame; that no signatures are missing; and that all parties receive a copy of the final records. Moreover, because the transaction remains electronic, there is no need to re-key data and potentially introduce errors.\r\n<h3>5. Adoption Risk: “Am I Done Yet?”</h3>\r\nWhile user adoption is not a legal risk per se, it is important to consider in the context of this discussion. Organizations often look to adopt more rigorous security in an attempt to address legal or compliance risk. This approach is not recommended, because security and usability are most always in conflict and adopting excessive security measures can negatively impact return-on-investment. Locke Lord defines adoption risk as “the risk that the e-process takes longer than the traditional process or is not as convenient as the traditional process and consequently, adoption of the process is slow. The risk is that a company invests considerable resources to design an e-process only to find that there is little use of the e-process.”\r\n\r\nIn an effort to address the user authentication and admissibility risk, organizations often inadvertently make the electronic process more complex and difficult to use, because they set a higher standard for security than is normally required. It is important to remember that the primary reason for moving transactions online is to make them more efficient and convenient for all parties involved. If e-transactions become too complex, users will simply abandon the process and an organization will not realize the full potential of its investment.\r\n\r\nE-Signatures can mitigate adoption risk by offering flexible options for e-signing, security, and authentication to accommodate the unique requirements of each process.\r\n\r\nA flexible e-signature solution provides organizations with numerous options for authenticating customers, presenting documents, and applying electronic signatures to ensure high adoption and the optimal user experience across all channels and processes. For instance, organizations can use dynamic knowledge-based authentication, to authenticate unknown, online applicants. In point-of-sale environments, documents can be presented to customers in paper format for review and customers can add their signature to records by hand-signing on an electronic pad, tablet, smartphone, or other device. For web processes, customers click-to-sign documents directly within the browser, thereby eliminating the need to download special software. These options mean organizations do not have to compromise on requirements and can achieve the optimal balance between security and usability.\r\n<h3>6. Relative Risk: “How Does It Compare To Paper?”</h3>\r\nLocke Lord defines relative risk as the risk the e-process poses compared to traditional processes: “There are authentication risks, repudiation risks and compliance risks with the traditional process of using wet ink and paper to complete transactions. Many companies have not examined such risks until they begin developing an e-process. For most electronic signature and e-discovery processes, the goal will be to have the transaction, on the whole, be no riskier than the current processes.”\r\n\r\nE-Signatures decrease overall risk compared to paper by providing greater control\r\nand visibility into processes.\r\n\r\nWhen processes fall to paper, organizations not only decrease their operational efficiency and incur unnecessary costs, they lose control and visibility into their processes. The only evidence that a business agreement or transaction took place is the resulting document or contract. While this paper evidence captures signing intent, it does not reproduce all events leading up to the act of signing which may render a document ineffective or unenforceable. Further, paper documents are more easily lost and destroyed, and may be archived in a manner that makes them difficult and time-consuming to retrieve for litigation, regulatory, and internal control purposes.\r\n\r\nWhen processes remain electronic, organizations gain unprecedented control and visibility into their business. E-Signature software fully executes and captures e-signing processes electronically from start to finish to enforce business, legal, and regulatory requirements and enables organizations to reliably reproduce all events and actions. And because processes remain electronic, they can be monitored for anomalies and security breaches, and system administrators can be alerted.\r\n<h3>Conclusion</h3>\r\nThe ESIGN team at Locke Lord has concluded that a reasonably well designed process, which includes making sure the correct version of the mandated forms are used, supported by e-signature technology such as OneSpan Sign, can reduce the authentication, repudiation, admissibility, and compliance risk below the levels of paper processes, and capture a reliable record of the entire transaction.\r\n\r\nhttps://www.icfiles.net/service-areas/cpa-esignature/ <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.icfiles.net/top-6-legal-risks-when-adopting-e-signatures-and-how-to-address-them/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "title": "TOP 6 LEGAL RISKS WHEN ADOPTING E-SIGNATURES AND HOW TO ADDRESS THEM",
      "body": "<h2>RISK AND ENFORCEABILITY</h2>\r\n<h3>How to Reduce Risk and Strengthen the Enforceability of Signed Records</h3>\r\n<h4>Moving business processes online without introducing new risks is not a simple task. The fraud, repudiation, admissibility, and compliance risks are challenging enough to address when executing transactions on paper. If not done properly in the electronic world, these risks can be far greater. This paper discusses how a well-designed process, supported by newgeneration electronic signature technology, can actually reduce risk and increase the enforceability of e-transactions compared to paper processes.</h4>\r\nWhile the ESIGN Act gave electronically signed records the same legal validity as their pen and paper counterparts, it did not guarantee that e-records will be admitted into court as evidence or provide adequate defense to ensure a positive outcome in the event of a dispute. Moreover, meeting the basic requirements of the\r\nESIGN Act does not mitigate against s\r\n\r\neveral other risks associated with bringing high-value consumer transactions online.\r\n\r\nA new generation of electronic signature technology has emerged in response to evolving market demands for a more comprehensive solution that provides better\r\ncompliance and control of highly regulated transactions. Electronic signature solutions today must go beyond simple signature capture to control the execution of\r\ntransactions electronically from start to finish, reducing risk and capturing the most comprehensive audit trail evidence.\r\n\r\nThis paper explains how OneSpan Sign addresses the top six risks of bringing processes online as identified by leading e-commerce law firm, Locke Lord LLP,\r\nwhich has guided Fortune 500 companies in the design and implementation of electronic signature processes.\r\n<h3>1. User Authentication Risk: “This Isn’t My Signature”</h3>\r\nWhile the vast majority of legal disputes challenge the terms and conditions of a signed document, not whether a signature belongs to a person, user authentication\r\nis still a risk organizations must address, especially when doing business with new and unknown customers over the web.\r\n\r\nLocke Lord defines the user authentication issue as the risk that a document is signed by someone other than who the person actually signing claims to be, and\r\ntherefore, a forger. The risk, according to Locke Lord, is that a company will not be able to enforce the document against the person with whom the company thought it was contracting, because the person claims, “That is not my signature!”\r\n\r\nIt is important to note, however, that a signer’s identity is rarely authenticated in one instance or based on a single point technology, regardless of whether transactions take place remotely over the web or face to face. Normally, a combination of events and evidence is used to establish the identity of a party to a transaction, including conversations with agents or representatives, the provision of personal information, and signatures.\r\n\r\nE-Signature technology combined with a solid business process can mitigate user authentication risk with a number of identity and credential verification techniques. A well-designed e-signature solution supports a wide variety of authentication methods, including user ID/password, knowledge-based authentication, smart cards, or multi-factor authentication services (e.g., OneSpan's Digipass®). Look for an e-signature solution that can easily integrate with many types of authentication methods throughout the e-sign workflow. This provides the flexibility to calibrate the level of authentication to the risk associated with each process.\r\n\r\nIn the event that a person denies having signed a record, a point to consider for determining the legitimacy of the claim is whether the person, subsequent to the\r\ntransaction, made a payment to obtain the product or service? Further, what would motivate the person to make a fraud claim, knowing that without the existence of a valid contract, the relationship would be rendered null and void, and the claim would be moot?\r\n<h3>2. Repudiation Risk: “That’s Not What I Signed”</h3>\r\nLocke Lord defines the second risk, repudiation, as the risk that a person claims the document was altered after they signed it. “The risk is that a company relying on an applicant’s electronic signature seeks to enforce the terms of the signed document bearing the applicant’s signature and the applicant claims, “Yes, that is my signature, but the terms and conditions of what I signed are different than that document!\"\r\n\r\nRepudiation generally occurs when a customer has provided false information in a document or now disagrees with terms and conditions to which they had originally agreed. Therefore the customer is asserting that although they did sign a document, either the document or their signature has been altered.\r\n\r\nE-Signatures can mitigate repudiation risk by ensuring that a person’s signature is permanently bound to the exact contents of the record at the time of signing.\r\nA secure e-signature solution uses digital signature technology to create a link between the electronic record, the user authentication data, and any additional\r\nevidence related to the transaction. A digital \"fingerprint\" of the record is taken at the time of signing using industry-standard hashing algorithms. This fingerprint can then be used to detect even the smallest change to the signed document. A person cannot, therefore, claim that someone tampered with the e-signed record, nor can the person claim that their signature was fraudulently added to another document, because the solution would visibly invalidate the electronic signature.\r\n<h3>3. Admissibility Risk: “Objection, Your Honor”</h3>\r\nLocke Lord defines the risk of admissibility as the risk that an e-contract cannot be enforced, because it does not provide strong enough evidence and, therefore, is not admissible in court. Laying the proper foundation, according to Locke Lord, is critical.\r\n\r\nProducing reliable and persuasive electronic evidence, however, can be challenging, especially when processes take place over the web. Web interfaces and processes change frequently in response to compliance requirements and usability feedback, making it difficult for organizations to recreate a customer experience that occurred months or years past. Even if historical web interface information is retained, it is likely stored in a number of separate databases and content management systems, making it difficult to retrieve and reproduce in a reliable manner. This information is then available to a company’s records custodian to help in laying the foundation for the reliability, and therefore admissibility, of such records.\r\n\r\nTo mitigate admissibility risk, look for an e-signature solution that enables organizations to capture and reproduce every step that occurred during the transaction execution.\r\n\r\nBy capturing a visual audit trail of the entire transaction from beginning to end, the e-signature solution offers organizations better visibility into processes and stronger evidence than is possible with paper. Organizations can then accurately and reliably reproduce the entire e-transaction for litigation, regulatory, and internal control purposes. This includes the signing act itself, as well as all web pages viewed; all legal disclosures and documents presented for review, acceptance, and signing; all actions taken by signers; and the delivery of e-signed copies to all parties and systems.\r\n<h3>4. Compliance Risk: “I Never Saw That”</h3>\r\nIn addition to the ESIGN Act, organizations must comply with rules and regulations for presenting documents, disclosures, and other information at specific stages\r\nduring a transaction. Failure to comply can cost organizations dearly, including possibly rendering the signed document null and void. Locke Lord explains that\r\norganizations can be sanctioned by regulatory authorities and the other party involved in the transaction may be permitted to avoid its obligations under the\r\ndocuments signed. Further, depending on the industry, organizations may be subjected to hefty fines, lose accreditation status, or compromise brand equity.\r\n\r\nE-Signatures can mitigate compliance risk by enforcing regulatory requirements and proving that compliant processes were followed throughout a transaction.\r\n\r\nA well-designed e-signature process enables organizations to configure the business logic needed to control the execution of transactions so that compliant processes are followed throughout. This includes ensuring that ESIGN Consent is obtained, that all required documents, disclosures and information are presented in the correct format, sequence, and time frame; that no signatures are missing; and that all parties receive a copy of the final records. Moreover, because the transaction remains electronic, there is no need to re-key data and potentially introduce errors.\r\n<h3>5. Adoption Risk: “Am I Done Yet?”</h3>\r\nWhile user adoption is not a legal risk per se, it is important to consider in the context of this discussion. Organizations often look to adopt more rigorous security in an attempt to address legal or compliance risk. This approach is not recommended, because security and usability are most always in conflict and adopting excessive security measures can negatively impact return-on-investment. Locke Lord defines adoption risk as “the risk that the e-process takes longer than the traditional process or is not as convenient as the traditional process and consequently, adoption of the process is slow. The risk is that a company invests considerable resources to design an e-process only to find that there is little use of the e-process.”\r\n\r\nIn an effort to address the user authentication and admissibility risk, organizations often inadvertently make the electronic process more complex and difficult to\r\nuse, because they set a higher standard for security than is normally required. It is important to remember that the primary reason for moving transactions online is to make them more efficient and convenient for all parties involved. If e-transactions become too complex, users will simply abandon the process and an organization will not realize the full potential of its investment.\r\n\r\nE-Signatures can mitigate adoption risk by offering flexible options for e-signing, security, and authentication to accommodate the unique requirements\r\nof each process.\r\n\r\nA flexible e-signature solution provides organizations with numerous options for authenticating customers, presenting documents, and applying electronic\r\nsignatures to ensure high adoption and the optimal user experience across all channels and processes. For instance, organizations can use dynamic knowledge-based authentication, to authenticate unknown, online applicants. In point-of-sale environments, documents can be presented to customers in paper\r\nformat for review and customers can add their signature to records by hand-signing on an electronic pad, tablet, smartphone, or other device. For web processes,\r\ncustomers click-to-sign documents directly within the browser, thereby eliminating the need to download special software. These options mean organizations do not have to compromise on requirements and can achieve the optimal balance between security and usability.\r\n<h3>6. Relative Risk: “How Does It Compare To Paper?”</h3>\r\nLocke Lord defines relative risk as the risk the e-process poses compared to traditional processes: “There are authentication risks, repudiation risks and\r\ncompliance risks with the traditional process of using wet ink and paper to complete transactions. Many companies have not examined such risks until they begin\r\ndeveloping an e-process. For most electronic signature and e-discovery processes, the goal will be to have the transaction, on the whole, be no riskier than the current processes.”\r\n\r\nE-Signatures decrease overall risk compared to paper by providing greater control\r\nand visibility into processes.\r\n\r\nWhen processes fall to paper, organizations not only decrease their operational efficiency and incur unnecessary costs, they lose control and visibility into their processes. The only evidence that a business agreement or transaction took place is the resulting document or contract. While this paper evidence captures signing intent, it does not reproduce all events leading up to the act of signing which may render a document ineffective or unenforceable. Further, paper documents are more easily lost and destroyed, and may be archived in a manner that makes them difficult and time-consuming to retrieve for\r\nlitigation, regulatory, and internal control purposes.\r\n\r\nWhen processes remain electronic, organizations gain unprecedented control and visibility into their business. E-Signature software fully executes and captures\r\ne-signing processes electronically from start to finish to enforce business, legal, and regulatory requirements and enables organizations to reliably reproduce all events and actions. And because processes remain electronic, they can be monitored for anomalies and security breaches, and system administrators can be alerted.\r\n<h3>Conclusion</h3>\r\nThe ESIGN team at Locke Lord has concluded that a reasonably well designed process, which includes making sure the correct version of the mandated forms are\r\nused, supported by e-signature technology such as OneSpan Sign, can reduce the authentication, repudiation, admissibility, and compliance risk below the levels of\r\npaper processes, and capture a reliable record of the entire transaction.\r\n\r\nhttps://www.icfiles.net/service-areas/cpa-esignature/ <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.icfiles.net/top-6-legal-risks-when-adopting-e-signatures-and-how-to-address-them/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "title": "TOP 6 LEGAL RISKS WHEN ADOPTING E-SIGNATURES AND HOW TO ADDRESS THEM",
      "body": "<h2>RISK AND ENFORCEABILITY</h2>\r\n<h3>How to Reduce Risk and Strengthen the Enforceability of Signed Records</h3>\r\n<h4>Moving business processes online without introducing new risks is not a simple task. The fraud, repudiation, admissibility, and compliance risks are challenging enough to address when executing transactions on paper. If not done properly in the electronic world, these risks can be far greater. This paper discusses how a well-designed process, supported by newgeneration electronic signature technology, can actually reduce risk and increase the enforceability of e-transactions compared to paper processes.</h4>\r\nWhile the ESIGN Act gave electronically signed records the same legal validity as their pen and paper counterparts, it did not guarantee that e-records will be admitted into court as evidence or provide adequate defense to ensure a positive outcome in the event of a dispute. Moreover, meeting the basic requirements of the\r\nESIGN Act does not mitigate against s\r\n\r\neveral other risks associated with bringing high-value consumer transactions online.\r\n\r\nA new generation of electronic signature technology has emerged in response to evolving market demands for a more comprehensive solution that provides better\r\ncompliance and control of highly regulated transactions. Electronic signature solutions today must go beyond simple signature capture to control the execution of\r\ntransactions electronically from start to finish, reducing risk and capturing the most comprehensive audit trail evidence.\r\n\r\nThis paper explains how OneSpan Sign addresses the top six risks of bringing processes online as identified by leading e-commerce law firm, Locke Lord LLP,\r\nwhich has guided Fortune 500 companies in the design and implementation of electronic signature processes.\r\n<h3>1. User Authentication Risk: “This Isn’t My Signature”</h3>\r\nWhile the vast majority of legal disputes challenge the terms and conditions of a signed document, not whether a signature belongs to a person, user authentication\r\nis still a risk organizations must address, especially when doing business with new and unknown customers over the web.\r\n\r\nLocke Lord defines the user authentication issue as the risk that a document is signed by someone other than who the person actually signing claims to be, and\r\ntherefore, a forger. The risk, according to Locke Lord, is that a company will not be able to enforce the document against the person with whom the company thought it was contracting, because the person claims, “That is not my signature!”\r\n\r\nIt is important to note, however, that a signer’s identity is rarely authenticated in one instance or based on a single point technology, regardless of whether transactions take place remotely over the web or face to face. Normally, a combination of events and evidence is used to establish the identity of a party to a transaction, including conversations with agents or representatives, the provision of personal information, and signatures.\r\n\r\nE-Signature technology combined with a solid business process can mitigate user authentication risk with a number of identity and credential verification techniques. A well-designed e-signature solution supports a wide variety of authentication methods, including user ID/password, knowledge-based authentication, smart cards, or multi-factor authentication services (e.g., OneSpan's Digipass®). Look for an e-signature solution that can easily integrate with many types of authentication methods throughout the e-sign workflow. This provides the flexibility to calibrate the level of authentication to the risk associated with each process.\r\n\r\nIn the event that a person denies having signed a record, a point to consider for determining the legitimacy of the claim is whether the person, subsequent to the\r\ntransaction, made a payment to obtain the product or service? Further, what would motivate the person to make a fraud claim, knowing that without the existence of a valid contract, the relationship would be rendered null and void, and the claim would be moot?\r\n<h3>2. Repudiation Risk: “That’s Not What I Signed”</h3>\r\nLocke Lord defines the second risk, repudiation, as the risk that a person claims the document was altered after they signed it. “The risk is that a company relying on an applicant’s electronic signature seeks to enforce the terms of the signed document bearing the applicant’s signature and the applicant claims, “Yes, that is my signature, but the terms and conditions of what I signed are different than that document!\"\r\n\r\nRepudiation generally occurs when a customer has provided false information in a document or now disagrees with terms and conditions to which they had originally agreed. Therefore the customer is asserting that although they did sign a document, either the document or their signature has been altered.\r\n\r\nE-Signatures can mitigate repudiation risk by ensuring that a person’s signature is permanently bound to the exact contents of the record at the time of signing.\r\nA secure e-signature solution uses digital signature technology to create a link between the electronic record, the user authentication data, and any additional\r\nevidence related to the transaction. A digital \"fingerprint\" of the record is taken at the time of signing using industry-standard hashing algorithms. This fingerprint can then be used to detect even the smallest change to the signed document. A person cannot, therefore, claim that someone tampered with the e-signed record, nor can the person claim that their signature was fraudulently added to another document, because the solution would visibly invalidate the electronic signature.\r\n<h3>3. Admissibility Risk: “Objection, Your Honor”</h3>\r\nLocke Lord defines the risk of admissibility as the risk that an e-contract cannot be enforced, because it does not provide strong enough evidence and, therefore, is not admissible in court. Laying the proper foundation, according to Locke Lord, is critical.\r\n\r\nProducing reliable and persuasive electronic evidence, however, can be challenging, especially when processes take place over the web. Web interfaces and processes change frequently in response to compliance requirements and usability feedback, making it difficult for organizations to recreate a customer experience that occurred months or years past. Even if historical web interface information is retained, it is likely stored in a number of separate databases and content management systems, making it difficult to retrieve and reproduce in a reliable manner. This information is then available to a company’s records custodian to help in laying the foundation for the reliability, and therefore admissibility, of such records.\r\n\r\nTo mitigate admissibility risk, look for an e-signature solution that enables organizations to capture and reproduce every step that occurred during the transaction execution.\r\n\r\nBy capturing a visual audit trail of the entire transaction from beginning to end, the e-signature solution offers organizations better visibility into processes and stronger evidence than is possible with paper. Organizations can then accurately and reliably reproduce the entire e-transaction for litigation, regulatory, and internal control purposes. This includes the signing act itself, as well as all web pages viewed; all legal disclosures and documents presented for review, acceptance, and signing; all actions taken by signers; and the delivery of e-signed copies to all parties and systems.\r\n<h3>4. Compliance Risk: “I Never Saw That”</h3>\r\nIn addition to the ESIGN Act, organizations must comply with rules and regulations for presenting documents, disclosures, and other information at specific stages\r\nduring a transaction. Failure to comply can cost organizations dearly, including possibly rendering the signed document null and void. Locke Lord explains that\r\norganizations can be sanctioned by regulatory authorities and the other party involved in the transaction may be permitted to avoid its obligations under the\r\ndocuments signed. Further, depending on the industry, organizations may be subjected to hefty fines, lose accreditation status, or compromise brand equity.\r\n\r\nE-Signatures can mitigate compliance risk by enforcing regulatory requirements and proving that compliant processes were followed throughout a transaction.\r\n\r\nA well-designed e-signature process enables organizations to configure the business logic needed to control the execution of transactions so that compliant processes are followed throughout. This includes ensuring that ESIGN Consent is obtained, that all required documents, disclosures and information are presented in the correct format, sequence, and time frame; that no signatures are missing; and that all parties receive a copy of the final records. Moreover, because the transaction remains electronic, there is no need to re-key data and potentially introduce errors.\r\n<h3>5. Adoption Risk: “Am I Done Yet?”</h3>\r\nWhile user adoption is not a legal risk per se, it is important to consider in the context of this discussion. Organizations often look to adopt more rigorous security in an attempt to address legal or compliance risk. This approach is not recommended, because security and usability are most always in conflict and adopting excessive security measures can negatively impact return-on-investment. Locke Lord defines adoption risk as “the risk that the e-process takes longer than the traditional process or is not as convenient as the traditional process and consequently, adoption of the process is slow. The risk is that a company invests considerable resources to design an e-process only to find that there is little use of the e-process.”\r\n\r\nIn an effort to address the user authentication and admissibility risk, organizations often inadvertently make the electronic process more complex and difficult to\r\nuse, because they set a higher standard for security than is normally required. It is important to remember that the primary reason for moving transactions online is to make them more efficient and convenient for all parties involved. If e-transactions become too complex, users will simply abandon the process and an organization will not realize the full potential of its investment.\r\n\r\nE-Signatures can mitigate adoption risk by offering flexible options for e-signing, security, and authentication to accommodate the unique requirements\r\nof each process.\r\n\r\nA flexible e-signature solution provides organizations with numerous options for authenticating customers, presenting documents, and applying electronic\r\nsignatures to ensure high adoption and the optimal user experience across all channels and processes. For instance, organizations can use dynamic knowledge-based authentication, to authenticate unknown, online applicants. In point-of-sale environments, documents can be presented to customers in paper\r\nformat for review and customers can add their signature to records by hand-signing on an electronic pad, tablet, smartphone, or other device. For web processes,\r\ncustomers click-to-sign documents directly within the browser, thereby eliminating the need to download special software. These options mean organizations do not have to compromise on requirements and can achieve the optimal balance between security and usability.\r\n<h3>6. Relative Risk: “How Does It Compare To Paper?”</h3>\r\nLocke Lord defines relative risk as the risk the e-process poses compared to traditional processes: “There are authentication risks, repudiation risks and\r\ncompliance risks with the traditional process of using wet ink and paper to complete transactions. Many companies have not examined such risks until they begin\r\ndeveloping an e-process. For most electronic signature and e-discovery processes, the goal will be to have the transaction, on the whole, be no riskier than the current processes.”\r\n\r\nE-Signatures decrease overall risk compared to paper by providing greater control\r\nand visibility into processes.\r\n\r\nWhen processes fall to paper, organizations not only decrease their operational efficiency and incur unnecessary costs, they lose control and visibility into their processes. The only evidence that a business agreement or transaction took place is the resulting document or contract. While this paper evidence captures signing intent, it does not reproduce all events leading up to the act of signing which may render a document ineffective or unenforceable. Further, paper documents are more easily lost and destroyed, and may be archived in a manner that makes them difficult and time-consuming to retrieve for\r\nlitigation, regulatory, and internal control purposes.\r\n\r\nWhen processes remain electronic, organizations gain unprecedented control and visibility into their business. E-Signature software fully executes and captures\r\ne-signing processes electronically from start to finish to enforce business, legal, and regulatory requirements and enables organizations to reliably reproduce all events and actions. And because processes remain electronic, they can be monitored for anomalies and security breaches, and system administrators can be alerted.\r\n<h3>Conclusion</h3>\r\nThe ESIGN team at Locke Lord has concluded that a reasonably well designed process, which includes making sure the correct version of the mandated forms are\r\nused, supported by e-signature technology such as OneSpan Sign, can reduce the authentication, repudiation, admissibility, and compliance risk below the levels of\r\npaper processes, and capture a reliable record of the entire transaction. <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.icfiles.net/top-6-legal-risks-when-adopting-e-signatures-and-how-to-address-them/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "author": "service2client",
      "permlink": "howparentscansavemoneyforcollege-boundkids-kje1syp0sv",
      "title": "How Parents Can Save Money for College-Bound Kids",
      "body": "<p><div class=\"pull-right\"><img style=\"display:none;\"  class=\"C2CArticleContentImageRight alignright S2CDCImage\" src=\"https://pas.service2client.com/assets/contentimages/2019_10/tip.jpg\" alt=\"How Parents Can Save Money for College-Bound Kids, College Savings\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" /></div><br/>No matter how old your children are, it&rsquo;s always a good idea to start saving for college as soon as possible. (Yes, even when they&rsquo;re still in diapers.) This might sound overwhelming, especially if you haven&rsquo;t started, but take heart, it&rsquo;s never too late. Here are a few things to do before you start saving, as well as smart ways to gather the resources you&rsquo;ll need.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Figure Out How Much College Will Cost</strong></p><p>Is your child interested in a state school? A small private university? Or a trade school? Create a list of schools, do the math and figure out a ballpark number of how much you&rsquo;ll need. When you do this, you can calculate how much per month or year you need to set aside. The truth is that state schools are generally a lot less expensive. However, because private universities rely heavily on private donations, they also have a healthy number of scholarships available. If your child is more interested in a trade school, these can be even more affordable, depending on what they want to study.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Create a Long-Term Spreadsheet for All Your Expenses</strong></p><p>You may want your children to go to college, but that&rsquo;s not the only goal for a family. There&rsquo;s saving for your own retirement, paying your mortgage and credit card bills. You&rsquo;ll also want to save for emergencies. A good rule of thumb is to save up for three to six months of expenses. All of this might sound tough, but if you create a priority list, it&rsquo;s absolutely possible.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Start an Education Savings Account (ESA)</strong></p><p>Also known as an Education IRA, this fund allows you to save $2,000 (after taxes) per child, per year. And here&rsquo;s the best part: it grows tax-free! You&rsquo;ll also most likely earn a higher rate of return than you would with a regular savings account. But know this: you must be within the income limit to qualify; contributions are limited to $2,000 a year; and the money must be used by the time your child is 30.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Consider a 529 Plan</strong></p><p>If the ESA sounds too limiting or you don&rsquo;t meet the income limits, then a 529 Plan is a great option. You can contribute up to $300,000, but this varies by state. What&rsquo;s more, most of the time there aren&rsquo;t any income limits or restrictions based on age. And again, the cherry on top: it grows tax-free. But something to be mindful of when you&rsquo;re shopping for a plan is whether you want to choose the funds you invest in through the account. Some 529s offer preselected funds or automatically change your investments based on the age of your child. Also, restrictions may apply if you choose to transfer your 529 Plan to another child.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Look into a UTMA or UGMA</strong></p><p>Otherwise known as Uniform Transfer/Gift to Minors Act, this option is different because it is not created just for college savings. The account will be set up in your child&rsquo;s name, but it will be controlled by a custodian, which is usually a parent or grandparent. When your child turns 21, the control of the account transfers to the child. While there are tax advantages for you, a significant downside is that your child can use the funds any way she wants. (College or trip to Vegas?)</p><p>Saving for college, especially these days, might seem daunting. But it&rsquo;s not impossible. In fact, if you chart a course and stick to it, you&rsquo;ll be in good shape when those little ones of yours become all grown up.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>SOURCES</strong></p><p><a href=\"https://www.daveramsey.com/blog/saving-for-college-is-easier-than-you-think\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://www.daveramsey.com/blog/saving-for-college-is-easier-than-you-think</a></p><p><a href=\"https://www.daveramsey.com/dave-ramsey-7-baby-steps?int_cmpgn=no_campaign&amp;int_dept=dr_blog_bu&amp;int_lctn=Blog-Text_Link&amp;int_fmt=text&amp;int_dscpn=saving_for_college_blog-inline_link_baby_step_5#baby_step_5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://www.daveramsey.com/dave-ramsey-7-baby-steps?int_cmpgn=no_campaign&amp;int_dept=dr_blog_bu&amp;int_lctn=Blog-Text_Link&amp;int_fmt=text&amp;int_dscpn=saving_for_college_blog-inline_link_baby_step_5#baby_step_5</a></p> <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.icfiles.net/how-parents-can-save-money-for-college-bound-kids/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "author": "service2client",
      "permlink": "howparentscansavemoneyforcollege-boundkids-ayw32z71ew",
      "title": "How Parents Can Save Money for College-Bound Kids",
      "body": "<p><div class=\"pull-right\"><img style=\"display:none;\"  class=\"C2CArticleContentImageRight alignright S2CDCImage\" src=\"https://pas.service2client.com/assets/contentimages/2019_10/tip.jpg\" alt=\"How Parents Can Save Money for College-Bound Kids, College Savings\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" /></div><br/>No matter how old your children are, it&rsquo;s always a good idea to start saving for college as soon as possible. (Yes, even when they&rsquo;re still in diapers.) This might sound overwhelming, especially if you haven&rsquo;t started, but take heart, it&rsquo;s never too late. Here are a few things to do before you start saving, as well as smart ways to gather the resources you&rsquo;ll need.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Figure Out How Much College Will Cost</strong></p><p>Is your child interested in a state school? A small private university? Or a trade school? Create a list of schools, do the math and figure out a ballpark number of how much you&rsquo;ll need. When you do this, you can calculate how much per month or year you need to set aside. The truth is that state schools are generally a lot less expensive. However, because private universities rely heavily on private donations, they also have a healthy number of scholarships available. If your child is more interested in a trade school, these can be even more affordable, depending on what they want to study.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Create a Long-Term Spreadsheet for All Your Expenses</strong></p><p>You may want your children to go to college, but that&rsquo;s not the only goal for a family. There&rsquo;s saving for your own retirement, paying your mortgage and credit card bills. You&rsquo;ll also want to save for emergencies. A good rule of thumb is to save up for three to six months of expenses. All of this might sound tough, but if you create a priority list, it&rsquo;s absolutely possible.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Start an Education Savings Account (ESA)</strong></p><p>Also known as an Education IRA, this fund allows you to save $2,000 (after taxes) per child, per year. And here&rsquo;s the best part: it grows tax-free! You&rsquo;ll also most likely earn a higher rate of return than you would with a regular savings account. But know this: you must be within the income limit to qualify; contributions are limited to $2,000 a year; and the money must be used by the time your child is 30.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Consider a 529 Plan</strong></p><p>If the ESA sounds too limiting or you don&rsquo;t meet the income limits, then a 529 Plan is a great option. You can contribute up to $300,000, but this varies by state. What&rsquo;s more, most of the time there aren&rsquo;t any income limits or restrictions based on age. And again, the cherry on top: it grows tax-free. But something to be mindful of when you&rsquo;re shopping for a plan is whether you want to choose the funds you invest in through the account. Some 529s offer preselected funds or automatically change your investments based on the age of your child. Also, restrictions may apply if you choose to transfer your 529 Plan to another child.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Look into a UTMA or UGMA</strong></p><p>Otherwise known as Uniform Transfer/Gift to Minors Act, this option is different because it is not created just for college savings. The account will be set up in your child&rsquo;s name, but it will be controlled by a custodian, which is usually a parent or grandparent. When your child turns 21, the control of the account transfers to the child. While there are tax advantages for you, a significant downside is that your child can use the funds any way she wants. (College or trip to Vegas?)</p><p>Saving for college, especially these days, might seem daunting. But it&rsquo;s not impossible. In fact, if you chart a course and stick to it, you&rsquo;ll be in good shape when those little ones of yours become all grown up.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>SOURCES</strong></p><p><a href=\"https://www.daveramsey.com/blog/saving-for-college-is-easier-than-you-think\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://www.daveramsey.com/blog/saving-for-college-is-easier-than-you-think</a></p><p><a href=\"https://www.daveramsey.com/dave-ramsey-7-baby-steps?int_cmpgn=no_campaign&amp;int_dept=dr_blog_bu&amp;int_lctn=Blog-Text_Link&amp;int_fmt=text&amp;int_dscpn=saving_for_college_blog-inline_link_baby_step_5#baby_step_5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://www.daveramsey.com/dave-ramsey-7-baby-steps?int_cmpgn=no_campaign&amp;int_dept=dr_blog_bu&amp;int_lctn=Blog-Text_Link&amp;int_fmt=text&amp;int_dscpn=saving_for_college_blog-inline_link_baby_step_5#baby_step_5</a></p> <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.icfiles.net/how-parents-can-save-money-for-college-bound-kids/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "permlink": "howtogettheirstopre-approveyourtaxes-y5m56heul3",
      "title": "How to Get the IRS to Pre-Approve Your Taxes",
      "body": "<p><div class=\"pull-right\"><img class=\"C2CArticleContentImageRight alignright S2CDCImage\" src=\"https://pas.service2client.com/assets/contentimages/2019_10/tax.jpg\" alt=\"IRS to Pre-Approve Your Taxes\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" /></div><br/>It might seem odd, but it is possible to get the IRS to give you a straight-forward and binding answer to ambiguous tax positions in advance. How does this happen, you ask? The answer is through an IRS private letter ruling.</p><p>IRS private letter rulings provide many benefits, but they are not easy to obtain. There are costs, potential delays, and even then, you run the risk of not being granted a ruling. This dynamic might seem odd as the entire point of applying for a private letter ruling is to obtain certainty. If your position is weak from a tax law perspective, the government could refuse to rule on it. Alternatively, if the position you are seeking is obviously correct, the government might refuse to rule as well because they don&rsquo;t like to issue &ldquo;comfort rulings.&rdquo; Essentially, the only way to get the government to rule is to make a request regarding a position that is in the middle.</p><p>If you believe the tax position in question lies somewhere in the middle, requesting a private letter ruling may make sense. If you are more likely one of the outliers, then requesting a tax opinion usually makes more sense. The problem is that tax opinion, unlike private letter rulings, doesn't bind the IRS.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Deciding Which Path to Take</strong></p><p>If the relative certainty of the tax position in question doesn&rsquo;t provide enough guidance, how do you decide to go after a tax opinion versus a private letter ruling? To make the choice, it helps to understand more details.</p><p>First, tax opinions can cover a broader range of topics and can be written about pretty much anything; rulings cannot. In fact, the IRS has an explicit list of subjects that it will not produce private letter rulings on (they modify it occasionally, but there&rsquo;s always a list). As a result, the first step is to assess the list as this might make the choice for you.</p><p>Second, don&rsquo;t request a private letter ruling unless there is a good chance you think it will be granted. For one, rulings are not cheap with fees often costing upward of $25,000 to obtain a ruling. If you get a &ldquo;No&rdquo; ruling against your position, you can withdraw the request to take the ruling off the books, but you may or may not get the fee back. Moreover, when you withdraw a request for a ruling, the IRS sends a notice to your local IRS field office, potentially flagging your return for audit.</p><p>Third, opinions can be quick and obtained in as little as a few days or weeks. Rulings, on the other hand, often take months. Also consider that a request for a ruling must be specific and there is little room for modification after filing. Opinions have more flexibility.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Private Letter Ruling Process</strong></p><p>Given the specificity and consequence of requesting a ruling, there are intermediate steps to help you test the water before you go all in. Nearly all ruling requests start by initiating a discussion with the IRS to get their general view on your proposed ruling. After this, the taxpayer usually submits a brief memo covering the facts and ruling they are looking to obtain. Next, there are more meetings either in person or by phone with IRS attorneys involved. At this point, if everything looks good, you can prepare and submit the actual ruling request. If you back out at this point, you avoid triggering any fees (IRS fees &ndash; not your lawyers or accountants) or audit notices.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Benefits of a Ruling Versus an Opinion</strong></p><p>The reason taxpayers go through the time, expense and effort to obtain rulings instead of opinions is that they have several advantages. First, rulings are binding on the IRS. Second, you don&rsquo;t need to consider penalty protection. Most of all, they provide certainty. Given the difficulty in obtaining a ruling, they generally make financial sense only when a taxpayer has a seriously substantial tax position in play, or at least will over time, and he wants to protect against future audits and legal challenges.</p> <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.icfiles.net/how-to-get-the-irs-to-pre-approve-your-taxes/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "permlink": "whatisvpnandwhydoyouneedit-lskrl1alxm",
      "title": "What is VPN and Why Do You Need It?",
      "body": "<p><div class=\"pull-right\"><img class=\"C2CArticleContentImageRight alignright S2CDCImage\" src=\"https://pas.service2client.com/assets/contentimages/2019_10/tech.jpg\" alt=\"What is VPN and Why Do You Need It?\" width=\"500\" height=\"312\" /></div><br/>The rise in the number of data breaches reported every other day has become a major concern &ndash; even to the ordinary internet user. As a result, we have all become aware of the need to maintain privacy while online. One of the measures promising to keep you safe on the internet is the use of a virtual private network (VPN). But before rushing to install one of the many VPNs available, it&rsquo;s important to understand what a VPN is, why you need it, if it is foolproof and other ways to stay safe on the internet.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>What is a VPN?</strong></p><p>The VPN service lets you browse the internet privately by masking your IP address &ndash; the unique address identifying your device on the web. It also encrypts your internet traffic as it passes through a secure tunnel created from your device to a remote server. Your data appears to be coming from the remote server. This means that a VPN can hide your geographical location, personal data, web browsing history, spending habits and mobile phone activities.</p><p>Initially, VPNs were built for business environments to help a business operate a secure network connection. But with today&rsquo;s cyber security concerns, they have become popular and more widespread.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Why Would You Need to Use a VPN?</strong></p><p>There are numerous reasons why a person would need to enlist the services of a VPN company. Here are some situations that require the use of a VPN:</p><ul><li>Since Congress cleared the way for ISPs to sell users&rsquo; browsing history without their consent, privacy is a thing of the past. This means that an internet service provider can sell your browsing data to third parties. A VPN can mask your IP address from your service provider.</li><li>The encryption offered by VPNs guards against digital threats, hacking, malware attacks and identify theft.</li><li>VPNs help keep hackers and marketers from tracking your movement online.</li><li>If you travel to a country where you can&rsquo;t access some sites, for instance in China where Facebook is not allowed, a VPN will help you stay in touch on any of these blocked sites.</li><li>When using public Wi-Fi in airports or any other place that offers free Wi-Fi, a VPN comes in handy.</li><li>Employers who have workers going out for field work or working remotely can set up a VPN to help access company networks securely.</li><li>Used by whistleblowers, law enforcement agencies, investigative journalists and others who want to shield their identities or location.</li><li>For user with Voice over IP (VOIP) for making calls, a VPN will help prevent your phone conversations from being tracked or intercepted.</li><li>When you need to visit questionable websites but want to be safe. For instance, when your identity is stolen and you want to find the website selling your data.</li></ul><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>The Bad Side of Using a VPN</strong></p><p>Although a VPN service may sound perfect for internet security, it also has some disadvantages. Keep in mind that your internet service provider may no longer have your data, but the VPN provider now has access to it.</p><p>A VPN is not 100 percent guaranteed. The VPN provider could be disconnected or there could be a Domain Name Server (DNS) leak. Even with advanced features such as kill switch, VPN data can still leak through software, hardware or other means.</p><p>If you fail to use the right VPN, you&rsquo;ll be in more problems than you are running from. Some VPNs (especially the free services) keep log files. There is no telling where your private data will end up. They could end up selling your data to third parties or supplying your information to the government.</p><p>These services also slow down your internet access speed due to the process of data encryption and tunneling network traffic to a remote server that is used to connect you to the internet.</p><p>It is not possible to know if the VPN provider commits to what they promise. The only way to find out is when things go wrong. They may promise not to keep logs, but if you fail to read the privacy policy of a VPN company, you will not know if they retain customer data.</p><p>A VPN doesn&rsquo;t protect you from viruses and malware.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Other Security Measures </strong></p><p>Since a VPN is not foolproof, it is important that you also observe other security measures to protect your privacy.</p><p>It is crucial that you practice digital privacy hygiene. In other words, when online you should limit the amount of personal information that you share. This will help minimize your digital footprint.</p><p>Investing in quality antivirus software will protect your device from malware and viruses.</p><p>Regularly check if your data has been compromised. Check for strange activity in your emails, social media accounts and even in your bank account.</p><p>Use strong passwords or other security features such as biometrics to secure your accounts.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Final Word</strong></p><p>You may come across many different types of products and services that promise to keep you safe on the internet. The bottom line is, it&rsquo;s up to you to protect yourself. A combination of several security measures is a good starting point &ndash; the use of a VPN, strong passwords and antivirus programs.</p> <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.icfiles.net/what-is-vpn-and-why-do-you-need-it/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "permlink": "debtreliefformilitaryservicemembersveteransfamilyfarmersandsmallbusinessowners-siv3rq820y",
      "title": "Debt Relief for Military Service Members, Veterans, Family Farmers and Small Business Owners",
      "body": "<p><strong><div class=\"pull-right\"><img class=\"C2CArticleContentImageRight alignright S2CDCImage\" src=\"https://pas.service2client.com/assets/contentimages/2019_10/congress.jpg\" alt=\"HAVEN Act (HR 2938), HR 3304, HR 2366, HR 1079, HR 776\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" /></div><br/>Small Business Reorganization Act of 2019 (HR 3311) &ndash;</strong> Scheduled to take effect starting in February 2020, this new law offers small businesses more agreeable terms when filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy status. The bill gives owners:</p><ul><li>More time (90 days) to file a reorganization plan with easier rules for extension</li><li>The ability to retain ownership of the company even if debts are not paid in full</li><li>A new formula for debt payments based on projected disposable income over three to five years</li><li>Reduced red tape through the appointment of a &ldquo;standing trustee&rdquo; (instead of a credit committee) to oversee the reorganization process</li><li>A more &ldquo;fair and equitable&rdquo; process to determine owner and creditor equity interests</li><li>More protection against creditor ability to take away personal assets, such as a home</li></ul><p>This bill was introduced by Rep. Ben Cline (R-VA) on June 18 and signed into law by the president on Aug. 23.</p><p><strong>HAVEN Act (HR 2938) &ndash;</strong> Introduced on May 23 by Rep. Lucy McBath (D-GA), this legislation was enacted on Aug. 23. It stands for &ldquo;Honoring American Veterans in Extreme Need.&rdquo; The new bill eliminates veterans&rsquo; disability benefits (joining the status of Social Security payouts) from being included as income for the purpose of determining how much a veteran who files for personal bankruptcy must pay creditors.</p><p><strong>National Guard and Reservists Debt Relief Extension Act of 2019 (HR 3304) &ndash;</strong> This bill was introduced by Rep. Steve Cohen (D-TN) on June 18 and signed into law on Aug. 23. The legislation reauthorizes an exemption to certain bankruptcy means-testing for members of the National Guard and Reserves (serving on active duty or in a homeland defense activity for at least 90 days) who file for bankruptcy.</p><p><strong>Family Farmer Relief Act of 2019 (HR 2366) &ndash;</strong> This legislation increases the Chapter 12 operating debt cap to $10 million, which will enable more family farmers to seek relief under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. The bill was introduced on April 3 by Rep. Antonio Delgado (D-NY) and was signed into law by the president on Aug. 23.</p><p><strong>Creating Advanced Streamlined Electronic Services for Constituents Act of 2019 (HR 1079) &ndash;</strong> This bill mandates the Office of Management and Budget to create a private, secure electronic submission process to request assistance for government services such as Social Security, Medicare, Veterans Affairs or any other federal agency. The legislation was introduced on Feb. 7 by Rep. Garrett Graves (R-LA). The president signed the bill into law on Aug. 22.</p><p><strong>Emergency Medical Services for Children Program Reauthorization Act of 2019 (HR 776) &ndash;</strong> This bill reauthorizes (through fiscal year 2024) the Emergency Medical Services for Children Program. This is a grant program administered by the Health Resources and Services Administration that works to improve emergency healthcare for children who are seriously ill or injured. The legislation was sponsored by Rep. Peter King (R-NY). It was introduced on Jan. 24 and signed into law by the president on Aug. 22.</p> <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.icfiles.net/debt-relief-for-military-service-members-veterans-family-farmers-and-small-business-owners/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "body": "Congratulations @service2client! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@service2client/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@service2client) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](http://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=service2client)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/drugwars/@steemitboard/drugwars-early-adopter\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYGN7R653u4hDFyq1hM7iuhr2bdAP1v2ApACDNtecJAZ5/image.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/drugwars/@steemitboard/drugwars-early-adopter\">Are you a DrugWars early adopter? Benvenuto in famiglia!</a></td></tr></table>\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "title": "6 Ways to Avoid the Holiday Blues",
      "body": "<p><div class=\"pull-right\"><img class=\"C2CArticleContentImageRight alignright S2CDCImage\" src=\"https://pas.service2client.com/assets/contentimages/2018_12/tip.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" /></div><br/>Despite the never-ending flurry of merry salutations, the holidays can be emotionally challenging &mdash; if not downright depressing. Here are a few practical ways to take care of yourself during this time of year.</p><p><strong>Set a Budget. </strong>When you&rsquo;re out shopping, it&rsquo;s so easy to cave to &ldquo;spending sprawl&rdquo; &ndash; irresistible gifts that seem to call your name, obliterating any control you thought you had before you left the house. Truth is, you can&rsquo;t buy happiness with an avalanche of gifts. Instead, you might want to make something for someone (cookies or a homemade ornament), organize a gift exchange and set a spending limit, or donate to a charity in a person&rsquo;s name. Another way to save money and infuse your gifts with meaning is to barter. For example, you might offer to weed someone&rsquo;s garden in exchange for organizing your pantry. Design a website in exchange for painting your house. The list goes on and on. This way, you strip the season of its suck-your-wallet-dry tendency and replace it with the true meaning of the season, which is not about things at all.</p><p><strong>Learn to Say No. </strong>Saying yes to a holiday party or event when you really want to say no can breed resentment, which is never a good thing. Give yourself permission to decline invitations. Your friends will understand. Besides, a little alone time during the holidays might help you enjoy the things you do participate in that much more.</p><p><strong>Step Outside Your Comfort Zone. </strong>If you find yourself longing for companionship or are in a new city where you don&rsquo;t know anyone, select some holiday events in your neighborhood or city, take a deep breath and show up. Chances are, you&rsquo;ll meet others who might be in the same situation and make some new friends.</p><p><strong>Carve Out A Bit of &ldquo;Me\" Time.</strong> December is month that is notoriously busy, but you don&rsquo;t have to be. Do something that celebrates you: get a massage or facial, read a book that&rsquo;s been on your list, put on your favorite music and enjoy a cup of tea or take a walk and look at the stars. You&rsquo;ll feel refreshed and centered.</p><p><strong>Move Your Body.</strong> If you&rsquo;re an exerciser, don&rsquo;t abandon your routine. Keep up the good work. Getting your heart rate up and sweating not only helps get rid of cortisol, the stress hormone, it also triggers the release of endorphins &ndash; neurotransmitters that interact with your opiate receptors in the brain to generate positive feelings. If you&rsquo;re not an exerciser, don&rsquo;t worry. A simple 20-minute walk can help reduce cortisol and alleviate anxiety. But that&rsquo;s not all. Walking can also help reduce your risk of heart disease and strengthen your bones, among many other health benefits.</p><p><strong>Acknowledge Your Feelings. </strong>If you&rsquo;ve lost a loved one or recently gone through a divorce or break up, accept that feeling sad and lonely is normal. It&rsquo;s okay to cry, get angry and grieve. As difficult as these emotions may be, getting them out might be the best remedy for healing. If you feel you need a little extra help, you can always try light therapy. Like exercise, these light therapy devices release endorphins by emitting UV-free light. Your mood and sleep pattern will improve, and best of all, they&rsquo;re affordable. Varilux sells them starting at $40. However, if you feel that you&rsquo;re really spiraling downward, pick up the phone and call a friend, a relative or a professional. Just being able to release what you&rsquo;re feeling and hearing someone&rsquo;s voice can be comforting and dilute what you thought was an impending disaster.</p><p><strong>Remember: Keep your chin up.</strong> The holidays are temporary and will be over before you know it. Soon you&rsquo;ll be into a new year with a fresh start.</p> <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.icfiles.net/6-ways-to-avoid-the-holiday-blues/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "parent_permlink": "news",
      "author": "service2client",
      "permlink": "onlinehomeappraisaltools-nmdu546x5c",
      "title": "Online Home Appraisal Tools",
      "body": "<p><div class=\"pull-right\"><img class=\"C2CArticleContentImageRight alignright S2CDCImage\" src=\"https://pas.service2client.com/assets/contentimages/2018_12/tech.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" /></div><br/>Real estate appraisal and land valuation is the process of putting a price on the value of property. Buy and sell transactions generally require an up-to-date appraisal because each property is unique and values are based on the current economic landscape.</p><p>In the past, it was necessary to hire a professional real estate appraiser to conduct an onsite property visit to make this assessment. Granted, an onsite appraisal is still considered the most accurate because it involves a thorough review of the home, including the roof, siding, foundation, windows and doors, flooring, walls, plumbing, electrical, kitchen and bath updates.</p><p>However, it is also possible to get a relatively accurate appraisal using automated valuation models. Fortunately, there are a variety of websites that can provide this valuation for free. In addition to basic criteria such as square footage and the number of bedrooms and baths, online appraisals rely substantially on a comparative market analysis (CMA). This is basically a calculation of data from similar homes that have recently sold (within six months to a year) in the same geographical proximity. Online appraiser tools generally utilize publicly available data to estimate a home&rsquo;s value without having to consult an appraiser or real estate professional.</p><p>The following is an overview of some of the most popular websites for establishing a home&rsquo;s value. By comparing the estimates of several sites, you might be able to establish a reliable value or value range.</p><p><strong><a href=\"https://www.zillow.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Zillow.com</a></strong></p><p>The real estate website Zillow offers a tool called &ldquo;Zestimate,&rdquo; which basically compiles an appraisal based on comparable homes in the same general locale. For most homes where public data is accessible, Zillow provides an automatic home value evaluation based on comparable home sales, local tax assessments, and market appreciation of local home values over 1-, 5- and 10-year periods.</p><p>A homeowner also has the opportunity to adjust his own real estate appraisal. To use this function, he should set up a free user account. This will require an email-based verification process to ensure that he is the actual owner of the property. Once he is logged into his Zillow account, he should enter his home address to get started.</p><p>Zillow automatically uses public data in its proprietary formula to estimate the value of a home. The formula looks at factors such as number of bedrooms, number of baths, square footage and location, and assigns a weight to each factor. However, the website also enables a homeowner to edit the home's information, such as upgrades like a new bath, deck, swimming pool, renovated kitchen, new roof or HVAC. Next, the homeowner can choose comparable homes in the area that have sold recently. This means if one home sold way under market price for the neighborhood because it was a fixer upper or private sale, he can exclude that home from the CMA calculation. Comparables also can be viewed on a map to determine if they are in a similar neighborhood from a value perspective. Once the owner has selected comparable homes, his Zestimate will be updated as a Private Estimate.</p><p><strong><a href=\"https://www.realtytrac.com/\" target=\"_blank\">RealtyTrac.com</a></strong></p><p>RealtyTrac works similarly to Zillow, using publicly available data to generate an online appraisal tool called Home ValueTrac. Enter the street address, city and state or zip code to receive an estimate of median value as well as an estimated change in value over the last month.</p><p><strong><a href=\"https://www.chase.com/mortgage/mortgage-resources/home-value-estimator\" target=\"_blank\">Chase Mortgage Services</a></strong></p><p>Chase Bank offers a free home property value tool for online users. Enter the property address to receive a price range rather than an exact number. This tool also provides an estimate value for surrounding homes in the neighborhood.</p><p><strong><a href=\"https://www.forsalebyowner.com/sell-my-house/pricingscout/landing/\" target=\"_blank\">ForSalebyOwner.com</a></strong></p><p>Not only can you list your home for sale at this website, but it offers a simple tool to help establish your home value. Simply enter your address and the Pricing Scout instantly estimates your home's value based on nearby comparables. The tool provides an exhaustive list of the most recent sales of comparable homes in the area, detailing their address, bed/baths, square footage and sales price. The property valuation tool illustrates where your home value lies on a scale of nearby properties.</p><p>While online tools can provide a general estimate, they do not necessarily dictate the price you would receive at sale. In addition to using a home appraiser, you will want to meet with two or three real estate agents for their market value estimate, as they probably have better insights into your local market. Clearly, home appraisals are not an exact science. Whether using an online tool or personalized estimates from professionals, your estimates will almost always vary within a range.</p> <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.icfiles.net/online-home-appraisal-tools/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "author": "service2client",
      "permlink": "whatsthebesttypeofbusinessentityfortaxpurposes-tqkchmiaqn",
      "title": "What's the Best Type of Business Entity for Tax Purposes",
      "body": "<p><div class=\"pull-right\"><img class=\"C2CArticleContentImageRight alignright S2CDCImage\" src=\"https://pas.service2client.com/assets/contentimages/2018_12/tax.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" /></div><br/>There are several major types of business entities, including S Corporations, C Corporations, Limited Liability Companies (LLCs) and being self-employed. Each type of structure has its own advantages and disadvantages when it comes to taxes, assets and liability protection.</p><p>Generally, certain types of businesses are best for certain professions from a tax perspective; however, with the tax law changes last year it may be time to reconsider. Under the current tax law, what used to be the best business entity type for certain scenarios may no longer be the same due to the pass-through deduction and corporate tax rate changes. Let&rsquo;s look at the most common business entity types and see what&rsquo;s best.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Self-employed </strong></p><p>The self-employed includes everyone who is a freelancer, independent contractor and many business owners who don&rsquo;t have any partners. The nice thing about being self-employed is that it&rsquo;s simple; you don&rsquo;t need to set up any type of legal entity. Moreover, if you qualify for the 20 percent pass-through deduction, you&rsquo;ll pay even less. Being self-employed is best for simple businesses without major assets and little potential legal liability due to the lack of protection.</p><p>The self-employed are required to pay both halves of self-employment taxes on top of their regular income (if you are an employee, you pay one half and your employer pays the other) so you&rsquo;ll need to take this into account.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>S Corporations </strong></p><p>Aside from taxation, asset protection is a major consideration when selecting a corporate entity. For those who have significant assets that need protection, especially if they don&rsquo;t have any partners in the business, an S Corporation may be the best bet. There are restrictions on ownership structure; for example, S Corporations are limited to 100 shareholders, so this might be a limitation for some.</p><p>As a pass-through entity, an S Corporation doesn&rsquo;t pay taxes on income at the corporate level; instead, it passes through to the business owners. As a result, S Corporations can benefit from the 20 percent pass-through deduction as well, though high earners may be phased out. S Corporations are generally favored by certain professions such as doctors, dentists and certain types of consultants.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>C Corporations</strong></p><p>Unlike S Corporations, there are no restrictions on ownership for C Corporations, and they provide great asset protection. Therefore, almost all public companies and those that want to go public are C Corporations, such as start-ups.</p><p>The downside of C Corporations is that they are subject to &ldquo;double taxation.&rdquo; The corporation is taxed on entity level profits and then shareholders are taxed again on dividend distributions. The dividend distributions are not deductible to the entity, hence the double taxation issue.</p><p>The new tax law lowered the top corporate tax rate to 21 percent, so for high earners the double taxation issue is not as much of a consideration as it used to be. Also, Section 1202 allows shareholders of start-ups to sell their stock without any taxes on the first $5 million in gain after five years.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Limited Liability Company (LLCs) </strong></p><p>LLCs are generally the preferred entity structure for certain professionals and landlords. LLCs have flexibility as the owners can file as a partnership, S Corporation or even sole proprietor since the LLC is really a legal and not tax designation. LLCs benefit from the 20 percent pass-through deduction if the owner elects to be taxed as a pass-through, depending on the income level and nature of the business.</p><p>Many states do charge annual fees or minimum taxes on LLCs, but it&rsquo;s usually insignificant. California is one of the most onerous with an $800 minimum fee per year.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p><p>Tax savings are often the main motivator in selecting a corporate entity, with asset protection right behind it. The new tax law&rsquo;s 20 percent pass-through deduction and corporation tax rate reductions make the choice a little tougher than in the past, but generally unless a company wants to go public most businesses will either choose an LLC or S Corporation structure. Every situation is unique, so make sure to consult a professional that can help you choose the right entity type for your situation.</p> <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.icfiles.net/whats-the-best-type-of-business-entity-for-tax-purposes/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "author": "service2client",
      "permlink": "willtheunitedstatesbecomeabondhavenin2019-60gqwt7ypa",
      "title": "Will the United States Become a Bond Haven in 2019?",
      "body": "<p><div class=\"pull-right\"><img class=\"C2CArticleContentImageRight alignright S2CDCImage\" src=\"https://pas.service2client.com/assets/contentimages/2018_12/sm.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" /></div><br/>With Italian bond yields rising quickly from 2 percent to 3 percent since the middle of 2018, it begs the question if the United States will become a bond haven. There are many reasons why the United States Bond Market has the potential to became a refuge for many global investors.</p><p>According to a 2016 paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research, safety is in the eye of the beholder &ndash; in the case of the global markets, it's the investor. When there are global economic worries, the paper credits a \"nowhere else to go\" theory for investors that choose U.S. debt versus others. Along with a country's ability to handle its own debt, the National Bureau of Economic Research found that even if a country's &ldquo;fiscal position deteriorates,&rdquo; its debt is more attractive as long as the country's fiscal health is in better shape than others, relatively speaking.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Understanding How the United States' Situation is More Attractive Globally</strong></p><p>Since virtually every country uses debt to run the government, they issue bonds in their respective currencies. The returns on bonds are the interest rates offered by the borrowing country to pay the borrower (either the domestic or foreign buyer of the debt). Looking at 10-year bonds is one way to evaluate interest rates among different countries, be it the United States, Italy, China, etc.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Understanding How Yields or Bond Interest Rates are Determined&nbsp; &nbsp;</strong></p><p>With Italian bond rates currently at 3 percent &ndash; up from 2 percent in about 6 months during 2018 &ndash; this has given many a cause for concern due to the rate of increase. Coupled with the Italian government's existing debt obligations exceeding its yearly economic output by more than 30 percent, compared to the United States&rsquo; debt obligations at about 100 percent of its current economic output, those looking to buy government debt would have a lower risk of not getting paid with the U.S. government issued debt.</p><p>When it comes to the global markets determining interest rates, there are two primary factors. The first is how much inflation is expected between purchase and redemption date. This is important because bond buyers want to know how much inflation will impact their investment. The second, and arguably more important, is what are the chances of the issuing government failing to repay its bond or debt obligations in the case of a default.</p><p class=\"c2carticlesubtitle\"><strong>Understanding the Rise in Italian Bond Rates</strong></p><p>While some economies across the world can and do print money to deal with paying off debt, Italy, as part of the European Union, cannot print additional Euros. While inflation is not a major fear for the Italian economy, the recent back and forth between the Italian government and officials from the European Union has raised concerns about excess spending and Italy&rsquo;s ability to pay for it in the future. The proposal would reduce taxes and increase spending for the public and private sector investment. This is what&rsquo;s adding to uncertainty about Italy's ability to service its debt, thus negatively impacting its 10-year bond rates &ndash; similar to what eventually happened in Greece.</p><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><p><a href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w22017\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.nber.org/papers/w22017</a></p><p>Used the following PDF from that main site: <a href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w22017.pdf&nbsp;\">https://www.nber.org/papers/w22017.pdf&nbsp;</a> &nbsp;</p><p><a href=\"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/italy-bond-yields-jump-as-investors-brace-for-budget-clash-2018-10-08\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.marketwatch.com/story/italy-bond-yields-jump-as-investors-brace-for-budget-clash-2018-10-08</a></p><p><a href=\"https://tradingeconomics.com/italy/government-bond-yield\" target=\"_blank\">https://tradingeconomics.com/italy/government-bond-yield</a></p><p><a href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/todays-italian-bond-crisis-explained\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/todays-italian-bond-crisis-explained</a></p><p><a href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-bonds/italian-debt-set-for-one-of-its-best-weeks-since-crisis-era-idUSKCN1LM10F\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-bonds/italian-debt-set-for-one-of-its-best-weeks-since-crisis-era-idUSKCN1LM10F</a></p><p><a href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-29/italian-two-year-bond-yields-climb-to-highest-level-since-2013\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-29/italian-two-year-bond-yields-climb-to-highest-level-since-2013</a></p><p><a href=\"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/italy-bond-yields-jump-as-investors-brace-for-budget-clash-2018-10-08\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.marketwatch.com/story/italy-bond-yields-jump-as-investors-brace-for-budget-clash-2018-10-08</a></p><p><a href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/05/italy-government-announces-brave-and-responsible-budget-2019plan.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/05/italy-government-announces-brave-and-responsible-budget-2019plan.html</a></p> <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.icfiles.net/will-the-united-states-become-a-bond-haven-in-2019/ </em><hr/></center>",
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