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      "body": "Congratulations @semilore! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@semilore/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@semilore) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=semilore)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemfest/@steemitboard/steemfest-commemorative-badge-refactored\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://files.steempeak.com/file/steempeak/arcange/YqQV5Tbj-image.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemfest/@steemitboard/steemfest-commemorative-badge-refactored\">SteemFest⁴  commemorative badge refactored</a></td></tr></table>\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "title": "Multicellular Organisms: Regulation of the Internal Environment #2",
      "body": "<div class=\"text-justify\">\n_Hi steemians, thanks for taking too much of your time for the glance through my post and upvoted it.\n\n It's nice having you here again to read my post.\n\n\nThe nasty experienced I had in my last post prompted me to further my investigation on another disease causes by multicellular organisms, The liver is another factor that affects the internal environment, as long as it does not function as expected in the body system which can lead to the damage or not regulate the system.\n\nArose is the question, What can lead to this deadly disease (Liver), This disease, is it curable or not? To get answers to my questions, I decided to make some finding. After my findings, I got reasonable solutions to my questions and I decided to share it with you through this post.\n\n_Hope you find this post interesting_\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSm4et6ixz7sp8QBgKULgGhnahin4L1E69GDHPNmfvQ1f/image.png\n[By Marcelo Reis -, CC BY-SA 3.0,](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16556409)</center>\n\nThe liver is a large reddish-brown organ with two lobes. It lies just below the diaphragm to the right side, partly overlapping the stomach. Leading from the liver to the small intestine is the bile duct, to which the gallbladder is attached. It is a soft organ with a rich and extensive blood supply.\n\n**FUNCTION OF THE LIVER**\n\nMetabolically, the liver is a complex organ with many functions including homeostasis. It is the liver that screens the food-laden blood from the small intestine and adjusts its composition to suit the body's immediate needs before releasing it into the circulatory system.\n\n**Carbohydrate Metabolism (glucose levels in the blood)**.\n\nThe normal blood glucose level is 90mg/100cm3 blood. If this level falls below 40mg/100cm3 blood, the brain cells become affected, leading to coma. If the level rises above 160mg/100cm3 blood, then the kidneys excrete the excess. The liver controls the blood glucose level and keeps it within normal limits by the following homeostatic process.\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmPcwDWAwUbcmvqaDzobuvpz16fUHW5rPNMveVFcDXEqqQ/image.png\n[By C. Muessig - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27707900)</center>\n\nThe liver converts any excess glucose in the blood that reaches it after a meal to glycogen. This process is stimulated by the hormone _insulin_ which is secreted by the pancreas, and the glycogen is stored in the liver. When blood glucose level falls below normal, the liver converts glycogen into glucose and releases the required amount of glucose into the blood. \n\nThis process is stimulated by _glucagon_, another pancreatic hormone, If the glycogen level in the liver is depleted, the low glucose level in blood is detected by the hypothalamus which stimulates the production of the various hormone. These cause the liver to convert amino acids and glycerol into glucose.  \n\n**Protein Metabolism**\n\nThe liver only releases the required amount of amino acids into the general circulation. As excess amino acids cannot be stored, the liver breaks them down into nitrogen-containing amino parts which it then converts to urea for excretion by the kidneys; and carbon compounds (keto acids) which it converts into glucose, glycogen or fats. This process is known as _deamination_.\n\nThe liver also converts one non-essential amino acid into another according to the body's needs. It cannot synthesize essential amino acids in this way, and so they must be present in the diet in the amounts needed by the body. The liver manufactures plasma proteins from dietary amino acids, these proteins include albumins, globulins and those essential for clotting like fibrinogen.\n\n**Lipid Metabolism**\n\nThe liver breaks down lipids to produce glucose and other substances if needed by the body. It then modifies what remains for transport to fat storage areas in the body and the liver also converts excess glucose (after its glycogen-storing capacity is exceeded) to fats for storage. Production of heat by liver has numerous metabolic activities produce heat as a by-product and these distributed throughout the body by the blood circulation and helps to keep the body warm.\n\n**Storage of Vitamins and Minerals***\n\nThe liver store the fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K, as well as the water-soluble vitamins, B, and C. It also stores iron and other minerals like zinc, copper, and potassium. The storage of blood which full of blood vessels can store up to 1500cm3 of blood. When its blood vessels are constricted more blood enters the general body circulation.  The reverse occurs when its vessels are dilated. Thus, the liver regulates the volume of blood in general circulation.\n\n**Bile Production**\n\nThe liver makes bile which is stored in the gallbladder and secreted into the duodenum when needed. The bile which is 98% water contains bile salts which aid in fat digestion and a yellowish pigment, bilirubin, an excretory product formed during the break down of haemoglobin from worn out red blood cells; inorganic salts; and cholesterol. \n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmU519Rdfid4giHNN7yGoS1yRx8NBYCvkcvrfAVW2unDiF/image.png\n[By Mcstrother - Own work, CC BY 3.0,](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20095361)</center>\n\n**Diseases of the Liver and Bile Ducts**\nThe important diseases of liver and bile ducts include gall-stones, viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, and amoebic liver abscess. Jaundice is a condition that may be due to liver disease or some other cause. Then, the **Jaundice is caused by an increase in the blood bilirubin level and this gives a yellow coloration to the skin and whites of the eyes. Jaundice may be due to three main causes.\n\na. ***_Excessive breakdown of red blood cells_***: This causes the formation of large amounts of bilirubin and such excessive destruction of red blood cells may occur during a malarial bout, in newborn babies and in inherited defects of the red blood cells (e.g sickle-0cell anaemia), certain poisons too can cause excessive breakdown of red blood cells. In this type of jaundice, the stools are dark due to the excretion of large amounts of bilirubin via the bile.\n\n\nb. ***_Diseases of the liver_***: These damage liver cells so that their ability to extract bilirubin from the blood to form bile is reduced. The blood bilirubin level is raised and inadequate bile production results in pale stools containing the undigested fatty substance.\n\n**_Effects of Diseases of the Liver_**\n\nThe effects of liver diseases are due to the failure of liver cells to function properly. The most common symptoms and signs are as follow; weakness and tiredness, jaundice, slight fever, the tendency to bleed and bruise easily, edema, enlarged and tender liver in hepatitis and amoebic liver abscess, mental changes such as apathy in most liver disease.\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQp4QSEaGDHWpmBGWMiPQvVurwyQgWvh8Q6wBBXEhboMz/image.png\n[By Thomas Zimmermann (THWZ) - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0 de,](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15911481)</center>\n\n\n**_NOTE_**: Blood levels of many enzymes are high. This is because these enzymes leak out of the damaged liver cells and get into the bloodstream and thus, liver function is easily assessed by estimating the levels of these enzymes, as well as, those of bilirubin and cholesterol. \n\n**_Treatment of Liver Diseases_**\n\nThe liver has a high capacity to separate and get new cells, that is, to regenerate. It is, therefore, the liver will be able to replace damaged cells and function normally. In most cases of liver diseases, treatment aims at giving the liver a rest and allowing it to heal itself. Thus, the basic treatment procedures include; rest, preferably in bed, until jaundice subsides, and a long convalescence period.\n\nA nutritious but controlled low-fat diet; and the liver is a complex organ with many functions including homeostasis. It is the liver that screens the food-laden blood from the small intestine and adjusts its composition to suit the body's immediate needs before releasing it into the circulatory system.\n\n. Thus, in (a) amoebic liver abscess, the pus is drained from the abscess and anti-amoebic drugs are given to get rid of the parasitic infection completely; and bile duct obstruction, the obstruction is removed. Liver transplant offers hope for patients with progressive liver cirrhosis and cancer of the liver. The problems encounter ed is the same as in kidney transplant.\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmPzVWY43HqfGUWCsTDYScWyzuC3rDajydVDDGr6kxZPqi/image.png\n[By BruceBlaus - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44925837)</center>\n\n\n**_NOTE_**: A living person can donate a lobe of his/her liver for transplant. The remaining liver can soon regenerate and attain its normal size\n\n**_CONCLUSION_**\n\nThe liver is a deadly disease which affects small intestine, It lies just below the diaphragm to the right side, partly overlapping the stomach. Leading from the liver to the small intestine is the bile duct, to which the gallbladder is attached. It is a soft organ with a rich and extensive blood supply.\n\nThe liver is a complex organ with many functions including homeostasis. It is the liver that screens the food-laden blood from the small intestine and adjusts its composition to suit the body's immediate needs before releasing it into the circulatory system. In most cases of liver diseases, treatment aims at giving the liver a rest and allowing it to heal itself. Thus, the basic treatment procedures include; rest, preferably in bed, until jaundice subsides, and a long convalescence period.\n\n\n \n </div>\n\nREFERENCES\n\n\n[Ref 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver)\n\n[Ref 2](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/305075.php)\n\n[Ref 3](https://fodsupport.org/blood-sugar-monitoring.htm)\n\n[Ref 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_metabolism)\n\n[Ref 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile)\n\n[Ref 6](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5096525)\n\n[Ref 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_anemia)",
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      "title": "Multicellular Organisms: Regulation of the Internal Environment",
      "body": "<div class=\"text-justify\">\n\n_Good day to you. Thanks for visiting my blog and for upvoting it.\nIt's nice having you here again to read my post.\n\nI had a nasty experience the last time I visited a hospital for a medical check-up, I saw a patient suffering from kidney disease, he was brought to the hospital for medical attention. Seeing the man laying on the sick bed, dying, I began to think about what would have been the causes of this deadly disease, is the disease curable or not? To get answers to my questions, I decided to make some finding. After my findings, I got reasonable answers to my questions and I decided to share it with you through this post.\n\n_Hope you find this post interesting_\n\n<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZDwqAL2BsDSYqq3GG5rDfVrnZ3KG8P9dHiJ8Xr5M9tBU/blob)\n[By BruceBlaus - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61465355)</center>\n\nThe cells of a multi-cellular organism are bathed in body fluids such as blood, lymph, and inter-cellular tissue fluid. These fluids make up the internal environment of the organism. The internal environment must be kept fairly constant for the health, growth and efficient functioning of the body cells. Maintaining a steady internal environment is known as homeostasis.\n\nThese conditions include temperature, PH (hydrogen ion concentration), osmotic pressure and concentrations of dissolved substances in the body fluids such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, urea, food substances (glucose, amino acids, etc).\n\n**HOMEOSTATIC PROCESSES**\n\nThe control mechanisms are often used to detect and adjust the change in the internal environment of an organism. Usually, sensory detectors recognize a change in a given condition and stimulate the relevant body parts involved in control. These parts receive the signals, interpret them and send out instructions to the appropriate organs or glands to react and restore to the normal state.\n\nThere are many parts of the body that are involved in homeostasis, body parts such as the kidneys, liver, skin, and hormones (substances secreted by endocrine glands). Although these organs and hormones play an important role in homeostasis, the brain has overall control over the homeostatic processes in the body.\n\nKidneys help to regulate the internal environment. There are so many functions of the kidneys which are, kidney remove nitrogenous wastes which are the excretory function, and also maintain water to the salt ratio in the body system (sodium, potassium and chloride ions) which are the osmoregulatory function. The regulation mechanisms which maintain the water, salts and PH balance of the blood occur at the distal tubules and collecting ducts.\n\n<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYpRCqQBoMxvmxRj8XxCsbMH7Yg1ncnBU5MFfqYQSwGZL/blob)\n[By Kes47 (?) - File:Illu capillary microcirculation.jpg, Public Domain,](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27702800)</center>\n\n**Water Balance**\n\nWhen we drink a lot of water on a cold day, we excrete a large amount of dilute urine. On hot days we lose a lot of water from the body through sweating and excrete a small amount of concentrated urine. The kidneys regulate the excreted waste from the urine through the osmotic pressure so as to keep the blood constant.\n\nThe solute concentration of blood rises by intake of too many salts, reduction in fluid intake and loosing of body fluid through profuse sweating, which therefore resulted in an increase in osmotic pressure. This is detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus in the brain. Immediately, they send a nerve impulse to stimulate the release of an anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland, that is when we will begin to feel thirsty.\n\nADH is released to the kidney through blood where it causes an increased reabsorption of water by the tubules into the bloodstream. It does this by increasing the permeability of the distal tubules and the collecting ducts to water. The urine becomes concentrated as it volume decreases, while the blood becomes diluted, and its osmotic pressure decreases.\n\nThis process goes on until the osmotic pressure reaches its normal level. When the osmoreceptors detect a normal osmotic pressure, the stop stimulating the pituitary gland, and the secretion of ADH decreases or ceases. Less water is reabsorbed by the kidneys and the urine produced is of low concentration. The blood volume is also kept constant by this process.\n\nThirst is also a sensation that indicates the need for water intake to regulate the osmotic pressure of blood. Keeping the osmotic pressure constant is an example of a homeostatic process. This control mechanism is known as a _negative feedback_ mechanism.\n\n<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmakzv8yiyLLs1HWCBedWjkAZxYn4w6HLsWE8RhermfHWn/blob)\n [Polycystic kidneys](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=825647)</center>\n\n**Diseases of the Kidney**\n\nThere are more than a million urinary tubules in each adult human kidney. These filter the body's blood completely every 45 minutes excreting its urea and regulating its water, salt, and acid content. In a healthy adult, one kidney can cope amply with these functions. The kidneys, however, can be damaged by diseases, poisons, and physical injury. Thus it is a great asset to have two of these extremely vital organs.\n\n**Glomerular nephritis*, is the kidney condition that occurs in children and adolescents, usually after a bacterial (***streptococuus***) infection, like a sore throat, in some other part of the body. The glomeruli become inflamed, increasing the porosity of the membranes. This allows proteins and red blood cells to leak into the glomerular filtrate. Large numbers of white blood cells and dead tissue cells collect in the inflamed glomeruli, sometimes totally blocking the blood flow.  \n\n**The Effects of Kidney Diseases**\n\nThere are so many effects of kidney diseases due to impaired function. These are manifested by the following signs and symptoms; **High blood urea level**this happens which kidney function is reduced by at least 50 percent. **Presence of proteins and blood cells in urine** is due to theincreased porosity of membranes in the glomeruli and Bowman's capsule. **Impaired ability to produce sufficient urine**is occurs when the glomerular filtration rate is reduced, and when the tubules are blocked or damaged.\n \n<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmfXC6q23sCnms2BTGf7A3jLLZoj693YzzJ9RSXLWjL5xe/blob)\n[By OpenStax College - Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis , CC BY 3.0,](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30017359)</center>\n\n**Kidney stones** are stony masses of minerals and organic matter that form in kidneys. They are produced when mineral salts in urine come out of solution as solid crystals. This may occur when the intake of water is low; the salt intake is high, or the urine is abnormally acidic or alkaline.\n\nKidney stones vary in size from tiny sand-like grains or large masses which can completely fill the renal pelvis. Large stones may block the flow of urine and cause infections to begin. The pressure that builds up causes severe pain and damages the kidney tubules. Kidney stones may be dissolved by medicine. Large stones may have to be removed surgically.   \n \n\n**CONCLUSION**\nThe homeostatic is the internal environment must be kept fairly constant for the health, growth and efficient functioning of the body cells. These conditions include temperature, PH (hydrogen ion concentration), osmotic pressure and concentrations of dissolved substances in the body fluids such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, urea, food substances (glucose, amino acids, etc).\n\n\nkidneys regulate the excreted waste from the urine through the osmotic pressure so as to keep the blood constant.\nThese also filter the body's blood completely every 45 minutes excreting its urea and regulating its water, salt and acid content. Kidney failure occurs at the advanced stage of certain kidney diseases like chronic nephritis when this happens, the patient can only be kept alive by _dialysis or kidney transplant_.\n\n</div>\n\n**REFERENCES**\n[Ref 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis)\n\n[Ref 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_balance)\n\n[Ref 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_disease)\n\n[Ref 40](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521)\n\n[Ref 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease)",
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      "title": "Multicellular Organisms: Regulation of the Internal Environment",
      "body": "<div class=\"text-justify\">\n\n_Good day to you. Thanks for visiting my blog and for upvoting it.\nIt's nice having you here again to read my post.\n\nI had a nasty experience the last time I visited a hospital for a medical check-up, I saw a patient suffering from kidney disease, he was brought to the hospital for medical attention. Seeing the man laying on the sick bed, dying, I began to think about what would have been the causes of this deadly disease, is the disease curable or not? To get answers to my questions, I decided to make some finding. After my findings, I got reasonable answers to my questions and I decided to share it with you through this post.\n\n_Hope you find this post interesting_\n\n<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZDwqAL2BsDSYqq3GG5rDfVrnZ3KG8P9dHiJ8Xr5M9tBU/blob)\n[By BruceBlaus - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61465355)</center>\n\nThe cells of a multi-cellular organism are bathed in body fluids such as blood, lymph, and inter-cellular tissue fluid. These fluids make up the internal environment of the organism. The internal environment must be kept fairly constant for the health, growth and efficient functioning of the body cells. Maintaining a steady internal environment is known as homeostasis.\n\nThese conditions include temperature, PH (hydrogen ion concentration), osmotic pressure and concentrations of dissolved substances in the body fluids such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, urea, food substances (glucose, amino acids, etc).\n\n**HOMEOSTATIC PROCESSES**\n\nThe control mechanisms are often used to detect and adjust the change in the internal environment of an organism. Usually, sensory detectors recognize a change in a given condition and stimulate the relevant body parts involved in control. These parts receive the signals, interpret them and send out instructions to the appropriate organs or glands to react and restore to the normal state.\n\nThere are many parts of the body that are involved in homeostasis, body parts such as the kidneys, liver, skin, and hormones (substances secreted by endocrine glands). Although these organs and hormones play an important role in homeostasis, the brain has overall control over the homeostatic processes in the body.\n\nKidneys help to regulate the internal environment. There are so many functions of the kidneys which are, kidney remove nitrogenous wastes which are the excretory function, and also maintain water to the salt ratio in the body system (sodium, potassium and chloride ions) which are the osmoregulatory function. The regulation mechanisms which maintain the water, salts and PH balance of the blood occur at the distal tubules and collecting ducts.\n\n<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYpRCqQBoMxvmxRj8XxCsbMH7Yg1ncnBU5MFfqYQSwGZL/blob)\n[By Kes47 (?) - File:Illu capillary microcirculation.jpg, Public Domain,](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27702800)</center>\n\n**Water Balance**\n\nWhen we drink a lot of water on a cold day, we excrete a large amount of dilute urine. On hot days we lose a lot of water from the body through sweating and excrete a small amount of concentrated urine. The kidneys regulate the excreted waste from the urine through the osmotic pressure so as to keep the blood constant.\n\nThe solute concentration of blood rises by intake of too many salts, reduction in fluid intake and loosing of body fluid through profuse sweating, which therefore resulted in an increase in osmotic pressure. This is detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus in the brain. Immediately, they send a nerve impulse to stimulate the release of an anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland, that is when we will begin to feel thirsty.\n\nADH is released to the kidney through blood where it causes an increased reabsorption of water by the tubules into the bloodstream. It does this by increasing the permeability of the distal tubules and the collecting ducts to water. The urine becomes concentrated as it volume decreases, while the blood becomes diluted, and its osmotic pressure decreases.\n\nThis process goes on until the osmotic pressure reaches its normal level. When the osmoreceptors detect a normal osmotic pressure, the stop stimulating the pituitary gland, and the secretion of ADH decreases or ceases. Less water is reabsorbed by the kidneys and the urine produced is of low concentration. The blood volume is also kept constant by this process.\n\nThirst is also a sensation that indicates the need for water intake to regulate the osmotic pressure of blood. Keeping the osmotic pressure constant is an example of a homeostatic process. This control mechanism is known as a _negative feedback_ mechanism.\n\n<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmakzv8yiyLLs1HWCBedWjkAZxYn4w6HLsWE8RhermfHWn/blob)\n [Polycystic kidneys](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=825647)</center>\n\n**Diseases of the Kidney**\n\nThere are more than a million urinary tubules in each adult human kidney. These filter the body's blood completely every 45 minutes excreting its urea and regulating its water, salt, and acid content. In a healthy adult, one kidney can cope amply with these functions. The kidneys, however, can be damaged by diseases, poisons, and physical injury. Thus it is a great asset to have two of these extremely vital organs.\n\n**Glomerular nephritis*, is the kidney condition that occurs in children and adolescents, usually after a bacterial (***streptococuus***) infection, like a sore throat, in some other part of the body. The glomeruli become inflamed, increasing the porosity of the membranes. This allows proteins and red blood cells to leak into the glomerular filtrate. Large numbers of white blood cells and dead tissue cells collect in the inflamed glomeruli, sometimes totally blocking the blood flow.  \n\n**The Effects of Kidney Diseases**\n\nThere are so many effects of kidney diseases due to impaired function. These are manifested by the following signs and symptoms; **High blood urea level**this happens which kidney function is reduced by at least 50 percent. **Presence of proteins and blood cells in urine** is due to theincreased porosity of membranes in the glomeruli and Bowman's capsule. **Impaired ability to produce sufficient urine**is occurs when the glomerular filtration rate is reduced, and when the tubules are blocked or damaged.\n \n<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmfXC6q23sCnms2BTGf7A3jLLZoj693YzzJ9RSXLWjL5xe/blob)\n[By OpenStax College - Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis , CC BY 3.0,](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30017359)</center>\n\n**Kidney stones** are stony masses of minerals and organic matter that form in kidneys. They are produced when mineral salts in urine come out of solution as solid crystals. This may occur when the intake of water is low; the salt intake is high, or the urine is abnormally acidic or alkaline.\n\nKidney stones vary in size from tiny sand-like grains or large masses which can completely fill the renal pelvis. Large stones may block the flow of urine and cause infections to begin. The pressure that builds up causes severe pain and damages the kidney tubules. Kidney stones may be dissolved by medicine. Large stones may have to be removed surgically.   \n \n\n**CONCLUSION**\nThe homeostatic is the internal environment must be kept fairly constant for the health, growth and efficient functioning of the body cells. These conditions include temperature, PH (hydrogen ion concentration), osmotic pressure and concentrations of dissolved substances in the body fluids such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, urea, food substances (glucose, amino acids, etc).\n\n\nkidneys regulate the excreted waste from the urine through the osmotic pressure so as to keep the blood constant.\nThese also filter the body's blood completely every 45 minutes excreting its urea and regulating its water, salt and acid content. Kidney failure occurs at the advanced stage of certain kidney diseases like chronic nephritis when this happens, the patient can only be kept alive by _dialysis or kidney transplant_.\n\n</div>\n\n**REFERENCES**\n[Ref 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis)\n\n[Ref 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_balance)\n\n[Ref 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_disease)\n\n[Ref 40](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521)\n\n[Ref 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease)",
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      "body": "<div class=\"text-justify\">\n\n_Good day to you. Thanks for visiting my blog and for upvoting it.\nIt's nice having you here again to read my post.\n\nI had a nasty experience the last time I visited a hospital for medical check-up, I saw a patient suffering from kidney disease, he was brought to the hospital for medical attention. Seeing the man laying on the sick bed, dying, I began to think about what would have  been the causes of this deadly disease, is the disease curable or not? To get answers to my questions, I decided to make some finding. After my findings, I got reasonable answers to my questions and I decided to share it with you through this post.\n\n_Hope you find this post interesting_\n\n<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZDwqAL2BsDSYqq3GG5rDfVrnZ3KG8P9dHiJ8Xr5M9tBU/blob)\n[By BruceBlaus - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61465355)</center>\n\nThe cells of a multi-cellular organism are bathed in body fluids such as blood, lymph and inter-cellular tissue fluid. These fluids make up the internal environment of the organism. The internal environment must be kept fairly constant for the health, growth and efficient functioning of the body cells. Maintaining a steady internal environment is known as homeostasis.\n\nThese conditions include temperature, PH (hydrogen ion concentration), osmotic pressure and concentrations of dissolved substances in the body fluids such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, urea, food substances (glucose, amino acids,etc).\n\n**HOMEOSTATIC PROCESSES**\n\nThe control mechanisms are often used to detect and adjust change in the internal environment of an organism. Usually, sensory detectors recognize a change in a given condition and stimulate the relevant body parts involved in control. These parts receive the signals, interpret them and send out instructions to the appropriate organs or glands to react and restore to the normal state.\n\nThere are many parts of the body that are involved in homeostasis, body parts such as the kidneys, liver, skin and hormones (substances secreted by endocrine glands). Although these organs and hormones play an important role in homeostasis, the brain has overall control over the homeostatic processes in the body.\n\nKidneys help to regulate the internal environment. There are so many functions of the kidneys which are, kidney remove nitrogenous wastes which are the excretory function, and also maintain water to salt ratio in the body system (sodium, potassium and chloride ions) which are the osmoregulatory function. The regulation mechanisms which maintain the water, salts and PH balance of the blood occur at the distal tubules and collecting ducts.\n\n<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYpRCqQBoMxvmxRj8XxCsbMH7Yg1ncnBU5MFfqYQSwGZL/blob)\n[By Kes47 (?) - File:Illu capillary microcirculation.jpg, Public Domain,](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27702800)</center>\n\n**Water Balance**\n\nWhen we drink a lot of water in a cold day, we excrete a large amount of dilute urine. On hot days we lose a lot of water from the body through sweating and excrete small amount of concentrated urine. The kidneys regulate the excreted waste from the urine through the osmotic pressure so as to keep the blood constant.\n\nThe solute concentration of blood rises by intake of too much salts, reduction in fluid intake and loosing of body fluid through profuse sweating, which therefore resulted in an increase in osmotic pressure. This is detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus in the brain. Immediately, they send nerve impulse to stimulate the release of an ant-diuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland, that is when we will begin to feel thirsty.\n\nADH is released to the kidney through blood where it cause an increased re absorption of water by the tubules into the bloodstream. It does this by increasing the permeability of the distal tubules and the collecting ducts to water. The urine becomes concentrated as it volume decreases, while the blood becomes diluted, and its osmotic pressure decreases.\n\nThis process goes on until the osmotic pressure reaches its normal level. When the osmoreceptors detects a normal osmotic pressure, the stop stimulating the pituitary gland, and the secretion of ADH decreases or ceases. Less water is reabsorbed by the kidneys and the urine produced is of low concentration. The blood volume is also kept constant by this process.\n\nThirst is also a sensation that indicates the need for water intake to regulate the osmotic pressure of blood. Keeping the osmotic pressure constant is an example of a homeostatic process. This control mechanism is known as a _negative feedback_ mechanism.\n\n<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmakzv8yiyLLs1HWCBedWjkAZxYn4w6HLsWE8RhermfHWn/blob)\n [Polycystic kidneys](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=825647)</center>\n\n**Diseases of the Kidney**\n\nThere are more than a million urinary tubules in each adult human kidney. These filter the body's blood completely every 45 minutes excreting its urea and regulating its water, salt and acid content . In a healthy adult, one kidney can cope amply with these functions . The kidneys, however, can be damaged by diseases, poisons, and physical injury. Thus it is a great asset to have two of these extremely vital organs.\n\n**Glomerular nephritis*, is the kidney condition that occurs in children and adolescents, usually after a bacterial (***streptococuus***) infection, like sore throat, in some other part of the body. The glomeruli  become inflamed, increasing the porosity of the membranes. This allows proteins and red blood cells to leak into the glomerular filtrate. Large numbers of white blood cells and dead tissue cells collect in the inflamed glomeruli, sometimes totally blocking the blood flow.  \n\n**The Effects of Kidney Diseases**\n\nThere are so many effects of kidney diseases due to impaired function. These are manifested by the following signs and symptoms; **High blood urea level**this happens which kidney function is reduced by at least 50 percent. **Presence of proteins and blood cells in urine** is due to increased porosity of membranes in the glomeruli and Bowman's capsule. **Impaired ability to produce sufficient urine**is occurs when the glomerular filtration rate is reduced, and when the tubules are blocked or damaged.\n \n<center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmfXC6q23sCnms2BTGf7A3jLLZoj693YzzJ9RSXLWjL5xe/blob)\n[By OpenStax College - Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis , CC BY 3.0,](https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30017359)</center>\n\n**Kidney stones** are stony masses of minerals and organic matter that form in kidneys. They are produced when mineral salts in urine come out of solution as solid crystals. This may occur when the intake of water is low ; the salt intake is high; or the urine is abnormally acidic or alkaline.\n\nKidney stones vary in size from tiny sand-like grains or large masses which can completely fill the renal pelvis. Large stones may block  the flow of urine and cause infections to begin. The pressure that builds up causes severe pain and damages the kidney tubules. Kidney stones may be dissolved by medicine. Large stones may have to be removed surgically.   \n \n\n**CONCLUSION**\nThe homeostatic is the internal environment must be kept fairly constant for the health, growth and efficient functioning of the body cells. These conditions include temperature, PH (hydrogen ion concentration), osmotic pressure and concentrations of dissolved substances in the body fluids such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, urea, food substances (glucose, amino acids,etc).\n\n\nkidneys regulate the excreted waste from the urine through the osmotic pressure so as to keep the blood constant.\nThese also filter the body's blood completely every 45 minutes excreting its urea and regulating its water, salt and acid content . Kidney failure occurs at the advanced stage of certain kidney diseases like chronic nephritis, when this happens, the patient can only be kept alive by _dialysis or kidney transplant_.\n\n</div>\n\n**REFERENCES**\n[Ref 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis)\n\n[Ref 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_balance)\n\n[Ref 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_disease)\n\n[Ref 40](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521)\n\n[Ref 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease)",
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