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{
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      "author": "scientistmel",
      "permlink": "sexual-assault-the-not-secret-secret",
      "title": "Sexual Assault - The \"Not Secret\" Secret",
      "body": "Originally shared on scientistmel.com (links to references linked on that website)![believe.jpeg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmcwmtf48kJ6An4YepVi92auj6eUPQxzgnQE5nc62DSbtE/believe.jpeg)\n\nFeatured image from SVA Project Unbreakable\n\nCW Sexual Assault\n\nWith the increased amount of news stories related to sexual assault, rape, and attempts at sexual coercion...Open dialogue has begun on the long time issue of sexual assault and many men are shocked that sexual assaults are regularly happening. Women joined together to tweet #METOO to expose just how common sexual harassment and assault is for women. The campaign gave a very personal face in the form of friends and loved ones to the often blanketed and hidden appearance of sexual assault and harassment victims. Good men are now up in arms and disturbed at just how widespread and personal it really is.\n\nI have encountered men who feel upset that some  women hate all men. While it can seem to be an unfair judgement to hate all men based on the actions of a few, it is important to learn the perspectives of others as this is a symptom of a very real disease...rampant sexual harassment and assault of women throughout their lives. Women understand this is not new and science has always backed them up with evidence.\n\nRAINN has substantial statistics and has been vocal about sexual violence in the US for years. These stats are just the ones from those interviewed (including crimes not reported to the police) and do not include harassment. It is a reasonable statement to consider that the numbers are likely higher.\n\n1 in 6 women are victims of sexual assault.\nAs of 1998 17.7 million women in the US have been victims of attempted or completed rape.\n82% of all juvenile victims are female. 90% of adult rape victims are female.\nFemales ages 16-19 are 4 times more likely than the general population to be victims of rape, attempted rape, or sexual assault.\nWomen ages 18-24 who are college students are 3 times more likely than women in general to experience sexual violence. Females of the same age who are not enrolled in college are 4 times more likely.\nVictims of sexual assault, rape, and/or harassment have a myriad of damage from which they have to heal. RapeVictimAdvocates discusses some of the effects of rape and assault on individuals (listed below). There are emotional, psychological, and physical damage that can be done in regards to these forms of abuse. For many women, these effects can be crippling and vary in manifestation, amount, as well as onset.\n\nEmotional Reactions\n\nGuilt, shame, self-blame\nEmbarrassment\nFear, distrust\nSadness\nVulnerability\nIsolation\nLack of control\nAnger\nNumbness\nConfusion\nShock, disbelief\nDenial\nPsychological reactions\n\nNightmares\nFlashbacks\nDepression\nDifficulty concentrating\nPost Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)\nAnxiety\nEating disorders\nSubstance use or abuse\nPhobias\nLow self esteem\nPhysical reactions\n\nChanges in eating or sleeping patterns\nIncreased startle response\nConcerns about physical safety\nPhysical injury\nConcerns about pregnancy or contracting an STI or HIV \nThere is also evidence to show how this can also affect them financially and hurt their future endeavors in the workplace. Women drop out of college due to the amount of emotional strain it puts on them to cope with the assault. They lose wages from not being able to work because of counseling appointments (which also costs money). It can become a financial burden on them and there families. Costs from rape can range from $87,000 - $240,000 per act of rape.\n\nA question some might ask is why don't women report. There is evidence that women who report have a negative social response.\n\nAccording to one study (in link above) women in turn are silenced due to the negative response they receive.\n\nNegative reactions from professionals led survivors to question if it is worth discussing any further.\nNegative reactions from friends and family reinforced feelings of self-blame.\nNegative reactions from either of the above reinforced personal uncertainty as to whether or not they were actually raped.\nThese reactions victims receive do not take into account the toll it has on them when they do report and have to psychologically withstand a full investigation with extremely intimate details being put on display for jury and media (though media tends to not report victim's names). This alone is a deterrent for reporting a rape.\n\nIf a woman reports a rape or attempt, there is a 98% chance her attacker will walk free.\n\nOut of 1000 rapes (RAINN statistics)\n\n310 are reported\n57 lead to arrest\n11 get referred to prosecutors\n7 have a felony conviction\n6 are incarcerated - 1.9% of reported rapes lead to incarceration\n2/3 rapes go unreported\nThe media has been reporting more stories of individuals who are convicted of rape but serve little to no time in prison. Brock Turner only served 3 months time in jail for raping an unconscious woman at a college party. He was caught in the act by 2 other men. Even with this substantial amount of evidence the judge did not want Turner to spend more than 3 months in prison saying it was not appropriate. Even the father of the rapist said he felt his son shouldn't go to jail for \"20 minutes of action\". A sexual assault and/or rape does not even take that long.\n\nBill Cosby has had droves of women come forward about his sexual assaults towards them with no conviction but a mistrial from 2 jurors blocking a conviction. Most of the claims the women made are past the statute of limitations. So, it is exceedingly unlikely or legally impossible for Cosby to be charged criminally and even investigated. California has, however, removed the statute of limitations on rape September 2016 for assaults starting after the new law passed. Cosby is not alone in regards to the media reporting more men in high powered positions using their status to abuse women.\n\nAdditionally, assault victims are now being given ankle monitors to alert them of the presence of their abusers. Which has become a privacy issue for any victim who does not want to discuss why she is wearing an ankle monitor, a device normally given to criminals on probation.\n\nThere is a consistent point of view that appears in rape victim treatment as far as believing the victim in regards to false rape accusations. The current statistic is that 2-10% of cases are listed as \"false reports\". It is important to note that these reports involved in those studies do not clearly state whether it was a false, baseless, or not enough to warrant investigation.\n\nThe National Sexual Violence Resource Center's publication on false reporting states...\n\nMany published reports do not clearly define false allegation, and often include data that falls outside of most accepted definitions (Lisak et al., 2010). The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) upholds that, “The determination that a report of sexual assault is false can be made only if the evidence establishes that no crime was committed or attempted” (IACP National Law Enforcement Policy Center, 2005, pp. 12-13). The FBI and IACP have issued guidelines that exclude certain factors, by themselves, from constituting a false report (Lisak et al., 2010, p. 1320).\n\nThese include:\n\nInsufficient evidence to proceed to prosecution\n\nDelayed reporting \n\nVictims deciding not to cooperate with investigators\n\nInconsistencies in victim statement\n\nWhile some police departments may follow these guidelines, it is not mandatory, and as a result, many do not. In addition, gaps in law enforcement training may inadvertently encourage identifying any of the following factors as indicators of a false report: delayed reporting, victim indifference to injuries, vagueness, or victim’s attempt to steer\naway from unsafe details, suspect description, or location of offense (Archambault, 2005). As a result, many reports are classified as “false.”\n\nThus, it is reasonable to suggest that the \"false reports\" percentage of 2-10% is not accurate in the assumption it places that a sex crime did not occur. The lack of definitive information can not lead to the conclusion that a victim inherently lied about a sexual assault. The percentage can not be trusted and should not be used as an argument to not believe a victim which can lead to harmful victim blaming and/or withholding protective care, mental health care, as well as physical health care until evidence is collected.\n\nThe current system is not yet set up to effectively help victims of sexual assault. The back up rape kits that have yet to be tested show the lack of priority the legal system places on rape. One city, Memphis, still has over 600 rape kits untested with just as many rape investigations going on...this number is down from 12,000 untested rape kits in 2013. \n\nThe trauma women go through when assaulted can be exacerbated by the legal process from the previously given evidence. Victims do not often report do to the response they receive from professionals.Victims get blamed and/or interrogated to determine if they actually said NO as well as what they were wearing. Victims get tagged with ankle monitors making them feel as if they have done something wrong. The toll on the family is substantial and can spill into a massive financial burden. The statistics are startling and upsetting to many. Women do not report because there is seemingly no reason to speak out without some kind of backlash and/or it does no good. People rarely go to jail for rape. Rape kits go untested for years.\n\nShifting to the uproar many good men are experiencing in regards to more women speaking out. Good men out there in the world, this is not new to women. This does not mean they are bad men for not knowing. It means that women are so used to being objectified and harassed that the headlines pose no real surprise to us. The statistics of 1 in 6 are real...and likely higher. #METOO showed just how rampant this issue is. We are objectified most of our lives as women. Here is an article that addresses 34 things we do to avoid being harassed and/or assaulted...it is automatic to us by the time we are grown women. We have it ingrained in us that we could be the 1 in 6 at any time. This is what we call rape culture. This article HERE is a guide to explaining rape culture to good men. You adjust your behavior because of the bad men who seemingly have free reign in the current system.\n\nNow, I want to address those men who are upset that they find some women hate all men. Good men should not take this personally. Instead see it as a symptom of a rampant disease called sexual harassment/assault. The woman who hates all men is likely the victim of repeated assaults. While it is not entirely fair for her to hate all men, bad men do not wear signs. A person can have a legitimate fear of snakes after having been bitten by several requiring hospitalization. The thing that separates those with a fear/hatred of snakes from those with a fear/hatred of men is that venomous snakes wear signs. Sexual assailants are not so easily recognized. They are often people close to women who have won their trust. People that were important and dear. How can a person recover and trust repeatedly if this happens so often? \n\nGood men out there, what can you do? Join groups who work to raise awareness of violence against women. There is an increasing trend seen of men involved in mass shootings who have histories of violence against women. Raising awareness and pushing for stricter legislation is not only beneficial for women but can also contribute to minimizing these mass shootings as well as understanding triggers for such acts of violence against so many.\n\nA list of advocacy groups where you can contribute can be found HERE.\n\nOther things you can do?\n\nEducate yourself on the statistics.\nGive a safe space for women to feel comfortable to talk to you.\nAllow time and space for women (you likely already give them a wide berth when walking at night so they aren't uncomfortable).\nBe understanding that 1 in 6 women have been assaulted (likely more than that).\nConsider, how would you feel if you had been attacked/harassed to the point you are afraid to walk to your car every day...or slightly panic when seeing a group of individuals who you fear may harm you.\nBe an advocate for change. Call out harassment and assault when you see it. Hold other men accountable for their behavior. Your voice is important, too.\nVote for officials who support groups and legislation to reform the current system in regards to sexual violence.\nWe as a society must work together to find solutions to help victims of sexual assault allowing them a space to discuss their experiences without receiving abuse. Women can not do it alone. It takes the whole of society to band together to stop harmful individuals from forcing our society to view women as perpetual victims who must prevent themselves from getting assaulted. Education is the first step. It is only through raising awareness and educating ourselves to the reality of the situation that we can develop understanding and initiate change for a better world.\n\nAll of my sources are in hyperlinks within the text.\n\nThank you for reading,\n\nScientist Mel",
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      "body": "Hi Mel, your link in the article isn't working.  Would love to see the link to that thread about the numbers of killed animals by PETA.  I knew that PETA was an agenda seeking group and I have not supported their efforts in over two decades, but I had no idea they had so drastically changed.  Thanks for the great writing and don't forget to use the tag \"steemstem\" as your first search tag in the future for these science and pseudoscience articles.  They will get more views in that area of steemit!",
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      "title": "The Pseudoscience of PETA",
      "body": "(Originally posted on scientistmel.com)\n\n![PETA-rejected.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmautBbnej2Ld7xgy8TmZf4ksN1dG5nxyqECc5aJjEbzN9/PETA-rejected.jpg)\n\nPETA is widely known as an organization who claims to dedicate their work to saving animals. In reality, they kill more animals than save. The largest portion of their budget goes towards advertising. They can not afford to keep the animals they rescue, so they resort to euthanizing rather than funnel funds into adoption programs. PETA on twitter has blocked me. This was after a conversation I had with them asking them for their latest kill numbers...that thread for tweets can be found HERE\n\nFor this article...I am going to discuss the bad science PETA pushes in order to push their brand agendas.\n\nThe point I am going to discuss is their push for animal free testing as a viable option in breast cancer research. They have a blog post (PETA) stating there are many charities available in breast cancer research that don't engage in animal testing. They say to not fund well established cancer research organizations and say to fund these groups instead (pcrm.org).  These groups suggest vegetarian diets MIGHT prevent cancer...including a compound found in BROCCOLI\n\nLet's discuss this...\n\nPETA suggests in vitro testing as well as computational models are sufficient in determining a treatment is safe for humans. The simple answer? NO. The reason? Because there are multiple factors that determine whether or not a compound is a viable candidate for oral or IV introduction. A computer simulation does not take into consideration liver processing (if oral), blood brain barrier issues, as well as any other interactions that may occur if the drug is processed via liver into potentially toxic forms.\n\nNow in vitro testing..squirting drugs on cells is not the same as introducing the drug into the body. There are multiple pathways to consider when making a drug. The liver breaks down drugs into different forms. The mode of drug introduction has to be considered when determining if a drug is administered orally or intravenously.\n\nThe study PETA cites discusses a compound found in broccoli that has an effect on breast cancer. This is GREAT news! The downside? Eating broccoli ...is not the same as squirting the compound directly onto cancer cells. It is also not the same as injecting the compound into your breast.\n\nLet's dive a bit deeper into this study...\n\nThey use different breast cancer cells including non cancerous breast cells... HERE\n\nThe data seems effective with the line of MCF-7 (a cancer I have worked with). The problem? There is no data for the normal cells. There is no information as to  what this compound does to the non cancerous cells. Additionally...since it damages DNA, it might make it worse. The study specifically states that this compound could increase cancer activity.\n\n\n![peta.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmRcKWe8KaRkJD2ovc2HU4Uo9J7gVJuRWmnthMoDbMYg6K/peta.png)\n\n\nPETA uses this study to push for vegetarianism without fully disclosing that the study is not sufficient nor does it fully support the idea that broccoli consumption kills cancer.\n\nThe FDA site discusses why we still need animal testing (HERE) The main reason for animal testing is so humans are not killed or further harmed by research. Scientists can not squirt or inject broccoli compounds into people until scientists know if it is going to hurt or cause further damage to people. Computer simulations are not going to give substantial confidence that scientists are not going to kill people or contribute to cancer formation like the SUL (broccoli compound) can possibly do. There are many similar compounds like the broccoli compound that cause DNA damage aka carcinogens which leads to cancer. Animal testing is necessary so we can see the breakdown of these compounds via the liver, their effectiveness if injected, and if they have ANY toxicity or harmful side effects. In vitro (test tube experiments) and computer simulations do not give us the holistic effect, but they reduce research time giving us an idea WHEN to test on animals and IF it is even a considerable option. This reduces animal testing but we can not eliminate it without jeopardizing people.\n\nPETA is irresponsible and unrealistic pushing agendas that potentially harm people. They use bad science with unsubstantiated conclusions in order to reinforce their brand. Huffington Post has openly reported on the kill numbers associated with PETA in that they destroy more animals than they find homes. PETA has no known active program to re-acclimate animals from zoos to the wilderness...Nor do they have any programs to find homes/re-introduction for rescued animals from illegal testing.\n\nI suggest PETA contribute the majority of their funds to research INSTEAD of copious amounts of advertising to push their brand. Funding productive research will help science gain better tech hoping to lead to removing  the need for animal testing. I would also suggest PETA stop with frivolous lawsuits that require substantial funding and work to feed the pets they rescue as 88% of them are killed in their shelters. It would also behoove PETA to stop taking household pets and killing them. It would seem these lawsuits of stealing household pets and killing them is also a financial sink hole.\n\nPETA is not a reputable charity...Nor do their kill rates show concern for the well being of animals. With no real financial support for the animals they \"save\", no re-acclimation programs, no real funding for the shelters that house their rescues, or the adoption programs to find forever homes for pets...PETA proves to be a brand selling t-shirts and using bad science as part of their advertising. Consider giving to well established organizations that not only work to save animals but also spend money on feeding them, not killing them.\n\nThank You For Reading,\n\nScientistMel",
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      "body": "Pseudoscience is an evil doppleganger who intends to deceive.  The problem is that pseudoscience only endangers those who are ignorant to its true intentions.    @scientistmel, use the steemstem tag for your posts in the future so that it gets viewed by the more science oriented users on the steemit.  Great work love your content and can't wait to see more of it here on steemit!",
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      "title": "The Fashion of Pseudoscience and the Designer Nonsense",
      "body": "(Originally posted on scientistmel.com)![insecurity.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmYzdUBTX9L9NcG8RcyY8WxCSctaJS9gaRkW8FghFm3uTf/insecurity.png)\n\nIn the billion dollar industry of pseudoscience (supplements, weight loss, ayurveda, homeopathy)...people shell out big bucks for the chance to participate in the latest craze of designer nonsense peddled to a target demographic. There are many types of advertising associated with pseudoscience products. It truly is not very difficult to gauge which product is targeted to whom.\n\nIn a throw away culture of Western civilization, the ability to indulge in designer nonsense is in many ways a sign of privilege.\n\nI am not focusing on standard supplements and inexpensive weight loss products clearly targeted to lower income families...though those particular companies are inherently predatory in their own right to push fake science in order for struggling families to shell out dollars for quick fixes for illness and weight loss...I will address that a bit later...I want to focus on the ridiculously expensive fake science pushed towards people who have excess money and can afford to throw away dollars on what I call \"designer nonsense.\"\n\nLet's take a look at Goop...\n\nGoop is a website where the high end of snake oil peddlers aka \"pseudoscience pushers\" work to make women feel special with products that have absolutely no scientific backing whatsoever.\n\nThey initially tried to make their vitamins and supplements look scientific. However much of their site is riddled with nonsense. Nothing is backed by any studies, some statements walk a line of truth but fall right off at the end...if ever you are curious as to how to spot pseudoscience and an in-depth rip apart of Goop and their \"auto immune disease\" claims have a gander at my video found HERE. This website pushes extremely expensive products peddling fake science in an attempt to convince well to do women to be a bit better with detoxifying shower heads ($200), supplements that cost $75 a month, vagina rocks to detox your vagina ($80), and other \"must have to be better than everyone else\" products.\n\nI used to criticize Goop for being irresponsible as they have blog posts from people who claim to be experts in medicine...one is a medical doctor who says he had a paper one time at a conference where you have to be a member to read the paper and no one can read it now. This was on auto immune disease. He basically claimed people could reverse symptoms just by changing their diet and injecting supplements. I reached out to this doctor asking for his paper so I and others (including Auto immune research groups) could review this paper, he did not respond.\n\nNeedless to say, when we look right at this...Goop is not meant for people who seriously need health care. The US does not have a national healthcare system. They do have the ACA which is currently in peril as current law makers wish to reverse the good this law has accomplished.\n\nAnyone who truly suffers diseases would rather go to the doctor than reach out to Goop for fake remedies.\n\nSo instead of regularly criticizing Goop for peddling nonsense as a potential option to reverse AI disease, I am going to focus more on what it actually is...a means for wealthy people to buy into something designer so they can appear to better than everyone else. They are the \"haves\". They have the privilege of health care and see this as a way to one up \"have nots\" (those without disposable income and often times little to no health care).\n\nThe \"haves\" and the \"have nots\" are a cornerstone in many facets of cultural anthropology. There are always those who have the things and those who do not have the things. A study was performed and published in March of 2013 citing the main people who use supplements are wealthy, healthy, have insurance, eschew smoking, and exercise regularly. These are people with access to nutritious foods, exercise equipment, health care, and ample self care information.\n\nLet us take a look at social class stereotypes...\n\nPaper recently published in Current Opinion of Psychology suggests that lower income families are seen as less competent than those of wealthier families. These social class distinctions start in early childhood.\n\nIs there a fear that individuals of upper middle class and higher could be perceived as lower income and therefore not competent?\n\nPaul Piff is an associate professor of psychology and has studied wealth and social hierarchies. In one study, in collaboration with University of Berkley, people played a game of Monopoly. The game was purposely set up to ensure one participant became wealthy quickly. Mean behavior was later observed by researchers showing an increased amount with increased wealth. Winning, wealthier players acquired dominant postures and belittled the poor players. Additionally, rather than equally share the free pretzels in the room, the wealthier, winning players ate more pretzels. Not only did the wealthier, winning players transition to a status of mean-ness and greed...they also took more than their fair share.\n\nSo this begs my previous question...are those with disposable incomes afraid to be seen as poor? \n\nAn article found on a US NEWS and World Report Money blog discusses what it is that rich people worry about...(Please bear in mind this is not a scientific study, but it is clearly an opinion.) What the author suggests in one portion of the article is that wealthy people worry about \"keeping up with the Joneses\". If their wealthy friends buy an expensive, new thing...they should purchase something similar. Wealthy people want to maintain their appearance of high monetary status.\n\nGoop and other designer nonsense sites bet on the quintessential insecurity of the wealthy...the hope no one thinks you are among the poor or lower middle class...\n\nGwyneth Paltrow is the spokesperson for Goop. She has a substantial voice for women who want to age and look like her. She has her own personal chef, personal trainer, endorses questionable plastic surgery (and has speculation of having her own surgery), as well as access to premium health care. If every woman had access to these things (including a custom home gym), they would have similar aging outcomes. No product at Goop is going to give the results hundreds of thousands of dollars over 20 years provides.\n\nGwyneth is not only peddling her impossible lifestyle, she is betting on the inherent privilege and insecurities of wealthy women to pay for her designer nonsense as a means to show they are among the elite. These women never have to worry about healthcare, proper nutrition, exercise, or money. They are the upper middle class who want to fluff up their peacock feathers trying to pretend to be women with excessive disposable income.\n\nI would daresay any woman with a substantial amount of wealth (top tier bourgeoisie) would not likely waste their money on nonsense but would certainly be the first to peddle it. If you buy into the designer nonsense the markets of pseudoscience peddle, you are showing your privilege and those in the upper class are likely laughing at you as you give them your money.\n\n*A note on pushers of pseudoscience who prey on individuals with minimal income...weight loss schemes, supplements to reverse diseases...you are dangerous predators. You prey on the people who have limited income, little access to healthcare and nutritious foods. I regularly call those groups out who would make money off of the pain of others with the promise of impossible results with the hidden and hard to see disclaimer *These statements have not been investigated by the FDA.\" Science communicators like myself will actively work to educate the populace debunking your nonsense and directing people to sources that will help them.\n\nDo yourself a favor and don't buy into designer nonsense and the fashions of pseudoscience. Do your research and look to accurate sources. If you want to throw away your money, please consider charities instead. You can find a wonderful list HERE There are studies (most recently by Elizabeth Dunn) that show giving to charities makes you happier. How about you spend your disposable income there.\n\nThank you for reading,\n\nScientistMel",
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      "body": "Excellent advice for the engagement with people about topics related to science.  It is important to remember that not everyone is scientifically literate.  Plain language is an important communication tool.   Using body language is vital as well.  Thanks for the post and welcome to Steemit!",
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      "body": "![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmRc2zoQJedEUym5wGxpRxtEBLwwW3ydpqMad7vMinYGyT/image.png)\nCommunication is essential when it comes to relaying science content to the general population. Science has performed a substantial amount of research to show how people receive information and are influenced by language as well as bias.\n\nStudies and reports have run the gambit...\n\nPeople impressed by profound statements have low intelligence\nHearing smart language has an influence over reading smart language\nLanguage alters perception\nAccents alter perception of images\nPlain language clears up misconceptions\nConfirmation Bias\nIgnoring facts\nFacts backfire\nBooks that discuss the importance of language and societal perception\n\nBAD SCIENCE - Sciencey sounding words influence perception of credibility\nIntroduction to Psychology - Intelligence and language are intermixed. Language affects perception.\nNeedless to say how content is presented to individuals of whom you are trying to inform can easily go one way or another. People can and do believe \"profound BS\" if they lack the ability to detect said BS. Using scientific terminology gives credibility to individuals even if words are misused. At the same time, too much difficult/technical \"verbage\" can dissuade people from listening.\n\nHow does one go about relaying information without sounding pompous or threatening but at the same time maintain authority without \"dumbing down\" content to a level of drivel?\n\nChoose your words and mode of delivery carefully.\n\nScientists often fail at the task of relaying information in an accessible way for the general population to consume. Scientists also rely heavily on the written word to discuss their research and endeavors. Written word is daunting for the general population and considered less effective than actually speaking about the desired, communicated information.\n\nWhen it comes to speaking, many scientists default to the assumption that everyone in the room understands the words they are saying. They also have had the substantial practice of using demanding scientific terminology in order to communicate with others in their field. This is a hard habit to break. Yet, speaking about science is far more effective to delivering content than just having the gen pop read it.\n\nOnline videos provide an easily consumable source of science information without overwhelming the lay population with intimidating articles.\n\nKeep your bias in check.\n\nOur language can affect our perception of the world. Our perception of the world certainly comes out in our use of language. We often default to thinking that everyone thinks, acts, and speaks the way we do. There is also the bias of assuming no one thinks, acts, and speaks the way we do in other circumstances. Sometimes our bias strongly shows when we speak.\n\nHarvard President Larry Summers was fired from his position as his choice of words and bias came through in a speech he delivered.\n\nLook at the words that you use. Pay attention to how you engage with people of a different gender/race/ability/age...etc. Everyone has bias. This does not make us bad people, but it does if we allow it to go unchecked. It is a good practice of self exploration to revisit a self assessment to determine what our biases of others are. There are online tests to help find our hidden bias.\n\nIntelligence is also linked to language use. How a person uses their words, quote choices, and ability to communicate effectively influences the perception of intelligence or lack thereof. Knowing the ability of the person/group to whom you are speaking is also useful in how you should engage. Those who often fall easily for pseudoscience are receptive to \"profound platitudes\"...blanket statements with no substantial meaning.\n\nSpeak with authority but in simplistic terms.\n\nThe general population needs convincing that an individual has authority in a particular topic. Credentials help in this endeavor...however, terminology is key in asserting an authoritative stance in regards to a particular topic. With that said, it is important to note that oversimplifying language gives a perception of incompetence.\n\nThe general population tends to believe pseudoscience is solid science if a few technical words are tossed in to give it a semblance of credibility. A good sign of \"fake science\" is to see the same technical \"verbage\" pop up without layperson synonyms or any other related scientific terms. A pseudoscience pusher will not have the vocabulary of an authority. They will rely heavily on the same terms without providing multiple explanations using various scientific terminology and in simplified examples.\n\nSpeaking with authority does not mean difficult vocabulary. Speaking with authority means offering multiple and accessible explanations (not opinions or perspectives) for a particular science paper/topic.\n\nIf a person can not explain a topic simply and with accessible vocabulary in several different ways, they do not understand the concept well enough.\n\nRemove yourself as a threat to a person's belief system.\n\nConfirmation bias is something everyone has on some level. Taking new information that potentially conflicts with core belief systems is exceedingly painful for many people. People tend to surround themselves with those who think similarly to them. There is comfort to be found in being a part of a tribe. This tribe helps people cope with loss, pain, and offers support in times of trouble. This tribe will have similar core beliefs that unite them. While there is some positive aspects of having a group who supports you, it becomes problematic when core beliefs cause issues for other people in the world. That is a topic another article.\n\nFocusing on the tribe mentality and core beliefs...they actively accept evidence that reinforces these core belief systems. Sometimes this \"evidence\" is blatantly false to people outside of the tribe. People ignore belief contradicting facts because it goes against the safety of the tribe. They see the person presenting the facts as foreign and/or a threat. It is important to remove yourself as a threat to a person and their \"tribe\".\n\nDiscuss the elephant in the room, state that we are people who care about others, and that it is ok for us to not have the same beliefs. Be caring and considerate allowing the person a space to both hold onto their beliefs and hear the evidence without fear of a fight.\n\nI want to make a note that some beliefs are oppressive and harmful...ie: Nazis, sexism, racism, etc...It is important to note that people who subscribe to such thought processes can escalate to potentially dangerous levels. Many of these individuals are irrational and/or outright evil. This type of thinking has not shown to be overcome with reason alone as we have had entire wars over it as well as civil rights movements in order to overcome such oppressive thinking. Yet this is an another article topic for another time. I am focusing on the reachable and rational people.\n\nKnow when to walk away.\n\nSometimes the urge to keep correcting a person becomes quite strong. After trying to remove yourself as a threat to encourage someone to even listen to you, it is counterproductive to continue to push when someone starts pushing back. Offer the evidence. Be willing to talk about it another time. Be polite and kind in interacting with a resistant person. Leave the discussion before it escalates.\n\nA fact resistant person is more likely to talk about the evidence later if you have respected their boundaries and left the discussion without aggression.\n\nAs a science communicator, it is important to me that I am approachable to anyone including people who do not share my perspectives and/or belief systems. The only time I shut out a person is if that individual becomes toxic, overtly aggressive, harmful, rude...etc. I refuse to belittle people who think differently from me. This is counter productive to my overall goal which is offering accessible science to anyone who is willing to learn.\n\nAsk yourself, \"what is my goal of presenting information.\"\n\nUltimately this is where your type of engagement is influenced. This question will save a lot of time especially if the receptiveness of the resistant individual is known. There may be no point at all in engagement. I refuse to actively debate science resistant people if I have the knowledge they will never listen to me, are rude/aggressive, really just want to fight, and/or want a scientist to listen to them thus giving them a semblance of credibility. There is something to be said of not engaging with such individuals and in turn removing their platform. How does engaging with such individuals affect the perception others have of you?\n\nAre others more likely to come to you for information or are you alienating people who would have seen you as an accessible authority to answer their questions respectfully?\n\nWith the previous logic stated, I would like to point out that challenging an idea without directly challenging a person is entirely acceptable and something that I do quite frequently in particular heavy pushers of pseudoscience with large followings. IE: Deepak Chopra, PETA, and GOOP. I will pick apart bad science, poorly performed studies, fake medical treatments, as well as predatory companies peddling nonsense to vulnerable people. This practice does not harm an individual but exposes evidence in a way to educate the masses and empower the individual.\n\nThe point? Challenging the practices of a large company is not the same as challenging John Doe on YouTube with 25 subscribers looking for a fight and someone to listen to him.\n\nScience communication is desperately needed during this time where entire countries are subjected to rampant, out of control confirmation bias. Addressing how to properly effectively communicate with resistant individuals is essential in combating the rejection of facts. Shouting matches are not going to win this war fueled by ignorance and emotion. Stay calm, clear headed...know your goals and always default to kindness. It is free.\n\nIn summary...\n\nYour chosen words matter\nVideo is easier than text\nKeep your bias in check\nSpeak simplistically but with authority\nIntelligence is perceived through language\nKnow your audience\nRemove yourself as a threat\n Know when to walk away\nQuestion your motives and goals in presenting information\nChoose your battles wisely not giving a platform to bad science\nThank You For Reading,\n\nScientist Mel\n\n(originally appeared on scientistmel.com all references are hyperlinked there)",
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