Ecoer Logo

@saqibpk

25

Student of law,fitness lover,nature and tourism

steemit.com/@saqibpk
VOTING POWER100.00%
DOWNVOTE POWER100.00%
RESOURCE CREDITS100.00%
REPUTATION PROGRESS0.00%
Net Worth
0.045USD
STEEM
0.000STEEM
SBD
0.017SBD
Effective Power
5.007SP
├── Own SP
0.641SP
└── Incoming Deleg
+4.367SP

Detailed Balance

STEEM
balance
0.000STEEM
market_balance
0.000STEEM
savings_balance
0.000STEEM
reward_steem_balance
0.000STEEM
STEEM POWER
Own SP
0.641SP
Delegated Out
0.000SP
Delegation In
4.367SP
Effective Power
5.007SP
Reward SP (pending)
0.001SP
SBD
sbd_balance
0.017SBD
sbd_conversions
0.000SBD
sbd_market_balance
0.000SBD
savings_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
reward_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
{
  "balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "1041.919069 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "7101.740737 VESTS",
  "sbd_balance": "0.017 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "conversions": []
}

Account Info

namesaqibpk
id637617
rank290,691
reputation695988596
created2018-01-22T06:24:24
recovery_accountsteem
proxyNone
post_count113
comment_count0
lifetime_vote_count0
witnesses_voted_for0
last_post2018-03-14T06:27:18
last_root_post2018-03-13T10:02:12
last_vote_time2018-03-29T09:18:30
proxied_vsf_votes0, 0, 0, 0
can_vote1
voting_power0
delayed_votes0
balance0.000 STEEM
savings_balance0.000 STEEM
sbd_balance0.017 SBD
savings_sbd_balance0.000 SBD
vesting_shares1041.919069 VESTS
delegated_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
received_vesting_shares7101.740737 VESTS
reward_vesting_balance2.039373 VESTS
vesting_balance0.000 STEEM
vesting_withdraw_rate0.000000 VESTS
next_vesting_withdrawal1969-12-31T23:59:59
withdrawn0
to_withdraw0
withdraw_routes0
savings_withdraw_requests0
last_account_recovery1970-01-01T00:00:00
reset_accountnull
last_owner_update1970-01-01T00:00:00
last_account_update2018-02-01T10:57:54
minedNo
sbd_seconds0
sbd_last_interest_payment2018-03-28T06:38:27
savings_sbd_last_interest_payment1970-01-01T00:00:00
{
  "active": {
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM75DAQ1ErJ8oJocZJGnThCSWz5VZamtFCcbRnAdmJEeLM7bV1oT",
        1
      ]
    ],
    "weight_threshold": 1
  },
  "balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "can_vote": true,
  "comment_count": 0,
  "created": "2018-01-22T06:24:24",
  "curation_rewards": 7,
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "downvote_manabar": {
    "current_mana": 2035914951,
    "last_update_time": 1779084600
  },
  "guest_bloggers": [],
  "id": 637617,
  "json_metadata": "{\"profile\":{\"cover_image\":\"https://img.esteem.ws/z46mdxxfjj.jpg\",\"profile_image\":\"https://img.esteem.ws/okqw0ky97e.jpg\",\"about\":\"Student of law,fitness lover,nature and tourism\",\"location\":\"Pakistan\",\"name\":\"Saqib\",\"website\":\"Saqiii\"}}",
  "last_account_recovery": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "last_account_update": "2018-02-01T10:57:54",
  "last_owner_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "last_post": "2018-03-14T06:27:18",
  "last_root_post": "2018-03-13T10:02:12",
  "last_vote_time": "2018-03-29T09:18:30",
  "lifetime_vote_count": 0,
  "market_history": [],
  "memo_key": "STM8Y2BGuywknsb6jzCdqPXsmCSNtnsLN5JdphiiD6EhSMyT9Qpxu",
  "mined": false,
  "name": "saqibpk",
  "next_vesting_withdrawal": "1969-12-31T23:59:59",
  "other_history": [],
  "owner": {
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM5kG2ZuKUeAd8wAkfZYutDLNdCHHgZg8Mr26XCkMg5BKbRhnLwT",
        1
      ]
    ],
    "weight_threshold": 1
  },
  "pending_claimed_accounts": 0,
  "post_bandwidth": 0,
  "post_count": 113,
  "post_history": [],
  "posting": {
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM5BSRw6KAne45K6GDG9cB4x4DrEkZaabLkpf5exSPUzNCXepaVg",
        1
      ]
    ],
    "weight_threshold": 1
  },
  "posting_json_metadata": "{\"profile\":{\"cover_image\":\"https://img.esteem.ws/z46mdxxfjj.jpg\",\"profile_image\":\"https://img.esteem.ws/okqw0ky97e.jpg\",\"about\":\"Student of law,fitness lover,nature and tourism\",\"location\":\"Pakistan\",\"name\":\"Saqib\",\"website\":\"Saqiii\"}}",
  "posting_rewards": 6,
  "proxied_vsf_votes": [
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0
  ],
  "proxy": "",
  "received_vesting_shares": "7101.740737 VESTS",
  "recovery_account": "steem",
  "reputation": 695988596,
  "reset_account": "null",
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_vesting_balance": "2.039373 VESTS",
  "reward_vesting_steem": "0.001 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_last_interest_payment": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_sbd_seconds": "0",
  "savings_sbd_seconds_last_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_withdraw_requests": 0,
  "sbd_balance": "0.017 SBD",
  "sbd_last_interest_payment": "2018-03-28T06:38:27",
  "sbd_seconds": "0",
  "sbd_seconds_last_update": "2018-03-28T06:38:27",
  "tags_usage": [],
  "to_withdraw": 0,
  "transfer_history": [],
  "vesting_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "1041.919069 VESTS",
  "vesting_withdraw_rate": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "vote_history": [],
  "voting_manabar": {
    "current_mana": "8143659806",
    "last_update_time": 1779084600
  },
  "voting_power": 0,
  "withdraw_routes": 0,
  "withdrawn": 0,
  "witness_votes": [],
  "witnesses_voted_for": 0,
  "rank": 290691
}

Withdraw Routes

IncomingOutgoing
Empty
Empty
{
  "incoming": [],
  "outgoing": []
}
From Date
To Date
steemdelegated 4.367 SP to @saqibpk
2026/05/18 06:10:00
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares7101.740737 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #106150513/Trx c7fc30200df27d3968bdb5e572e189c8744dd610
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 106150513,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "saqibpk",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "7101.740737 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-05-18T06:10:00",
  "trx_id": "c7fc30200df27d3968bdb5e572e189c8744dd610",
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 2.699 SP to @saqibpk
2026/05/13 03:54:00
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares4389.530332 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #106004515/Trx 376267a0a9d78c2bb63f1c13c2ea736367d8f4dc
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 106004515,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "saqibpk",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "4389.530332 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-05-13T03:54:00",
  "trx_id": "376267a0a9d78c2bb63f1c13c2ea736367d8f4dc",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 4.374 SP to @saqibpk
2026/04/26 05:21:51
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares7114.256493 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #105517999/Trx 19213fbba64ab3b6a9d1c724ea66f5f3d0cd8a09
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 105517999,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "saqibpk",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "7114.256493 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-04-26T05:21:51",
  "trx_id": "19213fbba64ab3b6a9d1c724ea66f5f3d0cd8a09",
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 2.725 SP to @saqibpk
2026/01/23 23:43:57
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares4431.077151 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #102870896/Trx 47bbdecc5093023bb4655743871e7d234787949c
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 102870896,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "saqibpk",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "4431.077151 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-01-23T23:43:57",
  "trx_id": "47bbdecc5093023bb4655743871e7d234787949c",
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 2.826 SP to @saqibpk
2024/12/17 18:53:45
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares4595.296348 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #91317104/Trx 48947a9a598bd6647fa5651890f267aa1405b8d4
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 91317104,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "saqibpk",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "4595.296348 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2024-12-17T18:53:45",
  "trx_id": "48947a9a598bd6647fa5651890f267aa1405b8d4",
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 2.930 SP to @saqibpk
2023/11/14 10:35:21
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares4764.429880 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #79871265/Trx f3089adf25db9949df68be0f74a018bfc73b65d0
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 79871265,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "saqibpk",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "4764.429880 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-11-14T10:35:21",
  "trx_id": "f3089adf25db9949df68be0f74a018bfc73b65d0",
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 4.735 SP to @saqibpk
2023/09/22 10:15:30
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares7701.338666 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #78362706/Trx 6c54b28f3570ab99feabc4660d76f22458129ab9
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 78362706,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "saqibpk",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "7701.338666 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-09-22T10:15:30",
  "trx_id": "6c54b28f3570ab99feabc4660d76f22458129ab9",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 4.872 SP to @saqibpk
2022/11/03 17:43:48
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares7923.390104 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #69120459/Trx 2fdef69d751b2ff769ed80432c9111d2f8b8ba72
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 69120459,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "saqibpk",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "7923.390104 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2022-11-03T17:43:48",
  "trx_id": "2fdef69d751b2ff769ed80432c9111d2f8b8ba72",
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.007 SP to @saqibpk
2022/01/17 22:56:06
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8143.497705 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #60823715/Trx bebdb547193f1ad73cdd19afed4c346d3945f31d
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 60823715,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "saqibpk",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8143.497705 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2022-01-17T22:56:06",
  "trx_id": "bebdb547193f1ad73cdd19afed4c346d3945f31d",
  "trx_in_block": 30,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.120 SP to @saqibpk
2021/06/14 06:07:27
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8327.691993 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #54614049/Trx 312b072ce4807c0dbc91dc6f320bc220d6434124
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 54614049,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "saqibpk",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8327.691993 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2021-06-14T06:07:27",
  "trx_id": "312b072ce4807c0dbc91dc6f320bc220d6434124",
  "trx_in_block": 32,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.236 SP to @saqibpk
2020/12/11 16:19:54
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8515.113967 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49361318/Trx 33582b092fedc06f1fb16fa0536d4dc3b17f10b1
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 49361318,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "saqibpk",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8515.113967 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-11T16:19:54",
  "trx_id": "33582b092fedc06f1fb16fa0536d4dc3b17f10b1",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 1.176 SP to @saqibpk
2020/12/06 09:55:36
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares1912.543513 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49212842/Trx a8017ef31e5bc090bb418df713efb794bc2e4593
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 49212842,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "saqibpk",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "1912.543513 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-06T09:55:36",
  "trx_id": "a8017ef31e5bc090bb418df713efb794bc2e4593",
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.240 SP to @saqibpk
2020/12/05 19:57:36
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8521.321821 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49196400/Trx 547f3ef408f688362b4f2dec0f1edc473811fccc
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 49196400,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "saqibpk",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8521.321821 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-05T19:57:36",
  "trx_id": "547f3ef408f688362b4f2dec0f1edc473811fccc",
  "trx_in_block": 16,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 1.181 SP to @saqibpk
2020/11/03 02:26:48
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares1920.017158 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #48270527/Trx 7b1f5d34e8ed02dffe36359bcf9a9cca2e3821a2
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 48270527,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "saqibpk",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "1920.017158 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-11-03T02:26:48",
  "trx_id": "7b1f5d34e8ed02dffe36359bcf9a9cca2e3821a2",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.364 SP to @saqibpk
2020/05/09 10:58:33
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8724.127180 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #43223166/Trx baa58241c9806c93d348c900bb62408edfb18637
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 43223166,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "saqibpk",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8724.127180 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-05-09T10:58:33",
  "trx_id": "baa58241c9806c93d348c900bb62408edfb18637",
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 1.201 SP to @saqibpk
2020/05/08 15:21:48
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares1953.311140 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #43200190/Trx d4e8c6889e58fe7407ae2d45553308acce4f1320
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 43200190,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "saqibpk",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "1953.311140 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-05-08T15:21:48",
  "trx_id": "d4e8c6889e58fe7407ae2d45553308acce4f1320",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
2020/01/22 07:31:33
authorsteemitboard
bodyCongratulations @saqibpk! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@saqibpk/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table> <sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@saqibpk) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=saqibpk)_</sub> ###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!
json metadata{"image":["https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png"]}
parent authorsaqibpk
parent permlinkmeaning-of-right-of-asylum-in-law-a8188ec2624d6
permlinksteemitboard-notify-saqibpk-20200122t073133000z
title
Transaction InfoBlock #40144979/Trx 0347d95e2bee7ea833723adf426c23c85cd453d9
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 40144979,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "body": "Congratulations @saqibpk! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@saqibpk/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@saqibpk) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=saqibpk)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}",
      "parent_author": "saqibpk",
      "parent_permlink": "meaning-of-right-of-asylum-in-law-a8188ec2624d6",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-saqibpk-20200122t073133000z",
      "title": ""
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-01-22T07:31:33",
  "trx_id": "0347d95e2bee7ea833723adf426c23c85cd453d9",
  "trx_in_block": 18,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.479 SP to @saqibpk
2019/06/19 20:22:00
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8910.521255 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #33945133/Trx 5742c6b34c6bc9db89d16caceff95077107cec27
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 33945133,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "saqibpk",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8910.521255 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-06-19T20:22:00",
  "trx_id": "5742c6b34c6bc9db89d16caceff95077107cec27",
  "trx_in_block": 20,
  "virtual_op": 0
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2019/01/22 07:36:54
authorsteemitboard
bodyCongratulations @saqibpk! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@saqibpk/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table> <sub>_[Click here to view your Board](https://steemitboard.com/@saqibpk)_</sub> > Support [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)! **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!
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parent authorsaqibpk
parent permlinkmeaning-of-right-of-asylum-in-law-a8188ec2624d6
permlinksteemitboard-notify-saqibpk-20190122t073654000z
title
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steemdelegated 5.601 SP to @saqibpk
2018/06/28 09:59:51
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares9109.631952 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #23714667/Trx b262411426dce18b2476a9147f4567d5b3bb7519
View Raw JSON Data
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steemdelegated 18.136 SP to @saqibpk
2018/05/06 23:56:36
delegateesaqibpk
delegatorsteem
vesting shares29496.289582 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #22206270/Trx 688797b66ce0e18ce04b45a36a1971e134549ff7
View Raw JSON Data
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saqibpkreceived 0.001 SP curation reward for @alif-meem / door-opening-wazir-khan-mosque-605a4033ab797
2018/04/04 05:48:03
comment authoralif-meem
comment permlinkdoor-opening-wazir-khan-mosque-605a4033ab797
curatorsaqibpk
reward2.039373 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #21263721/Virtual Operation #9
View Raw JSON Data
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2018/03/29 09:18:30
authorusman119
permlinkbeautiful-walley-of-pakistan
votersaqibpk
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #21095170/Trx 7e810c8f09129a64394c175875d2ab3bb8b9bc01
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2018/03/29 09:18:06
authorusman119
permlinka-cute-and-sweet-butterfly
votersaqibpk
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Transaction InfoBlock #21095162/Trx 8f2dce241f0e741e58b9d3b51e314b0ce20dd526
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2018/03/29 09:17:39
authoralif-meem
permlinkour-culture-our-identity-pakistani-truck-art-at-dubai-s-village-expo-77588322d2f84
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Transaction InfoBlock #21095153/Trx dff15b0b3b9b91c5a6e762d7ec7051adb38cbd55
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2018/03/29 09:17:09
authorusman119
permlinksatpara-lake-pakistan
votersaqibpk
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #21095143/Trx eb02b05f7b393d7f2e5ef5dcc173a88783370cfe
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saqibpkclaimed reward balance: 0.001 SP
2018/03/28 06:38:27
accountsaqibpk
reward sbd0.000 SBD
reward steem0.000 STEEM
reward vests2.040439 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #21063187/Trx e2039b7f1d8151e9ce5dc1a6b82aa92f7f5b7f0a
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2018/03/28 06:36:39
authorusman119
permlinksmartphone-photography
votersaqibpk
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #21063151/Trx a07d74f6b62a91f6340a17f6731c181e6e67267d
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2018/03/28 06:36:18
authorusman119
permlinkfood-photography
votersaqibpk
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #21063144/Trx 1d024fcbf5789ca80ec4d35514449b1cbfa4a2c9
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2018/03/28 06:36:00
authorusman119
permlinkkhoobsurat-tootay
votersaqibpk
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Transaction InfoBlock #21063138/Trx 1b544d39a2f3ca85d7818b0a125f6a8f0c7319b6
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2018/03/28 06:35:42
authorusman119
permlinksecond-psl-eliminator-2018-at-gaddafi-stadium-lahore
votersaqibpk
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #21063132/Trx 78ecb672281e7b4c14e3ceb58553b5951841dad5
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2018/03/28 06:35:06
authoralif-meem
permlinkmesmerizing-view-of-kalash-valley-pakistan-942938541b5fb
votersaqibpk
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #21063120/Trx 10e03f573f927a4eb38acb4fe9204d3c98e42197
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saqibpkupvoted (100.00%) @usman119 / donkey-on-work
2018/03/28 06:34:54
authorusman119
permlinkdonkey-on-work
votersaqibpk
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #21063116/Trx 724dc7bea64ae06d870b13d3c80055458757b5f7
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2018/03/28 06:34:33
authorusman119
permlinkanimal-funny-photo
votersaqibpk
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #21063109/Trx 6d21b77c235602b13a4bb49ce0bb60752cf7aeee
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2018/03/28 06:32:51
authorusman119
permlinka-house-1x10-feet-sq-feet-area
votersaqibpk
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #21063075/Trx cd48c2524bf1fb741c2ec6d3fd7430b4c1b56b2e
View Raw JSON Data
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saqibpkcustom json: follow
2018/03/28 06:32:03
idfollow
json["reblog",{"account":"saqibpk","author":"alif-meem","permlink":"quotes-diary-quality-2d3524e4d4a66"}]
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Transaction InfoBlock #21063059/Trx e6f9499d6a26efa06dfd6bd7068887924a29d31e
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2018/03/28 06:31:48
authoralif-meem
permlinkquotes-diary-quality-2d3524e4d4a66
votersaqibpk
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #21063054/Trx de035d179e3b7566e093e36f6ab531e283fd56e3
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saqibpkcustom json: follow
2018/03/28 06:31:30
idfollow
json["reblog",{"account":"saqibpk","author":"usman119","permlink":"mahudant-lake-entrance-swat-pakistan"}]
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Transaction InfoBlock #21063048/Trx ba1e747236236ab4a461c7512b11b77904b6b00b
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2018/03/28 06:31:18
authorusman119
permlinkmahudant-lake-entrance-swat-pakistan
votersaqibpk
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #21063044/Trx b254bc41ac38a1fba09324ecb5d0d47200c24f04
View Raw JSON Data
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saqibpkcustom json: follow
2018/03/28 06:30:51
idfollow
json["reblog",{"account":"saqibpk","author":"alif-meem","permlink":"blossom-everywhere-new-duckies-of-the-season-2018-eebcaffb38d8f"}]
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Transaction InfoBlock #21063035/Trx ae88f2ea183136169f4316d04d8bb142ab95f23b
View Raw JSON Data
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2018/03/28 06:30:12
authoralif-meem
permlinkblossom-everywhere-new-duckies-of-the-season-2018-eebcaffb38d8f
votersaqibpk
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #21063022/Trx 0665feb090c19d219731c78d6aa490411cab0f2a
View Raw JSON Data
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saqibpkcustom json: follow
2018/03/28 06:29:09
idfollow
json["reblog",{"account":"saqibpk","author":"alif-meem","permlink":"door-opening-wazir-khan-mosque-605a4033ab797"}]
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Transaction InfoBlock #21063001/Trx 962a8b8593c46180fbd9f0a95526743e9dc492a9
View Raw JSON Data
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2018/03/28 06:28:54
authoralif-meem
permlinkdoor-opening-wazir-khan-mosque-605a4033ab797
votersaqibpk
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #21062996/Trx d0041b46163b3226590bc181a26cac8a68f93822
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saqibpkreceived 0.001 SP curation reward for @usman119 / a-beautiful-place
2018/03/25 08:03:09
comment authorusman119
comment permlinka-beautiful-place
curatorsaqibpk
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2018/03/20 10:05:42
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2018/03/19 10:45:51
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2018/03/19 10:45:33
authorelizapfau
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saqibpkupvoted (100.00%) @edpico / feel-the-sand
2018/03/19 10:45:06
authoredpico
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2018/03/19 10:43:36
authoralif-meem
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saqibpkupvoted (100.00%) @usman119 / quotes
2018/03/19 10:43:12
authorusman119
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saqibpkupvoted (100.00%) @usman119 / hotel-food
2018/03/19 10:42:45
authorusman119
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2018/03/19 10:42:36
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2018/03/19 10:41:54
authoralif-meem
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2018/03/16 11:34:51
authoralif-meem
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2018/03/16 11:32:57
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2018/03/16 09:10:09
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2018/03/16 09:06:54
authorsaqibpk
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2018/03/14 09:19:06
authoralif-meem
bodyThank you
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permlinkre-saqibpk-2018314t14193729z
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2018/03/14 06:28:15
authorusman119
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saqibpkcustom json: follow
2018/03/14 06:27:33
idfollow
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2018/03/14 06:27:18
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authorsaqibpk
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permlinkre-alif-meem-2018314t11275781z
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2018/03/14 06:27:18
authorsaqibpk
bodyWow, it looks amazing
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2018/03/14 06:26:39
authoralif-meem
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saqibpkupvoted (100.00%) @usman119 / daal-chawal
2018/03/14 06:25:48
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saqibpkupvoted (100.00%) @usman119 / captionthis
2018/03/14 06:24:42
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2018/03/14 06:24:24
authoralif-meem
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2018/03/14 06:23:42
authorsaqibpk
body@@ -1,653 +1,6 @@ -Right of asylum%0A%22Political asylum%22 redirects here. For other uses, see Political asylum (disambiguation).%0A%0AAsylum seekers by country of origin in 2009.%0A 40,000 asylum seekers%0A 30,000 asylum seekers%0A 20,000 asylum seekers%0A 10,000 asylum seekers%0A %3C10,000 asylum seekers (or no data)%0A%0ARemains of one of four medieval stone boundary markers for the sanctuary of Saint John of Beverley in the East Riding of Yorkshire.%0A%0ASanctuary ring on a door of Notre-Dame de Paris (France).%0A%0AMedieval boundary marker at St. Georgenberg, Tyrol.%0A%0APlaque at St. Mary Magdalene Chapel, Dingli, Malta, indicating that the chapel did not enjoy ecclesiastical immunity%0A +** The @@ -14,16 +14,18 @@ f asylum +** (someti @@ -64,44 +64,8 @@ ylum -, from the ancient Greek word %E1%BC%84%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD ) is @@ -569,16 +569,64 @@ eigners. +%0A !%5Bimage%5D(https://img.esteem.ws/jn70iwxjny.jpg) %0A%0AThe Eg @@ -35586,16 +35586,548 @@ ties).%0A%0A +Right of asylum%0A%22Political asylum%22 redirects here. For other uses, see Political asylum (disambiguation).%0A%0AAsylum seekers by country of origin in 2009.%0A 40,000 asylum seekers%0A 30,000 asylum seekers%0A 20,000 asylum seekers%0A 10,000 asylum seekers%0A %3C10,000 asylum seekers (or no data)%0A%0ARemains of one of four medieval stone boundary markers for the sanctuary of Saint John of Beverley in the East Riding of Yorkshire.%0A%0ASanctuary ring on a door of Notre-Dame de Paris (France).%0A%0AMedieval boundary marker at St. Georgenberg, Tyrol.%0A%0A %0AThis ar
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bodyRight of asylum "Political asylum" redirects here. For other uses, see Political asylum (disambiguation). Asylum seekers by country of origin in 2009. 40,000 asylum seekers 30,000 asylum seekers 20,000 asylum seekers 10,000 asylum seekers <10,000 asylum seekers (or no data) Remains of one of four medieval stone boundary markers for the sanctuary of Saint John of Beverley in the East Riding of Yorkshire. Sanctuary ring on a door of Notre-Dame de Paris (France). Medieval boundary marker at St. Georgenberg, Tyrol. Plaque at St. Mary Magdalene Chapel, Dingli, Malta, indicating that the chapel did not enjoy ecclesiastical immunity The right of asylum (sometimes called right of political asylum, from the ancient Greek word ἄσυλον) is an ancient juridical concept, under which a person persecuted by their own country may be protected by another sovereign authority, such as another country or church official, who in medieval times could offer sanctuary. This right was already recognized by the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Hebrews, from whom it was adopted into Western tradition. René Descartes fled to the Netherlands, Voltaire to England, and Thomas Hobbes to France, because each state offered protection to persecuted foreigners. The Egyptians, Greeks, and Hebrews recognized a religious "right of asylum," protecting criminals (or those accused of crime) from legal action to some extent. This principle was later adopted by the established Christian church, and various rules were developed that detailed how to qualify for protection and what degree of protection one would receive. The Council of Orleans decided in 511, in the presence of Clovis I, that asylum could be granted to anyone who took refuge in a church or on church property, or at the home of a bishop. This protection was extended to murderers, thieves and adulterers alike. Medieval England This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In England, King Æthelberht of Kent proclaimed the first Anglo-Saxon laws on sanctuary in about 600 CE. However Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136) says that the legendary pre-Saxon king Dunvallo Molmutius (4th/5th century BCE) enacted sanctuary laws among the Molmutine Laws as recorded by Gildas (c. 500–570). The laws of king Ethelred used the term grith . By the Norman era that followed 1066, two kinds of sanctuary had evolved: all churches had the lower-level powers and could grant sanctuary within the church proper, but the broader powers of churches licensed by royal charter extended sanctuary to a zone around the church. At least twenty-two churches had charters for this broader sanctuary, including Battle Abbey Beverley (see image, right) Colchester Durham, England Hexham Norwich Ripon Wells Cathedral Winchester Cathedral Westminster Abbey York Minster Sometimes the criminal had to get to the chapel itself to be protected, or ring a certain bell, hold a certain ring or door-knocker, or sit on a certain chair ("frith-stool"). Some of these items survive at various churches. Elsewhere, sanctuary held in an area around the church or abbey, sometimes extending in radius to as much as a mile and a half. Stone "sanctuary crosses" marked the boundaries of the area; some crosses still exist as well. Thus it could become a race between the felon and the medieval law officers to the nearest sanctuary boundary. Serving of justice upon the fleet of foot could prove a difficult proposition. Church sanctuaries were regulated by common law. An asylum seeker had to confess his sins, surrender his weapons, and permit supervision by church or abbey organization with jurisdiction. They then had forty days to decide whether to surrender to secular authorities and stand trial for their alleged crimes, or to confess their guilt, abjure the realm, and go into exile by the shortest route and never return without the king's permission. Those who did return faced execution under the law and/or excommunication from the Church. If the suspect chose to confess their guilt and abjure, they did so in a public ceremony, usually at the church gates. They would surrender their possessions to the church, and any landed property to the crown. The coroner, a medieval official, would then choose a port city from which the fugitive should leave England (though the fugitive sometimes had this privilege). The fugitive would set out barefooted and bareheaded, carrying a wooden cross-staff as a symbol of protection under the church. Theoretically they would stay to the main highway, reach the port and take the first ship out of England. In practice, however, the fugitive could get a safe distance away, abandon the cross-staff and take off and start a new life. However, one can safely assume the friends and relatives of the victim knew of this ploy and would do everything in their power to make sure this did not happen; or indeed that the fugitive never reached their intended port of call, becoming a victim of vigilante justice under the pretense of a fugitive who wandered too far off the main highway while trying to "escape." Knowing the grim options, some fugitives rejected both choices and opted for an escape from the asylum before the forty days were up. Others simply made no choice and did nothing. Since it was illegal for the victim's friends to break into an asylum, the church would deprive the fugitive of food and water until a decision was made. Henry VIII changed the rules of asylum, reducing to a short list the types of crimes which were allowed to claim asylum. The medieval system of asylum was finally abolished entirely by James I in 1623. During the Wars of the Roses, when the Yorkists or Lancastrians would suddenly get the upper hand by winning a battle, some adherents of the losing side might find themselves surrounded by adherents of the other side and not able to get back to their own side. Upon realizing this situation they would rush to sanctuary at the nearest church until it was safe to come out. A prime example is Queen Elizabeth Woodville, consort of Edward IV of England. In 1470, when the Lancastrians briefly restored Henry VI to the throne, queen Elizabeth was living in London with several young daughters. She moved with them into Westminster for sanctuary, living there in royal comfort until Edward IV was restored to the throne in 1471 and giving birth to their first son Edward V during that time. When King Edward IV died in 1483, Elizabeth (who was highly unpopular with even the Yorkists and probably did need protection) took her five daughters and youngest son (Richard, Duke of York) and again moved into sanctuary at Westminster. To be sure she had all the comforts of home, she brought so much furniture and so many chests that the workmen had to knock holes in some of the walls to get everything in fast enough to suit her. Modern political asylum This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution." The United Nations 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees guides national legislation concerning political asylum. Under these agreements, a refugee (or for cases where repressing base means has been applied directly or environmentally to the refugee) is a person who is outside their own country's territory (or place of habitual residence if stateless) owing to fear of persecution on protected grounds. Protected grounds include race, caste, nationality, religion, political opinions and membership and/or participation in any particular social group or social activities. Rendering true victims of persecution to their persecutor is a particularly odious violation of a principle called non-refoulement, part of the customary and trucial Law of Nations. These are the accepted terms and criteria as principles and a fundamental part in the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees non-refoulement order. Since the 1990s, victims of sexual persecution (which may include domestic violence, or systematic oppression of a gender or sexual minority) have come to be accepted in some countries as a legitimate category for asylum claims, when claimants can prove that the state is unable or unwilling to provide protection. File:Ontheemden uit Midden-Europa vinden asiel in ons land Weeknummer 50-48 - Open Beelden - 10692.ogvPlay media The Dutch government grants asylum to a couple of hundred elderly from Yugoslavia, Poland, Hungary and the Baltic states. Since the end of World War II the people stayed in camps in Austria and West Germany. (Newsreel ((in Dutch)) See also: Asylum in the European Union Asylum in European Union Member States formed over a half-century by application of the Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951 on the Status of Refugees. Common policies appeared in the 1990s in connection with the Schengen Agreement (which suppressed internal borders) so that asylum seekers unsuccessful in one Member State would not reapply in another. The common policy began with the Dublin Convention in 1990. It continued with the implementation of Eurodac and the Dublin Regulation in 2003, and the October 2009 adoption of two proposals by the European Commission. France was the first country to recognize the constitutional right to asylum, this being enshrined in article 120 of the Constitution of 1793. The modern French right of asylum is recognized by the 1958 Constitution, vis-à-vis the paragraph 4 of the preamble to the Constitution of 1946, to which the Preamble of the 1958 Constitution directly refers. The Constitution of 1946 incorporated of parts of the 1793 constitution which had guaranteed the right of asylum to "anyone persecuted because of his action for freedom" who are unable to seek protection in their home countries. In addition to the constitutional right to asylum, the modern French right to asylum (droit d'asile) is enshrined on a legal and regulatory basis in the Code de l'Entree et du Sejour des Etrangers et du Droit d'Asile (CESEDA). France also adheres to international agreements which provide for application modalities for the right of asylum, such as the 1951 United Nations (UN) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (ratified in 1952), the additional 1967 protocol; articles K1 and K2 of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty as well as the 1985 Schengen Agreement, which defined EU immigration policy. Finally, the right of asylum is defined by article 18 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Some of the criteria for which an asylum application can be rejected include: i) Passage via “safe" third country, ii) Safe Country of Origin (An asylum seeker can be a prior refused asylum if he or she is a national of a country considered to be "safe" by the French asylum authority OFPRA), iii) Safety Threat (serious threat to the public order), or iv) Fraudulent Application (abuse of the asylum procedure for other reasons). The December 10, 2003, law limited political asylum through two main restrictions: The notion of "internal asylum": the request may be rejected if the foreigner may benefit from political asylum on a portion of the territory of their home country. The OFPRA (Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides – French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons) now makes a list of allegedly "safe countries" which respect political rights and principles of liberty. If the demander of asylum comes from such a country, the request is processed in 15 days, and receives no social assistance protection. They may contest the decision, but this does not suspend any deportation order. The first list, enacted in July 2005, included as "safe countries" Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Mali, Mauritius Island, India, Senegal, Mongolia, Georgia, Ukraine, Bosnia and Croatia. It had the effect of reducing in six months by about 80% the number of applicants from these countries. The second list, passed in July 2006, included Tanzania, Madagascar, Niger, Albania and Macedonia. While restricted, the right of political asylum has been conserved in France amid various anti-immigration laws. Some people claim that, apart from the purely judicial path, the bureaucratic process is used to slow down and ultimately reject what might be considered as valid requests. According to Le Figaro, France granted 7,000 people the status of political refugee in 2006, out of a total of 35,000 requests; in 2005, the OFPRA in charge of examining the legitimacy of such requests granted less than 10,000 from a total of 50,000 requests. Numerous exiles from South American dictatorships, particularly from Augusto Pinochet's Chile and the Dirty War in Argentina, were received in the 1970s-80s. Since the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, tens of homeless Afghan asylum seekers have been sleeping in a park in Paris near the Gare de l'Est train station. Although their demands haven't been yet accepted, their presence has been tolerated. However, since the end of 2005, NGOs have been noting that the police separate Afghans from other migrants during raids, and expel via charters those who have just arrived at Gare de l'Est by train and haven't had time to demand asylum (a May 30, 2005, decree requires them to pay for a translator to help with official formalities). Further information: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal In the 19th century, the United Kingdom accorded political asylum to various persecuted people, among whom were many members of the socialist movement (including Karl Marx). With the 1845 attempted bombing of the Greenwich Royal Observatory[citation needed] and the 1911 Siege of Sidney Street in the context of the propaganda of the deed (anarchist) actions, political asylum was restricted. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Main article: Asylum in the United States The United States recognizes the right of asylum of individuals as specified by international and federal law. A specified number of legally defined refugees who apply for refugee status overseas, as well as those applying for asylum after arriving in the U.S., are admitted annually. As noted in the article specifically about asylum and refugees in the United States, since World War II, more refugees have found homes in the U.S. than any other nation and more than two million refugees have arrived in the U.S. since 1980. During much of the 1990s, the United States accepted over 100,000 refugees per year, though this figure has recently decreased to around 50,000 per year in the first decade of the 21st century, due to greater security concerns. As for asylum seekers, the latest statistics show that 86,400 persons sought sanctuary in the United States in 2001. Before the September 11 attacks individual asylum applicants were evaluated in private proceedings at the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS). Despite this, concerns have been raised with the U.S. asylum and refugee determination processes. A recent empirical analysis by three legal scholars described the U.S. asylum process as a game of refugee roulette; that is to say that the outcome of asylum determinations depends in large part on the personality of the particular adjudicator to whom an application is randomly assigned, rather than on the merits of the case. The very low numbers of Iraqi refugees accepted between 2003 and 2007 exemplifies concerns about the United States' refugee processes. The Foreign Policy Association reported that "Perhaps the most perplexing component of the Iraq refugee crisis... has been the inability for the U.S. to absorb more Iraqis following the 2003 invasion of the country. To date, the U.S. has granted less than 800 Iraqis refugee status, just 133 in 2007. By contrast, the U.S. granted asylum to more than 100,000 Vietnamese refugees during the Vietnam War." The 2000 documentary film Well-Founded Fear, from filmmakers Shari Robertson and Michael Camerini marked the first time[citation needed] that a film crew was privy to the (above mentioned) private proceedings at the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS), where individual asylum officers ponder the often life-or-death fate of the majority of immigrants seeking asylum. It provided the first high-profile,[according to whom?] behind-the-scenes[clarification needed] look at the process for seeking asylum in the United States.[citation needed] The film was featured at the Sundance Film Festival, documentary competition and was broadcast in June, 2000 on PBS as part of POV. Between 2004 and 2007, nearly 4,000 Venezuelans claimed political asylum in the United States and almost 50% of them were granted. In contrast, in 1996, only 328 Venezuelans claimed asylum, and a mere 20% of them were granted. According to USA Today, the number of asylums being granted to Venezuelan claimants has risen from 393 in 2009 to 969 in 2012. Other references agree with the high number of political asylum claimants from Venezuela, confirming that between 2000 and 2010, the United States have granted them with 4,500 political asylums. Right of asylum by country of refuge File:Ontheemden uit Midden-Europa vinden asiel in ons land Weeknummer 50-48 - Open Beelden - 10692.ogvPlay media The Dutch government grants asylum to a couple of hundred elderly from Yugoslavia, Poland, Hungary and the Baltic states. Since the end of World War II the people stayed in camps in Austria and West Germany. (Newsreel ((in Dutch)) See also: Asylum in the European Union Asylum in European Union Member States formed over a half-century by application of the Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951 on the Status of Refugees. Common policies appeared in the 1990s in connection with the Schengen Agreement (which suppressed internal borders) so that asylum seekers unsuccessful in one Member State would not reapply in another. The common policy began with the Dublin Convention in 1990. It continued with the implementation of Eurodac and the Dublin Regulation in 2003, and the October 2009 adoption of two proposals by the European Commission. France was the first country to recognize the constitutional right to asylum, this being enshrined in article 120 of the Constitution of 1793. The modern French right of asylum is recognized by the 1958 Constitution, vis-à-vis the paragraph 4 of the preamble to the Constitution of 1946, to which the Preamble of the 1958 Constitution directly refers. The Constitution of 1946 incorporated of parts of the 1793 constitution which had guaranteed the right of asylum to "anyone persecuted because of his action for freedom" who are unable to seek protection in their home countries. In addition to the constitutional right to asylum, the modern French right to asylum (droit d'asile) is enshrined on a legal and regulatory basis in the Code de l'Entree et du Sejour des Etrangers et du Droit d'Asile (CESEDA). France also adheres to international agreements which provide for application modalities for the right of asylum, such as the 1951 United Nations (UN) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (ratified in 1952), the additional 1967 protocol; articles K1 and K2 of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty as well as the 1985 Schengen Agreement, which defined EU immigration policy. Finally, the right of asylum is defined by article 18 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Some of the criteria for which an asylum application can be rejected include: i) Passage via “safe" third country, ii) Safe Country of Origin (An asylum seeker can be a prior refused asylum if he or she is a national of a country considered to be "safe" by the French asylum authority OFPRA), iii) Safety Threat (serious threat to the public order), or iv) Fraudulent Application (abuse of the asylum procedure for other reasons). The December 10, 2003, law limited political asylum through two main restrictions: The notion of "internal asylum": the request may be rejected if the foreigner may benefit from political asylum on a portion of the territory of their home country. The OFPRA (Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides – French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons) now makes a list of allegedly "safe countries" which respect political rights and principles of liberty. If the demander of asylum comes from such a country, the request is processed in 15 days, and receives no social assistance protection. They may contest the decision, but this does not suspend any deportation order. The first list, enacted in July 2005, included as "safe countries" Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Mali, Mauritius Island, India, Senegal, Mongolia, Georgia, Ukraine, Bosnia and Croatia. It had the effect of reducing in six months by about 80% the number of applicants from these countries. The second list, passed in July 2006, included Tanzania, Madagascar, Niger, Albania and Macedonia. While restricted, the right of political asylum has been conserved in France amid various anti-immigration laws. Some people claim that, apart from the purely judicial path, the bureaucratic process is used to slow down and ultimately reject what might be considered as valid requests. According to Le Figaro, France granted 7,000 people the status of political refugee in 2006, out of a total of 35,000 requests; in 2005, the OFPRA in charge of examining the legitimacy of such requests granted less than 10,000 from a total of 50,000 requests. Numerous exiles from South American dictatorships, particularly from Augusto Pinochet's Chile and the Dirty War in Argentina, were received in the 1970s-80s. Since the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, tens of homeless Afghan asylum seekers have been sleeping in a park in Paris near the Gare de l'Est train station. Although their demands haven't been yet accepted, their presence has been tolerated. However, since the end of 2005, NGOs have been noting that the police separate Afghans from other migrants during raids, and expel via charters those who have just arrived at Gare de l'Est by train and haven't had time to demand asylum (a May 30, 2005, decree requires them to pay for a translator to help with official formalities). Further information: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal In the 19th century, the United Kingdom accorded political asylum to various persecuted people, among whom were many members of the socialist movement (including Karl Marx). With the 1845 attempted bombing of the Greenwich Royal Observatory[citation needed] and the 1911 Siege of Sidney Street in the context of the propaganda of the deed (anarchist) actions, political asylum was restricted. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Main article: Asylum in the United States The United States recognizes the right of asylum of individuals as specified by international and federal law. A specified number of legally defined refugees who apply for refugee status overseas, as well as those applying for asylum after arriving in the U.S., are admitted annually. As noted in the article specifically about asylum and refugees in the United States, since World War II, more refugees have found homes in the U.S. than any other nation and more than two million refugees have arrived in the U.S. since 1980. During much of the 1990s, the United States accepted over 100,000 refugees per year, though this figure has recently decreased to around 50,000 per year in the first decade of the 21st century, due to greater security concerns. As for asylum seekers, the latest statistics show that 86,400 persons sought sanctuary in the United States in 2001. Before the September 11 attacks individual asylum applicants were evaluated in private proceedings at the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS). Despite this, concerns have been raised with the U.S. asylum and refugee determination processes. A recent empirical analysis by three legal scholars described the U.S. asylum process as a game of refugee roulette; that is to say that the outcome of asylum determinations depends in large part on the personality of the particular adjudicator to whom an application is randomly assigned, rather than on the merits of the case. The very low numbers of Iraqi refugees accepted between 2003 and 2007 exemplifies concerns about the United States' refugee processes. The Foreign Policy Association reported that "Perhaps the most perplexing component of the Iraq refugee crisis... has been the inability for the U.S. to absorb more Iraqis following the 2003 invasion of the country. To date, the U.S. has granted less than 800 Iraqis refugee status, just 133 in 2007. By contrast, the U.S. granted asylum to more than 100,000 Vietnamese refugees during the Vietnam War." The 2000 documentary film Well-Founded Fear, from filmmakers Shari Robertson and Michael Camerini marked the first time[citation needed] that a film crew was privy to the (above mentioned) private proceedings at the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS), where individual asylum officers ponder the often life-or-death fate of the majority of immigrants seeking asylum. It provided the first high-profile,[according to whom?] behind-the-scenes[clarification needed] look at the process for seeking asylum in the United States.[citation needed] The film was featured at the Sundance Film Festival, documentary competition and was broadcast in June, 2000 on PBS as part of POV. Between 2004 and 2007, nearly 4,000 Venezuelans claimed political asylum in the United States and almost 50% of them were granted. In contrast, in 1996, only 328 Venezuelans claimed asylum, and a mere 20% of them were granted. According to USA Today, the number of asylums being granted to Venezuelan claimants has risen from 393 in 2009 to 969 in 2012. Other references agree with the high number of political asylum claimants from Venezuela, confirming that between 2000 and 2010, the United States have granted them with 4,500 political asylums. European Union See also: Asylum in the European Union Asylum in European Union Member States formed over a half-century by application of the Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951 on the Status of Refugees. Common policies appeared in the 1990s in connection with the Schengen Agreement (which suppressed internal borders) so that asylum seekers unsuccessful in one Member State would not reapply in another. The common policy began with the Dublin Convention in 1990. It continued with the implementation of Eurodac and the Dublin Regulation in 2003, and the October 2009 adoption of two proposals by the European Commission. France was the first country to recognize the constitutional right to asylum, this being enshrined in article 120 of the Constitution of 1793. The modern French right of asylum is recognized by the 1958 Constitution, vis-à-vis the paragraph 4 of the preamble to the Constitution of 1946, to which the Preamble of the 1958 Constitution directly refers. The Constitution of 1946 incorporated of parts of the 1793 constitution which had guaranteed the right of asylum to "anyone persecuted because of his action for freedom" who are unable to seek protection in their home countries. In addition to the constitutional right to asylum, the modern French right to asylum (droit d'asile) is enshrined on a legal and regulatory basis in the Code de l'Entree et du Sejour des Etrangers et du Droit d'Asile (CESEDA). France also adheres to international agreements which provide for application modalities for the right of asylum, such as the 1951 United Nations (UN) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (ratified in 1952), the additional 1967 protocol; articles K1 and K2 of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty as well as the 1985 Schengen Agreement, which defined EU immigration policy. Finally, the right of asylum is defined by article 18 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Some of the criteria for which an asylum application can be rejected include: i) Passage via “safe" third country, ii) Safe Country of Origin (An asylum seeker can be a prior refused asylum if he or she is a national of a country considered to be "safe" by the French asylum authority OFPRA), iii) Safety Threat (serious threat to the public order), or iv) Fraudulent Application (abuse of the asylum procedure for other reasons). The December 10, 2003, law limited political asylum through two main restrictions: The notion of "internal asylum": the request may be rejected if the foreigner may benefit from political asylum on a portion of the territory of their home country. The OFPRA (Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides – French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons) now makes a list of allegedly "safe countries" which respect political rights and principles of liberty. If the demander of asylum comes from such a country, the request is processed in 15 days, and receives no social assistance protection. They may contest the decision, but this does not suspend any deportation order. The first list, enacted in July 2005, included as "safe countries" Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Mali, Mauritius Island, India, Senegal, Mongolia, Georgia, Ukraine, Bosnia and Croatia. It had the effect of reducing in six months by about 80% the number of applicants from these countries. The second list, passed in July 2006, included Tanzania, Madagascar, Niger, Albania and Macedonia. While restricted, the right of political asylum has been conserved in France amid various anti-immigration laws. Some people claim that, apart from the purely judicial path, the bureaucratic process is used to slow down and ultimately reject what might be considered as valid requests. According to Le Figaro, France granted 7,000 people the status of political refugee in 2006, out of a total of 35,000 requests; in 2005, the OFPRA in charge of examining the legitimacy of such requests granted less than 10,000 from a total of 50,000 requests. Numerous exiles from South American dictatorships, particularly from Augusto Pinochet's Chile and the Dirty War in Argentina, were received in the 1970s-80s. Since the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, tens of homeless Afghan asylum seekers have been sleeping in a park in Paris near the Gare de l'Est train station. Although their demands haven't been yet accepted, their presence has been tolerated. However, since the end of 2005, NGOs have been noting that the police separate Afghans from other migrants during raids, and expel via charters those who have just arrived at Gare de l'Est by train and haven't had time to demand asylum (a May 30, 2005, decree requires them to pay for a translator to help with official formalities). Further information: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal In the 19th century, the United Kingdom accorded political asylum to various persecuted people, among whom were many members of the socialist movement (including Karl Marx). With the 1845 attempted bombing of the Greenwich Royal Observatory[citation needed] and the 1911 Siege of Sidney Street in the context of the propaganda of the deed (anarchist) actions, political asylum was restricted. France France was the first country to recognize the constitutional right to asylum, this being enshrined in article 120 of the Constitution of 1793. The modern French right of asylum is recognized by the 1958 Constitution, vis-à-vis the paragraph 4 of the preamble to the Constitution of 1946, to which the Preamble of the 1958 Constitution directly refers. The Constitution of 1946 incorporated of parts of the 1793 constitution which had guaranteed the right of asylum to "anyone persecuted because of his action for freedom" who are unable to seek protection in their home countries. In addition to the constitutional right to asylum, the modern French right to asylum (droit d'asile) is enshrined on a legal and regulatory basis in the Code de l'Entree et du Sejour des Etrangers et du Droit d'Asile (CESEDA). France also adheres to international agreements which provide for application modalities for the right of asylum, such as the 1951 United Nations (UN) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (ratified in 1952), the additional 1967 protocol; articles K1 and K2 of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty as well as the 1985 Schengen Agreement, which defined EU immigration policy. Finally, the right of asylum is defined by article 18 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Some of the criteria for which an asylum application can be rejected include: i) Passage via “safe" third country, ii) Safe Country of Origin (An asylum seeker can be a prior refused asylum if he or she is a national of a country considered to be "safe" by the French asylum authority OFPRA), iii) Safety Threat (serious threat to the public order), or iv) Fraudulent Application (abuse of the asylum procedure for other reasons). The December 10, 2003, law limited political asylum through two main restrictions: The notion of "internal asylum": the request may be rejected if the foreigner may benefit from political asylum on a portion of the territory of their home country. The OFPRA (Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides – French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons) now makes a list of allegedly "safe countries" which respect political rights and principles of liberty. If the demander of asylum comes from such a country, the request is processed in 15 days, and receives no social assistance protection. They may contest the decision, but this does not suspend any deportation order. The first list, enacted in July 2005, included as "safe countries" Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Mali, Mauritius Island, India, Senegal, Mongolia, Georgia, Ukraine, Bosnia and Croatia. It had the effect of reducing in six months by about 80% the number of applicants from these countries. The second list, passed in July 2006, included Tanzania, Madagascar, Niger, Albania and Macedonia. While restricted, the right of political asylum has been conserved in France amid various anti-immigration laws. Some people claim that, apart from the purely judicial path, the bureaucratic process is used to slow down and ultimately reject what might be considered as valid requests. According to Le Figaro, France granted 7,000 people the status of political refugee in 2006, out of a total of 35,000 requests; in 2005, the OFPRA in charge of examining the legitimacy of such requests granted less than 10,000 from a total of 50,000 requests. Numerous exiles from South American dictatorships, particularly from Augusto Pinochet's Chile and the Dirty War in Argentina, were received in the 1970s-80s. Since the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, tens of homeless Afghan asylum seekers have been sleeping in a park in Paris near the Gare de l'Est train station. Although their demands haven't been yet accepted, their presence has been tolerated. However, since the end of 2005, NGOs have been noting that the police separate Afghans from other migrants during raids, and expel via charters those who have just arrived at Gare de l'Est by train and haven't had time to demand asylum (a May 30, 2005, decree requires them to pay for a translator to help with official formalities). This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Right of asylum, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.
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      "body": "Right of asylum\n\"Political asylum\" redirects here. For other uses, see Political asylum (disambiguation).\n\nAsylum seekers by country of origin in 2009.\n  40,000 asylum seekers\n  30,000 asylum seekers\n  20,000 asylum seekers\n  10,000 asylum seekers\n  <10,000 asylum seekers (or no data)\n\nRemains of one of four medieval stone boundary markers for the sanctuary of Saint John of Beverley in the East Riding of Yorkshire.\n\nSanctuary ring on a door of Notre-Dame de Paris (France).\n\nMedieval boundary marker at St. Georgenberg, Tyrol.\n\nPlaque at St. Mary Magdalene Chapel, Dingli, Malta, indicating that the chapel did not enjoy ecclesiastical immunity\nThe right of asylum (sometimes called right of political asylum, from the ancient Greek word ἄσυλον) is an ancient juridical concept, under which a person persecuted by their own country may be protected by another sovereign authority, such as another country or church official, who in medieval times could offer sanctuary. This right was already recognized by the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Hebrews, from whom it was adopted into Western tradition. René Descartes fled to the Netherlands, Voltaire to England, and Thomas Hobbes to France, because each state offered protection to persecuted foreigners.\n\nThe Egyptians, Greeks, and Hebrews recognized a religious \"right of asylum,\" protecting criminals (or those accused of crime) from legal action to some extent. This principle was later adopted by the established Christian church, and various rules were developed that detailed how to qualify for protection and what degree of protection one would receive.\n\nThe Council of Orleans decided in 511, in the presence of Clovis I, that asylum could be granted to anyone who took refuge in a church or on church property, or at the home of a bishop. This protection was extended to murderers, thieves and adulterers alike.\n\nMedieval England\n\nThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\nIn England, King Æthelberht of Kent proclaimed the first Anglo-Saxon laws on sanctuary in about 600 CE. However Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136) says that the legendary pre-Saxon king Dunvallo Molmutius (4th/5th century BCE) enacted sanctuary laws among the Molmutine Laws as recorded by Gildas (c. 500–570). The laws of king Ethelred used the term grith . By the Norman era that followed 1066, two kinds of sanctuary had evolved: all churches had the lower-level powers and could grant sanctuary within the church proper, but the broader powers of churches licensed by royal charter extended sanctuary to a zone around the church. At least twenty-two churches had charters for this broader sanctuary, including\n\nBattle Abbey\nBeverley (see image, right)\nColchester\nDurham, England\nHexham\nNorwich\nRipon\nWells Cathedral\nWinchester Cathedral\nWestminster Abbey\nYork Minster\nSometimes the criminal had to get to the chapel itself to be protected, or ring a certain bell, hold a certain ring or door-knocker, or sit on a certain chair (\"frith-stool\"). Some of these items survive at various churches. Elsewhere, sanctuary held in an area around the church or abbey, sometimes extending in radius to as much as a mile and a half. Stone \"sanctuary crosses\" marked the boundaries of the area; some crosses still exist as well. Thus it could become a race between the felon and the medieval law officers to the nearest sanctuary boundary. Serving of justice upon the fleet of foot could prove a difficult proposition.\n\nChurch sanctuaries were regulated by common law. An asylum seeker had to confess his sins, surrender his weapons, and permit supervision by church or abbey organization with jurisdiction. They then had forty days to decide whether to surrender to secular authorities and stand trial for their alleged crimes, or to confess their guilt, abjure the realm, and go into exile by the shortest route and never return without the king's permission. Those who did return faced execution under the law and/or excommunication from the Church.\n\nIf the suspect chose to confess their guilt and abjure, they did so in a public ceremony, usually at the church gates. They would surrender their possessions to the church, and any landed property to the crown. The coroner, a medieval official, would then choose a port city from which the fugitive should leave England (though the fugitive sometimes had this privilege). The fugitive would set out barefooted and bareheaded, carrying a wooden cross-staff as a symbol of protection under the church. Theoretically they would stay to the main highway, reach the port and take the first ship out of England. In practice, however, the fugitive could get a safe distance away, abandon the cross-staff and take off and start a new life. However, one can safely assume the friends and relatives of the victim knew of this ploy and would do everything in their power to make sure this did not happen; or indeed that the fugitive never reached their intended port of call, becoming a victim of vigilante justice under the pretense of a fugitive who wandered too far off the main highway while trying to \"escape.\"\n\nKnowing the grim options, some fugitives rejected both choices and opted for an escape from the asylum before the forty days were up. Others simply made no choice and did nothing. Since it was illegal for the victim's friends to break into an asylum, the church would deprive the fugitive of food and water until a decision was made.\n\nHenry VIII changed the rules of asylum, reducing to a short list the types of crimes which were allowed to claim asylum. The medieval system of asylum was finally abolished entirely by James I in 1623.\n\nDuring the Wars of the Roses, when the Yorkists or Lancastrians would suddenly get the upper hand by winning a battle, some adherents of the losing side might find themselves surrounded by adherents of the other side and not able to get back to their own side. Upon realizing this situation they would rush to sanctuary at the nearest church until it was safe to come out. A prime example is Queen Elizabeth Woodville, consort of Edward IV of England.\n\nIn 1470, when the Lancastrians briefly restored Henry VI to the throne, queen Elizabeth was living in London with several young daughters. She moved with them into Westminster for sanctuary, living there in royal comfort until Edward IV was restored to the throne in 1471 and giving birth to their first son Edward V during that time. When King Edward IV died in 1483, Elizabeth (who was highly unpopular with even the Yorkists and probably did need protection) took her five daughters and youngest son (Richard, Duke of York) and again moved into sanctuary at Westminster. To be sure she had all the comforts of home, she brought so much furniture and so many chests that the workmen had to knock holes in some of the walls to get everything in fast enough to suit her.\n\nModern political asylum\n\nThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\nArticle 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that \"Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.\" The United Nations 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees guides national legislation concerning political asylum. Under these agreements, a refugee (or for cases where repressing base means has been applied directly or environmentally to the refugee) is a person who is outside their own country's territory (or place of habitual residence if stateless) owing to fear of persecution on protected grounds. Protected grounds include race, caste, nationality, religion, political opinions and membership and/or participation in any particular social group or social activities. Rendering true victims of persecution to their persecutor is a particularly odious violation of a principle called non-refoulement, part of the customary and trucial Law of Nations.\n\nThese are the accepted terms and criteria as principles and a fundamental part in the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees non-refoulement order.\n\nSince the 1990s, victims of sexual persecution (which may include domestic violence, or systematic oppression of a gender or sexual minority) have come to be accepted in some countries as a legitimate category for asylum claims, when claimants can prove that the state is unable or unwilling to provide protection.\n\nFile:Ontheemden uit Midden-Europa vinden asiel in ons land Weeknummer 50-48 - Open Beelden - 10692.ogvPlay media\nThe Dutch government grants asylum to a couple of hundred elderly from Yugoslavia, Poland, Hungary and the Baltic states. Since the end of World War II the people stayed in camps in Austria and West Germany. (Newsreel ((in Dutch))\nSee also: Asylum in the European Union\nAsylum in European Union Member States formed over a half-century by application of the Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951 on the Status of Refugees. Common policies appeared in the 1990s in connection with the Schengen Agreement (which suppressed internal borders) so that asylum seekers unsuccessful in one Member State would not reapply in another. The common policy began with the Dublin Convention in 1990. It continued with the implementation of Eurodac and the Dublin Regulation in 2003, and the October 2009 adoption of two proposals by the European Commission.\n\nFrance was the first country to recognize the constitutional right to asylum, this being enshrined in article 120 of the Constitution of 1793. The modern French right of asylum is recognized by the 1958 Constitution, vis-à-vis the paragraph 4 of the preamble to the Constitution of 1946, to which the Preamble of the 1958 Constitution directly refers. The Constitution of 1946 incorporated of parts of the 1793 constitution which had guaranteed the right of asylum to \"anyone persecuted because of his action for freedom\" who are unable to seek protection in their home countries.\n\nIn addition to the constitutional right to asylum, the modern French right to asylum (droit d'asile) is enshrined on a legal and regulatory basis in the Code de l'Entree et du Sejour des Etrangers et du Droit d'Asile (CESEDA).\n\nFrance also adheres to international agreements which provide for application modalities for the right of asylum, such as the 1951 United Nations (UN) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (ratified in 1952), the additional 1967 protocol; articles K1 and K2 of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty as well as the 1985 Schengen Agreement, which defined EU immigration policy. Finally, the right of asylum is defined by article 18 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.\n\nSome of the criteria for which an asylum application can be rejected include: i) Passage via “safe\" third country, ii) Safe Country of Origin (An asylum seeker can be a prior refused asylum if he or she is a national of a country considered to be \"safe\" by the French asylum authority OFPRA), iii) Safety Threat (serious threat to the public order), or iv) Fraudulent Application (abuse of the asylum procedure for other reasons).\n\nThe December 10, 2003, law limited political asylum through two main restrictions:\n\nThe notion of \"internal asylum\": the request may be rejected if the foreigner may benefit from political asylum on a portion of the territory of their home country.\nThe OFPRA (Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides – French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons) now makes a list of allegedly \"safe countries\" which respect political rights and principles of liberty. If the demander of asylum comes from such a country, the request is processed in 15 days, and receives no social assistance protection. They may contest the decision, but this does not suspend any deportation order. The first list, enacted in July 2005, included as \"safe countries\" Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Mali, Mauritius Island, India, Senegal, Mongolia, Georgia, Ukraine, Bosnia and Croatia. It had the effect of reducing in six months by about 80% the number of applicants from these countries. The second list, passed in July 2006, included Tanzania, Madagascar, Niger, Albania and Macedonia.\nWhile restricted, the right of political asylum has been conserved in France amid various anti-immigration laws. Some people claim that, apart from the purely judicial path, the bureaucratic process is used to slow down and ultimately reject what might be considered as valid requests. According to Le Figaro, France granted 7,000 people the status of political refugee in 2006, out of a total of 35,000 requests; in 2005, the OFPRA in charge of examining the legitimacy of such requests granted less than 10,000 from a total of 50,000 requests.\n\nNumerous exiles from South American dictatorships, particularly from Augusto Pinochet's Chile and the Dirty War in Argentina, were received in the 1970s-80s. Since the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, tens of homeless Afghan asylum seekers have been sleeping in a park in Paris near the Gare de l'Est train station. Although their demands haven't been yet accepted, their presence has been tolerated. However, since the end of 2005, NGOs have been noting that the police separate Afghans from other migrants during raids, and expel via charters those who have just arrived at Gare de l'Est by train and haven't had time to demand asylum (a May 30, 2005, decree requires them to pay for a translator to help with official formalities).\n\nFurther information: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal\nIn the 19th century, the United Kingdom accorded political asylum to various persecuted people, among whom were many members of the socialist movement (including Karl Marx). With the 1845 attempted bombing of the Greenwich Royal Observatory[citation needed] and the 1911 Siege of Sidney Street in the context of the propaganda of the deed (anarchist) actions, political asylum was restricted.\n\n\nThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\nMain article: Asylum in the United States\nThe United States recognizes the right of asylum of individuals as specified by international and federal law. A specified number of legally defined refugees who apply for refugee status overseas, as well as those applying for asylum after arriving in the U.S., are admitted annually.\n\nAs noted in the article specifically about asylum and refugees in the United States, since World War II, more refugees have found homes in the U.S. than any other nation and more than two million refugees have arrived in the U.S. since 1980. During much of the 1990s, the United States accepted over 100,000 refugees per year, though this figure has recently decreased to around 50,000 per year in the first decade of the 21st century, due to greater security concerns. As for asylum seekers, the latest statistics show that 86,400 persons sought sanctuary in the United States in 2001. Before the September 11 attacks individual asylum applicants were evaluated in private proceedings at the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS).\n\nDespite this, concerns have been raised with the U.S. asylum and refugee determination processes. A recent empirical analysis by three legal scholars described the U.S. asylum process as a game of refugee roulette; that is to say that the outcome of asylum determinations depends in large part on the personality of the particular adjudicator to whom an application is randomly assigned, rather than on the merits of the case. The very low numbers of Iraqi refugees accepted between 2003 and 2007 exemplifies concerns about the United States' refugee processes. The Foreign Policy Association reported that \"Perhaps the most perplexing component of the Iraq refugee crisis... has been the inability for the U.S. to absorb more Iraqis following the 2003 invasion of the country. To date, the U.S. has granted less than 800 Iraqis refugee status, just 133 in 2007. By contrast, the U.S. granted asylum to more than 100,000 Vietnamese refugees during the Vietnam War.\"\n\nThe 2000 documentary film Well-Founded Fear, from filmmakers Shari Robertson and Michael Camerini marked the first time[citation needed] that a film crew was privy to the (above mentioned) private proceedings at the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS), where individual asylum officers ponder the often life-or-death fate of the majority of immigrants seeking asylum. It provided the first high-profile,[according to whom?] behind-the-scenes[clarification needed] look at the process for seeking asylum in the United States.[citation needed] The film was featured at the Sundance Film Festival, documentary competition and was broadcast in June, 2000 on PBS as part of POV.\n\nBetween 2004 and 2007, nearly 4,000 Venezuelans claimed political asylum in the United States and almost 50% of them were granted. In contrast, in 1996, only 328 Venezuelans claimed asylum, and a mere 20% of them were granted.\n\nAccording to USA Today, the number of asylums being granted to Venezuelan claimants has risen from 393 in 2009 to 969 in 2012. Other references agree with the high number of political asylum claimants from Venezuela, confirming that between 2000 and 2010, the United States have granted them with 4,500 political asylums.\n\nRight of asylum by country of refuge\nFile:Ontheemden uit Midden-Europa vinden asiel in ons land Weeknummer 50-48 - Open Beelden - 10692.ogvPlay media\nThe Dutch government grants asylum to a couple of hundred elderly from Yugoslavia, Poland, Hungary and the Baltic states. Since the end of World War II the people stayed in camps in Austria and West Germany. (Newsreel ((in Dutch))\nSee also: Asylum in the European Union\nAsylum in European Union Member States formed over a half-century by application of the Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951 on the Status of Refugees. Common policies appeared in the 1990s in connection with the Schengen Agreement (which suppressed internal borders) so that asylum seekers unsuccessful in one Member State would not reapply in another. The common policy began with the Dublin Convention in 1990. It continued with the implementation of Eurodac and the Dublin Regulation in 2003, and the October 2009 adoption of two proposals by the European Commission.\n\nFrance was the first country to recognize the constitutional right to asylum, this being enshrined in article 120 of the Constitution of 1793. The modern French right of asylum is recognized by the 1958 Constitution, vis-à-vis the paragraph 4 of the preamble to the Constitution of 1946, to which the Preamble of the 1958 Constitution directly refers. The Constitution of 1946 incorporated of parts of the 1793 constitution which had guaranteed the right of asylum to \"anyone persecuted because of his action for freedom\" who are unable to seek protection in their home countries.\n\nIn addition to the constitutional right to asylum, the modern French right to asylum (droit d'asile) is enshrined on a legal and regulatory basis in the Code de l'Entree et du Sejour des Etrangers et du Droit d'Asile (CESEDA).\n\nFrance also adheres to international agreements which provide for application modalities for the right of asylum, such as the 1951 United Nations (UN) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (ratified in 1952), the additional 1967 protocol; articles K1 and K2 of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty as well as the 1985 Schengen Agreement, which defined EU immigration policy. Finally, the right of asylum is defined by article 18 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.\n\nSome of the criteria for which an asylum application can be rejected include: i) Passage via “safe\" third country, ii) Safe Country of Origin (An asylum seeker can be a prior refused asylum if he or she is a national of a country considered to be \"safe\" by the French asylum authority OFPRA), iii) Safety Threat (serious threat to the public order), or iv) Fraudulent Application (abuse of the asylum procedure for other reasons).\n\nThe December 10, 2003, law limited political asylum through two main restrictions:\n\nThe notion of \"internal asylum\": the request may be rejected if the foreigner may benefit from political asylum on a portion of the territory of their home country.\nThe OFPRA (Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides – French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons) now makes a list of allegedly \"safe countries\" which respect political rights and principles of liberty. If the demander of asylum comes from such a country, the request is processed in 15 days, and receives no social assistance protection. They may contest the decision, but this does not suspend any deportation order. The first list, enacted in July 2005, included as \"safe countries\" Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Mali, Mauritius Island, India, Senegal, Mongolia, Georgia, Ukraine, Bosnia and Croatia. It had the effect of reducing in six months by about 80% the number of applicants from these countries. The second list, passed in July 2006, included Tanzania, Madagascar, Niger, Albania and Macedonia.\nWhile restricted, the right of political asylum has been conserved in France amid various anti-immigration laws. Some people claim that, apart from the purely judicial path, the bureaucratic process is used to slow down and ultimately reject what might be considered as valid requests. According to Le Figaro, France granted 7,000 people the status of political refugee in 2006, out of a total of 35,000 requests; in 2005, the OFPRA in charge of examining the legitimacy of such requests granted less than 10,000 from a total of 50,000 requests.\n\nNumerous exiles from South American dictatorships, particularly from Augusto Pinochet's Chile and the Dirty War in Argentina, were received in the 1970s-80s. Since the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, tens of homeless Afghan asylum seekers have been sleeping in a park in Paris near the Gare de l'Est train station. Although their demands haven't been yet accepted, their presence has been tolerated. However, since the end of 2005, NGOs have been noting that the police separate Afghans from other migrants during raids, and expel via charters those who have just arrived at Gare de l'Est by train and haven't had time to demand asylum (a May 30, 2005, decree requires them to pay for a translator to help with official formalities).\n\nFurther information: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal\nIn the 19th century, the United Kingdom accorded political asylum to various persecuted people, among whom were many members of the socialist movement (including Karl Marx). With the 1845 attempted bombing of the Greenwich Royal Observatory[citation needed] and the 1911 Siege of Sidney Street in the context of the propaganda of the deed (anarchist) actions, political asylum was restricted.\n\n\nThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\nMain article: Asylum in the United States\nThe United States recognizes the right of asylum of individuals as specified by international and federal law. A specified number of legally defined refugees who apply for refugee status overseas, as well as those applying for asylum after arriving in the U.S., are admitted annually.\n\nAs noted in the article specifically about asylum and refugees in the United States, since World War II, more refugees have found homes in the U.S. than any other nation and more than two million refugees have arrived in the U.S. since 1980. During much of the 1990s, the United States accepted over 100,000 refugees per year, though this figure has recently decreased to around 50,000 per year in the first decade of the 21st century, due to greater security concerns. As for asylum seekers, the latest statistics show that 86,400 persons sought sanctuary in the United States in 2001. Before the September 11 attacks individual asylum applicants were evaluated in private proceedings at the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS).\n\nDespite this, concerns have been raised with the U.S. asylum and refugee determination processes. A recent empirical analysis by three legal scholars described the U.S. asylum process as a game of refugee roulette; that is to say that the outcome of asylum determinations depends in large part on the personality of the particular adjudicator to whom an application is randomly assigned, rather than on the merits of the case. The very low numbers of Iraqi refugees accepted between 2003 and 2007 exemplifies concerns about the United States' refugee processes. The Foreign Policy Association reported that \"Perhaps the most perplexing component of the Iraq refugee crisis... has been the inability for the U.S. to absorb more Iraqis following the 2003 invasion of the country. To date, the U.S. has granted less than 800 Iraqis refugee status, just 133 in 2007. By contrast, the U.S. granted asylum to more than 100,000 Vietnamese refugees during the Vietnam War.\"\n\nThe 2000 documentary film Well-Founded Fear, from filmmakers Shari Robertson and Michael Camerini marked the first time[citation needed] that a film crew was privy to the (above mentioned) private proceedings at the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS), where individual asylum officers ponder the often life-or-death fate of the majority of immigrants seeking asylum. It provided the first high-profile,[according to whom?] behind-the-scenes[clarification needed] look at the process for seeking asylum in the United States.[citation needed] The film was featured at the Sundance Film Festival, documentary competition and was broadcast in June, 2000 on PBS as part of POV.\n\nBetween 2004 and 2007, nearly 4,000 Venezuelans claimed political asylum in the United States and almost 50% of them were granted. In contrast, in 1996, only 328 Venezuelans claimed asylum, and a mere 20% of them were granted.\n\nAccording to USA Today, the number of asylums being granted to Venezuelan claimants has risen from 393 in 2009 to 969 in 2012. Other references agree with the high number of political asylum claimants from Venezuela, confirming that between 2000 and 2010, the United States have granted them with 4,500 political asylums.\n\nEuropean Union\nSee also: Asylum in the European Union\nAsylum in European Union Member States formed over a half-century by application of the Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951 on the Status of Refugees. Common policies appeared in the 1990s in connection with the Schengen Agreement (which suppressed internal borders) so that asylum seekers unsuccessful in one Member State would not reapply in another. The common policy began with the Dublin Convention in 1990. It continued with the implementation of Eurodac and the Dublin Regulation in 2003, and the October 2009 adoption of two proposals by the European Commission.\n\nFrance was the first country to recognize the constitutional right to asylum, this being enshrined in article 120 of the Constitution of 1793. The modern French right of asylum is recognized by the 1958 Constitution, vis-à-vis the paragraph 4 of the preamble to the Constitution of 1946, to which the Preamble of the 1958 Constitution directly refers. The Constitution of 1946 incorporated of parts of the 1793 constitution which had guaranteed the right of asylum to \"anyone persecuted because of his action for freedom\" who are unable to seek protection in their home countries.\n\nIn addition to the constitutional right to asylum, the modern French right to asylum (droit d'asile) is enshrined on a legal and regulatory basis in the Code de l'Entree et du Sejour des Etrangers et du Droit d'Asile (CESEDA).\n\nFrance also adheres to international agreements which provide for application modalities for the right of asylum, such as the 1951 United Nations (UN) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (ratified in 1952), the additional 1967 protocol; articles K1 and K2 of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty as well as the 1985 Schengen Agreement, which defined EU immigration policy. Finally, the right of asylum is defined by article 18 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.\n\nSome of the criteria for which an asylum application can be rejected include: i) Passage via “safe\" third country, ii) Safe Country of Origin (An asylum seeker can be a prior refused asylum if he or she is a national of a country considered to be \"safe\" by the French asylum authority OFPRA), iii) Safety Threat (serious threat to the public order), or iv) Fraudulent Application (abuse of the asylum procedure for other reasons).\n\nThe December 10, 2003, law limited political asylum through two main restrictions:\n\nThe notion of \"internal asylum\": the request may be rejected if the foreigner may benefit from political asylum on a portion of the territory of their home country.\nThe OFPRA (Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides – French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons) now makes a list of allegedly \"safe countries\" which respect political rights and principles of liberty. If the demander of asylum comes from such a country, the request is processed in 15 days, and receives no social assistance protection. They may contest the decision, but this does not suspend any deportation order. The first list, enacted in July 2005, included as \"safe countries\" Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Mali, Mauritius Island, India, Senegal, Mongolia, Georgia, Ukraine, Bosnia and Croatia. It had the effect of reducing in six months by about 80% the number of applicants from these countries. The second list, passed in July 2006, included Tanzania, Madagascar, Niger, Albania and Macedonia.\nWhile restricted, the right of political asylum has been conserved in France amid various anti-immigration laws. Some people claim that, apart from the purely judicial path, the bureaucratic process is used to slow down and ultimately reject what might be considered as valid requests. According to Le Figaro, France granted 7,000 people the status of political refugee in 2006, out of a total of 35,000 requests; in 2005, the OFPRA in charge of examining the legitimacy of such requests granted less than 10,000 from a total of 50,000 requests.\n\nNumerous exiles from South American dictatorships, particularly from Augusto Pinochet's Chile and the Dirty War in Argentina, were received in the 1970s-80s. Since the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, tens of homeless Afghan asylum seekers have been sleeping in a park in Paris near the Gare de l'Est train station. Although their demands haven't been yet accepted, their presence has been tolerated. However, since the end of 2005, NGOs have been noting that the police separate Afghans from other migrants during raids, and expel via charters those who have just arrived at Gare de l'Est by train and haven't had time to demand asylum (a May 30, 2005, decree requires them to pay for a translator to help with official formalities).\n\nFurther information: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal\nIn the 19th century, the United Kingdom accorded political asylum to various persecuted people, among whom were many members of the socialist movement (including Karl Marx). With the 1845 attempted bombing of the Greenwich Royal Observatory[citation needed] and the 1911 Siege of Sidney Street in the context of the propaganda of the deed (anarchist) actions, political asylum was restricted.\n\nFrance\nFrance was the first country to recognize the constitutional right to asylum, this being enshrined in article 120 of the Constitution of 1793. The modern French right of asylum is recognized by the 1958 Constitution, vis-à-vis the paragraph 4 of the preamble to the Constitution of 1946, to which the Preamble of the 1958 Constitution directly refers. The Constitution of 1946 incorporated of parts of the 1793 constitution which had guaranteed the right of asylum to \"anyone persecuted because of his action for freedom\" who are unable to seek protection in their home countries.\n\nIn addition to the constitutional right to asylum, the modern French right to asylum (droit d'asile) is enshrined on a legal and regulatory basis in the Code de l'Entree et du Sejour des Etrangers et du Droit d'Asile (CESEDA).\n\nFrance also adheres to international agreements which provide for application modalities for the right of asylum, such as the 1951 United Nations (UN) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (ratified in 1952), the additional 1967 protocol; articles K1 and K2 of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty as well as the 1985 Schengen Agreement, which defined EU immigration policy. Finally, the right of asylum is defined by article 18 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.\n\nSome of the criteria for which an asylum application can be rejected include: i) Passage via “safe\" third country, ii) Safe Country of Origin (An asylum seeker can be a prior refused asylum if he or she is a national of a country considered to be \"safe\" by the French asylum authority OFPRA), iii) Safety Threat (serious threat to the public order), or iv) Fraudulent Application (abuse of the asylum procedure for other reasons).\n\nThe December 10, 2003, law limited political asylum through two main restrictions:\n\nThe notion of \"internal asylum\": the request may be rejected if the foreigner may benefit from political asylum on a portion of the territory of their home country.\nThe OFPRA (Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides – French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons) now makes a list of allegedly \"safe countries\" which respect political rights and principles of liberty. If the demander of asylum comes from such a country, the request is processed in 15 days, and receives no social assistance protection. They may contest the decision, but this does not suspend any deportation order. The first list, enacted in July 2005, included as \"safe countries\" Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Mali, Mauritius Island, India, Senegal, Mongolia, Georgia, Ukraine, Bosnia and Croatia. It had the effect of reducing in six months by about 80% the number of applicants from these countries. The second list, passed in July 2006, included Tanzania, Madagascar, Niger, Albania and Macedonia.\nWhile restricted, the right of political asylum has been conserved in France amid various anti-immigration laws. Some people claim that, apart from the purely judicial path, the bureaucratic process is used to slow down and ultimately reject what might be considered as valid requests. According to Le Figaro, France granted 7,000 people the status of political refugee in 2006, out of a total of 35,000 requests; in 2005, the OFPRA in charge of examining the legitimacy of such requests granted less than 10,000 from a total of 50,000 requests.\n\nNumerous exiles from South American dictatorships, particularly from Augusto Pinochet's Chile and the Dirty War in Argentina, were received in the 1970s-80s.\n\nSince the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, tens of homeless Afghan asylum seekers have been sleeping in a park in Paris near the Gare de l'Est train station. Although their demands haven't been yet accepted, their presence has been tolerated. However, since the end of 2005, NGOs have been noting that the police separate Afghans from other migrants during raids, and expel via charters those who have just arrived at Gare de l'Est by train and haven't had time to demand asylum (a May 30, 2005, decree requires them to pay for a translator to help with official formalities).\n\n\nThis article uses material from the Wikipedia article Right of asylum, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.",
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No active witness votes.
[]