Ecoer Logo
VOTING POWER100.00%
DOWNVOTE POWER100.00%
RESOURCE CREDITS100.00%
REPUTATION PROGRESS0.00%
Net Worth
0.007USD
STEEM
0.000STEEM
SBD
0.000SBD
Effective Power
5.011SP
├── Own SP
0.125SP
└── Incoming Deleg
+4.886SP

Detailed Balance

STEEM
balance
0.000STEEM
market_balance
0.000STEEM
savings_balance
0.000STEEM
reward_steem_balance
0.000STEEM
STEEM POWER
Own SP
0.125SP
Delegated Out
0.000SP
Delegation In
4.886SP
Effective Power
5.011SP
Reward SP (pending)
0.000SP
SBD
sbd_balance
0.000SBD
sbd_conversions
0.000SBD
sbd_market_balance
0.000SBD
savings_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
reward_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
{
  "balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "203.080321 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "7940.579485 VESTS",
  "sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "conversions": []
}

Account Info

namesaimum30
id1058360
rank250,546
reputation212613700
created2018-06-23T19:25:18
recovery_accountsteem
proxyNone
post_count7
comment_count0
lifetime_vote_count0
witnesses_voted_for0
last_post2018-08-31T14:13:36
last_root_post2018-08-31T14:13:36
last_vote_time2018-08-31T14:13:48
proxied_vsf_votes0, 0, 0, 0
can_vote1
voting_power0
delayed_votes0
balance0.000 STEEM
savings_balance0.000 STEEM
sbd_balance0.000 SBD
savings_sbd_balance0.000 SBD
vesting_shares203.080321 VESTS
delegated_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
received_vesting_shares7940.579485 VESTS
reward_vesting_balance0.000000 VESTS
vesting_balance0.000 STEEM
vesting_withdraw_rate0.000000 VESTS
next_vesting_withdrawal1969-12-31T23:59:59
withdrawn0
to_withdraw0
withdraw_routes0
savings_withdraw_requests0
last_account_recovery1970-01-01T00:00:00
reset_accountnull
last_owner_update1970-01-01T00:00:00
last_account_update1970-01-01T00:00:00
minedNo
sbd_seconds0
sbd_last_interest_payment1970-01-01T00:00:00
savings_sbd_last_interest_payment1970-01-01T00:00:00
{
  "active": {
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM7N6AfEvik9BvJ53CXAvZL4sSUsBWXMzQVYFtGAijk6mc36QMgU",
        1
      ]
    ],
    "weight_threshold": 1
  },
  "balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "can_vote": true,
  "comment_count": 0,
  "created": "2018-06-23T19:25:18",
  "curation_rewards": 0,
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "downvote_manabar": {
    "current_mana": 2035914951,
    "last_update_time": 1779084183
  },
  "guest_bloggers": [],
  "id": 1058360,
  "json_metadata": "{}",
  "last_account_recovery": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "last_account_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "last_owner_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "last_post": "2018-08-31T14:13:36",
  "last_root_post": "2018-08-31T14:13:36",
  "last_vote_time": "2018-08-31T14:13:48",
  "lifetime_vote_count": 0,
  "market_history": [],
  "memo_key": "STM814NUw363kBqg521LaQ3QPhwmCBesCm1CnSkbb5QuGh6KAdAfd",
  "mined": false,
  "name": "saimum30",
  "next_vesting_withdrawal": "1969-12-31T23:59:59",
  "other_history": [],
  "owner": {
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM5Qhi7Xi7fjF6Wk4iwnmSuSsWHTcEK76Pct9FnbzQz5kExX34EN",
        1
      ]
    ],
    "weight_threshold": 1
  },
  "pending_claimed_accounts": 0,
  "post_bandwidth": 0,
  "post_count": 7,
  "post_history": [],
  "posting": {
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM5DLnhZDz3McU29XxCRkUbfZq8zAaPwTYak78hSH4fPPDsefkUV",
        1
      ]
    ],
    "weight_threshold": 1
  },
  "posting_json_metadata": "",
  "posting_rewards": 0,
  "proxied_vsf_votes": [
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0
  ],
  "proxy": "",
  "received_vesting_shares": "7940.579485 VESTS",
  "recovery_account": "steem",
  "reputation": 212613700,
  "reset_account": "null",
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_vesting_balance": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "reward_vesting_steem": "0.000 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_last_interest_payment": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_sbd_seconds": "0",
  "savings_sbd_seconds_last_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_withdraw_requests": 0,
  "sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "sbd_last_interest_payment": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "sbd_seconds": "0",
  "sbd_seconds_last_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "tags_usage": [],
  "to_withdraw": 0,
  "transfer_history": [],
  "vesting_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "203.080321 VESTS",
  "vesting_withdraw_rate": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "vote_history": [],
  "voting_manabar": {
    "current_mana": "8143659806",
    "last_update_time": 1779084183
  },
  "voting_power": 0,
  "withdraw_routes": 0,
  "withdrawn": 0,
  "witness_votes": [],
  "witnesses_voted_for": 0,
  "rank": 250546
}

Withdraw Routes

IncomingOutgoing
Empty
Empty
{
  "incoming": [],
  "outgoing": []
}
From Date
To Date
steemdelegated 4.886 SP to @saimum30
2026/05/18 06:03:03
delegatorsteem
delegateesaimum30
vesting shares7940.579485 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #106150375/Trx b662612923ccc5c814505cf77f084f6ce39e8855
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "b662612923ccc5c814505cf77f084f6ce39e8855",
  "block": 106150375,
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-05-18T06:03:03",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "saimum30",
      "vesting_shares": "7940.579485 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 3.217 SP to @saimum30
2026/05/13 03:24:27
delegatorsteem
delegateesaimum30
vesting shares5228.369080 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #106003925/Trx 93b313f1ac2585ff7a9e8c20d79a6700be86f391
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "93b313f1ac2585ff7a9e8c20d79a6700be86f391",
  "block": 106003925,
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-05-13T03:24:27",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "saimum30",
      "vesting_shares": "5228.369080 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 4.893 SP to @saimum30
2026/04/26 05:15:00
delegatorsteem
delegateesaimum30
vesting shares7953.095241 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #105517863/Trx 42f6e620a88c9e7344b3c4ad549ec643f80395a1
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "42f6e620a88c9e7344b3c4ad549ec643f80395a1",
  "block": 105517863,
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-04-26T05:15:00",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "saimum30",
      "vesting_shares": "7953.095241 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 3.243 SP to @saimum30
2026/01/23 23:23:54
delegatorsteem
delegateesaimum30
vesting shares5269.915899 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #102870496/Trx 01fe33bcc9ffd388f32475d416d5e00e323c6d19
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "01fe33bcc9ffd388f32475d416d5e00e323c6d19",
  "block": 102870496,
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-01-23T23:23:54",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "saimum30",
      "vesting_shares": "5269.915899 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 3.344 SP to @saimum30
2024/12/17 18:34:15
delegatorsteem
delegateesaimum30
vesting shares5434.135096 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #91316715/Trx 1a40d739fe0170c0ace835b0da8ab9f49a098e1a
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "1a40d739fe0170c0ace835b0da8ab9f49a098e1a",
  "block": 91316715,
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2024-12-17T18:34:15",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "saimum30",
      "vesting_shares": "5434.135096 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 3.448 SP to @saimum30
2023/11/14 10:15:39
delegatorsteem
delegateesaimum30
vesting shares5603.268628 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #79870871/Trx 31bb66d90260e88dd37b269c153fc7c372a66964
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "31bb66d90260e88dd37b269c153fc7c372a66964",
  "block": 79870871,
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-11-14T10:15:39",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "saimum30",
      "vesting_shares": "5603.268628 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.255 SP to @saimum30
2023/09/22 10:06:54
delegatorsteem
delegateesaimum30
vesting shares8540.177414 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #78362534/Trx c8a298dc794827609a5121ed5f8d6a657219e4a6
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "c8a298dc794827609a5121ed5f8d6a657219e4a6",
  "block": 78362534,
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-09-22T10:06:54",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "saimum30",
      "vesting_shares": "8540.177414 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.391 SP to @saimum30
2022/11/03 17:36:27
delegatorsteem
delegateesaimum30
vesting shares8762.228852 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #69120313/Trx ede9dde40e6919140130b4bf1bd23bce3ec22517
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "ede9dde40e6919140130b4bf1bd23bce3ec22517",
  "block": 69120313,
  "trx_in_block": 7,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2022-11-03T17:36:27",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "saimum30",
      "vesting_shares": "8762.228852 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.527 SP to @saimum30
2022/01/17 22:49:45
delegatorsteem
delegateesaimum30
vesting shares8982.336453 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #60823588/Trx ef322bac5952a41589f7a5e184e086a6296a75f9
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "ef322bac5952a41589f7a5e184e086a6296a75f9",
  "block": 60823588,
  "trx_in_block": 51,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2022-01-17T22:49:45",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "saimum30",
      "vesting_shares": "8982.336453 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.640 SP to @saimum30
2021/06/14 06:01:15
delegatorsteem
delegateesaimum30
vesting shares9166.530741 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #54613928/Trx 000b31112a059775290d33812aace509597bd784
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "000b31112a059775290d33812aace509597bd784",
  "block": 54613928,
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2021-06-14T06:01:15",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "saimum30",
      "vesting_shares": "9166.530741 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.755 SP to @saimum30
2020/12/11 16:13:54
delegatorsteem
delegateesaimum30
vesting shares9353.952715 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49361200/Trx 36317c0778dfeff541cbe67a1121e2e399b71ce2
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "36317c0778dfeff541cbe67a1121e2e399b71ce2",
  "block": 49361200,
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-11T16:13:54",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "saimum30",
      "vesting_shares": "9353.952715 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 1.177 SP to @saimum30
2020/12/06 09:49:36
delegatorsteem
delegateesaimum30
vesting shares1912.543513 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49212725/Trx e622c856922817c66bcda2db6bad233e557f9543
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "e622c856922817c66bcda2db6bad233e557f9543",
  "block": 49212725,
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-06T09:49:36",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "saimum30",
      "vesting_shares": "1912.543513 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.759 SP to @saimum30
2020/12/05 19:51:39
delegatorsteem
delegateesaimum30
vesting shares9360.160569 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49196281/Trx fb36a78d3849ba3e5404a14f7f080509ecfa23dc
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "fb36a78d3849ba3e5404a14f7f080509ecfa23dc",
  "block": 49196281,
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-05T19:51:39",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "saimum30",
      "vesting_shares": "9360.160569 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 1.181 SP to @saimum30
2020/11/03 02:15:24
delegatorsteem
delegateesaimum30
vesting shares1920.017158 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #48270303/Trx 21aaed22a9c1acc796eaff0f392f6cf6b4834b47
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "21aaed22a9c1acc796eaff0f392f6cf6b4834b47",
  "block": 48270303,
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-11-03T02:15:24",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "saimum30",
      "vesting_shares": "1920.017158 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.884 SP to @saimum30
2020/05/09 10:52:30
delegatorsteem
delegateesaimum30
vesting shares9562.965928 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #43223048/Trx af08be10e5713cbba2199d938505c57a8892804e
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "af08be10e5713cbba2199d938505c57a8892804e",
  "block": 43223048,
  "trx_in_block": 15,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-05-09T10:52:30",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "saimum30",
      "vesting_shares": "9562.965928 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 1.202 SP to @saimum30
2020/05/08 15:14:54
delegatorsteem
delegateesaimum30
vesting shares1953.311140 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #43200057/Trx 1a64f6abcff8e8ccd3a8c40093e3d827e7a1a0e5
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "1a64f6abcff8e8ccd3a8c40093e3d827e7a1a0e5",
  "block": 43200057,
  "trx_in_block": 9,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-05-08T15:14:54",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "saimum30",
      "vesting_shares": "1953.311140 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
steemdelegated 5.948 SP to @saimum30
2019/11/05 02:28:42
delegatorsteem
delegateesaimum30
vesting shares9667.114546 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #37896754/Trx c685414d46460f2ccd56ab859bf28971f22c13f2
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "c685414d46460f2ccd56ab859bf28971f22c13f2",
  "block": 37896754,
  "trx_in_block": 15,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-11-05T02:28:42",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "saimum30",
      "vesting_shares": "9667.114546 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
2019/06/23 21:15:51
parent authorsaimum30
parent permlink2018-s-top-10-popular-wordpress-themes-in-themeforest
authorsteemitboard
permlinksteemitboard-notify-saimum30-20190623t211551000z
title
bodyCongratulations @saimum30! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@saimum30/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table> <sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@saimum30) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=saimum30)_</sub> **Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:** <table><tr><td><a href="https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/the-steem-community-has-lost-an-epic-member-farewell-woflhart"><img src="https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQWnM36SWCPGn98nY83M1ArgweMz5fnovQEp2E4FiDdug/Wolfhart_header.png"></a></td><td><a href="https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/the-steem-community-has-lost-an-epic-member-farewell-woflhart">The Steem community has lost an epic member! Farewell @woflhart!</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://steemit.com/steemtoolbar/@steemitboard/steemtoolbar-update-display-bug-fixed"><img src="https://steemitimages.com/64x128/http://i.cubeupload.com/7CiQEO.png"></a></td><td><a href="https://steemit.com/steemtoolbar/@steemitboard/steemtoolbar-update-display-bug-fixed">SteemitBoard - Witness Update</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://steemit.com/steem/@steemitboard/do-not-miss-the-coming-rocky-mountain-steem-meetup-and-get-a-new-community-badge"><img src="https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUphCGZFWgt6bJ1XTtunV7esnwy6bxnGqcLcHAV3NEqnQ/meetup-rocky-mountain.png"></a></td><td><a href="https://steemit.com/steem/@steemitboard/do-not-miss-the-coming-rocky-mountain-steem-meetup-and-get-a-new-community-badge">Do not miss the coming Rocky Mountain Steem Meetup and get a new community badge!</a></td></tr></table> ###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!
json metadata{"image":["https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png"]}
Transaction InfoBlock #34061298/Trx a32be57d5cf2b76b39b4e00225099f257a487401
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2019-06-23T21:15:51",
  "op": [
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2018/08/31 14:13:48
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2018/08/31 14:13:36
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permlink2018-s-top-10-popular-wordpress-themes-in-themeforest
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body01.AVADA Price:60$ Avada has been the #1 selling theme for more than 5 years made by theme fusion, making it the most trusted and complete WordPress theme on the market. Powerful options & tools, unlimited designs, responsive framework and amazing support are the reasons our customers have fallen in love. It is dedicated to providing you with the best experience possible.Avada gives you the ability to build virtually any design style. These professionally designed demos were built entirely from Avada’s included options and require no custom coding. Link:https://themeforest.net/item/avada-responsive-multipurpose-theme/2833226?ref=Saimum30 02.IMPREZA Rating:4.89 average based on 1705 ratings. Price:29$ Impreza is a multi-purpose WordPress theme, created with the best practices of modern site building.The theme is impeccable! It’s fluid, responsive, and has hours and hours of work into it.One of the best theme using Visual Composer and has much more features. Link:https://themeforest.net/item/impreza-retina-responsive-wordpress-theme/6434280?ref=Saimum30 03.BETHEME Rating:4.81 average based on 4961 ratings. Price:59$ BeTheme is one of the best worpress theme that muffingroup ever did.BE Theme not only a theme but also an advanced wordpress theme that has such advanced panel,drag and drop option and so more.It has more than 300 demo layout .Having such as this theme you need not to know any custom coding skill.All you have done by it as you want because of it’s advanced features. Link:https://themeforest.net/item/betheme-responsive-multipurpose-wordpress-theme/7758048?ref=Saimum30 04.THE7 Rating:4.77 average based on 6017 ratings Price:39$ The7 is a Multi-Purpose Website Building Toolkit for WordPress.It has full featured and seamless integration with Visual Composer and Ultimate Addons. Most of it’s buyers agree that The7 is the best theme to be used with these plugins, up to date! Its 750+ Theme Options allows to craft almost any imaginable design. And Design Wizard feature lets you create a boutique-grade website design in mere minutes. The7 comes bundled with Visual Composer page builder, Ultimate Addons, Slider Revolution, Layer Slider, Go Pricing Tables and ConvertPlug. It is also fully compatible with most popular plugins like WooCommerce, WPML, Yoast SEO, All in One WP Migration, W3 Total Cache and many others. Link:https://themeforest.net/item/the7-responsive-multipurpose-wordpress-theme/5556590?ref=Saimum30 05.ENFOLD Rating:4.84 average based on 8901 ratings Price:59$ Enfold Responsive Multi-Purpose Theme.It is a clean, super flexible and fully responsive WordPress Theme (try resizing your browser), suited for business websites, shop websites, and users who want to showcase their work on a neat portfolio site. The Theme is built on top of the fabulous Avia Framework and offers support for the WPML MULTI LANGUAGE plugin, just in case you need it ;) It comes with a plethora of options so you can modify layout, styling, colors and fonts directly from within the backend. Build your own clean skin or use one of 18 predefined skins right out from your WordPress Admin Panel. Font, background and color options as well as the dynamic template builder will help you create the Website you need in no time. In addition to the global options you can set unique styling options for each entry as seen in the theme demo Link:https://themeforest.net/item/enfold-responsive-multipurpose-theme/4519990?ref=Saimum30 Source : http://www.themehunter.ml/2018s-top-10-popular-wordpress-themes/
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2018/08/31 12:45:00
parent authorsaimum30
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bodyHi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in: https://cointelegraph.com/bitcoin-for-beginners/what-are-cryptocurrencies
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2018/08/31 12:44:57
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2018/08/31 12:44:54
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saimum30published a new post: mining-of-cryptocurrency
2018/08/31 12:44:45
parent author
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authorsaimum30
permlinkmining-of-cryptocurrency
titleMining of Cryptocurrency
body![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUxHnTNQpyv2uRMEta1H1bYscdnrbhxZ8U92Btp1iTmt2/image.png) Miners are the single most important part of any cryptocurrency network, and much like trading, mining is an investment. Essentially, miners are providing a bookkeeping service for their respective communities. They contribute their computing power to solving complicated cryptographic puzzles, which is necessary to confirm a transaction and record it in a distributed public ledger called the Blockchain. One of the interesting things about mining is that the difficulty of the puzzles is constantly increasing, correlating with the number of people trying to solve it. So, the more popular a certain cryptocurrency becomes, the more people try to mine it, the more difficult the process becomes. A lot of people have made fortunes by mining Bitcoins. Back in the days, you could make substantial profits from mining using just your computer, or even a powerful enough laptop. These days, Bitcoin mining can only become profitable if you’re willing to invest in an industrial-grade mining hardware. This, of course, incurs huge electricity bills on top of the price of all the necessary equipment. Currently, Litecoins, Dogecoins and Feathercoins are said to be the best cryptocurrencies in terms of being cost-effective for beginners. For instance, at the current value of Litecoins, you might earn anything from 50 cents to 10 dollars a day using only consumer-grade hardware. But how do miners make profits? The more computing power they manage to accumulate, the more chances they have of solving the cryptographic puzzles. Once a miner manages to solve the puzzle, they receive a reward as well as a transaction fee. As a cryptocurrency attracts more interest, mining becomes harder and the amount of coins received as a reward decreases. For example, when Bitcoin was first created, the reward for successful mining was 50 BTC. Now, the reward stands at 12.5 Bitcoins. This happened because the Bitcoin network is designed so that there can only be a total of 21 mln coins in circulation. As of November 2017, almost 17 mln Bitcoins have been mined and distributed. However, as rewards are going to become smaller and smaller, every single Bitcoin mined will become exponentially more and more valuable. All of those factors make mining cryptocurrencies an extremely competitive arms race that rewards early adopters. However, depending on where you live, profits made from mining can be subject to taxation and Money Transmitting regulations. In the US, the FinCEN has issued a guidance, according to which mining of cryptocurrencies and exchanging them for flat currencies may be considered money transmitting. This means that miners might need to comply with special laws and regulations dealing with this type of activities. https://steemit.com/@saimum30
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      "body": "![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUxHnTNQpyv2uRMEta1H1bYscdnrbhxZ8U92Btp1iTmt2/image.png)\nMiners are the single most important part of any cryptocurrency network, and much like trading, mining is an investment. Essentially, miners are providing a bookkeeping service for their respective communities. They contribute their computing power to solving complicated cryptographic puzzles, which is necessary to confirm a transaction and record it in a distributed public ledger called the Blockchain.\nOne of the interesting things about mining is that the difficulty of the puzzles is constantly increasing, correlating with the number of people trying to solve it. So, the more popular a certain cryptocurrency becomes, the more people try to mine it, the more difficult the process becomes.\n\nA lot of people have made fortunes by mining Bitcoins. Back in the days, you could make substantial profits from mining using just your computer, or even a powerful enough laptop. These days, Bitcoin mining can only become profitable if you’re willing to invest in an industrial-grade mining hardware. This, of course, incurs huge electricity bills on top of the price of all the necessary equipment.\nCurrently, Litecoins, Dogecoins and Feathercoins are said to be the best cryptocurrencies in terms of being cost-effective for beginners. For instance, at the current value of Litecoins, you might earn anything from 50 cents to 10 dollars a day using only consumer-grade hardware.\n\nBut how do miners make profits? The more computing power they manage to accumulate, the more chances they have of solving the cryptographic puzzles. Once a miner manages to solve the puzzle, they receive a reward as well as a transaction fee.\n\nAs a cryptocurrency attracts more interest, mining becomes harder and the amount of coins received as a reward decreases. For example, when Bitcoin was first created, the reward for successful mining was 50 BTC. Now, the reward stands at 12.5 Bitcoins. This happened because the Bitcoin network is designed so that there can only be a total of 21 mln coins in circulation.\n\nAs of November 2017, almost 17 mln Bitcoins have been mined and distributed. However, as rewards are going to become smaller and smaller, every single Bitcoin mined will become exponentially more and more valuable.\n\nAll of those factors make mining cryptocurrencies an extremely competitive arms race that rewards early adopters. However, depending on where you live, profits made from mining can be subject to taxation and Money Transmitting regulations. In the US, the FinCEN has issued a guidance, according to which mining of cryptocurrencies and exchanging them for flat currencies may be considered money transmitting. This means that miners might need to comply with special laws and regulations dealing with this type of activities.\n                                                                               https://steemit.com/@saimum30",
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2018/08/31 12:37:57
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2018/08/31 12:30:45
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2018/08/31 12:25:27
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2018/08/31 12:22:09
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2018/08/31 12:21:30
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2018/08/31 12:19:54
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2018/08/31 12:18:57
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2018/08/31 12:18:57
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authorsaimum30
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2018/08/31 12:11:48
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2018/08/31 12:11:27
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2018/08/30 19:18:33
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2018/08/30 19:17:51
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2018/08/30 19:17:48
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2018/08/30 19:17:45
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2018/08/30 19:17:36
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authorsaimum30
permlinkworld-s-largest-bitcoin-mining-pool-launches-ethereum-operation
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body![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmfQvfboYY31Qsp7DrP9N1wHQHdjmDLvnrZvS7vGKBSbV9/image.png) The world’s largest bitcoin mining pool is preparing to expand its horizons. The pool will initially support both ethereum and ethereum classic, and users will have the ability to shift between the two Ethash-based cryptocurrencies to enhance profitability. “Because contracts are charged per line of executed code and miners are rewarded for dedicated hashes using GHOST, Ethereum provides multiple different reward incentives to contribute hash power to the network,” said Zhuang Zhong, director of BTC.com’s mining pool. “We hope to expand Ethereum’s network by relaying those rewards through our FPPS system. By competing to provide the best reward margins along with our product development, we expect mining operations to grow to 12% of ETH total hashrate in the next 12 months.” ![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQMpk1cwMBpjNPd2XQubNnBSeoFQQmov2TjXK2VqnFW5h/image.png) BTC.com is one of two mining pools owned by Bitmain, the dominant manufacturer of ASIC mining hardware. Earlier this year, Bitmain released the first ASICs compatible with the Ethash mining algorithm, which previously had been mined primarily with general purpose GPU chips The announcement prompted a heated debate within the Ethereum community over whether the cryptocurrency should fork to maintain ASIC resistance, but, as of yet, this has not happened. Notably, BTC.com also said that it is not concerned about Ethereum’s planned transition to Casper, a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus algorithm that will replace its current consensus model, with is secured by the Proof-of-Work-based (PoW) Ethash algorithm. Commenting on BTC.com’s plans for when Ethereum begins migrating to PoS, Zhuang Zhong said, “it’s still possible to host a mining pool in PoS mode. It will increase the complexity to design such a pool since miners need to deposit ether to the mining pool, but we have a lot of hands-on experience with wallet and Ethereum smart contracts to make a PoS mining pool possible.”
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2018/08/30 18:56:09
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2018/08/30 18:55:51
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2018/08/30 17:35:00
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2018/08/30 17:34:42
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2018/08/30 17:34:27
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2018/08/30 17:28:15
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titleEconomist William Luther on the popularity of cryptocurrencies, attitudes toward the blockchain, and the future of the Bitcoin market
body![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVDPn7fjUhYoY28vsrt8JGobWyEpisjpL966pC51LKDdW/image.png) How did bitcoin being initially a piece of code become an internationally accepted currency? In the Sun Also Rises, the character Mike Campbell is asked how he went bankrupt. “Two ways,” – Mike said – “Gradually and then suddenly.” Much the same could be said about the successful launch of bitcoin. For the first year, it was barely known outset a small group of coders. It was essentially worthless for the first nine months. There wasn’t even an exchange until March 2010, more than a year after its launch. So it was slow going at first. However, in July 2010 a Slashdot article introduced bitcoin to a much bigger community. The Silk Road, which launched in February 2011, provided an important early use case. Many people experimented with the new technology and saw its value. In doing so, they expanded the network of users and made it easier for others to experiment. As a monetary economist, it has been incredible to watch this happen in real time. What macroeconomic factors prevent cryptocurrencies from spreading worldwide? Bitcoin’s market capitalization is much larger than currencies from small countries like Costa Rica. However, as a global currency, it does not yet have the demand that early proponents hoped for. It has not replaced the dollar in international trade, for example, and there are several potential explanations here. First, all monies are subject to what economists call network effects. You want to use the money that your trading partners are using and vice versa. That means that, unless your currency is terrible, you are reluctant to switch to some new alternative. Second, there are costs to switching. You need to learn some new way of doing things. You might need to replace your existing technology—perhaps, from a card reader to a QR code scanner. By piggybacking on existing technologies, those in the bitcoin space have lowered these costs. But they are still not zero. So it will take some time for folks to switch if they decide to switch at all. Finally, it is worth noting the huge role that governments play. Large governments like the US can create a lot of demand for their currencies by committing to make and receive payments in those currencies and not others. There is some ambiguity in some jurisdictions about whether private contracts denominated in bitcoin will be enforced. There is perhaps even more uncertainty regarding the regulations that those providing bitcoin exchanges and other financial services will be subject to in the future. All of these factors discourage users from giving up their national currencies for bitcoin. How do factors like the devaluation of Chinese Yuan, the UK’s decision to leave the EU, and unpredictable Trump’s presidency influence the market of cryptocurrencies and the value of Bitcoin? The worse that existing currencies perform, the more likely individuals are to switch to some alternative like bitcoin. With that said, it is difficult to say whether and to what extent any of those shocks contributed to the long run demand of bitcoin. The world is complex, with a lot of things happening at once, and we don’t observe the counterfactual where, for example, the UK decides not to leave the EU. In my own research, I have looked at bitcoin app downloads immediately before and after the Cyprus bailout announcement and find that they increased a bit in Spain. How much does this affect the long run demand for bitcoin? It is difficult to say. What would happen if cryptocurrencies were banned in some countries and legally integrated into the economy in others? Fortunately, few countries have taken steps to ban bitcoin to date and few seem interested in banning it in the future. The problem with predicting the effects of a ban on bitcoin is that those countries that are most likely to ban it tend also to be those with large structural problems. They spend beyond their means and fail to encourage productivity more broadly by securing private property rights, enforcing contracts, etc. Moreover, these same countries would probably have a harder time actually banning bitcoin, both because their governments tend to be less effective and because their state-sponsored currencies tend to be less attractive, meaning individuals are willing to incur more costs (read: prison, confiscation of wealth) to use a superior alternative. I think banning bitcoin is a terrible idea. To the extent that it lowers transaction costs, individuals should be free to enjoy those productivity gains over the antiquated payment systems that dominate today. Even if they don’t lower transaction costs, banning bitcoin would send a strong negative signal to those working on the next iteration of blockchain technologies. I think we want those technologies to be developed. Economic growth is all about doing more with less. And these technologies offer some hope along those lines. What are the most popular means of preventing the spread of the cryptocurrencies? Some people think that governments cannot ban bitcoin because all of the transactions take place online and there is no central authority that a government can subpoena or shut down. It is true that a government would have a difficult time stopping all transactions. But it wouldn’t need to. Most transactions—and even most bitcoin transactions today—involve some physical presence. You might order that cute new dress online, but it gets delivered to your door. What stops the government from posing as an online merchant or customer? The fact is that, if a sufficiently large government were committed to stamping out bitcoin, it could prevent all large online retailers from accepting bitcoin; it could prevent shopkeepers from posting “bitcoin accepted here” signs in their storefronts; and, in doing so, it would drastically reduce the attractiveness of bitcoin for the rest of us. How would you describe the future of cryptocurrencies? I see the blockchain technology as a genuine technological advance. It enables us to do something that we were not able to do before. I would be very surprised if we do not see more and more applications of this technology in the future. However, it is difficult to say precisely what forms this will take. Perhaps bitcoin will become the global currency. Perhaps some other cryptocurrency will replace bitcoin. Perhaps either bitcoin or some other cryptocurrency or both will live on as a niche currency, used in a small set of transactions like international remittances or online micropayments. Perhaps central banks will introduce a blockchain application to replace their legacy interbank payment systems while leaving the retail payment system that most of us interact with largely unchanged. How would you estimate the future perspectives of the smart contracts? Smart contracts are very interesting, but I am not yet prepared to say that they will replace traditional firms very soon. Firms are embedded with a lot of sophisticated information that is difficult to articulate and, hence, difficult to specify in a smart contract. Somethings can certainly be programmed, but a lot of production is messy. I am not sure that is avoidable, and I am not sure we want to avoid that messiness. That messiness does some of the work. I think we are too quick to dismiss intermediaries as useless middlemen. My mortgage originator isn’t just processing the paperwork for my loan. She is also answering questions, providing some perspective, and making me feel more comfortable about the huge decision that I am making. Intermediaries provide value. To the extent that smart contracts significantly lower costs without reducing the value that intermediaries provide, I expect they will be adopted. If they can’t do that, they might still be adopted, but alongside corresponding institutions that serve those other roles. So, in that case, we might see the role of the middleman transformed but not eliminated entirely. But it is probably too early to say much more than that. What would happen if all private blockchains converged? There is a fair number of applications that might prefer to limit access to their blockchain to those parties involved in the transactions. If you work for a large company, they don’t have a separate bank account for every line in their budget—or even every department. They take care of all that internally and interact with the bank in a more simplified way. It is not clear that they—or their customers—would want the level of transparency that would come with a global blockchain. We might also think of niche applications. Perhaps you are a baseball card trader. You might start a private blockchain to track ownership of cards for those in your club. If you interact rarely with those outside your club or are concerned about privacy and the costs of managing a niche blockchain are sufficiently small, you might opt for a narrow purpose blockchain. So, full convergence seems unlikely. How can the problem of identity on a blockchain be solved? I am not sure that it is a problem. We can use it when anonymity is useful and eschew it when it is not. At the same time, we could create a registration system for a non-anonymous blockchain and make the user list public. I am not convinced that we want or need a one-size-fits-all solution to transacting. What are general advantages of alternative cryptocurrencies compared to bitcoin? I think the altcoin space is interesting. On the one hand, it lacks the network size of bitcoin by a lot, and network effects are huge. On the other hand, it has gained some market share. I think that is largely because people find value in some of the features that new coins offer. Bitcoin is really limited in the extent to which it can evolve. It will be interesting to see whether the desirability of evolving is sufficient to prompt mass switching from bitcoin to alternatives. How do early adopters of bitcoin and official holders of bitcoin (banks, corporations, etc.) interact? In the early days, there were a lot of folks interested in bitcoin as a replacement for the traditional financial system. It was launched as the financial crisis was underway, so that weighed heavily on everyone’s mind. Today, there is less angst about banks and other corporations in general. New adopters of bitcoin seem less interested in a revolution and more interested in the prospects of a superior payment system. But, at the same time, I hope that the ancillary institutions in the bitcoin ecosystem continue to provide sufficient scope for those preferring to avoid intermediaries. You can think of it like those using cash today. Most of us swipe our cards without much concern that we will be defrauded or monitored. We trust that our banks will do right for us. Others don’t have faith in those institutions and they are free to use cash. I just hope we will be using bitcoin—or something even better—in a generation or so.
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      "body": "![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVDPn7fjUhYoY28vsrt8JGobWyEpisjpL966pC51LKDdW/image.png)\nHow did bitcoin being initially a piece of code become an internationally accepted currency?\n\nIn the Sun Also Rises, the character Mike Campbell is asked how he went bankrupt. “Two ways,” – Mike said – “Gradually and then suddenly.” Much the same could be said about the successful launch of bitcoin. For the first year, it was barely known outset a small group of coders. It was essentially worthless for the first nine months. There wasn’t even an exchange until March 2010, more than a year after its launch. So it was slow going at first. However, in July 2010 a Slashdot article introduced bitcoin to a much bigger community. The Silk Road, which launched in February 2011, provided an important early use case. Many people experimented with the new technology and saw its value. In doing so, they expanded the network of users and made it easier for others to experiment. 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By piggybacking on existing technologies, those in the bitcoin space have lowered these costs. But they are still not zero. So it will take some time for folks to switch if they decide to switch at all.\nFinally, it is worth noting the huge role that governments play. Large governments like the US can create a lot of demand for their currencies by committing to make and receive payments in those currencies and not others. There is some ambiguity in some jurisdictions about whether private contracts denominated in bitcoin will be enforced. There is perhaps even more uncertainty regarding the regulations that those providing bitcoin exchanges and other financial services will be subject to in the future. All of these factors discourage users from giving up their national currencies for bitcoin.\n\nHow do factors like the devaluation of Chinese Yuan, the UK’s decision to leave the EU, and unpredictable Trump’s presidency influence the market of cryptocurrencies and the value of Bitcoin?\n\nThe worse that existing currencies perform, the more likely individuals are to switch to some alternative like bitcoin. With that said, it is difficult to say whether and to what extent any of those shocks contributed to the long run demand of bitcoin. The world is complex, with a lot of things happening at once, and we don’t observe the counterfactual where, for example, the UK decides not to leave the EU. In my own research, I have looked at bitcoin app downloads immediately before and after the Cyprus bailout announcement and find that they increased a bit in Spain. How much does this affect the long run demand for bitcoin? 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To the extent that it lowers transaction costs, individuals should be free to enjoy those productivity gains over the antiquated payment systems that dominate today. Even if they don’t lower transaction costs, banning bitcoin would send a strong negative signal to those working on the next iteration of blockchain technologies. I think we want those technologies to be developed. Economic growth is all about doing more with less. And these technologies offer some hope along those lines.\n\n\nWhat are the most popular means of preventing the spread of the cryptocurrencies?\n\nSome people think that governments cannot ban bitcoin because all of the transactions take place online and there is no central authority that a government can subpoena or shut down. It is true that a government would have a difficult time stopping all transactions. But it wouldn’t need to. Most transactions—and even most bitcoin transactions today—involve some physical presence. You might order that cute new dress online, but it gets delivered to your door. What stops the government from posing as an online merchant or customer? The fact is that, if a sufficiently large government were committed to stamping out bitcoin, it could prevent all large online retailers from accepting bitcoin; it could prevent shopkeepers from posting “bitcoin accepted here” signs in their storefronts; and, in doing so, it would drastically reduce the attractiveness of bitcoin for the rest of us.\n\nHow would you describe the future of cryptocurrencies?\n\nI see the blockchain technology as a genuine technological advance. It enables us to do something that we were not able to do before. I would be very surprised if we do not see more and more applications of this technology in the future. However, it is difficult to say precisely what forms this will take. Perhaps bitcoin will become the global currency. Perhaps some other cryptocurrency will replace bitcoin. Perhaps either bitcoin or some other cryptocurrency or both will live on as a niche currency, used in a small set of transactions like international remittances or online micropayments. Perhaps central banks will introduce a blockchain application to replace their legacy interbank payment systems while leaving the retail payment system that most of us interact with largely unchanged.\n\nHow would you estimate the future perspectives of the smart contracts?\n\nSmart contracts are very interesting, but I am not yet prepared to say that they will replace traditional firms very soon. Firms are embedded with a lot of sophisticated information that is difficult to articulate and, hence, difficult to specify in a smart contract. Somethings can certainly be programmed, but a lot of production is messy. I am not sure that is avoidable, and I am not sure we want to avoid that messiness. 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If you work for a large company, they don’t have a separate bank account for every line in their budget—or even every department. They take care of all that internally and interact with the bank in a more simplified way. It is not clear that they—or their customers—would want the level of transparency that would come with a global blockchain. We might also think of niche applications. Perhaps you are a baseball card trader. You might start a private blockchain to track ownership of cards for those in your club. If you interact rarely with those outside your club or are concerned about privacy and the costs of managing a niche blockchain are sufficiently small, you might opt for a narrow purpose blockchain. So, full convergence seems unlikely.\n\nHow can the problem of identity on a blockchain be solved?\n\nI am not sure that it is a problem. We can use it when anonymity is useful and eschew it when it is not. 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2018/08/30 17:22:18
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2018/08/30 17:22:15
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2018/08/30 17:22:15
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2018/08/30 17:22:06
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2018/08/30 17:22:06
parent author
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authorsaimum30
permlinkeconomist-william-luther-on-the-popularity-of-cryptocurrencies-attitudes-toward-the-blockchain-and-the-future-of-the-bitcoin
titleEconomist William Luther on the popularity of cryptocurrencies, attitudes toward the blockchain, and the future of the Bitcoin market
body![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVDPn7fjUhYoY28vsrt8JGobWyEpisjpL966pC51LKDdW/image.png) How did bitcoin being initially a piece of code become an internationally accepted currency? In the Sun Also Rises, the character Mike Campbell is asked how he went bankrupt. “Two ways,” – Mike said – “Gradually and then suddenly.” Much the same could be said about the successful launch of bitcoin. For the first year, it was barely known outset a small group of coders. It was essentially worthless for the first nine months. There wasn’t even an exchange until March 2010, more than a year after its launch. So it was slow going at first. However, in July 2010 a Slashdot article introduced bitcoin to a much bigger community. The Silk Road, which launched in February 2011, provided an important early use case. Many people experimented with the new technology and saw its value. In doing so, they expanded the network of users and made it easier for others to experiment. As a monetary economist, it has been incredible to watch this happen in real time. What macroeconomic factors prevent cryptocurrencies from spreading worldwide? Bitcoin’s market capitalization is much larger than currencies from small countries like Costa Rica. However, as a global currency, it does not yet have the demand that early proponents hoped for. It has not replaced the dollar in international trade, for example, and there are several potential explanations here. First, all monies are subject to what economists call network effects. You want to use the money that your trading partners are using and vice versa. That means that, unless your currency is terrible, you are reluctant to switch to some new alternative. Second, there are costs to switching. You need to learn some new way of doing things. You might need to replace your existing technology—perhaps, from a card reader to a QR code scanner. By piggybacking on existing technologies, those in the bitcoin space have lowered these costs. But they are still not zero. So it will take some time for folks to switch if they decide to switch at all. Finally, it is worth noting the huge role that governments play. Large governments like the US can create a lot of demand for their currencies by committing to make and receive payments in those currencies and not others. There is some ambiguity in some jurisdictions about whether private contracts denominated in bitcoin will be enforced. There is perhaps even more uncertainty regarding the regulations that those providing bitcoin exchanges and other financial services will be subject to in the future. All of these factors discourage users from giving up their national currencies for bitcoin. How do factors like the devaluation of Chinese Yuan, the UK’s decision to leave the EU, and unpredictable Trump’s presidency influence the market of cryptocurrencies and the value of Bitcoin? The worse that existing currencies perform, the more likely individuals are to switch to some alternative like bitcoin. With that said, it is difficult to say whether and to what extent any of those shocks contributed to the long run demand of bitcoin. The world is complex, with a lot of things happening at once, and we don’t observe the counterfactual where, for example, the UK decides not to leave the EU. In my own research, I have looked at bitcoin app downloads immediately before and after the Cyprus bailout announcement and find that they increased a bit in Spain. How much does this affect the long run demand for bitcoin? It is difficult to say. What would happen if cryptocurrencies were banned in some countries and legally integrated into the economy in others? Fortunately, few countries have taken steps to ban bitcoin to date and few seem interested in banning it in the future. The problem with predicting the effects of a ban on bitcoin is that those countries that are most likely to ban it tend also to be those with large structural problems. They spend beyond their means and fail to encourage productivity more broadly by securing private property rights, enforcing contracts, etc. Moreover, these same countries would probably have a harder time actually banning bitcoin, both because their governments tend to be less effective and because their state-sponsored currencies tend to be less attractive, meaning individuals are willing to incur more costs (read: prison, confiscation of wealth) to use a superior alternative. I think banning bitcoin is a terrible idea. To the extent that it lowers transaction costs, individuals should be free to enjoy those productivity gains over the antiquated payment systems that dominate today. Even if they don’t lower transaction costs, banning bitcoin would send a strong negative signal to those working on the next iteration of blockchain technologies. I think we want those technologies to be developed. Economic growth is all about doing more with less. And these technologies offer some hope along those lines. What are the most popular means of preventing the spread of the cryptocurrencies? Some people think that governments cannot ban bitcoin because all of the transactions take place online and there is no central authority that a government can subpoena or shut down. It is true that a government would have a difficult time stopping all transactions. But it wouldn’t need to. Most transactions—and even most bitcoin transactions today—involve some physical presence. You might order that cute new dress online, but it gets delivered to your door. What stops the government from posing as an online merchant or customer? The fact is that, if a sufficiently large government were committed to stamping out bitcoin, it could prevent all large online retailers from accepting bitcoin; it could prevent shopkeepers from posting “bitcoin accepted here” signs in their storefronts; and, in doing so, it would drastically reduce the attractiveness of bitcoin for the rest of us. How would you describe the future of cryptocurrencies? I see the blockchain technology as a genuine technological advance. It enables us to do something that we were not able to do before. I would be very surprised if we do not see more and more applications of this technology in the future. However, it is difficult to say precisely what forms this will take. Perhaps bitcoin will become the global currency. Perhaps some other cryptocurrency will replace bitcoin. Perhaps either bitcoin or some other cryptocurrency or both will live on as a niche currency, used in a small set of transactions like international remittances or online micropayments. Perhaps central banks will introduce a blockchain application to replace their legacy interbank payment systems while leaving the retail payment system that most of us interact with largely unchanged. How would you estimate the future perspectives of the smart contracts? Smart contracts are very interesting, but I am not yet prepared to say that they will replace traditional firms very soon. Firms are embedded with a lot of sophisticated information that is difficult to articulate and, hence, difficult to specify in a smart contract. Somethings can certainly be programmed, but a lot of production is messy. I am not sure that is avoidable, and I am not sure we want to avoid that messiness. That messiness does some of the work. I think we are too quick to dismiss intermediaries as useless middlemen. My mortgage originator isn’t just processing the paperwork for my loan. She is also answering questions, providing some perspective, and making me feel more comfortable about the huge decision that I am making. Intermediaries provide value. To the extent that smart contracts significantly lower costs without reducing the value that intermediaries provide, I expect they will be adopted. If they can’t do that, they might still be adopted, but alongside corresponding institutions that serve those other roles. So, in that case, we might see the role of the middleman transformed but not eliminated entirely. But it is probably too early to say much more than that. What would happen if all private blockchains converged? There is a fair number of applications that might prefer to limit access to their blockchain to those parties involved in the transactions. If you work for a large company, they don’t have a separate bank account for every line in their budget—or even every department. They take care of all that internally and interact with the bank in a more simplified way. It is not clear that they—or their customers—would want the level of transparency that would come with a global blockchain. We might also think of niche applications. Perhaps you are a baseball card trader. You might start a private blockchain to track ownership of cards for those in your club. If you interact rarely with those outside your club or are concerned about privacy and the costs of managing a niche blockchain are sufficiently small, you might opt for a narrow purpose blockchain. So, full convergence seems unlikely. How can the problem of identity on a blockchain be solved? I am not sure that it is a problem. We can use it when anonymity is useful and eschew it when it is not. At the same time, we could create a registration system for a non-anonymous blockchain and make the user list public. I am not convinced that we want or need a one-size-fits-all solution to transacting. What are general advantages of alternative cryptocurrencies compared to bitcoin? I think the altcoin space is interesting. On the one hand, it lacks the network size of bitcoin by a lot, and network effects are huge. On the other hand, it has gained some market share. I think that is largely because people find value in some of the features that new coins offer. Bitcoin is really limited in the extent to which it can evolve. It will be interesting to see whether the desirability of evolving is sufficient to prompt mass switching from bitcoin to alternatives. How do early adopters of bitcoin and official holders of bitcoin (banks, corporations, etc.) interact? In the early days, there were a lot of folks interested in bitcoin as a replacement for the traditional financial system. It was launched as the financial crisis was underway, so that weighed heavily on everyone’s mind. Today, there is less angst about banks and other corporations in general. New adopters of bitcoin seem less interested in a revolution and more interested in the prospects of a superior payment system. But, at the same time, I hope that the ancillary institutions in the bitcoin ecosystem continue to provide sufficient scope for those preferring to avoid intermediaries. You can think of it like those using cash today. Most of us swipe our cards without much concern that we will be defrauded or monitored. We trust that our banks will do right for us. Others don’t have faith in those institutions and they are free to use cash. I just hope we will be using bitcoin—or something even better—in a generation or so.
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      "body": "![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVDPn7fjUhYoY28vsrt8JGobWyEpisjpL966pC51LKDdW/image.png)\nHow did bitcoin being initially a piece of code become an internationally accepted currency?\n\nIn the Sun Also Rises, the character Mike Campbell is asked how he went bankrupt. “Two ways,” – Mike said – “Gradually and then suddenly.” Much the same could be said about the successful launch of bitcoin. For the first year, it was barely known outset a small group of coders. It was essentially worthless for the first nine months. There wasn’t even an exchange until March 2010, more than a year after its launch. So it was slow going at first. However, in July 2010 a Slashdot article introduced bitcoin to a much bigger community. The Silk Road, which launched in February 2011, provided an important early use case. Many people experimented with the new technology and saw its value. In doing so, they expanded the network of users and made it easier for others to experiment. As a monetary economist, it has been incredible to watch this happen in real time.\n\nWhat macroeconomic factors prevent cryptocurrencies from spreading worldwide?\n\nBitcoin’s market capitalization is much larger than currencies from small countries like Costa Rica. However, as a global currency, it does not yet have the demand that early proponents hoped for. It has not replaced the dollar in international trade, for example, and there are several potential explanations here.\nFirst, all monies are subject to what economists call network effects. You want to use the money that your trading partners are using and vice versa. That means that, unless your currency is terrible, you are reluctant to switch to some new alternative.\nSecond, there are costs to switching. You need to learn some new way of doing things. You might need to replace your existing technology—perhaps, from a card reader to a QR code scanner. By piggybacking on existing technologies, those in the bitcoin space have lowered these costs. But they are still not zero. So it will take some time for folks to switch if they decide to switch at all.\nFinally, it is worth noting the huge role that governments play. Large governments like the US can create a lot of demand for their currencies by committing to make and receive payments in those currencies and not others. There is some ambiguity in some jurisdictions about whether private contracts denominated in bitcoin will be enforced. There is perhaps even more uncertainty regarding the regulations that those providing bitcoin exchanges and other financial services will be subject to in the future. All of these factors discourage users from giving up their national currencies for bitcoin.\n\nHow do factors like the devaluation of Chinese Yuan, the UK’s decision to leave the EU, and unpredictable Trump’s presidency influence the market of cryptocurrencies and the value of Bitcoin?\n\nThe worse that existing currencies perform, the more likely individuals are to switch to some alternative like bitcoin. With that said, it is difficult to say whether and to what extent any of those shocks contributed to the long run demand of bitcoin. The world is complex, with a lot of things happening at once, and we don’t observe the counterfactual where, for example, the UK decides not to leave the EU. In my own research, I have looked at bitcoin app downloads immediately before and after the Cyprus bailout announcement and find that they increased a bit in Spain. How much does this affect the long run demand for bitcoin? It is difficult to say.\n\nWhat would happen if cryptocurrencies were banned in some countries and legally integrated into the economy in others?\n\nFortunately, few countries have taken steps to ban bitcoin to date and few seem interested in banning it in the future. The problem with predicting the effects of a ban on bitcoin is that those countries that are most likely to ban it tend also to be those with large structural problems. They spend beyond their means and fail to encourage productivity more broadly by securing private property rights, enforcing contracts, etc. Moreover, these same countries would probably have a harder time actually banning bitcoin, both because their governments tend to be less effective and because their state-sponsored currencies tend to be less attractive, meaning individuals are willing to incur more costs (read: prison, confiscation of wealth) to use a superior alternative.\nI think banning bitcoin is a terrible idea. To the extent that it lowers transaction costs, individuals should be free to enjoy those productivity gains over the antiquated payment systems that dominate today. Even if they don’t lower transaction costs, banning bitcoin would send a strong negative signal to those working on the next iteration of blockchain technologies. I think we want those technologies to be developed. Economic growth is all about doing more with less. And these technologies offer some hope along those lines.\n\n\nWhat are the most popular means of preventing the spread of the cryptocurrencies?\n\nSome people think that governments cannot ban bitcoin because all of the transactions take place online and there is no central authority that a government can subpoena or shut down. It is true that a government would have a difficult time stopping all transactions. But it wouldn’t need to. Most transactions—and even most bitcoin transactions today—involve some physical presence. You might order that cute new dress online, but it gets delivered to your door. What stops the government from posing as an online merchant or customer? The fact is that, if a sufficiently large government were committed to stamping out bitcoin, it could prevent all large online retailers from accepting bitcoin; it could prevent shopkeepers from posting “bitcoin accepted here” signs in their storefronts; and, in doing so, it would drastically reduce the attractiveness of bitcoin for the rest of us.\n\nHow would you describe the future of cryptocurrencies?\n\nI see the blockchain technology as a genuine technological advance. It enables us to do something that we were not able to do before. I would be very surprised if we do not see more and more applications of this technology in the future. However, it is difficult to say precisely what forms this will take. Perhaps bitcoin will become the global currency. Perhaps some other cryptocurrency will replace bitcoin. Perhaps either bitcoin or some other cryptocurrency or both will live on as a niche currency, used in a small set of transactions like international remittances or online micropayments. Perhaps central banks will introduce a blockchain application to replace their legacy interbank payment systems while leaving the retail payment system that most of us interact with largely unchanged.\n\nHow would you estimate the future perspectives of the smart contracts?\n\nSmart contracts are very interesting, but I am not yet prepared to say that they will replace traditional firms very soon. Firms are embedded with a lot of sophisticated information that is difficult to articulate and, hence, difficult to specify in a smart contract. Somethings can certainly be programmed, but a lot of production is messy. I am not sure that is avoidable, and I am not sure we want to avoid that messiness. That messiness does some of the work.\nI think we are too quick to dismiss intermediaries as useless middlemen. My mortgage originator isn’t just processing the paperwork for my loan. She is also answering questions, providing some perspective, and making me feel more comfortable about the huge decision that I am making. Intermediaries provide value. To the extent that smart contracts significantly lower costs without reducing the value that intermediaries provide, I expect they will be adopted. If they can’t do that, they might still be adopted, but alongside corresponding institutions that serve those other roles. So, in that case, we might see the role of the middleman transformed but not eliminated entirely. But it is probably too early to say much more than that.\n\nWhat would happen if all private blockchains converged?\n\nThere is a fair number of applications that might prefer to limit access to their blockchain to those parties involved in the transactions. If you work for a large company, they don’t have a separate bank account for every line in their budget—or even every department. They take care of all that internally and interact with the bank in a more simplified way. It is not clear that they—or their customers—would want the level of transparency that would come with a global blockchain. We might also think of niche applications. Perhaps you are a baseball card trader. You might start a private blockchain to track ownership of cards for those in your club. If you interact rarely with those outside your club or are concerned about privacy and the costs of managing a niche blockchain are sufficiently small, you might opt for a narrow purpose blockchain. So, full convergence seems unlikely.\n\nHow can the problem of identity on a blockchain be solved?\n\nI am not sure that it is a problem. We can use it when anonymity is useful and eschew it when it is not. At the same time, we could create a registration system for a non-anonymous blockchain and make the user list public. I am not convinced that we want or need a one-size-fits-all solution to transacting.\n\nWhat are general advantages of alternative cryptocurrencies compared to bitcoin?\n\nI think the altcoin space is interesting. On the one hand, it lacks the network size of bitcoin by a lot, and network effects are huge. On the other hand, it has gained some market share. I think that is largely because people find value in some of the features that new coins offer. Bitcoin is really limited in the extent to which it can evolve. It will be interesting to see whether the desirability of evolving is sufficient to prompt mass switching from bitcoin to alternatives.\n\nHow do early adopters of bitcoin and official holders of bitcoin (banks, corporations, etc.) interact?\n\nIn the early days, there were a lot of folks interested in bitcoin as a replacement for the traditional financial system. It was launched as the financial crisis was underway, so that weighed heavily on everyone’s mind. Today, there is less angst about banks and other corporations in general. New adopters of bitcoin seem less interested in a revolution and more interested in the prospects of a superior payment system. But, at the same time, I hope that the ancillary institutions in the bitcoin ecosystem continue to provide sufficient scope for those preferring to avoid intermediaries. You can think of it like those using cash today. Most of us swipe our cards without much concern that we will be defrauded or monitored. 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2018/08/30 17:20:48
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Witness Votes

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[]