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      "permlink": "re-ricatsteem-part-2-edible-fungi-and-exercise-induced-immunosuppression-20180814t143539606z",
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      "body": "Apologies to all, there are formatting errors I did not pick up on the reference list. The starting reference should be 11 and final reference 20, as follows:\n\n11 Geng P et al (2017). Antifatigue Functions and Mechanisms of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms. Biomed Res Int. 2017: 9648496.\n12 Phan CW et al (2017). A review on the nucleic acid constituents in mushrooms: nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology.\n13 Hoxhaj G (2017). The mTORC1 signaling network senses changes in cellular purine nucleotide levels. Cell Rep. 21(5):1331–1346.\n14 Elder M et al (2017). β-Glucan Size Controls Dectin-1-Mediated Immune Responses in Human Dendritic Cells by Regulating IL-1β Production. Front Immunol. 8:791.\n15 Zhu F et al (2015). Beta-glucans from edible and medicinal mushrooms: Characteristics, physicochemical and biological activities. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 41:165-173.\n16 Chen P et al (2016). Extraction temperature affects the activities of antioxidation, carbohydrate-digestion enzymes, and angiotensin-converting enzyme of Pleurotuscitrinopileatus extract. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 24(3):548-555. [online].\n17 Campbell J & Turner J (2018). Debunking the Myth of Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression: Redefining the Impact of Exercise on Immunological Health Across the Lifespan. Front Immunol. 9:648.\n18 Naviauz R et al (2017). Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome. PNAS. 113(37):E5472-E5480.\n19 Vogt H et al (2016).Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome revisited. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113(46):E7140-E7141.\n20 Naviaux R et al (2016). Reply to Vogt et al: Metabolomics and chronic fatigue syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113(46):E7142-E7143.\n\nApologies this was not picked up and edited in the 7 day window. Please allow this to serve as an error correction for the list.\n\nAll references before 11 can be found in Part 1 on my blog.\n\nThanks,",
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      "title": "Mushroom Powders vs. Mushroom Extracts (Simple Explanation to Hot Water Extraction)",
      "body": "<center>\n**MUSHROOM POWDERS vs. MUSHROOM EXTRACTS**\n</center> <center>\n**HOT WATER EXTRACTION**\n</center>\nMushrooms are composed of tough cellular walls that are largely indigestible, which are mainly composed of Chitin. This same component is also what makes up the external skeleton of shellfish and some insects. Chitin is heat sensitive meaning heat-treated procedures such as Hot Water Extraction (HWE) can break down these tough cellular walls. HWE is achieved by boiling procedures that thoroughly heat the fungi (Step 1 in Figure 1) and then the mixture is loaded in a spray-drier that uses pressurized hot air that removes any liquid – Step 2 - 3 in Figure 1.\n<center> \n![2018-08-08 17_00_28-Presentation1.pptx - PowerPoint.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmULKD5bH5PDBWyq4Cbccsi9Jdwwc6CutNszm4CLK9iFTt/2018-08-08%2017_00_28-Presentation1.pptx%20-%20PowerPoint.png)\n**Figure 1. Hot Water Extraction Procedure**\n(Information from the below source was used for the above illustration)\nPromedics, 2010. [Image source](http://www.promedics.ca/site/downloads/JHS%20Training%20Manual.pdf)\n</center><center>\n**WHY DOES THIS MATTER?**\n</center>\nThese extraction procedures allow our natural digestive enzymes to access the inherent nutritional and bioactive ingredients of extracted mushrooms. These bioactive ingredients range from proteins, B-vitamins, vitamin D₂, minerals and essential nutrients called β-glucans, of which most are water-soluble. β-glucans are a derivative of the broken down cellular walls and the amount can vary, up to approximate percentages, in correlation to the bio-activity of the extract (Step 4 in Figure 1). \n\nAlternatively, mushroom powders can be produced through multiple ways as regulatory standards for product information is still under research. Methods utilized for mushroom powders consist of dehydrating mushrooms at temperatures that do not wholly breakdown chitin and then are dried and processed to a powder. Mushroom powders may either consist of fruiting body's (the grown mushroom) and/or the mycelium grown on grains (Mycelium is the actual living organism - responsible for plenty, which taking in nutrients and releasing enzymes is done by acting like a complex network that feeds the mushroom). The myceliated grains are freeze dried and then pulverised to a powder - no extraction treatment administered. With these production approaches having either or both fruitbody and/or myceliated grain that is not adequately heated, raises possibility that amounts of inferior grain or other inferior/indigestible molecules may be present in the finished product. This may result in a reduction of the amount of bioactive ingredients and an increase in the levels of common molecules in the bottled product. Therefore, it should be known that once dried and ground into a powder you may not be getting beneficial compounds that are bioavailable. Unfortunately, some products follow this course as they are cheap to produce and incorrectly sold as a mushroom extracts for e.g. freeze-dried myceliated brown rice. \n\nAlthough, if a powder-based product is subjected to heat treatment this may then allow for a more easily digestible product. That has further potential to deliver secondary metabolites (enzymes) manufactured from the mycelium and primordia formation on a nutritionally digestible substrate. Over a long-course period this may provide benefits toward homeostasis. However, if one is in avoidance of a high purine intake then certain species should be consulted by a Medical doctor as there may be unknown side effects from high dosages of powders. \n<center>**ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS BETWEEN MUSHROOM EXTRACTS vs MUSHROOM POWDERS**\n</center>\nThe essential component in what sets apart the problem often overlooked in mushroom products is then, can our body digest the product? In the case of a mushroom powder due to the procedure the cellular walls are still intact, and nutrients locked up. Therefore, almost all the beneficial compounds can simply pass through the digestive system where extracted compounds containing bioavailable β-glucans are easily absorbed and taken up by the immune system. The immune system can only take up the β-glucans if they are bio-available as the body’s natural defence mechanisms are then effectively influenced when mushroom products have gone through heat/extraction treatment. These underlying differences in products are some of the reasons why extracts are therapeutically potent and why powders may not always provide the value prescribed to extracted mushroom products.\n<center>\nFor more on the above mechanisms see https://steemit.com/naturalmedicine/@ricatsteem/what-makes-edible-fungi-functional-foods\n\nFor a more detailed view of the above mechanisms see: https://steemit.com/steemstem/@ricatsteem/part-1-edible-fungi-and-their-role-in-exercise-induced-immunosuppression\n\nAND\n\nhttps://steemit.com/steemstem/@ricatsteem/part-2-edible-fungi-and-exercise-induced-immunosuppression\n</center>\n\n**References:**\nPromedics, 2010. Mushroom Science. [online] [pdf]. Available at: http://www.promedics.ca/site/downloads/JHS%20Training%20Manual.pdf",
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      "title": "",
      "body": "Hi There just following up.\n\nThanks",
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      "title": "Mushroom Powders vs. Mushroom Extracts (Simple explanation to Hot Water Extraction)",
      "body": "@@ -4987,16 +4987,17 @@\n center%3E%0A\n+%0A\n **Refere\n",
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      "title": "Mushroom Powders vs. Mushroom Extracts (Simple explanation to Hot Water Extraction)",
      "body": "@@ -4699,16 +4699,293 @@\n al-foods\n+%0A%0AFor a more detailed view of the above mechanisms see: https://steemit.com/steemstem/@ricatsteem/part-1-edible-fungi-and-their-role-in-exercise-induced-immunosuppression%0A%0AAND%0A%0Ahttps://steemit.com/steemstem/@ricatsteem/part-2-edible-fungi-and-exercise-induced-immunosuppression\n %0A%3C/cente\n",
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      "title": "Mushroom Powders vs. Mushroom Extracts (Simple explanation to Hot Water Extraction)",
      "body": "@@ -1452,11 +1452,8 @@\n ble.\n- As\n  %CE%B2-g\n@@ -1510,16 +1510,20 @@\n r walls \n+and \n the amou\n@@ -1529,30 +1529,48 @@\n unt \n-may naturally increase\n+can vary, up to approximate percentages,\n  in \n@@ -1717,38 +1717,76 @@\n  as \n-standardisation does not exist\n+regulatory standards for product information is still under research\n . Me\n@@ -1796,17 +1796,17 @@\n ds utili\n-s\n+z\n ed for m\n@@ -1879,31 +1879,19 @@\n hat \n-simply do not efficient\n+do not whol\n ly b\n@@ -1915,19 +1915,18 @@\n nd then \n-onc\n+ar\n e dried \n@@ -1926,18 +1926,18 @@\n  dried a\n-re\n+nd\n  process\n@@ -1956,23 +1956,9 @@\n er. \n-Additionally, m\n+M\n ushr\n@@ -1995,21 +1995,23 @@\n  of \n-the \n fruit\n+ing \n body\n+'s\n  (th\n@@ -2122,16 +2122,30 @@\n ble for \n+plenty, which \n taking i\n@@ -2178,16 +2178,24 @@\n enzymes \n+is done \n by actin\n@@ -2483,20 +2483,16 @@\n  raises \n-the \n possibil\n@@ -2893,25 +2893,27 @@\n le. \n-Essential\n+Unfortunate\n ly, s\n-uch\n+ome\n  pro\n@@ -2914,24 +2914,51 @@\n me products \n+follow this course as they \n are cheap to\n@@ -2970,19 +2970,27 @@\n uce and \n-are\n+incorrectly\n  sold as\n@@ -3014,18 +3014,8 @@\n cts \n-sometimes \n for \n@@ -3054,16 +3054,566 @@\n wn rice.\n+ %0A%0AAlthough, if a powder-based product is subjected to heat treatment this may then allow for a more easily digestible product. That has further potential to deliver secondary metabolites (enzymes) manufactured from the mycelium and primordia formation on a nutritionally digestible substrate. Over a long-course period this may provide benefits toward homeostasis. However, if one is in avoidance of a high purine intake then certain species should be consulted by a Medical doctor as there may be unknown side effects from high dosages of powders. \n %0A%3Ccenter\n",
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      "body": "Noted :)\nCould you check again? Have adjusted quite a bit.",
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      "body": "@@ -5236,32 +5236,54 @@\n ce cited in (10)\n+ (Martin Powell, 2013)\n %0A%3C/center%3E%0A**Ref\n",
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      "title": "Mushroom Powders vs. Mushroom Extracts (Simple explanation to Hot Water Extraction)",
      "body": "<center>\n**MUSHROOM POWDERS vs. MUSHROOM EXTRACTS**\n</center> <center>\n**HOT WATER EXTRACTION**\n</center>\nMushrooms are composed of tough cellular walls that are largely indigestible, which are mainly composed of Chitin. This same component is also what makes up the external skeleton of shellfish and some insects. Chitin is heat sensitive meaning heat-treated procedures such as Hot Water Extraction (HWE) can break down these tough cellular walls. HWE is achieved by boiling procedures that thoroughly heat the fungi (Step 1 in Figure 1) and then the mixture is loaded in a spray-drier that uses pressurized hot air that removes any liquid – Step 2 - 3 in Figure 1.\n<center> \n![2018-08-08 17_00_28-Presentation1.pptx - PowerPoint.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmULKD5bH5PDBWyq4Cbccsi9Jdwwc6CutNszm4CLK9iFTt/2018-08-08%2017_00_28-Presentation1.pptx%20-%20PowerPoint.png)\n**Figure 1. Hot Water Extraction Procedure**\n(Information from the below source was used for the above illustration)\nPromedics, 2010. [Image source](http://www.promedics.ca/site/downloads/JHS%20Training%20Manual.pdf)\n</center><center>\n**WHY DOES THIS MATTER?**\n</center>\nThese extraction procedures allow our natural digestive enzymes to access the inherent nutritional and bioactive ingredients of extracted mushrooms. These bioactive ingredients range from proteins, B-vitamins, vitamin D₂, minerals and essential nutrients called β-glucans, of which most are water-soluble. As β-glucans are a derivative of the broken down cellular walls the amount may naturally increase in correlation to the bio-activity of the extract (Step 4 in Figure 1). \n\nAlternatively, mushroom powders can be produced through multiple ways as standardisation does not exist. Methods utilised for mushroom powders consist of dehydrating mushrooms at temperatures that simply do not efficiently breakdown chitin and then once dried are processed to a powder. Additionally, mushroom powders may either consist of the fruitbody (the grown mushroom) and/or the mycelium grown on grains (Mycelium is the actual living organism - responsible for taking in nutrients and releasing enzymes by acting like a complex network that feeds the mushroom). The myceliated grains are freeze dried and then pulverised to a powder - no extraction treatment administered. With these production approaches having either or both fruitbody and/or myceliated grain that is not adequately heated, raises the possibility that amounts of inferior grain or other inferior/indigestible molecules may be present in the finished product. This may result in a reduction of the amount of bioactive ingredients and an increase in the levels of common molecules in the bottled product. Therefore, it should be known that once dried and ground into a powder you may not be getting beneficial compounds that are bioavailable. Essentially, such products are cheap to produce and are sold as a mushroom extracts sometimes for e.g. freeze-dried myceliated brown rice.\n<center>**ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS BETWEEN MUSHROOM EXTRACTS vs MUSHROOM POWDERS**\n</center>\nThe essential component in what sets apart the problem often overlooked in mushroom products is then, can our body digest the product? In the case of a mushroom powder due to the procedure the cellular walls are still intact, and nutrients locked up. Therefore, almost all the beneficial compounds can simply pass through the digestive system where extracted compounds containing bioavailable β-glucans are easily absorbed and taken up by the immune system. The immune system can only take up the β-glucans if they are bio-available as the body’s natural defence mechanisms are then effectively influenced when mushroom products have gone through heat/extraction treatment. These underlying differences in products are some of the reasons why extracts are therapeutically potent and why powders may not always provide the value prescribed to extracted mushroom products.\n<center>\nFor more on the above mechanisms see https://steemit.com/naturalmedicine/@ricatsteem/what-makes-edible-fungi-functional-foods\n</center>\n**References:**\nPromedics, 2010. Mushroom Science. [online] [pdf]. Available at: http://www.promedics.ca/site/downloads/JHS%20Training%20Manual.pdf",
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      "title": "PART 2 – EDIBLE FUNGI & THEIR ROLE IN EXERCISE-INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION",
      "body": "The ‘open window’ in stress-induced immunosuppression can present as part of a hypometabolic state that may be beneficial to the host (5, 17-20). Acute stress can induce a beneficial immune trafficking response, while chronic stress can induce a state in which NK cell activity is down-regulated, and pro-inflammatory cytokines are up-regulated beyond the ‘open window’ (5,9). \n\nA patient population that presents a long-term weakened cellular immunity, as well as longer recovery times and abnormalities in metabolic functions, can functionally impair performance and/or recovery, while potentially being synonymous with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) (5, 17-20). Activities that require high exertion also require increased metabolism, which at a cellular level, are capable of being pathological, protective, and regulatory depending on the stress response to stimulation, the environment, and length of time (17-20). Despite heterogeneity of factors, some of the underlying cellular responses are highly conserved, which may assist with targeted therapeutic strategies if metabolic states can be recognized by known underlying metabolites (Figure 1 in Part 1) (2, 17-20).\n\nFactors such as adenosine depletion is an aspect in immunosuppression. Although, whether purine depletion or mTORC1 inhibition follow first, still needs to be determined for immuno-modulatory activity (13). Mechanistically immune-modulation involves mTOR upstream regulators that sense cellular purine status, by which restoration of intracellular adenine via exogenous purines reactivates mTOR and depletion of cellular purines inhibits mTOR (12). Consumption of BCAA’s/AA’s and nucleoside analogues that are sensed upstream (activation of cell membrane receptors) by signal transduction pathways, stimulate nutrient-sensitive and adaptive receptors to signal downstream (production of second messengers after cell membrane activation) where the exogenous nucleotides are a currency, in exchange, for the bioenergetics of sensing total nucleotide abundance in cells and protein synthesis or conversely lysosomal autophagy (13). \n\nGlutamine is one of many currencies to these signal transduction pathways as growing mammalian cells use glutamine as a nitrogen source for TCA cycle metabolites where reactions replenish the TCA cycle intermediates that occur due to the breakdown of glutamine when glucose levels are low to maintain TCA cycle energy production. BCAA’s, glutamine and glutamic acid are abundant in edible mushroom protein content and needed for human physiological functions (6, 13). Therefore, once the tough chitinous cellular walls of Fungi are thoroughly broken down they provide BCAAs to regulate mTOR-mediated protein, regulate and activate cytokines, as well as modulate the uptake of glutamine and glutamic acid for chitinase activation (6, 11, 12, 15). If extracted products are incorporated, then the presence of heavier molecular weight β-glucans and secondary metabolites for immuno-modulatory and immuno-stimulatory activity via Dectin-1 cascades are acquired (See Part 1 & Figure 4).<center>\n![2018-08-05 14_17_40-Window.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQCCQufQpFrrwcQZDPzd4JFSkNALJyT3CAum4XjeF7dBu/2018-08-05%2014_17_40-Window.png)\n**Figure 4. Supplementation levels (Data cited in Ref. 10 in Part 1)**</center>\nHowever, quality in fungi products is based on different measurements between species, powders vs extracts and fruitbody vs mycelium-based products (Figures 4 and 5). There are no unambiguous rules to grade mushroom product quality. Mycelium is the actual living organism, while the fruitbody is a reproductive structure that produces spores to continue the life cycle (Figure 3 in Part 1). Cultivating mushrooms commercially is not an easy undertaking. If medicinal species are grown, it becomes even more complex. Some species can take up to three months to harvest and have a range of quality measurements, scaling to genomics-assisted breeding. If quality measurements are not in place, your supplier obviously cannot qualitatively/quantitatively ensure good manufacturing practices.\n\nThe extractions and methodologies used set apart the bioactivity of the final product (Figures 3 in Part 1 and 5) (14, 15). β-glucan can exist as polysaccharide-protein complexes, having an assortment of proteins and sugars that are needed to fully activate immune cascades (4,14). Ethanol extraction is needed to obtain most of these protein compounds. The inhibitory and antioxidant activities can be significantly lower in hot water extracts than cold water extracts (6,16). Cold-water extraction before hot-water or ethanol extraction can yield higher antioxidant and stronger inhibitory activity than singular extracts (15, 16). For other immuno-modulatory compounds in fungi see Figure 5, of which many are water-insoluble or non-combustible (14). Thus, quality measurements depend on the type of product. Although an under-recognized measurement of mushroom extractions in all species is nucleoside content, as this content is what gives edible fungi their distinct umami (savory taste) flavor (12).\n\nTo conclude, the difference in bio-active ingredients make characterizing product quality not a singular reference or microparticulate aspect of β-glucan percentage, nucleotide content, or phenolic activity, however these do provide certainty to the practitioner/consumer. Key differentiators in this rapidly growing industry will be the company’s product acquisition or development methods. Due to the lack of regulation, knowing your supplier and the methods they have in place are essential for the quality and safety of consumption of mushrooms and related products.\n\n*Note*: As some fungi display an incredible ability to bio-remediate (process used to treat contaminated media) heavy metals/toxic molecules, therefore finding 100% organic products is crucial. \n<center>\n![2018-08-05 13_47_00-Window.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmPepn4MH8w8jZcEtwgDVCRoWaHutpN8W2A1H4rwV7ZCxt/2018-08-05%2013_47_00-Window.png)\n**Figure 5.  Mushroom Life Cycle and Potential Quality Measurements**\n*Quantifying product nucleoside content will become an aspect of importance as mycelium in some species have richer 5’nucleotides content than in the respective fruiting bodies (12).*\n\n(Utilized infomation in the illustration cited in Ref. 10 in Part 1)\n</center>\n\n**References:**\n11.\tGeng P et al (2017). Antifatigue Functions and Mechanisms of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms. Biomed Res Int. 2017: 9648496. \n12.\tPhan CW et al (2017). A review on the nucleic acid constituents in mushrooms: nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. \n13.\tHoxhaj G (2017). The mTORC1 signaling network senses changes in cellular purine nucleotide levels. Cell Rep. 21(5):1331–1346.\n14.\tElder M et al (2017). β-Glucan Size Controls Dectin-1-Mediated Immune Responses in Human Dendritic Cells by Regulating IL-1β Production. Front Immunol. 8:791. \n15.\tZhu F et al (2015). Beta-glucans from edible and medicinal mushrooms: Characteristics, physicochemical and biological activities. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 41:165-173. \n16.\tChen P et al (2016). Extraction temperature affects the activities of antioxidation, carbohydrate-digestion enzymes, and angiotensin-converting enzyme of Pleurotuscitrinopileatus extract. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 24(3):548-555. [online]. \n17.\tCampbell J & Turner J (2018). Debunking the Myth of Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression: Redefining the Impact of Exercise on Immunological Health Across the Lifespan. Front Immunol. 9:648. \n18.\tNaviauz R et al (2017). Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome. PNAS. 113(37):E5472-E5480. \n19.\tVogt H et al (2016).Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome revisited. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113(46):E7140-E7141. \n20.\tNaviaux R et al (2016). Reply to Vogt et al: Metabolomics and chronic fatigue syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113(46):E7142-E7143. \n\n**Bibliography**\n\nFungimag.com and Robert Dale Rogers, 2016. Mushrooms Vs. Mycelium: Choosing the Best Medicinal. [online] [pdf].\n\nGrand View Research, 2018. Report Summary. Mushroom Market Analysis, Market Size, Application Analysis, Regional \nOutlook, Competitive Strategies, and Forecasts, 2015 To 2022. [online]. \n\nMushroomreferences.com, 2018. Home. [online].",
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      "author": "ricatsteem",
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      "title": "PART 1: EDIBLE FUNGI & THEIR ROLE IN EXERCISE-INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION",
      "body": "Edible fungi are accepted as functional foods. They have been extensively proven to provide therapeutic benefits beyond their nutritive value (1, 6). The scope of compounds and derivatives that can be extracted via fungi and their subsequent utility hold great promise both for the average consumer, amateur/professional athlete and for the nutrition-health relationship that practitioners foster with their clientele (1).\n\nI consider mushrooms inherent functional foods for two main reasons:\n\nFungi, just like us, share highly conserved nutrient-sensitive pathways, such as the TOR pathway (Figure 1) (2).\nFungi produce β-glucans of differing molecular weight and solubilities, which possess antifungal and anti-tumour activities that stimulate innate immunity: the expression of pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) such as the Dectin-1 signalling pathway along with toll-like (TLRs) and mannose receptors. (Figures 2 & 3) (3, 4). \n\n<center>\n![mTOR.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRS689ubedcWzujrsULe2uZv4qedHHH88QkaxS8YxRxR5/mTOR.png) \n**Figure 1. Nutrient-Sensing Pathways**\n[Image source](https://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(15)00242-1) (2)\n</center>\n\nIntensive training schedules can functionally depress athletes’ immune systems if their nutrition is inadequate. This, coupled with other environmental stressors, can increase the risk of infection. Realistically, a combination of high-intensity and impaired recovery may be the ‘open window’ that can then further increase an athlete’s risk of infection (5).\n\nLogically, tailoring an athlete’s nutritional intake not only aids in immune function, but recovery as well. However, methods based on heterogeneity, exercise protocols and other individualistic characteristics make tailored nutrition a complex array of multidisciplinary approaches and tests. How can one narrow down and tailor the vast and complex array of programmes? One example may be approaches that target these conserved and adaptive systems. A functional medicinal viewpoint may provide an approach to combat exercise-induced immunosuppression and assist in recovery. This can be achieved via nutritional strategies that incorporate edible and medicinal fungi, namely: Shiitake, Oyster varieties, Lions mane, Maitake, brown and white Shimeji, and others (6).\n<center>\n![2018-08-04 23_43_39-Window.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUJfDG6j3jBxBrGQG7zEECGvnWcYeobS14onHe5C1W7K8/2018-08-04%2023_43_39-Window.png)\n**Figure 2. Active Compounds from Mushrooms (Martin Powell, 2013)**\nImage source cited in (10)\n</center>\nNaturally, just as we have a main structural constituent called keratin in our skin, plants have cellulose, and crustaceans and fungi have cellular walls composed of chitin. Chitin, through extraction methods (Figure 3), breaks down into further derivatives, including β-glucans. The water soluble 1→3 β-glucans, being the most bio-actively available via standard heat-treated procedures, enables us to utilise cooking methods as our most cost-effective, low-level extraction method. β-glucans are water-soluble, low molecular weight and easily extracted once chitin has been broken down. These derivatives can function as the nutritional elements driving weak innate immune signals through Dectin-1. Dectin-1 is a super family of receptors in humans, that senses β-glucans from plants and fungi (4).\n\nHowever, chitinases are needed to breakdown chitin. These enzymes are present in mammalian stomach acid. Despite being a small enzymatic family, not all are active and rely on complex cellular signalling via host-defence and a working theoretic of interspecies communication (7). In summary, the way in which glutamic acid is substituted for glutamine, leucine, and iso-leucine influences chitinolytic activity, as glutamic acid forms the active site of mammalian chitinases (4).\n\nThus, some of the inherent innate immuno-stimulation and immuno-modulation of edible mushroom consumption can be attributed to the nutritional profile of edible mushrooms (Figure 2) (4). A full BCAA profile is encompassed in a protein content of 250g/kg of mushroom dry matter (6). Once you factor in the presence of mannitol, secondary metabolites, β-glucans and accompanying receptors such as Dectin-1, mannose and TLRs, you can start to unravel the complex interplay between the activation of innate immune cascades and how mTOR, the master regulator of protein synthesis and amino acid-sensing (Figure 1), functionally differentiates levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines produced by innate immunity on an ad hoc basis (1, 4, 6, 8, 9). The totality of the bio-active compounds in mushrooms, and how these compounds signal nutrient sensitive and signal tranduction pathways, is what makes fungi a natural functional food (1). However, our ability to access these compounds in Figure 2 is highly variable, depending on how mushrooms are prepared, the extraction process and the specific methodology behind the mushroom cultivation life cycle (Figure 3). This will be all discussed further in Part 2.\n<center>\n![2018-08-05 12_46_44-Window.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcaaVkq7prg9HJmzKWZM3W3SvEP7rLRSEU4fPCykDAdrU/2018-08-05%2012_46_44-Window.png)\n**Figure 3** \nImage source cited in (10)\n</center>\n**References:**\n1.\tReis, F., et al., 2017.  Functional foods based on extracts or compounds derived from mushrooms. Elsevier, Trends in Food Science & Technology, Vol. 66, pp. 48-62. [online]. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924224417300699.\n2.\tChantranupong, L., Wolfson, R., L., and Sabatini, D., M., 2015. Nutrient-Sensing Mechanisms across Evolution. Cell, Volume 161, Issue 1, p67–83, 26. [online]. Available at: https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(15)00242-1\n3.\tLee., D., H., and Kim H., W., 2014. Innate Immunity Induced by Fungal β-Glucans via Dectin-1 Signaling Pathway. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, Vol. 2014, pp. 1-16. [online]. Available at: http://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/708ae68d64b17c52,5607443c009a2341,22a4a957201ac47c.html.\n4.\tBatbayar, S., Lee, D. H., & Kim, H. W. (2012). Immunomodulation of Fungal β-Glucan in Host Defense Signaling by Dectin-1. Biomolecules & Therapeutics, 20(5), 433–445. [online]. Available at: http://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.5.433\n5.\tWolfgang, G., Konrad M., and Pail, E., 2012. Exercise-Induced Immunodepression in Endurance Athletes and Nutritional Intervention with Carbohydrate, Protein and Fat—What Is Possible, What Is Not? Nutrients. 2012 Sep; 4(9): 1187–1212. [online]. Available at:< https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3475230/>. \n6.\tValverde, M., et al., 2018. Edible Mushrooms: Improving Human Health and Promoting Quality Life. Int J Microbiol. 2015; 2015: 376387. [online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4320875/.\n7.\tKonopka., J., 2012. N-Acetylglucosamine Functions in Cell Signaling. Scientifica, Volume 2012, Article ID 489208, 15 pages. [online]. Available at: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/489208/.\n8.\tWolfson, R., L., and Sabatini, D., M., 2017. The Dawn of the Age of Amino Acid Sensors for the mTORC1 Pathway. Volume 26, Issue 2, p301–309. [online]. Available at:<https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(17)30422-9>.\n9.\tBrown, J., et al., 2011. TLR-signaling Networks. J Dent Res. 2011 Apr; 90(4): 417–427. [online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3075579/.\n10.\tMartin Powell., 2013. Medicinal Mushrooms The Essential Guide. CreativeCo Ltd, 35A Monument Business Park, Chalgrove, Oxfordshire. ISBN 978-0-9566898-1-8.",
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      "body": "Noted :)\nThanks again.",
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      "body": "<html>\n<p>What unique recipes do you have that involve mushrooms?</p>\n<ul>\n  <li>King Oyster Lasagna</li>\n  <li>Shiitake Meatloaf</li>\n  <li>Enoki Ramyun</li>\n</ul>\n<p>I want to find something new to try, drop a comment please :)</p>\n</html>",
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      "permlink": "part-2-edible-fungi-and-exercise-induced-immunosuppression",
      "title": "PART 2 – EDIBLE FUNGI & THEIR ROLE IN EXERCISE-INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION",
      "body": "The ‘open window’ in stress-induced immunosuppression can present as part of a hypometabolic state that may be beneficial to the host (5, 17-20). Acute stress can induce a beneficial immune trafficking response, while chronic stress can induce a state in which NK cell activity is down-regulated, and pro-inflammatory cytokines are up-regulated beyond the ‘open window’ (5,9). \n\nA patient population that presents a long-term weakened cellular immunity, as well as longer recovery times and abnormalities in metabolic functions, can functionally impair performance and/or recovery, while potentially being synonymous with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) (5, 17-20). Activities that require high exertion also require increased metabolism, which at a cellular level, are capable of being pathological, protective, and regulatory depending on the stress response to stimulation, the environment, and length of time (17-20). Despite heterogeneity of factors, some of the underlying cellular responses are highly conserved, which may assist with targeted therapeutic strategies if metabolic states can be recognized by known underlying metabolites (Figure 1 in Part 1) (2, 17-20).\n\nFactors such as adenosine depletion is an aspect in immunosuppression. Although, whether purine depletion or mTORC1 inhibition follow first, still needs to be determined for immuno-modulatory activity (13). Mechanistically immune-modulation involves mTOR upstream regulators that sense cellular purine status, by which restoration of intracellular adenine via exogenous purines reactivates mTOR and depletion of cellular purines inhibits mTOR (12). Consumption of BCAA’s/AA’s and nucleoside analogues that are sensed upstream (activation of cell membrane receptors) by signal transduction pathways, stimulate nutrient-sensitive and adaptive receptors to signal downstream (production of second messengers after cell membrane activation) where the exogenous nucleotides are a currency, in exchange, for the bioenergetics of sensing total nucleotide abundance in cells and protein synthesis or conversely lysosomal autophagy (13). \n\nGlutamine is one of many currencies to these signal transduction pathways as growing mammalian cells use glutamine as a nitrogen source for TCA cycle metabolites where reactions replenish the TCA cycle intermediates that occur due to the breakdown of glutamine when glucose levels are low to maintain TCA cycle energy production. BCAA’s, glutamine and glutamic acid are abundant in edible mushroom protein content and needed for human physiological functions (6, 13). Therefore, once the tough chitinous cellular walls of Fungi are thoroughly broken down they provide BCAAs to regulate mTOR-mediated protein, regulate and activate cytokines, as well as modulate the uptake of glutamine and glutamic acid for chitinase activation (6, 11, 12, 15). If extracted products are incorporated, then the presence of heavier molecular weight β-glucans and secondary metabolites for immuno-modulatory and immuno-stimulatory activity via Dectin-1 cascades are acquired (See Part 1 & Figure 4).<center>\n![2018-08-05 14_17_40-Window.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQCCQufQpFrrwcQZDPzd4JFSkNALJyT3CAum4XjeF7dBu/2018-08-05%2014_17_40-Window.png)\n**Figure 4. Supplementation levels (Data cited in Ref. 10 in Part 1)**</center>\nHowever, quality in fungi products is based on different measurements between species, powders vs extracts and fruitbody vs mycelium-based products (Figures 4 and 5). There are no unambiguous rules to grade mushroom product quality. Mycelium is the actual living organism, while the fruitbody is a reproductive structure that produces spores to continue the life cycle (Figure 3 in Part 1). Cultivating mushrooms commercially is not an easy undertaking. If medicinal species are grown, it becomes even more complex. Some species can take up to three months to harvest and have a range of quality measurements, scaling to genomics-assisted breeding. If quality measurements are not in place, your supplier obviously cannot qualitatively/quantitatively ensure good manufacturing practices.\n\nThe extractions and methodologies used set apart the bioactivity of the final product (Figures 3 in Part 1 and 5) (14, 15). β-glucan can exist as polysaccharide-protein complexes, having an assortment of proteins and sugars that are needed to fully activate immune cascades (4,14). Ethanol extraction is needed to obtain most of these protein compounds. The inhibitory and antioxidant activities can be significantly lower in hot water extracts than cold water extracts (6,16). Cold-water extraction before hot-water or ethanol extraction can yield higher antioxidant and stronger inhibitory activity than singular extracts (15, 16). For other immuno-modulatory compounds in fungi see Figure 5, of which many are water-insoluble or non-combustible (14). Thus, quality measurements depend on the type of product. Although an under-recognized measurement of mushroom extractions in all species is nucleoside content, as this content is what gives edible fungi their distinct umami (savory taste) flavor (12).\n\nTo conclude, the difference in bio-active ingredients make characterizing product quality not a singular reference or microparticulate aspect of β-glucan percentage, nucleotide content, or phenolic activity, however these do provide certainty to the practitioner/consumer. Key differentiators in this rapidly growing industry will be the company’s product acquisition or development methods. Due to the lack of regulation, knowing your supplier and the methods they have in place are essential for the quality and safety of consumption of mushrooms and related products.\n\n*Note*: As some fungi display an incredible ability to bio-remediate (process used to treat contaminated media) heavy metals/toxic molecules, therefore finding 100% organic products is crucial. \n<center>\n![2018-08-05 13_47_00-Window.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmPepn4MH8w8jZcEtwgDVCRoWaHutpN8W2A1H4rwV7ZCxt/2018-08-05%2013_47_00-Window.png)\n**Figure 5.  Mushroom Life Cycle and Potential Quality Measurements**\n*Quantifying product nucleoside content will become an aspect of importance as mycelium in some species have richer 5’nucleotides content than in the respective fruiting bodies (12).*\n\n(Utilized infomation in the illustration cited in Ref. 10 in Part 1)\n</center>\n\n**References:**\n11.\tGeng P et al (2017). Antifatigue Functions and Mechanisms of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms. Biomed Res Int. 2017: 9648496. \n12.\tPhan CW et al (2017). A review on the nucleic acid constituents in mushrooms: nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. \n13.\tHoxhaj G (2017). The mTORC1 signaling network senses changes in cellular purine nucleotide levels. Cell Rep. 21(5):1331–1346.\n14.\tElder M et al (2017). β-Glucan Size Controls Dectin-1-Mediated Immune Responses in Human Dendritic Cells by Regulating IL-1β Production. Front Immunol. 8:791. \n15.\tZhu F et al (2015). Beta-glucans from edible and medicinal mushrooms: Characteristics, physicochemical and biological activities. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 41:165-173. \n16.\tChen P et al (2016). Extraction temperature affects the activities of antioxidation, carbohydrate-digestion enzymes, and angiotensin-converting enzyme of Pleurotuscitrinopileatus extract. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 24(3):548-555. [online]. \n17.\tCampbell J & Turner J (2018). Debunking the Myth of Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression: Redefining the Impact of Exercise on Immunological Health Across the Lifespan. Front Immunol. 9:648. \n18.\tNaviauz R et al (2017). Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome. PNAS. 113(37):E5472-E5480. \n19.\tVogt H et al (2016).Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome revisited. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113(46):E7140-E7141. \n20.\tNaviaux R et al (2016). Reply to Vogt et al: Metabolomics and chronic fatigue syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113(46):E7142-E7143. \n\n**Bibliography**\n\nFungimag.com and Robert Dale Rogers, 2016. Mushrooms Vs. Mycelium: Choosing the Best Medicinal. [online] [pdf].\n\nGrand View Research, 2018. Report Summary. Mushroom Market Analysis, Market Size, Application Analysis, Regional \nOutlook, Competitive Strategies, and Forecasts, 2015 To 2022. [online]. \n\nMushroomreferences.com, 2018. Home. [online].",
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      "title": "PART 1: EDIBLE FUNGI & THEIR ROLE IN EXERCISE-INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION",
      "body": "Edible fungi are accepted as functional foods. They have been extensively proven to provide therapeutic benefits beyond their nutritive value (1, 6). The scope of compounds and derivatives that can be extracted via fungi and their subsequent utility hold great promise both for the average consumer, amateur/professional athlete and for the nutrition-health relationship that practitioners foster with their clientele (1).\n\nI consider mushrooms inherent functional foods for two main reasons:\n\nFungi, just like us, share highly conserved nutrient-sensitive pathways, such as the TOR pathway (Figure 1) (2).\nFungi produce β-glucans of differing molecular weight and solubilities, which possess antifungal and anti-tumour activities that stimulate innate immunity: the expression of pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) such as the Dectin-1 signalling pathway along with toll-like (TLRs) and mannose receptors. (Figures 2 & 3) (3, 4). \n\n<center>\n![mTOR.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRS689ubedcWzujrsULe2uZv4qedHHH88QkaxS8YxRxR5/mTOR.png) \n**Figure 1. Nutrient-Sensing Pathways**\n[Image source](https://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(15)00242-1) (2)\n</center>\n\nIntensive training schedules can functionally depress athletes’ immune systems if their nutrition is inadequate. This, coupled with other environmental stressors, can increase the risk of infection. Realistically, a combination of high-intensity and impaired recovery may be the ‘open window’ that can then further increase an athlete’s risk of infection (5).\n\nLogically, tailoring an athlete’s nutritional intake not only aids in immune function, but recovery as well. However, methods based on heterogeneity, exercise protocols and other individualistic characteristics make tailored nutrition a complex array of multidisciplinary approaches and tests. How can one narrow down and tailor the vast and complex array of programmes? One example may be approaches that target these conserved and adaptive systems. A functional medicinal viewpoint may provide an approach to combat exercise-induced immunosuppression and assist in recovery. This can be achieved via nutritional strategies that incorporate edible and medicinal fungi, namely: Shiitake, Oyster varieties, Lions mane, Maitake, brown and white Shimeji, and others (6).\n<center>\n![2018-08-04 23_43_39-Window.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUJfDG6j3jBxBrGQG7zEECGvnWcYeobS14onHe5C1W7K8/2018-08-04%2023_43_39-Window.png)\n**Figure 2. Active Compounds from Mushrooms (Martin Powell, 2013)**\nImage source cited in (10)\n</center>\nNaturally, just as we have a main structural constituent called keratin in our skin, plants have cellulose, and crustaceans and fungi have cellular walls composed of chitin. Chitin, through extraction methods (Figure 3), breaks down into further derivatives, including β-glucans. The water soluble 1→3 β-glucans, being the most bio-actively available via standard heat-treated procedures, enables us to utilise cooking methods as our most cost-effective, low-level extraction method. β-glucans are water-soluble, low molecular weight and easily extracted once chitin has been broken down. These derivatives can function as the nutritional elements driving weak innate immune signals through Dectin-1. Dectin-1 is a super family of receptors in humans, that senses β-glucans from plants and fungi (4).\n\nHowever, chitinases are needed to breakdown chitin. These enzymes are present in mammalian stomach acid. Despite being a small enzymatic family, not all are active and rely on complex cellular signalling via host-defence and a working theoretic of interspecies communication (7). In summary, the way in which glutamic acid is substituted for glutamine, leucine, and iso-leucine influences chitinolytic activity, as glutamic acid forms the active site of mammalian chitinases (4).\n\nThus, some of the inherent innate immuno-stimulation and immuno-modulation of edible mushroom consumption can be attributed to the nutritional profile of edible mushrooms (Figure 2) (4). A full BCAA profile is encompassed in a protein content of 250g/kg of mushroom dry matter (6). Once you factor in the presence of mannitol, secondary metabolites, β-glucans and accompanying receptors such as Dectin-1, mannose and TLRs, you can start to unravel the complex interplay between the activation of innate immune cascades and how mTOR, the master regulator of protein synthesis and amino acid-sensing (Figure 1), functionally differentiates levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines produced by innate immunity on an ad hoc basis (1, 4, 6, 8, 9). The totality of the bio-active compounds in mushrooms, and how these compounds signal nutrient sensitive and signal tranduction pathways, is what makes fungi a natural functional food (1). However, our ability to access these compounds in Figure 2 is highly variable, depending on how mushrooms are prepared, the extraction process and the specific methodology behind the mushroom cultivation life cycle (Figure 3). This will be all discussed further in Part 2.\n<center>\n![2018-08-05 12_46_44-Window.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcaaVkq7prg9HJmzKWZM3W3SvEP7rLRSEU4fPCykDAdrU/2018-08-05%2012_46_44-Window.png)\n**Figure 3** \nImage source cited in (10)\n</center>\n**References:**\n1.\tReis, F., et al., 2017.  Functional foods based on extracts or compounds derived from mushrooms. Elsevier, Trends in Food Science & Technology, Vol. 66, pp. 48-62. [online]. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924224417300699.\n2.\tChantranupong, L., Wolfson, R., L., and Sabatini, D., M., 2015. Nutrient-Sensing Mechanisms across Evolution. Cell, Volume 161, Issue 1, p67–83, 26. [online]. Available at: https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(15)00242-1\n3.\tLee., D., H., and Kim H., W., 2014. Innate Immunity Induced by Fungal β-Glucans via Dectin-1 Signaling Pathway. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, Vol. 2014, pp. 1-16. [online]. Available at: http://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/708ae68d64b17c52,5607443c009a2341,22a4a957201ac47c.html.\n4.\tBatbayar, S., Lee, D. H., & Kim, H. W. (2012). Immunomodulation of Fungal β-Glucan in Host Defense Signaling by Dectin-1. Biomolecules & Therapeutics, 20(5), 433–445. [online]. Available at: http://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.5.433\n5.\tWolfgang, G., Konrad M., and Pail, E., 2012. Exercise-Induced Immunodepression in Endurance Athletes and Nutritional Intervention with Carbohydrate, Protein and Fat—What Is Possible, What Is Not? Nutrients. 2012 Sep; 4(9): 1187–1212. [online]. Available at:< https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3475230/>. \n6.\tValverde, M., et al., 2018. Edible Mushrooms: Improving Human Health and Promoting Quality Life. Int J Microbiol. 2015; 2015: 376387. [online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4320875/.\n7.\tKonopka., J., 2012. N-Acetylglucosamine Functions in Cell Signaling. Scientifica, Volume 2012, Article ID 489208, 15 pages. [online]. Available at: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/489208/.\n8.\tWolfson, R., L., and Sabatini, D., M., 2017. The Dawn of the Age of Amino Acid Sensors for the mTORC1 Pathway. Volume 26, Issue 2, p301–309. [online]. Available at:<https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(17)30422-9>.\n9.\tBrown, J., et al., 2011. TLR-signaling Networks. J Dent Res. 2011 Apr; 90(4): 417–427. [online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3075579/.\n10.\tMartin Powell., 2013. Medicinal Mushrooms The Essential Guide. CreativeCo Ltd, 35A Monument Business Park, Chalgrove, Oxfordshire. ISBN 978-0-9566898-1-8.",
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