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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://steemit.com/bitcoin/@bithubafrica/the-essentials-of-bitcoin-mining",
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      "body": "Mining *Bitcoin* has undergone quite the evolution since the days of yore when you could labour away on the edge of your seat while you typed away on a laptop. But then again, the trajectory of technology is to ever lean forward, thusly, one cannot fail to behold the smorgasbord of mining technology in the market, not to mention the political kerfuffle raging on the efficiency of the blockchain, namely the *Bitcoin Classic* and *Bitcoin Unlimited*. What usually used to happen is people would use their CPU on the laptop to mine Bitcoin. Now, this was not a profitable venture, given the cost of mining in terms of hardware and electricity was more than the seemingly worthless hundreds of thousands coins. People just donated their capabilities for the sake of maintaining this new revolutionary monetary system. Little did they know that all was about to change.\n\nGreat, let’s go back to the beginning; you want to know what mining is. Mining is essentially utilizing computer power to process transactions, securing the network, and essentially keeping everyone in the system sane. And the people who guard this so-called wall, the Sworn Brothers of the Night's Watch, if you will, are known as the Miners. Each miner possesses a node, which is a terminal from which the network is held together as I insinuated at the outset, new bitcoins are issued. The mining process is decentralized, that means no single miner will have all the power. So how this takes place is the miner runs Bitcoin mining software and modules for specialized Bitcoin hardware. The software and hardware enable the miners to highlight and process transactions, from which they earn a fee for upholding the network in terms of faster processing and the just-issued bitcoins. And all this happens within the precepts of mathematics.\n\nSpeaking of mathematics, it is the guiding light that illuminates the universe. The Bitcoin network would not be possible without it. You need to understand that for new transactions to be confirmed, they have to be transferred into a block, hence the name, ‘Blockchain’ in association with mathematical proof of work. I am sure you have an idea what proof of work signifies, essentially it is a modicum of data that was difficult to produce, whether in terms of cost or the time-taken so as to achieve certain requirements. Bitcoin applies what is known as the hashcash proof of work. It is for the purpose of generating blocks. The proof of work here refers to the pieces of data that make each block valid. Each block generated informs on the block that precedes it and the way this is built precludes people from tampering with the blockchain. The most famous proof of work algorithm introduced by the Bitcoin Protocol is the SHA-256.\n\nLet’s put that in perspective. Since the beginning of time, especially at the close of the 2009, miners would hash 8 million times per second, and that figure went up to 116, 000,000,000 times per to 10 trillion times per second in late 2010 and early 2014 respectively. This leads to network difficulty and thus the advent of the halving event. And in extension it has also created the scramble for hardware for mining. And in that regard, hardware has moved from **CPUs**, **GPUs**, **FPGAs** (Field Programmable Gate Array) to the sophisticated **ASIC**(Application Specific Integrated Circuit), which is a chip built specific to run the **SHA-256** algorithm. We could go into more detail, but that is a topic for another day.\n\nMining takes place all over the world, with most of it being carried out in China. That said, I should state that mining in Africa, particularly here in Kenya offers feasibility difficulty due to the associated costs. The digital gold rush continues and as adoption grows, the need for mining efficiency continues. However, mining is proving unsustainable with the amount of energy consumption and in terms of taking care of our mother Earth. It is this line of thought that prompts the application of Proof of Stake, which supplants the concept of hard-core mining and extols its virtues as a virtual mining process. Whichever way this goes, the philosophy behind the Bitcoin network, protocol, and monetary system stands tall. *O tempora! O mores!*\n\nIf you are starting out on bitcoin mining,  genesis mining is a great place to sharpen your skills through cloud mining. However, from our own experimentation, it is a risky business venture with average break-even time periods being 9-12 months on substantial initial **CAPEX**.  You can learn more at https://www.genesis-mining.com/\n\n\n*Disclaimer*: This opinion piece should not be construed to be financial advice, it is a technical review of mining. The reader is advised to do their own due diligence on safety, economic model and local regulatory compliance before utilizing suggested platforms, **read disclaimer**.",
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      "body": "![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmWdgxhnX6xWLorNcxgHz2V2XRjaApv6y48TMsm55wrLau/image.png)\n\n\nAn Ontology of Money\n\nIt is practically one of the most important human inventions in the entire course of human history. And yet it is little understood, even by economists themselves, made even more poignant when Felix begins with a quote by A. H. Quiggan (1949)- “Everyone, except an economist, knows what ‘money’ means.” A rather callous jibe, but nonetheless a sort of truism. Felix Martin, former World Bank official and economist elucidates in 260-pages the nitty-gritty of money through the prism of alternative history .\n\nWe are always caught in a cycle of debt that we rarely think about what money owes us, the original intent of money was for the purpose of creating an equitable society, a peaceful economy, a well-functioning political system that contributes to the staving off of detrimental financial tsunamis and managing the roller-coaster booms needed. But what we have now is a daemon, the catalyst of wars, the bedrock of poverty, the Damocles Sword that hangs upon the fabric of our existence. Money is indeed a double-edged sword.\n\nMartin, extols the virtues of money to deliver on its original providence and goes to expand in a heavy-going argument on how it is needed to rethink what money is. Of the most profound things he says (Martin, 2016), one stands in bold, that “money is not a thing but a social technology. A set of ideas and practices for organizing society. To be precise money is a concept of universally applicable economic value.” A few years ago, I recall having a rudimentary understanding of this concept where I theorized that money was a psychological state that informed on the ability of the human being to maintain his existential continuity in the form of creating wealth.\n\nIn the analytical hodgepodge of the book, several conflicting issues emerge in the expositions of money. First and foremost, the glaring conflict in the definition of money between what Martin enunciates it is and the standard definitions and the domain of discourse as to where the taxonomy of money begins and terminates. He notes “Coins and Currency… are useful tokens to record the underlying system of credit accounts and to implement the underlying process of clearing.”\n\nEric Lonergan (Lonergan, Routledge, and is, 2013) in his review of Martin’s thoughts endeavors to point out the logical fallacy that assumes “because debts have often been used as money, it does not follow that money is a debt.” Eric continues to contest Martin’s thoughts by stating that Martin doesn’t necessarily escape this fallacy, but rather finds a “novel” version where he argues that because we utilize credit accounts and a clearing system to net off payments, this makes the net and clearing system fall in the category of money. “This is a logical error,” Eric declares.\n\nSecondly, the notion of “narrow” banking is a panacea based on the speculations of Felix. However, it appears that he avoids the issue of it not being able to be applied. Milton Friedman advocated a variant of this notion in the 50s. It is essentially a concept where if a bank is to take deposits, it must have equal amounts in reserve. But alas! The nature of man would not allow for this, and of course there is the idea of a Machiavellian game a foot. This concept arises several times over the ages, especially during financial crises. That’s why Bitcoin and the Blockchain as innovations provide reasonable solutions into managing the dynamics of money.\n\nMartin’s ideas draw from David Hume’s philosophies who was first to elucidate the concept of money as a social institution, however Martin does not acknowledge him.\n\nGranted, it is a scintillating read into histories of money and does make one think a bit closely into one’s interactions with money, both in the traditional sense and with regard to the emerging aspects of it like crypto-currency. The common feature of the modern democracy is that money is becoming vastly a dangerous concept, leading to flagrant divisions in society, imperialistic oligarchies, though with the dynamic technologies, the main motivation is to democratize money and attempt to battle the machinations of a truly Machiavellian world.\n\nThis article was first published on http://bithub.co.ke/\n\n\nQuiggin, A.H. (1949) A survey of primitive money: The beginning of currency. Available at: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=h90OAAAAQAAJ&dq=inauthor:%22Alison+Hingston+Quiggin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxoNaBoNrRAhUHXhQKHeDZAlcQ6AEIGzAA (Accessed: 24 January 2017).\n\nLonergan, E., Routledge and is, H. (2013) Review of Felix Martin’s money: The unauthorised biography. Available at: http://www.philosophyofmoney.net/review-of-felix-martins-money-the-unauthorised-biography/ (Accessed: 24 January 2017).\n\nMartin, F. (2013) Money: The unauthorised biography. London: The Bodley Head.",
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      "body": "![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmVdSHApc1YmeAk8ozbeDYbpbQ3Wg2jaD81aZGqpsi9wh7/image.png)\n\nOneCoin, my first time hearing that name is when this bloke (who was definitely West African) sent a email through eloquently introducing OneCoin to me and the wonderful opportunities to be had. My scam-detector was not only blaring, but all my mental faculties were in high alert. In fact, I am pretty sure I broke into a guffaw. I believe he reached out via LinkedIn if my memory serves me well. Being a good chap, I replied to that email, you know with the usual 'what-are-you-all-about' tone. He recounted the OneCoin manifesto with what I would term as 'cultic zeal'. We didn’t exchange much correspondence, eventually he concluded that there wasn’t much to be wrought from continuing with our tête-à tête. This is the story of many a folk who have come across this breed of scam, a smorgasbord of which have fallen victim to their nefarious ways. Two days ago, India apprehended 18 representatives from OneCoin who were out and about crusading for their cause.\n\nAccording to FinancialExpress.com, the company does not have any registered office not does it have a bank account; all “investments” had to be in cash. An unsuspecting Indian would have to part with 11, 900 Rs under the promise of acquiring massive returns by 2018. This reminds me of that time in London where they made such a big claim of having created over 300 millionaires. It was a recruiting event where over 1000 souls came to sell themselves. The trick is to get in early. So who the hell are these people?\n\nIt is based out of Bulgaria, “zdravei, world, we are here to steal your minds and money.” I would imagine a secret board meeting would recite that as a mantra. OneCoin.eu and One Foundation have been proved to be scams, with an overwhelming collection of evidence stacked against them. Notably, it is said that the founders have been involved in other illicit business practices or scams.\n\nTheir CEO and founder, Dr.Ruja Ignatova is touted as a formidable business leader, although people question her credentials, which state she has been to Oxford and Harvard. There is little evidence to back this and there are confused statements that lend to their credence.\n\nSo how does it bloody work? Well, I should state that most well-reasoned people have said that most of the hogwash that they declared is a complete fabrication. Of course it is! One method that they use to rake in the unsuspecting plebeians is the smoking mirrors of opulence and prestige. They carefully choreograph the whole shebang because if one must steal people’s money, one must look like money. It is a masterful management of optics! It is a strategy from the multiple-level marketing handbook.\n\nThey have OneAwards that they give to their best “reapers” as I call them, but let’s call them traders for the purpose of this conversation. From the Black Diamond reaper level to the Double Diamond reaper level, not to mention the bag of goodies they get. From cloak dagger answers to technical questions to phony publications and false flag operations. What guts me is how they use the One Foundation to make claims of charity work that is none-existent.\n\nOf course it has made its way to Africa. And we know that several central banks have issued warnings against using cryptocurrency, inclusive of Bitcoin.\n\nThat said, Bitcoin education is spreading across the continent as adoption begins to take root. Most importantly, it is the warning against the use of OneCoin that is much appreciated. For instance, the Ugandan authority has been carrying out a campaign against OneCoin, along with Nigeria. This is not to say that the European entity is not taking action against these marauding folks at OneCoin.\n\nIn Kenya, we had an alarming spread of the MMM Global scam, which I believe was the reason that there was a tussle between a local Bitcoin company, BitPesa and Safaricom. On the aftermath of that precipitation, a series of events took place. That said, I decree that Kenyans are a clever lot and can distinguish the nuances in such matters.\n\nWith the proper awareness of the public carefully done, scams like OneCoin and any other would have very little hold. Granted, it is never easy because these institutions are built on rather cultist foundations, but nevertheless we must press on in rigorous fashion.",
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      "author": "cheetah",
      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/the-blockchain-developer-shortage-emerging-trends-and-perspectives-1477930838/",
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      "body": "![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmaha9Eowvtinyf3PjevqpD9bSa8k7Dzntrm1hYqtDycg9/image.png)\n\nI recently read an article that highlighted the shortage experienced in blockchain Development. Obviously, we see a steady rise of blockchain innovation, just look at this year's Blockchain Expo in London.  And with this meteoric rise, the shortage becomes ever more apparent. Innovation is indirectly proportional to the supply of talent. Consequently, it has been noted that some companies are having to scale back on some projects. Granted, therein lies an opportunity for individuals and/or businesses to seek to plug in this deficit, we’ll look at some here, gleaned from my readings, echoing the thoughts of nobler minds, whilst my mind works up a neural storm in also contributing to the intellectual rigor of attempting to solve this crisis, if one is being too dramatic.\n\n\n\nMichael Scott (Scott, 2017) goes ahead to extol the book written by the well-famed William Mougayar, who has become a thought leader in this space. The book, The Business Blockchain, in a short span of text, explores this emerging trend, stating that by his mid-2016 approximations, there were only “5,000 developers dedicated to writing software for cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, or blockchain in general.” He admits that “perhaps another 20,000 had dabbled with the technology, or have written front end applications that connect with the blockchain.” My friend and I belong to the latter part based on this piece of statistic; we, like all googly-eyed dreamers, moved to develop on this platform, though with limited success, nonetheless with increased progress of knowledge.\n\n\n\nBut, when you look at the nine million Java developers worldwide, and about 18.5 million software developers in the world, I cringe and smile at the same time because the opportunities are so rife. An interesting piece of fact that the book notes and where Michael emphasises, is that the Blockchain has the “good fortune of being tied to languages and scripts that are already in popular use — like Java, Javascript, C++, Node.js, Python, Golang and Haskell.”\n\n\n\nQuoting Mougayar, Michael writes, “Getting more developers proficient on Blockchain technology is key, and part of its successful evolution. We can't avoid not having a critical mass of knowledgeable software engineers that know how to program blockchains and develop blockchain applications. Whereas it might take a few weeks of effort today to get a seasoned developer up to speed on blockchains, it might eventually take only two days.”\n\n\n\nMougayar is convicted that efforts to address the prevailing blockchain developer shortage can be impacted by the following:\n\n- More general mass awareness about the blockchain; and that is what BitHub Africa is attempting to accomplish.\n\n- Popularity of certification programs, such as from the CryptoCurrency Certification Consortium; I eventually see myself with a certificate from BitHub Africa.\n\n- Formal education programs specializing in this field, such as the Master of Science in Digital Currency, University of Nicosia in Cyprus.  \n\n\n\nThis talent shortage, I do believe, will slowly balance itself out as more and more qualified people migrate out of the government sector, and graduate from colleges and universities. It is a sort of build-it-and-they-will-come type of situation. We see a clamouring for developers, and if you observe, money is very little motivation compared to the interest-creating coefficient for projects. People want to be part of something they perceive to be ‘big.’\n\n\nSo, the question is begged, what can be done to address this situation, a few of them being:\n\n- Flexible work situations- including remote work, especially for very experienced software dudes.\n\n-Mentorship programs- programming functional skills bootcamps, Digital Skills, et cetera.\n\nI should note that this shortage is not entirely not without precedent. During the early days of the web, we had such a situation akin to this, but well into almost two decades, look where we are.\n\nThe interesting thing is you don’t have to be fully-immersed in code to be able to apply the blockchain, just have to know how to run cryptographic protocols.\n\n\nWe do see also some well-seasoned programmers are well able to handle blockchain, but simply the buzz has gotten to them and are uninterested.\n\n\nEven so, BitHub Africa, stands on the cusp of a great duty that will echo into the generations to come.\n\n\nMougayar, W. and Buterin, V. (no date) Synopsis. Available at: http://thebusinessblockchain.com/synopsis/ (Accessed: 28 January 2017).\n \n\nScott, M. (2017) The Blockchain developer shortage: Emerging trends and perspectives. Available at: https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/the-blockchain-developer-shortage-emerging-trends-and-perspectives-1477930838/ (Accessed: 28 January 2017).",
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      "body": "Congratulations @qiqapublockchain! You have completed some achievement on Steemit and have been rewarded with new badge(s) :\n\n[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x80/http://steemitboard.com/notifications/voted.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@qiqapublockchain) Award for the number of upvotes received\n[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x80/http://steemitboard.com/notifications/firstcomment.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@qiqapublockchain) You made your First Comment\n\nClick on any badge to view your own Board of Honor on SteemitBoard.\nFor more information about SteemitBoard, click [here](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)\n\nIf you no longer want to receive notifications, reply to this comment with the word `STOP`\n\n> By upvoting this notification, you can help all Steemit users. Learn how [here](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/http-i-cubeupload-com-7ciqeo-png)!",
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      "body": "@@ -1,8 +1,22 @@\n+Awesome work!%0A\n https://\n",
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      "body": "![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmenju8xYAP7UHGizdQXiujmP9s8YRMC1h1akoMxuoTMUn/image.png)\n\nBitcoin adoption is growing all over the world. And this sets people up to the whims of scammers who are ever devising ingenious ways to rid people of their hard-earned coins. Especially with the price of Bitcoin is on a very positive trajectory, presently almost crossing the $3000 psychological line. So, this is a lucrative area for scammers. I have been thinking a lot about and Bitcoin and Social Media, especially how it is a target for these reapers to acquire unsuspecting victims. Yes, as much as it has been on the radar of investors and entrepreneurs, the darkness must always rise, too.\n\n\nA recent report by ZeroFox, a digital risk monitoring risk, highlighted this new breed of financial scam making rounds in the social networks. ZeroFox stated three categories of targets- mobile-gamers, holiday shoppers, and bank customers, not to mention Bitcoin owners. It’s decentralised, anonymous, and irreversible nature gives Bitcoin its appeal to scammers. The social media demographic is one which can easily be pulled into the Bitcoin vision, coupled with the money-craze, gives a fertile ground for the scammers to come in. ZeroFox presented four ways in which these scams are taking place:\n\n\nBitcoin Phishing Impostors\n\nI am no stranger to impersonation on social media, especially Facebook where it’s an epidemic. You have probably come across such impostors. So this is what happens when happens when they impersonate Bitcoin brands. Preying on your trust and curiosity, they entice you with the website upon which they ask you to enter your private key ( by providing a search function) under the ruse that they need to confirm whether it’s in their database. Once you do that, your private key is phished and the perpetrator spends the bitcoins directly from your wallet. Your credulity is severely taxed. For instance, the Impostors use the trusted Bitcoin logo as their social media avatar. Along with click-bait statements to propagate the phishing URLs. In turn you are directed to the phishing webpage.\n\n\nBitcoin Pyramid Schemes\n\nThese are usually built on rather cultist foundations. They employ the usual tag and bag tactics of high-yield investment programs and multi-level marketing. Usually, the people caught in these schemes are never aware or find it hard to detect the nuances of malicious intent. The victims are encouraged to bring in other folks using referral links, from which they are rewarded. And soon enough, the pyramid gets big enough for the initiator to exit, collapsing it with a loud bang. The crusade for recruiting people is done on social media, both for the scammer and victims, and I have witnessed this. You have probably watched YouTube videos to that effect.\n\n\nBut the thing that disturb me are the cloud scams, specifically the fact that some of these are legitimate. Basically, with cloud mining, people group together to leverage pool mining. More often than not, big promises are made with little or no fulfillment. These entities often advertise on social media for their services. From questionable donations to outrageous returns, it appears that these schemes are yet to be a thing of the past.\n\n\n\nBitcoin-Flipping Schemes\n\nThese follow the customary process of money-flipping schemes carried out on bank customers. These scams take the angle of a victim being asked for Bitcoin as a startup fee to make the investment from which they can realize high returns within two shakes of a duck's tail. You have guessed it right, the other person never fulfils their end of the bargain. It is a low-rise tactic for them, from which they benefit immensely when done on a large scale. Social media plays a huge role in this as they broadcast their calls to action.\n\n\nMalware Downloads\n\nZeroFox noted a massive number of attacks in this regard. Usually the scammers post compromised URLs on social media where the victims click through. So what happens, the reapers use the promise of Bitcoin to nudge the victims through to eventually download an application that is riddled with malware (fake wallets); that’s one way. The other way is the use of Bitcoin surveys that are laden with malware. Caution should be taken on any shortened URL that you come across social media and ZeroFox also recommends that they should have a HTTPS connection.\n\n\nAccording to ZeroFox, there were 3,618 Bitcoin scam URLs spread across social media. Within the perspective of history, these URLs have been shared 126, 276,549 within social media posts. However, there are other ways that the scamming takes place, like through a DM or a phone call, links in bios.\n\n\nSocial media has been weaponized, alongside other digital channels. You have to stay sharp out there, the reapers are lurking!",
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      "body": "![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmYmjGRS2KeSgoCg6zPffqZSnnXmNuNyCuUJZVzg2jjtKt/image.png)\n\nIn a world of increasingly complex technology, the need for clarity is evermore a much-required reality. And nowhere is this clarity ever more important than in the payments industry. Learning to navigate this involving stream of complexities is very much a task for industry stakeholders and as it is for the individual. That is the purpose of the Key Regulatory and Industry Initiatives (KRIIS), which seem to paint a picture of clarity for the modern man who stands on the cusp of the singularity.\n\nFor it is a truism that what man creates, it in turn creates him back. It is a scaffolding of the Technological Age man, whose skin is the technology he creates. I want to highlight some of these KRIIs and hopefully set us on a path of crystallization. But first we have to understand what a KRII can be: It can either be a regulation or an industry initiative where all players are needed to participate or an existing KRII whose implementation/execution is in progress and the KRII should not be more than three years old or at least have a good reason for remaining; well, at least according to the research methodology used by the conveners of the World Payments Report (World payments report 2015 from Capgemini and RBS | article, no date).\n\nIncreasingly, implementing KRIIS has become quite tasking, like a maze, because of three things, one being the number of KRIIs, the overwhelming level of detail, where some are still in development, thus open to the avenue of interpretation, a recipe for conflict and delayed implementation. We see a resounding shift in regulatory agenda, too, especially in the implementation of KRIIs and the need to create the environment for thriving innovation.\n\nThrough a series of initiatives, very much aided by competition and definitely, novel technology, the regulatory technocrats are intensifying their efforts to promote innovation. For instance, thinking about Kenya, we see an administration that wants to understand the Bitcoin-Blockchain. It is a general rule of thumb that regulatory action is essential for transmuting KRIIs from the inception stage to the proliferation stage in their life-cycle.\n\nIt is important to note that KRIIs with a regional nature are becoming global, which expands the regulatory agenda, making it difficult for harmonization. And we all know all the stakeholders- clients, PSPs, government, etc., can benefit at greater harmonization, especially with regard to the timing and content of KRIIs. There are four essential elements that are part of the KRII habitat: Risk reduction, competition, standardization, transparency, and innovation.\n\nThese KRIIs include on a global scale:\nEmergent Payments Security and Technology\nMobile Wallet\ne-Government\nPayments Governance\nAccess to Clearing\nVirtual Currency and Distributed Ledger Regulations\nInternet Payments Security\nCross-Border Low-Value Payments Processing\nBank Payment Obligation\nCPSS-IOSCO\nBasel III Capital Forms\nImmediate Payments\nAML/ATF\nISO 20022 Standard in Payments\nData Privacy and Protection including Cyber-Security\nBasel and Intraday Liquidity Norms and Reporting\n\nWhile each of the KRII here is essential, what really tickles my fancy is Virtual Currency and Distributed Ledger Regulations, being a vocal proponent of the technologies, I am keen to understand what is going on. According to the online survey of payments industry experts carried out for WPR 2015, 70% of them believe that this industry’s regulation will impact their business models. The blockchain technology indeed has the potential to improve the financial infrastructure globally and give much needed efficacy to the global financial network. Not only can it elevate the velocity of money, it creates a path of legacy to the monetary system, especially for the banks to inter-operate. And in this vein, Central banks, financial firms, technological companies are talking on how best to undertake the enormous task. Upon this light, I can only hope that the Kenyan regulators show a genuine desire to communicate, listen, and commit to the wisdom of dialogue.\n\nTo move forward, all stakeholders, from the bureaucrat to my grandma in the village, there needs to be a transformational approach to the adoption of these milestones. Developing use-case scenarios in the full domain of discourse, understanding the relevant taxonomies from inception to proliferation, is key to progress in this regard.\n\nWorld payments report 2015 from Capgemini and RBS | article (no date) Available at: https://www.capgemini.com/thought-leadership/world-payments-report-2015-from-capgemini-and-rbs (Accessed: 24 January 2017).",
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      "body": "![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmQJdqs9U2HEbgVWrn6Yo1v1wuhQeEZH3WciUTvfWeW8we/image.png)\n\n\nSo for those that have no clue why AML is important in the daily movement of life, perhaps this will shed a light. AML means Anti-Money Laundering and the law frowns on such things, although there is also a tendency for the law to be murky in this regard. According to some scribing I recently perused from the pwc company, global money laundering transactions are estimated at 2 to 5% of global GDP, or which leads to an a rough approximation of U.S. $1-2 trillion per annum (Pricewaterhousecoopers, 2016).\n\nSurprisingly, if one would use that term, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) highlights that less than 1% of global illicit financial flows are currently seized by authorities. Now, the question is begged, is this as a result of the difficulties that arise during the process or just willful ignorance that is based on some Machiavellian tendencies? A bit of both, actually, in my humble opinion.\n\nWe continue to see the nascent transparency of worldly geopolitics in regard to issues such as terrorist attacks, money laundering and terrorist financing, which are escalating as priority issues for governments across the globe. Especially here in Kenya, where we are dealing with our own terrorist problem, going by the recent Al-Shabaab attacks on our armed forces in Somalia. Choking the financing of such organizations is a no-brainer. For instance, over the last few years, in the U.S. alone, nearly a dozen global financial institutions have been assessed fines in the hundreds of millions to billions of dollars for money laundering and/or sanctions violations. There are strong indications that other countries will follow suit in formulating in substantive regulation and enforcement.\n\nThis is not restricted to financial institutions only. Any organization that facilitates financial transactions – including non-bank money service businesses such as life insurers, digital/mobile payment services,and retailers, to name a few – is also coming within the scope of anti-money laundering (AML) legislation worldwide (In Kenya, we had a particular case where the leading Telco, Safaricom and a Bitcoin Exchange clashed as to the proper compliance model requisite for AML/KYC. Alarmingly, but not surprisingly, many of these new participants are not yet up to speed on the requirements they must meet or on the compliance programs they will need.\n\nNonetheless, regulation continues to grow in terms of complexity and scope, the cost of compliance continues to skyrocket. Based on new figures from WealthInsight, global spending on AML compliance is set to grow to more than $8 billion by 2017 (a compounded annual growth rate of almost 9%). This would cause constipation in many a CFO and would cringe at increasing compliance spend – notwithstanding the cost of enforcement actions and large-scale penalties resulting from compliance failures.\n\nSo what’s the solution, I ask?. You may already have divined but, if you haven’t, then I have failed as a writer to make obvious an elusive fact. Why would the blockchain impact money laundering? Well here’s a key summary of the reasons why:\n\n-Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs) and related sanctions monitoring could end up being automated, removing the overhead and obligation of the banks and other financial institutions to do this abhorrent activity; and there are estimates that state that 60% or more of the costs of AML compliance could be removed through this process as a consequence.\n\n-Comprehensive transactions would be registered on the blockchain with a timestamp, information about the recipient, the sender, the costs and the amounts involved;\n\n-All transactions performed on a permissioned (private) blockchain could be distributed among banks and other financial institutions, and would create a secure, accessible ledger of all transactions;\n\n-The complete number of all transactions could then be processed instantly across unlimited amounts on a private blockchain, that would increase the efficiency and effectiveness of processing transactions far more easily and in real-time than using SWIFT; the data registered on the blockchain is immutable, and can never be changed, making it fully auditable;\n\n-The concerned for privacy is protected because access to blockchain information is limited in terms of access, and only available to those granted access that to specific record.\n\nAccording to a recent article by Wall Street Journal (Elliot, 2017), the CEO of Cayman Finance estimates that with Blockchain, the 1-2% seized AML assets could level up to 90%. Now, if that is not fine incentive for whole governments and financial institution to adopt Blockchain, then I am at a loss.\n\nI am sure a lot can be said in regards to this topic, the devil is in the details, but so is God. But I will surmise, utilizing blockchain distributed ledger technology to formulate a shared database for transactions would limit the involvement of the banks in the ongoing transaction monitoring for AML, and avoiding sanction breaches through automated SAR reporting. Not to mention applications such as Digital Identities, concepts in Know Your Customer activities, the impacts are enormous.\n\nElliott, N. (2017) How Fintech could cause a revolution in compliance. Available at: http://blogs.wsj.com/riskandcompliance/2017/01/26/how-fintech-could-cause-a-revolution-in-compliance/ (Accessed: 9 February 2017).\n \nPricewaterhouseCoopers (2016) Anti-money laundering. Available at: http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/services/advisory/forensics/economic-crime-survey/anti-money-laundering.html (Accessed: 9 February 2017).",
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      "body": "![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmbJs6pbpYXXpxi6XtXPADiuvxNJy1dM1sxvT4t66MAUGb/image.png)\n\n\nThe actions by global central banks recently could prove to have a certain profundity in terms of their policy directions. The czars at the helm of these banks are pushing contemporary macro to its limit, especially in the case of the Japanese Central Bank Governor Kuroda. In Kenya, we see the Central Bank Governor pushing his own limits with the interest cap, the moratorium on banking licenses, just to not e a few instances. At the back of his mind, he’s quite cognizant of the primary directive of a central bank, which is to give reins to inflation, thus he will keep printing money until Japan’s CPI elevates beyond its previous 2% target. Few central bankers, according to pundits, are innovating around developing sound, sustainable macrostructures aimed at the ever-elusive phrase 'financial stability'.\n\n\n\nNot to mention our own Central Banker, Dr.Patrick Njoroge who has advanced a raft of measures aimed at bringing some semblance of sanity to the banking sector. The law capping lending rates at 4% above CBK-rate, the moratorium of banking license issuance, et cetera are some of them.\n\n \nIt has been increasingly clear for several years on that this government bond-buying QE and ever cheaper money were not just running the risk of having counter-productive effects on consumer spending, but threatening to destabilize finance, including the banking sector. We are living in an over-leveraged society and while it is a truism that more government debt and even inflation can be a solution to the private sector debt problem, it is however fallacious to assimilate that extended private sector debt is the way out in a world where sovereign contagion could mean butterflies and financial tsunamis on the other end of the planet. The austerity regime 'shot itself in the foot' as Eric Lonergan would enunciate in his review, on the face of this fallacy, evidenced by the anemic credit growth despite its diminished cost. So, it begs several questions:\n\n \nIs the theoretical and empirical basis for lower interest-rates raising robust enough in the face in the wake of countervailing forces? An attempt to answer this question would have us look at Japan and Europe where the higher GDP per capita and relatively even income distributions would have us explore the models based on psychology and math; and possibly deduce that income effects could dominate in lieu of the intended effect of lower rates raising desired savings.\n\n \nSecondly, did we really need to bear patience until yield curves were flat and short-rates negative to understand that the perpetual attrition of bank bottom-lines was an unlikely rock-solid basis for the indication of cyclical strength? Again, cui bono, who in the end was paying for all those central bank profits? The nascent cognition that flat-yield curves, bond-buying QE, and lower interest rates are the policies of the past. Besides, when all is said and done, marginal utility diminishes ((Lonergan, Routledge, and is, 2016).\n\n \nAnd thus it is to be asked in the most intellectual fashion, what next for monetary policy? In a world where Economics has a cognitive struggle in elucidating the age-old question of what money was, not to mention the stark contrast between monetary and fiscal policy, it appears that in the modern democracy, the central bank operates in a veil of ignorance.\n\n \nAn even more important question and I believe the chief of them all, is the role of central bank in the age of Bitcoin? With all the macro-events taking place around the world, geopolitical concerns in the Middle East and the Trump Age, demonetization in India and Venezuela, civil war concerns Africa, lastly and definitely not the last, the recent interest rate hike by the Fed. This strengthens the dollar and works against the emerging currencies, but works favorably for the forex pairing between USD/BTC pairing.\n\n\n\nVinny Lingham provides wonderful insights in this regard sighting the growth of Bitcoin during this Negative Interest Rate Policy(NIRP) and the previous rate hike and the expected raise. He notes that once the next rate hike takes place, the emerging markets’ currencies become devalued, which “raises the effective price of Bitcoin for people in those markets, creating more equity value in their bitcoins and driving up demand for more.” He predicts that the price of Bitcoin will go up to $3000 by this year’s end and one of the most interesting things that is happening in this space is Bitcoin appears to be gaining favor in local currency price trading pairs.\n\n \nWith that said, these are interesting times, to watch the unfolding drama that is the Central Bank in the wake of Bitcoin. The eternal dance between Human Nature and Math.\n\n\n\nLonergan, E., Routledge and is, H. (2016) Where next? Monetary policy in a post policy-rate world. Available at: http://www.philosophyofmoney.net/where-next-monetary-policy-in-a-post-policy-rate-world/ (Accessed: 24 January 2017).",
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      "body": "![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmaXikF8AeiTLxKz9tbcf3pMwNvF4NK4mJZnXa3BnibiBw/image.png)\n\n\nThe Consensus Economy is a pillar in today’s society. Technology plays a role in the development of this economy, especially open-source technologies like the internet, the blockchain,and other distributed ledger technologies. I want to highlight the blockchain as the linchpin for the iteration of this economy. But there’s much to learn and so many ideas to try out. In this world, to propagate ideas requires funding, and how this comes along is through the framework of research. And this is really close to my heart, especially in the African perspective where the blockchain technology could provide real world case studies on a massively impactful basis across the spectrum of society. Let me put this into perspective:\nBitHub Africa, a blockchain accelerator produced a report titled The African Blockchain Report, which is a 136 page rendition of the huge avenues that blockchain creates. Furthermore, the UK Research Council recently granted £3.6 million in Blockchain grants to seven projects. The blockchain industry has matured quite well, moving from the already proved financial use case. And herein lies the field of research, so much can be built on the blockchain. I believe that there are two areas that research grants can benefit immensely:\n\n\nGrants in Blockchain Education\n\n\nThe education ranges from theoretical to the practical. From understanding what it is and what can be built on it. Not to mention the reason why we need blockchain. This is where the philosophical underpinnings of the blockchain are formulated and expounded upon. Conducting such education systematically and on a large scale is ideal and breeds the culture of innovation as people ruminate on the content. Money to support this would go along way in helping the development therewith. One of the ways to do this is directing this funding towards hubs/accelerators OR through universities/schools.\n\n\nGrants in Blockchain Projects\n\n\nOften ideas are lost into obscurity because there’s no money to help them develop. One of the ways to ensure that the funding is used properly is to create benchmarks upon which projects can be weighed against for the purposes of constant amelioration. The funding should help both the technical development to the go-to-market strategy.\nIn Africa, this is most important because a lot of projects lack funding, is it because of the risk-averse psyche or the inefficient funding that exists? Or perhaps because of the ineffective ways of managing the funds? These are definitely important questions that need to be answered. But I also need to say that these hubs/accelerators need to learn to pitch themselves to funding entities, build on values of fairness and diligence. And of course, there needs to be goodwill from funders and founders to work together to build legacies. Sound structure and good sense is the essence of such a relationship.\nImportantly, you have noticed the interest by central bankers to extend on this technology by putting money into research of digital currencies. One thing is for sure, this technology is here to stay, we can’t stop the onslaught of technology. Innovation is as important to technology as currency is to the economy.",
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      "body": "![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSeWVym7vTF5DzYPHqRaMaD4igae6oX823nYUyWEdLj7V/image.png)\n\nThere is a term that has become quite popular in this our current times- ICO, Initial Coin Offering. It is as crazy as it is innovative. So what the blip is it you ask? Well, it is the idea of preselling the coins of a cryptocurrency or token derived for a particular blockchain project for the sole purpose of advancing their development. Did you get it? Basically, I am selling you a product that I haven’t made yet in the hopes that you will have faith enough in my value proposition for you to buy in.\n\nSince the dawn of 2013, ICOs have been used to fund the development of new cryptocurrency projects. It has proven to be quite an adept financial instrument and has seen the advent of a new crop of investors. But of course, the old Latin rule stands, caveat emptor, buyer beware.\n\nIt is a general rule of thumb that before one makes an investment, one must do their due diligence. ICOs and Token Sales Offerings come with their technicalities, legal, business and financial. It is part of the crowdfunding concept that creates the possibility of raising an inordinate amount of money within a short period of time. It is Crowdfunding 3.0. There are benefits and disadvantages to conducting ICOs, not to mention the disruptive aspects to the traditional funding models. I think it goes without saying that there are massive opportunities. It involves no third parties or mediators and it reduces the involved as a consequence. Traditional crowdfunding platforms such as the usual suspects, Indiegogo and Kick starter function as third parties, which augments the financial cost. This calls into effect the question of efficiency, which is essentially how it works.\n\n\nUsually what carries on is a noveau cryptocurrency is developed on such platforms as Openledger, Counterparty, and Ethereum, which I believe is a superior platform. The price is arbitrarily determined often by the perception of the worth of the network at its current stage of development. If the participants of the network agree to that price point, then you have a successful ICO, other factors inclusive. After which, the market rules; the dynamics of price is the name of the game. You wouldn’t be slighted to think that investors are generally taking a gamble. Who knows what the price will be in the next two years, even in the next 2 minutes, nevertheless it doesn’t stop them. Especially with the shiny gains that have been realised by several cryptocurrency projects such as Ethereum, which topped expectations with a price point of $60 and a market cap of above $4 billion dollars. Notably, Montero and NEM have seen a 2000% increase in their value. Furthermore, investors have the option of cashing out to a fiat-backed currency or tarry for the currency to rise or fall depending on the winds of fortune.\n\n\nInvestors also like the ICOs because of the increased velocity of profits as opposed to the custom of locked in funds in businesses, particularly in start-ups where one must await a set time to see the realisation of desired profits. With ICOs, one needs only convert the cryptocurrency to fiat without any major difficulties while the latter offers quite formidable challenges, that is not to say that the former doesn’t present extreme problems. One of them being the regulatory inconsistency associated with cryptocurrency, though it’s beginning to take shape, with Japan for instance, which ruled positively on the legality of Bitcoin. Not to mention the blatant scams, pump and dumps, and sophisticated Ponzi schemes.\n\n\nSome of the successful ICOs include the recent successful Humaniq ICO, which raised $5million from which HMQ tokens are being traded in several exchanges. And one of my favourites, the Ethereum Movie Venture, which raised over 300,000 USD in 3 weeks, all before the 8 weeks funding schedule was finished. There have been quite a great deal of ICOs that have raised significant money.\n\n\nMore than $270 million dollars has been acquired in ICOs, excluding the DAO conundrum according to Smith and Crown. At any rate, ICOs are here, being up there in the top funding strategies of our current world, playing a huge role in the development of open-source technology, and breeding a new crop of investors.",
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