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      "title": "The Extinct #5 - The Sea Mink",
      "body": "@@ -2181,17 +2181,18 @@\n %3E%3C/div%3E%0A\n-%0A\n+A \n naturali\n@@ -2198,214 +2198,148 @@\n ist \n+by name \n Joseph \n-Banks encountered this animal in 1776 in the Strait of Belle Isle, an\n+bank who saw their existence sai\n d \n+t\n he\n- described it\n+y were\n  a\n-s\n  b\n-eing slightly\n+it\n  large\n-r\n  than \n-a fox, having long legs, and a\n+the Fox with tapered\n  tail \n-th\n at \n-was long and tapered towards the end\n+end and having leg a bit long\n . %0A%0A%0A\n+%0A\n ## W\n",
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      "author": "preciousdave",
      "permlink": "the-extinct-5-the-sea-mink",
      "title": "The Extinct #5 - The Sea Mink",
      "body": "@@ -1468,3704 +1468,940 @@\n %3E%0A%0A%0A\n-Sea mink had coarse, reddish dark brown fur. It is unknown whether summer and winter pelages differed, however, closely related species, such as American mink, have winter coats that are much thicker and heaver than their summer coat. Sexual dimorphism, common in nearly all Mustelinae, was also present in sea mink as males were larger than females%0A%0AThe last known specimen of sea mink was taken in 1880 from an island in the Gulf of Maine, and this is the year attributed to the species%E2%80%99 final extermination. Little is known about this large species of mink, as extinction occurred before any scientific study was undertaken. The sea mink is reported to have had a long, bushy tail which would have been about a third of its body length and was densely covered in coarse, reddish-brown fur. Almost 50 percent larger in length than its closest relatives, the sea mink was also broader and more robust, most likely an adaptation to cope with the bitterly cold temperatures of the Atlantic Ocean. Females are thought to have been smaller than males, a common mustelid trait, although for the sea mink this can only be predicted from the size of skull bones excavated in recent years from Native American shell middens%0A%0AErnest Seton who was a wildlife Artist made some probable dimension of the sea mink. Possible dimensions of the sea mink were said to be about 82.6- 91.4 cm when measured from the head to its tail. And they have a tail dimension to be about 25.4cm. %0A%0AFemales were said to be smaller than the males; this prediction was given with respect to the skulls of this animal which was excavated  The sea mink was the largest of the minks. As only fragmentary skeletal remains of the sea mink exist, most of its external measurements are speculative and rely only on dental measurements. In 1929, Ernest Seton, a wildlife artist, concluded that the probable dimensions for this animal are 91.4 centimeters (36 in) from head to tail, with the tail being 25.4 centimeters (10 in) long. A possible mounted sea mink specimen collected in 1894 in Connecticut measured 72 centimeters (28 in) from head to tail and the tail was 25.4 centimeters (10 in) in length; a 1996 study found this to be either a large American mink or possibly a hybrid. The specimen was described as having coarse fur that was reddish-tan in color, though much of it was likely faded from age. It was darkest at the tail and the hind limbs, with a 5-by-1.5-centimeter (2 by 0.6 in) white patch between the forearms. There were also white spots on the left forearm and the groin region.%0A%0A%3Cdiv class=%22pull-right%22%3E%3Ccenter%3E%3Cimg src=%22https://steemitimages.com/DQmdFew63byJeDaigFEr9KbiwqWVTumP56WiXTvZDfGZ2K4/U5dr6RFKpntbvmuDb9FTaCeZPcToWyt_1680x8400.jpg%22 /%3E%3Cbr/%3E%3Cem%3E%3Ca href=%22https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/american_mink.jpg%22%3EThe sea mink looks similar to its relative, The American Mink%3C/a%3E%3C/em%3E%3C/center%3E%3C/div%3E%0A%0ASince the sea mink has only been described by fragmentary remains, its appearance and behaviors are not well-documented. Its relatives, as well as descriptions by fur traders and Native Americans, give a general idea of this animal's appearance and its ecological roles. Accounts from Native Americans in the New England/Atlantic Canadian regions reported that the sea mink had a fatter body than the American mink. The sea mink produced a distinctive fishy odor, and had fur that was said to be coarser and redder than that of the American mink. It is thought that naturalist Joseph Banks encountered this animal in 1776 in the Strait of Belle Isle, and he described it as being slightly larger than a fox, having long legs, and a tail that was long and tapered towards the end, similar to a greyhound.\n+Ernest Seton who was a wildlife Artist made some probable dimension of the sea mink. Possible dimensions of the sea mink were said to be about 82.6- 91.4 cm when measured from the head to its tail. And they have a tail dimension to be about 25.4cm. %0A%0AFemales were said to be smaller than the males; this prediction was given with respect to the skulls of this animal which was excavated  %0A%3Cdiv class=%22pull-right%22%3E%3Ccenter%3E%3Cimg src=%22https://steemitimages.com/DQmdFew63byJeDaigFEr9KbiwqWVTumP56WiXTvZDfGZ2K4/U5dr6RFKpntbvmuDb9FTaCeZPcToWyt_1680x8400.jpg%22 /%3E%3Cbr/%3E%3Cem%3E%3Ca href=%22https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/american_mink.jpg%22%3EThe sea mink looks similar to its relative, The American Mink%3C/a%3E%3C/em%3E%3C/center%3E%3C/div%3E%0A%0Anaturalist Joseph Banks encountered this animal in 1776 in the Strait of Belle Isle, and he described it as being slightly larger than a fox, having long legs, and a tail that was long and tapered towards the end. \n %0A%0A%0A#\n@@ -3057,269 +3057,8 @@\n %3E%0A%0A%0A\n-Skeletal remains of sea mink have been found along the coastal shore of northeastern United States, and probable dens have been found in rocky areas along the north Atlantic ocean front. These findings suggest this species, now extinct, occupied coastal regions\n \n+\n %0A%0ABo\n@@ -5110,1058 +5110,8 @@\n . %0A%0A\n-As marine mammal species often play a large part in their ecosystems, it is possible that the sea mink was an important intertidal predator. It may have been similar in diet to the American mink, and may have consumed seabirds, seabird eggs, and hard-bodied marine invertebrates, though in greater proportions. Fur traders reported that sea mink dens had two entrances, and were made in the rocks piled up by the waves. Remains of toad sculpins and ocean pout were the most common around their dens, and garden banded snails were also reported to have been part of their diet. Their seafood-oriented diet may have increased their size. According to fur traders, the sea mink was nocturnal and resided in caves and rock crevices during the day. Due to the overlap of American mink and sea mink ranges, it is possible that they hybridized with each other. Although not a truly marine species, being confined to coastal waters, the sea mink was unusually aquatic compared to other members of Musteloidea, being, next to otters, the most aquatic member%0A%0A\n Only\n@@ -6179,194 +6179,8 @@\n div%3E\n-%0AA blind and hairless offspring is given birth to after a gestation period of approximately 34 days, sometimes when delay implementation occurs, this period may last as long as 70 days. \n %0A%0ATh\n@@ -6676,11 +6676,8 @@\n g of\n--of\n \n+\n  the\n@@ -10117,1182 +10117,290 @@\n on. \n-The European mink was historically hunted extensively, particularly in Russia, where in some districts, the decline prompted a temporary ban on mink hunting to let the population recover. In the early 20th century, 40-60,000 European minks were caught annually in the Soviet Union, with a record of 75,000 individuals (an estimate which exceeds the modern global European mink population).%0A%0APredation has also contributed to the decline of this species; predators include the American mink, the European polecat, the red fox, and the large owls. The increase in the number of red foxes may have contributed to their decrease as the red fox is known to prey on mustelid. %0A%0AFur traders made traps to catch sea minks and also pursued them with dogs, although they were rarely trapped. If a sea mink escaped into a small hole on the rocky ledges, it was dug out by hunters using shovels and crowbars. If it was out of reach of the hunters, it was shot and then retrieved using an iron rod with a screw on the far end. If it was hiding, it was smoked out and suffocated. The minks' nocturnal behavior may have been caused from pressure by fur traders who hunted them in daylight.\n+%0A%0APredation has also contributed to the decline of this species; predators include the American mink, the European polecat, the red fox, and the large owls. The increase in the number of red foxes may have contributed to their decrease as the red fox is known to prey on mustelid. %0A\n %0A%0AAl\n",
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      "title": "The Extinct #5 - The Sea Mink",
      "body": "@@ -1467,398 +1467,358 @@\n v%3E%0A%0A\n-The s\n+%0AS\n ea mink \n-was known to have a quite long and bushy tail which was described to be about a third of \n+had coarse, reddish dark brown fur. It is unknown whe\n the\n-i\n r \n-length, and they were covered with fur which was reddish brown and coarse. This mink was known to be the largest of its species estimated to be 50%25 more larger than its relatives as they are robust and broad which is the perfect body for the cold temperature known to the Atlantic. \n+summer and winter pelages differed, however, closely related species, such as American mink, have winter coats that are much thicker and heaver than their summer coat. Sexual dimorphism, common in nearly all Mustelinae, was also present in sea mink as males were larger than females\n %0A%0ATh\n@@ -3070,16 +3070,972 @@\n avated  \n-\n \n+The sea mink was the largest of the minks. As only fragmentary skeletal remains of the sea mink exist, most of its external measurements are speculative and rely only on dental measurements. In 1929, Ernest Seton, a wildlife artist, concluded that the probable dimensions for this animal are 91.4 centimeters (36 in) from head to tail, with the tail being 25.4 centimeters (10 in) long. A possible mounted sea mink specimen collected in 1894 in Connecticut measured 72 centimeters (28 in) from head to tail and the tail was 25.4 centimeters (10 in) in length; a 1996 study found this to be either a large American mink or possibly a hybrid. The specimen was described as having coarse fur that was reddish-tan in color, though much of it was likely faded from age. It was darkest at the tail and the hind limbs, with a 5-by-1.5-centimeter (2 by 0.6 in) white patch between the forearms. There were also white spots on the left forearm and the groin region.\n %0A%0A%3Cdiv c\n@@ -5816,16 +5816,278 @@\n %3C/div%3E%0A%0A\n+%0ASkeletal remains of sea mink have been found along the coastal shore of northeastern United States, and probable dens have been found in rocky areas along the north Atlantic ocean front. These findings suggest this species, now extinct, occupied coastal regions\n %0A%0ABones \n@@ -6105,16 +6105,21 @@\n mal was \n+also \n found in\n@@ -15045,24 +15045,528 @@\n mustelid. %0A%0A\n+Fur traders made traps to catch sea minks and also pursued them with dogs, although they were rarely trapped. If a sea mink escaped into a small hole on the rocky ledges, it was dug out by hunters using shovels and crowbars. If it was out of reach of the hunters, it was shot and then retrieved using an iron rod with a screw on the far end. If it was hiding, it was smoked out and suffocated. The minks' nocturnal behavior may have been caused from pressure by fur traders who hunted them in daylight.%0A%0A\n Also, the de\n",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"animals\",\"science\",\"nature\",\"steemiteducation\",\"steemstem\"],\"image\":[\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmdFNkbed7MCxivicannpj9kiKGtE5izTZV7dgtJPyVtqx/2.jpg\",\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Canadian_field-naturalist_%281988%29_%2820332897078%29.jpg/220px-The_Canadian_field-naturalist_%281988%29_%2820332897078%29.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmdFew63byJeDaigFEr9KbiwqWVTumP56WiXTvZDfGZ2K4/U5dr6RFKpntbvmuDb9FTaCeZPcToWyt_1680x8400.jpg\",\"https://www.all-about-ferrets.com/wp-content/uploads/seamink.jpg\",\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IyI5IiaNZzA/VbKNCmVBeFI/AAAAAAAAAHE/eGjU2NYIiGk/s320/af001997.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmY9XuA4cjRADKskfGCZhDvmySzjiiaLNXqdD3D3WiPLpc/U5ds5t8D35gRvsJ86t3z72k9r8bpVF3_1680x8400.jpg\",\"http://s3.amazonaws.com/mongabay-images/15/0115.sea-mink-Labeled.jpg\",\"https://www.konicaminolta.com/kids/endangered_animals/library/field/img/european-mink_img01-l.jpg\",\"https://www.all-about-ferrets.com/wp-content/uploads/europaeischer-nerz.gif\",\"https://img.youtube.com/vi/fqseGovugZI/0.jpg\"],\"links\":[\"https://media.mnn.com/assets/images/2010/11/seamink.jpg.638x0_q80_crop-smart.jpg\",\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Canadian_field-naturalist_%281988%29_%2820332897078%29.jpg/220px-The_Canadian_field-naturalist_%281988%29_%2820332897078%29.jpg\",\"https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/american_mink.jpg\",\"https://www.all-about-ferrets.com/wp-content/uploads/seamink.jpg\",\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IyI5IiaNZzA/VbKNCmVBeFI/AAAAAAAAAHE/eGjU2NYIiGk/s320/af001997.jpg\",\"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Mai8h9RzE-4/hqdefault.jpg\",\"http://s3.amazonaws.com/mongabay-images/15/0115.sea-mink-Labeled.jpg\",\"https://www.konicaminolta.com/kids/endangered_animals/library/field/img/european-mink_img01-l.jpg\",\"https://www.all-about-ferrets.com/wp-content/uploads/europaeischer-nerz.gif\",\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqseGovugZI\",\"https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/the-extinct-4-the-great-auk\",\"https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/the-extinct-3-the-caribbean-monk-seal\",\"https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/the-extinct-2-the-passenger-pigeon\",\"https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/the-extinct-1-the-west-african-black-rhinoceros\",\"https://study.com/academy/lesson/sea-mink-facts-extinction.html\",\"https://www.arkive.org/sea-mink/neovison-macrodon/\",\"https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/photos/13-animals-hunted-to-extinction/sea-mink\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_mink\",\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/1401/\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}"
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      "author": "preciousdave",
      "permlink": "the-extinct-5-the-sea-mink",
      "title": "The Extinct #5 - The Sea Mink",
      "body": "@@ -1855,16 +1855,883 @@\n ntic. %0A%0A\n+The last known specimen of sea mink was taken in 1880 from an island in the Gulf of Maine, and this is the year attributed to the species%E2%80%99 final extermination. Little is known about this large species of mink, as extinction occurred before any scientific study was undertaken. The sea mink is reported to have had a long, bushy tail which would have been about a third of its body length and was densely covered in coarse, reddish-brown fur. Almost 50 percent larger in length than its closest relatives, the sea mink was also broader and more robust, most likely an adaptation to cope with the bitterly cold temperatures of the Atlantic Ocean. Females are thought to have been smaller than males, a common mustelid trait, although for the sea mink this can only be predicted from the size of skull bones excavated in recent years from Native American shell middens%0A%0A\n Ernest S\n@@ -3445,231 +3445,812 @@\n v%3E%0A%0A\n-%0A%0AA naturalist named Joseph Banks had an encounter with the sea mink in 1776, and according to him, he describes the sea mink to be\n+Since the sea mink has only been described by fragmentary remains, its appearance and behaviors are not well-documented. Its relatives, as well as descriptions by fur traders and Native Americans, give a general idea of this animal's appearance and its ecological roles. Accounts from Native Americans in the New England/Atlantic Canadian regions reported that the sea mink had a fatter body than the American mink. The sea mink produced a distinctive fishy odor, and had fur that was said to be coarser and redder than that of the American mink. It is thought that naturalist Joseph Banks encountered this animal in 1776 in the Strait of Belle Isle, and he described it\n  a\n+s\n  b\n-it\n+eing slightly\n  large\n+r\n  than \n-the Fox with long legs with tails which were tapered at ends and long too.\n+a fox, having long legs, and a tail that was long and tapered towards the end, similar to a greyhound.%0A\n %0A%0A##\n@@ -6948,16 +6948,1066 @@\n axon. %0A%0A\n+As marine mammal species often play a large part in their ecosystems, it is possible that the sea mink was an important intertidal predator. It may have been similar in diet to the American mink, and may have consumed seabirds, seabird eggs, and hard-bodied marine invertebrates, though in greater proportions. Fur traders reported that sea mink dens had two entrances, and were made in the rocks piled up by the waves. Remains of toad sculpins and ocean pout were the most common around their dens, and garden banded snails were also reported to have been part of their diet. Their seafood-oriented diet may have increased their size. According to fur traders, the sea mink was nocturnal and resided in caves and rock crevices during the day. Due to the overlap of American mink and sea mink ranges, it is possible that they hybridized with each other. Although not a truly marine species, being confined to coastal waters, the sea mink was unusually aquatic compared to other members of Musteloidea, being, next to otters, the most aquatic member%0A%0A\n Only lit\n@@ -13194,16 +13194,405 @@\n lation. \n-\n+The European mink was historically hunted extensively, particularly in Russia, where in some districts, the decline prompted a temporary ban on mink hunting to let the population recover. In the early 20th century, 40-60,000 European minks were caught annually in the Soviet Union, with a record of 75,000 individuals (an estimate which exceeds the modern global European mink population).\n %0A%0APredat\n@@ -15524,38 +15524,63 @@\n s://\n-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_\n+study.com/academy/lesson/sea-\n mink\n+-facts-extinction.html\n )%0A%5BT\n@@ -15670,16 +15670,105 @@\n xtinct%5D(\n+https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/photos/13-animals-hunted-to-extinction/sea-mink\n )%0A%5BThe e\n@@ -15896,11 +15896,9 @@\n 1401\n-8/0\n+/\n )%0A%0A#\n",
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      "author": "preciousdave",
      "permlink": "the-extinct-5-the-sea-mink",
      "title": "The Extinct #5 - The Sea Mink",
      "body": "This weeks episode of the extinct will feature an animal which also went extinct due to human activities, they were hunted  to extinction for their fur, nothing was done to stop the overhunting so they went extict before anyone could notice, the sea mink was not studied so most of the information about them was inferred with respect to their remains, closely related living species and accounts by humans who met them. Welcome to The Extinct #5\n\n<center>![2.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmdFNkbed7MCxivicannpj9kiKGtE5izTZV7dgtJPyVtqx/2.jpg)\n[Source](https://media.mnn.com/assets/images/2010/11/seamink.jpg.638x0_q80_crop-smart.jpg)</center> \n\n## Description \n\nNot much was known about the sea mink as their extinction occurred just before any form of scientific study was done on them. Hence their appearance and their behaviour were not documented well but inferred from their remains and relatives and also from the description given by some fur traders and some Native American. \n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Canadian_field-naturalist_%281988%29_%2820332897078%29.jpg/220px-The_Canadian_field-naturalist_%281988%29_%2820332897078%29.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Canadian_field-naturalist_%281988%29_%2820332897078%29.jpg/220px-The_Canadian_field-naturalist_%281988%29_%2820332897078%29.jpg\">The Sea Mink</a></em></center></div>\n\nThe sea mink was known to have a quite long and bushy tail which was described to be about a third of their length, and they were covered with fur which was reddish brown and coarse. This mink was known to be the largest of its species estimated to be 50% more larger than its relatives as they are robust and broad which is the perfect body for the cold temperature known to the Atlantic. \n\nErnest Seton who was a wildlife Artist made some probable dimension of the sea mink. Possible dimensions of the sea mink were said to be about 82.6- 91.4 cm when measured from the head to its tail. And they have a tail dimension to be about 25.4cm. \n\nFemales were said to be smaller than the males; this prediction was given with respect to the skulls of this animal which was excavated  \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmdFew63byJeDaigFEr9KbiwqWVTumP56WiXTvZDfGZ2K4/U5dr6RFKpntbvmuDb9FTaCeZPcToWyt_1680x8400.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/american_mink.jpg\">The sea mink looks similar to its relative, The American Mink</a></em></center></div>\n\n\n\nA naturalist named Joseph Banks had an encounter with the sea mink in 1776, and according to him, he describes the sea mink to be a bit large than the Fox with long legs with tails which were tapered at ends and long too.\n\n## Where They Were Found \n\nThe sea mink was known to be a marine mammal which lived in New England along the rocky coast and also in the southern Maritime Province. Their remain was also found in the Maine coast. They were also suspected to have inhabited the Rhode Island and Connecticut, but analysis shows that they mostly trapped along the Gulf of Maine and was said to formally exist in the southwest part of Nova Scotia. \n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://www.all-about-ferrets.com/wp-content/uploads/seamink.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://www.all-about-ferrets.com/wp-content/uploads/seamink.jpg\">Source</a></em></center></div>\n\n\n\nBones of this animal was found in Massachusetts; analysis was that they might have reached the area travelling up the river or probably brought there being carried by some Native American which might just be true as no other remains were found in the area. \n\nA conclusion was brought that American minks alone were inhabitants of the mainlands and the sea mink covered range along Island hence all their remains found in the mainland was brought there, but this was challenged by a man named Graham with the hypothesis that all of this species must have originated from a population. But we can not conclude now on their range since they are now amongst the Extinct. \n \n## Their Diet And Behavior \n\nAs a marine mammal the sea mink played a large role in the Marine ecosystem, they were suggested to be an intertidal predator and had a similar diet with the American mink being that they consumed seabirds and their eggs,fish, marine invertebrate which was thought to be their main diet. \n\nAccording to reports by fur traders, dens of the sea mink had two entrance, and their dens were in the rocks which were piled up, remains of the ocean post and the toad sculpins were the most common in their dens and also the garden band snail was also being reported as part of their meal \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IyI5IiaNZzA/VbKNCmVBeFI/AAAAAAAAAHE/eGjU2NYIiGk/s320/af001997.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IyI5IiaNZzA/VbKNCmVBeFI/AAAAAAAAAHE/eGjU2NYIiGk/s320/af001997.jpg\">An art of the sea mink with a fish</a></em></center></div>\n\n\n\nThey must have gotten their large size due to the seafood diet they had, and according to reports by fur traders, during the day, they are to be found in rocks and caves. \n\nSince their range with the American mink overlap, the sea mink was thought to hybridise with the American mink and also, they were considered aquatic since they were found in coastal waters but not like the otter which was considered to be the most aquatic of the species, taxon. \n\nOnly little was known about their social behaviour, but inferred with other species of the Mustela genus the sea mink would have to fall under the solitary animals category. Minks are territorial and males usually aggressive to other male minks. It was believed that each male tries to defend its territory which was a linear territory few kilometres from the bank of the river. Their female territory may overlap with that of the male, but male territory does not extend to another male's territory, their scent is a signal of another present and trespassing by a male was said to result to violence. \n\n## Reproduction \n\nAccording to inferred reproduction, they are promiscuous animals mating with several partners and male roaming from their territories for more partners.\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmY9XuA4cjRADKskfGCZhDvmySzjiiaLNXqdD3D3WiPLpc/U5ds5t8D35gRvsJ86t3z72k9r8bpVF3_1680x8400.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Mai8h9RzE-4/hqdefault.jpg\">What their skeletal system looked like</a></em></center></div>\nA blind and hairless offspring is given birth to after a gestation period of approximately 34 days, sometimes when delay implementation occurs, this period may last as long as 70 days. \n\nThey give birth to the rang of 5-10 offspring which tend to stick to the mother for about 13-14 weeks, but their independent are faced with dangers which led to a high mortality rate. \n \n## How The Sea Mink Went Extinct \n\nWeasel family was historically hunted for their fur, since their fur is very warm and soft most especially during the winter on growing of thick coats and this was the main reason for the hunt to extinct. \n\nSince there was no law then to regulate the hunting and killing of-of the endangered species or those vulnerable the hunting for fur was done at an extreme with the hunters taking as many mink as they could lay their hands on since there was a huge demand for fur of this nature in Europe leading to the extinction of the sea mink. \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"http://s3.amazonaws.com/mongabay-images/15/0115.sea-mink-Labeled.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://s3.amazonaws.com/mongabay-images/15/0115.sea-mink-Labeled.jpg\">hunted to extinction for their fur</a></em></center></div>\n\n\n\nEarlier the hunting of this animal was by native Americans which was not a big issue then, but it was a population declining factor since they were hunted for their meat before the fur traders from Europe came. \n\nThe issue of hunting led to a drastic decline in the population of the sea mink since they could not give birth to infants as fast to keep up with the population. Also, the sea mink had a very over the line infant mortality rate; this implies that their young ones often die at a young age not likely to reach adulthood. \n\nAlso, the issue of conservation had not been seen seriously then. Hence the sea mink was not given any form of protection neither were there plans to save them as they were already extinct before we could see the cause of our actions. \n\n## We Could Not Save The Sea Mink, But There Is Hope For The European Mink. \n\n<center>![European mink](https://www.konicaminolta.com/kids/endangered_animals/library/field/img/european-mink_img01-l.jpg)\n[The European mink](https://www.konicaminolta.com/kids/endangered_animals/library/field/img/european-mink_img01-l.jpg)</center>\nAnd this is the section of this series where I introduce a related endangered species which we can do something about \n\nThough similar in colour with regards to the American mink, and having a name similar, similar behaviour and build, the European mink is not very related with them. They occur in the forest streams which is not known for freezing during winter. \n\nTheir diet is primarily fish,  frogs,  voles insects and crustaceans. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN, they are listed amongst the critically endangered animals because of their decline with respect to their population.  The number of the European mink seal began to decline in the 19th century and thats due to the factors listed below. \n\n### Reason For Decline\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://www.all-about-ferrets.com/wp-content/uploads/europaeischer-nerz.gif\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://www.all-about-ferrets.com/wp-content/uploads/europaeischer-nerz.gif\">Photo of the european mink  in the woods</a></em></center></div>\n\n\n\n<b>Loss Of Their Habitat:</b> This related decline started in the ice age which was further increased by human activities as this species are dependent on the wetlands.  Their decline in Finland, Central Europe, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine is linked to drainage of little Rivers. The effect of land drainage has taken effect to their population most especially in Germany during the 19th century, but in areas where there still is a stable ecosystem their decline is more than the change of wetlands and can also be caused due to increased agriculture by humans. \n\n<b>Overhunting: </b>history has seen this mink hunted in an overrated manner Most especially in Russia where a temporary ban on mink hunting has been set to try to increase their population. \n\nPredation has also contributed to the decline of this species; predators include the American mink, the European polecat, the red fox, and the large owls. The increase in the number of red foxes may have contributed to their decrease as the red fox is known to prey on mustelid. \n\nAlso, the decline in crayfish have also contributed to their decline; the record shows that the decline of the European mink in Finland was due to a plague which came on the crayfish in the area as the European mink won't be found in any place the crayfish is not found. \n\nThis is an animal worth the save so we should try as much as possible in ways possible to conserve the European mink as humans stand between the gap against extinction of a species. \n\n## My Thoughts \n\nThough not much was known about the sea mink (and nothing more can be known since they are extinct), the sea mink, as can be seen, was a cool animal, and their extinction can tell how the actions of humans can lead to wiping out a population of animals, hence this should build in us the need to stand in the gap between the verge of extinction. Here is a collection video made with respect to the sea mink.\n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqseGovugZI\n<center>[Source: Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqseGovugZI)</center>\n\n The sea mink was extinct before anyone could notice, but there is still hope for the European mink and other endangered species.\n\n### Have You Seen Other Episodes Of This Series?\n\n- [The Great Auk](https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/the-extinct-4-the-great-auk)\n- [The Caribbean Monk Seal](https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/the-extinct-3-the-caribbean-monk-seal)\n- [Passenger Pigeon](https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/the-extinct-2-the-passenger-pigeon)\n- [The West African Black Rhinoceros](https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/the-extinct-1-the-west-african-black-rhinoceros)\n\n### Refrences\n\n[The sea mink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_mink)\n[The Sea mink 2](https://www.arkive.org/sea-mink/neovison-macrodon/)\n[How They Went Extinct]()\n[The european mink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_mink)\n[The European mink status](http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/14018/0)\n\n### The extinct series is aimed at educating the steemit community on how we lost some wonders of the animal world so as to build in our generation the need for conservation of wildlife in ways necessary.",
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      "body": "Hello,\n\nCopying/Pasting full texts without adding anything original is frowned upon by the community. \n\nThese are some tips on how to share content and add value:\n- Using a few sentences from your source in “quotes.” Use HTML tags or markdown \">\" before the quote.\n- Linking to your sources.\n- Include your own original thoughts and ideas on what you have shared.\n- It is recommended that the quotes should not cover more than 50% of the whole post. At least 50% of the content should be original.\n\nRepeated copy/paste posts could be considered spam. Spam is discouraged by the community, and may result in action from the [cheetah bot](https://steemit.com/steemitabuse/@cheetah/cheetah-bot-explained).\n\nIf you are actually the original author, please do reply to let us know!\n\nThank You!\n\nMore Info: <a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemcleaners/@steemcleaners/abuse-guide-2017-update\">Abuse Guide - 2017</a>.",
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      "body": "Really beautiful animals! I love how there's so much interesting diversity, can't wait to check out your other posts :)",
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      "title": "Kingdom Animalia #3 - The bowerbirds",
      "body": "And Today on the Kingdom Animalla series I decided to do something on the birds, when the idea came I had the Flame and The Regent bowerbird in mind (as their colouration stunned me, though not compared to what I felt when i see the [birds of paradise](https://steemit.com/aanimals/@amavi/amazing-animals-12-the-greater-bird-of-paradise) ) but I was like, why not do something on the bowerbird specie, and here I am with the powerbirds. \n\n![p02cbqn8.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmNv2bAJwKSdySNTmbyn8oGzBuEjoHCiUeqzJ3sFYEtDek/p02cbqn8.jpg)\n<center>[](http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/1280_640/images/p00/2c/bq/p02cbqjursfnnsfn8.jpg)</center>\nThough there are about 20 (or more) members of the bowerbird specie, I will be introducing some cool members and their surprising courtship behaviour. Do you know the male bowerbirds go as far as dancing to impress its female? Stick with me guys in the building, you might learn a thing or two about impressing a lady   \n\n# Selected Members Of The Bowerbird Family And Their Courtship Displays \n\n## The Regent Bower Bird\n\nA common specie of the powerbirds is the Regent bowerbird. The Regent bowerbird is known to be a serially dimorphic bird, and they are medium size with their length up to  about 21–35 cm in length, with the females being slightly smaller. They are mainly olive brown in colour, though somewhat paler below, with no ornamental plumage. This makes the species one of the dullest-coloured members of the bowerbird family with, however, one of the largest and most elaborate bowers.\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmToPEeN4Jmf3mmAMJ2kQCmuLqZm6GW1kz5awLSaf9XJfV/U5dsMoSc9KnP1L1LNRMd4sPxjZH4hyG_1680x8400.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://ih0.redbubble.net/image.8748399.2087/flat,1000x1000,075,f.jpg\">The Regent Bowerbird Right Male, Left Female</a></em></center></div>\nThe male Regent bowerbird has more of the black colouration with crown colour ranging from yellow to a golden orange colour.  Their bill colour is known to be yellow with their feet black and iris colour yellow. \n\nThe female Regent bowerbird on the other hand is brown in colour and consist of fawn marking whitish in colour, they have bill colour, Grey and their feet and crown have a black colouration. \n\n### Courtship Behaviours\n\nThe male Regent bowerbird just like just like some other bowerbirds build bowers to attract females, this bower can be in the form of a ground clearing cheetah, and they can also be in the form of elaborate structure.  They have been noticed to build a bower which is in the form of an Avenue; it normally consists of walls of the stick, two in number which will be decorated with seed, shells berries and leaves. \n\nErnest Thomas Gilliard suggested the transfer effect, in which he claimed that there is an inverse relationship between bower complexity and the brightness of plumage. Gilliard suggests that there is an evolutionary \"transfer\" of ornamentation in some species, from their plumage to their bowers, in order to reduce the visibility of the male and thereby its vulnerability to predation. This hypothesis is not well supported because species with vastly different bower types have similar plumage. Others have suggested that the bower functioned initially as a device that benefits females by protecting them from forced copulations and thus giving them enhanced opportunity to choose males and benefits males by enhancing female willingness to visit the bower. Evidence supporting this hypothesis comes from observations of Archbold's bowerbirds that have no true bower and have greatly modified their courtship so that the male is limited in his ability to mount the female without her cooperation. In toothbilled bowerbirds that have no bowers, males may capture females out of the air and forcibly copulate with them. Once this initial function was established, bowers were then co-opted by females for other functions such as use in assessing males based on the quality of bower construction. Recent studies with robot female bowerbirds by Patricelli and collaborators have shown that males react to female signals of discomfort during courtship by reducing the intensity of their potentially threatening courtship.[citation needed] Coleman and colleagues[citation needed] found that young females tend to be more easily threatened by intense male courtship, and these females tend to choose males based on traits not dependent on male courtship intensity.\n\nThe high degree of effort directed at mate choice by females and the large skews in mating success directed at males with quality displays suggests that females gain important benefits from mate choice. Since males have no role in parental care and give nothing to females except sperm, it is suggested that females gain genetic benefits from their mate choice. However this has not been established, in part because of the difficulty of following offspring performance since males take seven years to reach sexual maturity. One hypothesis for the evolutionary causation of the bowerbuilding display is Hamilton and Zuk's \"bright bird\" hypothesis, which states that sexual ornaments are indicators of general health and heritable disease resistance. Doucet and Montgomerie determined that the male bowerbird's plumage reflectance indicates internal parasitic infection, whereas the bower quality is a measure of external parasitic infection. This would suggest that the bowerbird mating display evolved due to parasite mediated sexual selection, though there is some controversy surrounding this conclusion.\n\nThis complex mating behaviour, with its highly valued types and colors of decorations, has led some researchers[citation needed] to regard the bowerbirds as among the most behaviorally complex species of bird. It also provides some of the most compelling evidence that the extended phenotype of a species can play a role in sexual selection and indeed act as a powerful mechanism to shape its evolution, as seems to be the case for humans. Inspired by their seemingly extreme courtship rituals, Charles Darwin discussed both bowerbirds and birds-of-paradise in his writings\n\nIn addition, many species of bowerbird are superb vocal mimics. MacGregor's bowerbird, for example, has been observed imitating pigs, waterfalls, and human chatter. Satin bowerbirds commonly mimic other local species as part of their courtship display.\n\nBowerbirds have also been observed creating optical illusions in their bowers to appeal to mates. They arrange objects in the bower's court area from smallest to largest, creating a forced perspective which holds the attention of the female for longer. Males with objects arranged in a way that have a strong optical illusion are likely to have higher mating success.\n\n<center>![regent_in_bower_with_vignette_2.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmaYysgGknkHrh5gPirpGmYnnjnguetwejrngtirgjrngkrgji/regent_in_bower_with_vignette_2.jpg)\n[Male Regent bowerbird in bower](https://www.hbw.com/ibc/photo/regent-bowerbird-sericulus-chrysocephalus/regent-bowerbird-master-builder)</center>\nThey have been noticed to sometime use green leaves to spread substance just like making use of a paint brush; this is known to be one of few use of the tool by a bird. Females often build a nest which is made of twigs in the form of a saucer shape they measure about 15 to 20 centimetre wide and height of about 30cm.\n \n## Flame Bowerbird \n\nThe flame bowerbird is of two species, one from the southwest of New Guinea which has an orange face for the male and the other black throat and face known as the black-faced bowerbird. \n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmd9z8Jutjx2knhKvqp8SgCes7pKi66wgPPhPkAcqnaTvL/flame-bowerbirds-berry.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://www.cbc.ca/lifestory/content/images/flame-bowerbirds-berry.jpg\">The Regent powerbird Right Male, Left Female</a></em></center></div>\n\nThe male flame powerbird has its nape,  crown and it's mantle of a glossy flame colour.  It's chin and throat have a black colouration and also on the side of its neck.  They have their upper tail colour to be black having a fine yellow edge and their underparts are yellow which is a bit paler than its upper part.  \n\nTheir iriis are coloured bright yello, and they have bill colour to be pale Grey with blackish legs. \n\nThe female flame power is of a similar size to the male with the exception of its tail as a male have theirs longer than the females with plumage different. Their iris is dark brown, and they are  known for a bit darker feather. They have their top side olive brown which gets redder towards the head. \n \n### Courtship Behavoir \n\nThe male flame bowerbird on a seasonal based builds a decorated bower in an Avenue form which is constructed neatly with thick sticks at the outer part of the base and fine ones within the bower. Their decoration colours include brown fruits, purple, blue, white flowers, leaves, blackish leaves and snail shell.\n\nWhen a female appears and is sighted by the male,  he begins to dance to impress her; this dance goes with it making himself small then bigger by in a way pumping himself, this effect is shown the more when spreads wings during the pumping. Have you done this dance to impress her.\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XkPeN3AWIE\n<center>[Source:Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XkPeN3AWIE)</center>\nThis dance pattern is believed to be a from of signal for the female inspect its bower, and when it's noticed she did,  the male intensify it's dancing, and they touch their bills when they are both at his bower. \n\n\n## Satin Bowerbird \nThe satine bowerbird is another beautiful powerbird to behold, it's male have an eye colour,  violet-blue, and they have a uniform black colour of black, but their feather texture gives a look which is almost shiny metallic with a blue nature. \n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmTgebVqEWU6wVcjULQFLS6C2TgPG9mHexpLGfg4dftsTP/U5duJYELkHrH97usY2hCSAApMH2Kh52_1680x8400.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/976_549/images/live/p0/2c/br/p02cbrfz.jpg\">The Satin Bowerbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThe female satin bowerbird has almost looked like the spotted catbird or the green catbird having a brown /green or an entire brown part of the upper part of its body and had it's under part of a lighter colouration with a scallop pattern, and they also have blue eyes. \n\nThey can be found mostly in the rainforest and around East Australia in the sclerophyll forest. An Isolated population also exist in North Queensland along the wet tropic. \n\n### Courtship For The Satin Bower bid\n\nThey show a complex behaviour during Courtship. The male satin bowerbird is known to build structures with sticks, that is, their bowers, and this structure is decorated with colours like yellow, blue and also objects shiny, their decorative need ranges from plastic objects,  leaves, berries, clothes pegs,  drinking straws, and ballpoint pen. \n\nAs they mature, they tend to use more of the blue colour than others. To choose a mate,  the females visit this bower which follows by the male satin bowerbird performing an intense display called dance to woo the female\n<center>![Satin Bowerbirds bower](https://steemitimages.com/DQmRNAhNA5Pm97c5MVVqqQgm46nFHn8ZMDLMFGZFnCT4nmw/Satin-Bower-Bird-Nest.jpg)\n[Bower of a satin bowerbird, notice the distinct colour used](http.com)</center>\nThe satin bowerbird is known to have the longest lifespan in the passerine order. \n\n## The Great Bowerbird \n\nThis bowerbird is native to Northern Australia from the Broome area across Cape York and far south to Mount Isa. \n\nTheir most preferred habitat is the Woodlands and forest and also the vine forests, mangrove swamp and the monsoon forest. \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmXRrbSaKxg3N5edAV7RZBXPcibRPu1kaCAJ3LvjSzdEeJ/257777_4b140cc68559d7a19bf2f7746522a17e_large.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://pixdaus.com/files/items/pics/7/77/257777_4b140cc68559d7a19bf2f7746522a17e_large.jpg\">Male Great Bowerbird shows female its bower</a></em></center></div>\n\nAs a member of the bower family, they have their life cycle dominated by consideration of breeding. The female is known to nest and raise young ones alone as male spend most of the year working on their bower as only a successful bower can get him a mate. \n\nThey are known to be the largest of this family ranging from 33cm—38cm in length and colouration of fawny Grey. Their males are seen to have a pink crest on the nape. \n\n### Courtship In The Great Bowerbird\n\nThe great bowerbird builds bowers which it uses to attract its females just like most members of this family do.  The bower built is the Avenue bower which is about 1 meter in length and has a height of approximately 45cm. Their bowers has been noticed to be below a shrub, and they have also been seen below a leafy branch of trees. Ends of their bower are decorated with the green and white colour which ranges from bones, leaves, stones, objects like plastic, bottle caps and sometimes shells. Sometimes inside the bower is placed with glass.\n\n<center>![picture-2.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmfE4GMgCr9dmPqonkxfzcoCt5pc1ReirJ5PPwQs3hoBtk/picture-2.png)\n[Bower of the great bowerbird](http://vrf.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/picture-2.png)</center>\n\nUnlike other bowerbirds, they practice building their bower at a young age where some young individuals will join to build a bower hence practising the skill to be perfect at building theirs for mating.\n\n## The Vogelkop Bowerbird \n\nThey are also called the Gardner bowerbird; probably because of the great lengths, they go with their bower.  This is known to be a bird of medium size which is native to Western part of New Guinea in a place called Vogel Peninsula. \n\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmRfNyshpwxA55HPXjKsHmn9yywmwKLWKiiBqj63BL6Jup/5441_Vogelkop_Bowerbird_Amblyornis_inornata_Arfak_Mountains_West_Papua_Indonesia_20130804_1_1600_copy.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://www.hbw.com/sites/default/files/styles/ibc_1k/public/ibc/p/5441_Vogelkop_Bowerbird_Amblyornis_inornata_Arfak_Mountains_West_Papua_Indonesia_20130804_1_1600_copy.jpg?itok=QIUUYh-N\">Vogelkop Bowerbird at work</a></em></center></div>\n\nThey measure approximately 21to 35 centimetres in length and have their females to be a bit smaller. Their colouration is known to be olive-brown though this colour gets paler at their underparts,  this colouration is however known to be amongst the dullest colour known for the  bowerbird species, but they are also known to have a large bower. \n\n### Courtship For The Vogelkop Bowerbird\n\nThey have a bower which is like a hut having the shape of a cone. It measures about 100cm with respect to height 160cm with respect to diameter and having an entrance which is made of sticks and the front of their bower are cleaned by them and placed with Moss. \n\nDecorations are made on their bower at the bower entrance, and this decoration consists of colourful fruits or flowers, dead leaves the shinning Beetle and also some objects which are well arranged artistically around their bower. \n\nThe male Vogelkop Bowerbird ensures that they are at the prime with their display to females by trying as much as possible to create a perfect bower which will beat neighbours arranging bower more appropriately. \n\n<center>![bowerbird](https://steemitimages.com/DQmYCnZ75JWFKEW6B2p4dcaDFCuoADVpwcPQq5ZDsMSg75B/U5dsXVpPLYqKnWony3WJ8zeJ2EvaXsV_1680x8400.jpg)\n[Bower of a vogelkop bowerbird](http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/976_549/images/live/p0/2c/br/p02cbr16.jpg)</center>\nThis bowerbird does not have a preference of colour thus the prime of its bower is them finding an unusual item. The female Vogelkop Bowerbird visits the males bower, and they choose their mate If they like what is being displayed.\n\n## The Green Catbird\n\nThis is another bowerbird species which are found in the subtropical forest which is along eastern of Australia, Queensland and the southern part of New South Wales. They are named after the calls they make which is more like the meowing of a cat. \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmVH3ucv9YJnXYf1eS9E4fdhYQPu5PHcJJHpWSf2rsAGAS/2870882431_ce949e9766_z.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/38/92/28/389228bac23c27fef9886fca5c290505.jpg\">The Green Catbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThey are medium size birds having long and powerful legs with stout bills. Their rump, wings and back are emerald green in colour and the feature white spots on top of tertiary. Its tail has a whitish emerald colouration having a white tip. Their head has a greenish brown colouration their chest colour ranges from greenish buff down to dull emerald having streaks with white colouration. \n\nTheir bill has a horn colour, and their legs are greyish brown in colouration with their iris bright red having an eye ring, partially white in colouration. \n\nMales and females are similar hence it's difficult to distinguish between them. Their juvenile is also similar but a bit duller. \n\n### Courtship Display \n\nThe male catbird, unlike other bowers, do not build a bower to attract it's female, but they do it in their cool manner. The male, however, clears an area which will give him space perform his display for the female catbird. Just like others of same species, the catbird tends to attract its female counterpart by displaying colourful flowers, fruits and having a leaf at its beak. \n\n\n## More Members Of The Bowerbird Specie\n\n### The White-Eared Catbird\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmVSM5MzRFmaohYGjfvV55VSoDBpGcy1FDMGjShhXXaidu/Catbird%2C_White-eared3.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://carolinabirds.org/Daniels/NationalAviaryXLG/Catbird,_White-eared3.jpg\">The White-Eared Catbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThis species of the bowerbirds is normally found in islands West Papua and New Guinea. They have their natural habitat to be either the tropical or subtropical dry forests and the tropical and subtropical low lands forest\n\nThey have an upper part coloured green, and crown coloured brown with face colour, whitish. Their under part is Buffy with black spots. \n\n### Golden-Fronted Bower Bird \n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmYEu8zTJMUF3CJLVs48avUYSCisCNYRr7WsoKa98gxmGr/1198111604.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://animal.memozee.com/ArchOLD-7/1198111604.jpg\">The Golden Fronted Borewbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThis bowerbird is of medium size measuring about 24cm with respect to length. They have rufous brown to be the colouration for male and with a golden crest which is of an elongated nature extend from its forehead. It's female is of olive brown colouration. They have their feet to be dark Grey and underparts yellow. \n\nThe male golden bowerbird builds towers (may pole type) which it decorates with fruits. \n\n### The MacGregor Bowerbird\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmUH63PMpawkAnefTh8kZGM2B49YnUcU95uzBwN6eAE8Aq/pas-ptil-macgregor_s-bowerbird-amblyornis-macgregoriae-c2a9bing-superstock.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://leesbirdblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/pas-ptil-macgregor_s-bowerbird-amblyornis-macgregoriae-c2a9bing-superstock.jpg\">The MAcGregor Bowerbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThis bowerbird is of a medium size measuring the about 26cm length and having colouration, olive brown. They are similar to a Robin with respect to shape and size. Male MacGregor bowerbird have an erectile crest which colours orange-yellow, and they hide this crest to display during courtship. Females are similar to males but do not have the crest. \n\nThey build bowers too which are decorated with fruits, flowers, objects and insects. When it's bower is visited by a female, it opens it's crest displaying full colour to impress her. \n\n### Archbold's Bowerbird \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmmmbNn9vu122B4EmoyD6WkdLTfcgrb8heUWeQZi2TAhrt24/Bowerbird_Archbolds_-002.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://www.hbw.com/sites/default/files/styles/ibc_1k/public/ibc/p/Bowerbird_Archbolds_-002.JPG?itok=fdPabCAk\">The Archbold's Bowerbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThey are beautiful bowerbirds about 37 centimetres long having colouration dark Grey, they have a brown iris, and their male has black scalloping with crown golden yellow and it's forked tail of dark Grey colour which is quite short when compared to its wings. They have both sex similar with the male quite larger then the female and females having no crown feather nor wings with the yellow patch. \n\nThey are mainly found in Highland forests in New Guinea and males bower not yet discovered. \n\n### Tooth Billed Bowerbird \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmUdfGLVjKbH8G9BWww4tYiFCfZ3Kn4N3WjResXQjmuRa6/678204.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://www.graemechapman.com.au/catalogue/ausbirds3274/b/678204.jpg\">Tooth Billed Bowerbird </a></em></center></div>\n\nThey are also known as the stage makers; they are of medium size with their length about 27cm. Their colouration is olive brown, and they have a brown streak and their under is buffish white. Their feet are Grey, and they have a brown iris with a bill which looks like a tooth. Their both sex are similar, but females are smaller than the male.\n\n## Bowerbirds Diet\n\nMost of the bowerbird species have their main diet to be fruits, but occasionally they tend to feed on insects and seeds .\nSince there is the availability of tree fruits most of the year, this is a good source of food for high energy. \n\n## Facts On Bowerbirds\n\n- Males Defend Their Bower Continuously: with time, he rearranges baubles used for decorating and put a little touch on walls doing so hovering about his art. When they are not inside, they perch few feet from the bower for the sight of eligible female or a male who might want to destroy its bower. \n\n\n- Bowers is for coutship purposes alone: After the male has danced, sing and even grovel the ground to mate, and mating is achieved, the female leaves and build her nest to raise the young ones while male prepare for the next mate. \n\n- They have a wide vocalization range as some tend to utter loud hiss, cackle, harsh notes and chatter. Their calls also mimic other birds in their environment, and this also includes sounds of a predatory bird. \n\n- They Are Bright As Crayons. There are about  20 different species of the bowerbird family, and they have a variety of colours ranging from Orange, green, yellow, red, black, olive brown, white and sooty grey. Their females are not as flamboyant on feathers with respect to the male. \n\n## Conservation \n\nThough they face challenges in the wild their numbers are stable as most are rated least concerned in the IUCN rating of conservation. \n\nA potential decline in the wild can be caused by predators like the red fox and feral cat, and also they can be affected by the destruction of their habitat with respect to human needs for more landmark due to increase in population. Also since they are currently referred to as pest, illegal poisoning and shooting can also affect their population in the wild. Although their population in the wild, for now, \n\n## Thought Of An Animal Lover\n\nI find the powerbirds to be a beauty to behold, their colouration, most especially, the male Regent and the flame bowerbird; it's just amazing how amazing nature's art can be on some animals. Their engineering capabilities for the males is so lovely, they sure do know the way to a girls heart : ).\n\nBelow is a funny scene of an adult satin bowerbird with a juvinile\n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_H9TyXiXM2k\n<center>[Source: Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_H9TyXiXM2k)</center>\n\nThough most are listed as least concerned since their population is not to be worried about for now, we should try as much as possible to keep the habitat of these birds for their conservation and stop illegal hunting of birds in general.\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmTUYWQFtdHffCpAA6QzJMv8By97APEBPx6BPo6wXEScP2/DQmR7aZZAoUAobWWVfZeZev6672DTjKt3s7AcQyBeY1FyzT.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://www.q-files.com/life/mammals/giant-panda/\">The Giant Panda</a></em></center></div>\n\n\n \nHave You Seen Other episodes of this series\n\n- [The Cheetah](https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/kingdom-animalia-2-the-cheetah)\n- [The Giant Panda](https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/kingdom-animalia-1-the-giant-panda)\n\n\n[ref1](http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20141119-the-barmy-courtship-of-bowerbirds) [ref2](https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=Ofqfr_eyqRIC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=Golden-fronted+bowerbird&source=bl&ots=2uZU38W0tR&sig=PTKXTQzW26Qyv_2Vz3ulWjo1GvQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA54i5m_zYAhXqJMAKHbMhDrM4ChDoATAPegQIBhAB#v=onepage&q=Golden-fronted%20bowerbird&f=false) [ref3](http://what-when-how.com/birds/satin-bowerbird-birds/) [ref4](http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/bowerbird) [ref5](http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-great-bowerbird.html)",
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{
  "trx_id": "03c4772aef6f461816d9c4c97d8cc8d14391cf25",
  "block": 19418437,
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  "timestamp": "2018-01-30T01:59:36",
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    "comment",
    {
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "animals",
      "author": "preciousdave",
      "permlink": "kingdom-animalia-3-the-bowerbirds",
      "title": "Kingdom Animalia #3 - The bowerbirds",
      "body": "And Today on the Kingdom Animalla series I decided to do something on the birds, when the idea came I had the Flame and The Regent bowerbird in mind (as their colouration stunned me, though not compared to what I felt when i see the [birds of paradise](https://steemit.com/aanimals/@amavi/amazing-animals-12-the-greater-bird-of-paradise) ) but I was like, why not do something on the bowerbird specie, and here I am with the powerbirds. \n\n![p02cbqn8.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmNv2bAJwKSdySNTmbyn8oGzBuEjoHCiUeqzJ3sFYEtDek/p02cbqn8.jpg)\n<center>[](http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/1280_640/images/p00/2c/bq/p02cbqjursfnnsfn8.jpg)</center>\nThough there are about 20 (or more) members of the bowerbird specie, I will be introducing some cool members and their surprising courtship behaviour. Do you know the male bowerbirds go as far as dancing to impress its female? Stick with me guys in the building, you might learn a thing or two about impressing a lady   \n\n# Selected Members Of The Bowerbird Family And Their Courtship Displays \n\n## The Regent Bower Bird\n\nA common specie of the powerbirds is the Regent bowerbird. The Regent bowerbird is known to be a serially dimorphic bird, and they are medium size with their length up to  about 21–35 cm in length, with the females being slightly smaller. They are mainly olive brown in colour, though somewhat paler below, with no ornamental plumage. This makes the species one of the dullest-coloured members of the bowerbird family with, however, one of the largest and most elaborate bowers.\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmToPEeN4Jmf3mmAMJ2kQCmuLqZm6GW1kz5awLSaf9XJfV/U5dsMoSc9KnP1L1LNRMd4sPxjZH4hyG_1680x8400.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://ih0.redbubble.net/image.8748399.2087/flat,1000x1000,075,f.jpg\">The Regent Bowerbird Right Male, Left Female</a></em></center></div>\nThe male Regent bowerbird has more of the black colouration with crown colour ranging from yellow to a golden orange colour.  Their bill colour is known to be yellow with their feet black and iris colour yellow. \n\nThe female Regent bowerbird on the other hand is brown in colour and consist of fawn marking whitish in colour, they have bill colour, Grey and their feet and crown have a black colouration. \n\n### Courtship Behaviours\n\nThe male Regent bowerbird just like just like some other bowerbirds build bowers to attract females, this bower can be in the form of a ground clearing cheetah, and they can also be in the form of elaborate structure.  They have been noticed to build a bower which is in the form of an Avenue; it normally consists of walls of the stick, two in number which will be decorated with seed, shells berries and leaves. \n\nErnest Thomas Gilliard suggested the transfer effect, in which he claimed that there is an inverse relationship between bower complexity and the brightness of plumage. Gilliard suggests that there is an evolutionary \"transfer\" of ornamentation in some species, from their plumage to their bowers, in order to reduce the visibility of the male and thereby its vulnerability to predation. This hypothesis is not well supported because species with vastly different bower types have similar plumage. Others have suggested that the bower functioned initially as a device that benefits females by protecting them from forced copulations and thus giving them enhanced opportunity to choose males and benefits males by enhancing female willingness to visit the bower. Evidence supporting this hypothesis comes from observations of Archbold's bowerbirds that have no true bower and have greatly modified their courtship so that the male is limited in his ability to mount the female without her cooperation. In toothbilled bowerbirds that have no bowers, males may capture females out of the air and forcibly copulate with them. Once this initial function was established, bowers were then co-opted by females for other functions such as use in assessing males based on the quality of bower construction. Recent studies with robot female bowerbirds by Patricelli and collaborators have shown that males react to female signals of discomfort during courtship by reducing the intensity of their potentially threatening courtship.[citation needed] Coleman and colleagues[citation needed] found that young females tend to be more easily threatened by intense male courtship, and these females tend to choose males based on traits not dependent on male courtship intensity.\n\nThe high degree of effort directed at mate choice by females and the large skews in mating success directed at males with quality displays suggests that females gain important benefits from mate choice. Since males have no role in parental care and give nothing to females except sperm, it is suggested that females gain genetic benefits from their mate choice. However this has not been established, in part because of the difficulty of following offspring performance since males take seven years to reach sexual maturity. One hypothesis for the evolutionary causation of the bowerbuilding display is Hamilton and Zuk's \"bright bird\" hypothesis, which states that sexual ornaments are indicators of general health and heritable disease resistance. Doucet and Montgomerie determined that the male bowerbird's plumage reflectance indicates internal parasitic infection, whereas the bower quality is a measure of external parasitic infection. This would suggest that the bowerbird mating display evolved due to parasite mediated sexual selection, though there is some controversy surrounding this conclusion.\n\nThis complex mating behaviour, with its highly valued types and colors of decorations, has led some researchers[citation needed] to regard the bowerbirds as among the most behaviorally complex species of bird. It also provides some of the most compelling evidence that the extended phenotype of a species can play a role in sexual selection and indeed act as a powerful mechanism to shape its evolution, as seems to be the case for humans. Inspired by their seemingly extreme courtship rituals, Charles Darwin discussed both bowerbirds and birds-of-paradise in his writings\n\nIn addition, many species of bowerbird are superb vocal mimics. MacGregor's bowerbird, for example, has been observed imitating pigs, waterfalls, and human chatter. Satin bowerbirds commonly mimic other local species as part of their courtship display.\n\nBowerbirds have also been observed creating optical illusions in their bowers to appeal to mates. They arrange objects in the bower's court area from smallest to largest, creating a forced perspective which holds the attention of the female for longer. Males with objects arranged in a way that have a strong optical illusion are likely to have higher mating success.\n\n<center>![regent_in_bower_with_vignette_2.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmaYysgGknkHrh5gPirpGmYnnjnguetwejrngtirgjrngkrgji/regent_in_bower_with_vignette_2.jpg)\n[Male Regent bowerbird in bower](https://www.hbw.com/ibc/photo/regent-bowerbird-sericulus-chrysocephalus/regent-bowerbird-master-builder)</center>\nThey have been noticed to sometime use green leaves to spread substance just like making use of a paint brush; this is known to be one of few use of the tool by a bird. Females often build a nest which is made of twigs in the form of a saucer shape they measure about 15 to 20 centimetre wide and height of about 30cm.\n \n## Flame Bowerbird \n\nThe flame bowerbird is of two species, one from the southwest of New Guinea which has an orange face for the male and the other black throat and face known as the black-faced bowerbird. \n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmd9z8Jutjx2knhKvqp8SgCes7pKi66wgPPhPkAcqnaTvL/flame-bowerbirds-berry.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://www.cbc.ca/lifestory/content/images/flame-bowerbirds-berry.jpg\">The Regent powerbird Right Male, Left Female</a></em></center></div>\n\nThe male flame powerbird has its nape,  crown and it's mantle of a glossy flame colour.  It's chin and throat have a black colouration and also on the side of its neck.  They have their upper tail colour to be black having a fine yellow edge and their underparts are yellow which is a bit paler than its upper part.  \n\nTheir iriis are coloured bright yello, and they have bill colour to be pale Grey with blackish legs. \n\nThe female flame power is of a similar size to the male with the exception of its tail as a male have theirs longer than the females with plumage different. Their iris is dark brown, and they are  known for a bit darker feather. They have their top side olive brown which gets redder towards the head. \n \n### Courtship Behavoir \n\nThe male flame bowerbird on a seasonal based builds a decorated bower in an Avenue form which is constructed neatly with thick sticks at the outer part of the base and fine ones within the bower. Their decoration colours include brown fruits, purple, blue, white flowers, leaves, blackish leaves and snail shell.\n\nWhen a female appears and is sighted by the male,  he begins to dance to impress her; this dance goes with it making himself small then bigger by in a way pumping himself, this effect is shown the more when spreads wings during the pumping. Have you done this dance to impress her.\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XkPeN3AWIE\n<center>[Source:Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XkPeN3AWIE)</center>\nThis dance pattern is believed to be a from of signal for the female inspect its bower, and when it's noticed she did,  the male intensify it's dancing, and they touch their bills when they are both at his bower. \n\n\n## Satin Bowerbird \nThe satine bowerbird is another beautiful powerbird to behold, it's male have an eye colour,  violet-blue, and they have a uniform black colour of black, but their feather texture gives a look which is almost shiny metallic with a blue nature. \n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmTgebVqEWU6wVcjULQFLS6C2TgPG9mHexpLGfg4dftsTP/U5duJYELkHrH97usY2hCSAApMH2Kh52_1680x8400.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/976_549/images/live/p0/2c/br/p02cbrfz.jpg\">The Satin Bowerbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThe female satin bowerbird has almost looked like the spotted catbird or the green catbird having a brown /green or an entire brown part of the upper part of its body and had it's under part of a lighter colouration with a scallop pattern, and they also have blue eyes. \n\nThey can be found mostly in the rainforest and around East Australia in the sclerophyll forest. An Isolated population also exist in North Queensland along the wet tropic. \n\n### Courtship For The Satin Bower bid\n\nThey show a complex behaviour during Courtship. The male satin bowerbird is known to build structures with sticks, that is, their bowers, and this structure is decorated with colours like yellow, blue and also objects shiny, their decorative need ranges from plastic objects,  leaves, berries, clothes pegs,  drinking straws, and ballpoint pen. \n\nAs they mature, they tend to use more of the blue colour than others. To choose a mate,  the females visit this bower which follows by the male satin bowerbird performing an intense display called dance to woo the female\n<center>![Satin Bowerbirds bower](https://steemitimages.com/DQmRNAhNA5Pm97c5MVVqqQgm46nFHn8ZMDLMFGZFnCT4nmw/Satin-Bower-Bird-Nest.jpg)\n[Bower of a satin bowerbird, notice the distinct colour used](http.com)</center>\nThe satin bowerbird is known to have the longest lifespan in the passerine order. \n\n## The Great Bowerbird \n\nThis bowerbird is native to Northern Australia from the Broome area across Cape York and far south to Mount Isa. \n\nTheir most preferred habitat is the Woodlands and forest and also the vine forests, mangrove swamp and the monsoon forest. \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmXRrbSaKxg3N5edAV7RZBXPcibRPu1kaCAJ3LvjSzdEeJ/257777_4b140cc68559d7a19bf2f7746522a17e_large.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://pixdaus.com/files/items/pics/7/77/257777_4b140cc68559d7a19bf2f7746522a17e_large.jpg\">Male Great Bowerbird shows female its bower</a></em></center></div>\n\nAs a member of the bower family, they have their life cycle dominated by consideration of breeding. The female is known to nest and raise young ones alone as male spend most of the year working on their bower as only a successful bower can get him a mate. \n\nThey are known to be the largest of this family ranging from 33cm—38cm in length and colouration of fawny Grey. Their males are seen to have a pink crest on the nape. \n\n### Courtship In The Great Bowerbird\n\nThe great bowerbird builds bowers which it uses to attract its females just like most members of this family do.  The bower built is the Avenue bower which is about 1 meter in length and has a height of approximately 45cm. Their bowers has been noticed to be below a shrub, and they have also been seen below a leafy branch of trees. Ends of their bower are decorated with the green and white colour which ranges from bones, leaves, stones, objects like plastic, bottle caps and sometimes shells. Sometimes inside the bower is placed with glass.\n\n<center>![picture-2.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmfE4GMgCr9dmPqonkxfzcoCt5pc1ReirJ5PPwQs3hoBtk/picture-2.png)\n[Bower of the great bowerbird](http://vrf.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/picture-2.png)</center>\n\nUnlike other bowerbirds, they practice building their bower at a young age where some young individuals will join to build a bower hence practising the skill to be perfect at building theirs for mating.\n\n## The Vogelkop Bowerbird \n\nThey are also called the Gardner bowerbird; probably because of the great lengths, they go with their bower.  This is known to be a bird of medium size which is native to Western part of New Guinea in a place called Vogel Peninsula. \n\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmRfNyshpwxA55HPXjKsHmn9yywmwKLWKiiBqj63BL6Jup/5441_Vogelkop_Bowerbird_Amblyornis_inornata_Arfak_Mountains_West_Papua_Indonesia_20130804_1_1600_copy.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://www.hbw.com/sites/default/files/styles/ibc_1k/public/ibc/p/5441_Vogelkop_Bowerbird_Amblyornis_inornata_Arfak_Mountains_West_Papua_Indonesia_20130804_1_1600_copy.jpg?itok=QIUUYh-N\">Vogelkop Bowerbird at work</a></em></center></div>\n\nThey measure approximately 21to 35 centimetres in length and have their females to be a bit smaller. Their colouration is known to be olive-brown though this colour gets paler at their underparts,  this colouration is however known to be amongst the dullest colour known for the  bowerbird species, but they are also known to have a large bower. \n\n### Courtship For The Vogelkop Bowerbird\n\nThey have a bower which is like a hut having the shape of a cone. It measures about 100cm with respect to height 160cm with respect to diameter and having an entrance which is made of sticks and the front of their bower are cleaned by them and placed with Moss. \n\nDecorations are made on their bower at the bower entrance, and this decoration consists of colourful fruits or flowers, dead leaves the shinning Beetle and also some objects which are well arranged artistically around their bower. \n\nThe male Vogelkop Bowerbird ensures that they are at the prime with their display to females by trying as much as possible to create a perfect bower which will beat neighbours arranging bower more appropriately. \n\n<center>![bowerbird](https://steemitimages.com/DQmYCnZ75JWFKEW6B2p4dcaDFCuoADVpwcPQq5ZDsMSg75B/U5dsXVpPLYqKnWony3WJ8zeJ2EvaXsV_1680x8400.jpg)\n[Bower of a vogelkop bowerbird](http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/976_549/images/live/p0/2c/br/p02cbr16.jpg)</center>\nThis bowerbird does not have a preference of colour thus the prime of its bower is them finding an unusual item. The female Vogelkop Bowerbird visits the males bower, and they choose their mate If they like what is being displayed.\n\n## The Green Catbird\n\nThis is another bowerbird species which are found in the subtropical forest which is along eastern of Australia, Queensland and the southern part of New South Wales. They are named after the calls they make which is more like the meowing of a cat. \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmVH3ucv9YJnXYf1eS9E4fdhYQPu5PHcJJHpWSf2rsAGAS/2870882431_ce949e9766_z.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/38/92/28/389228bac23c27fef9886fca5c290505.jpg\">The Green Catbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThey are medium size birds having long and powerful legs with stout bills. Their rump, wings and back are emerald green in colour and the feature white spots on top of tertiary. Its tail has a whitish emerald colouration having a white tip. Their head has a greenish brown colouration their chest colour ranges from greenish buff down to dull emerald having streaks with white colouration. \n\nTheir bill has a horn colour, and their legs are greyish brown in colouration with their iris bright red having an eye ring, partially white in colouration. \n\nMales and females are similar hence it's difficult to distinguish between them. Their juvenile is also similar but a bit duller. \n\n### Courtship Display \n\nThe male catbird, unlike other bowers, do not build a bower to attract it's female, but they do it in their cool manner. The male, however, clears an area which will give him space perform his display for the female catbird. Just like others of same species, the catbird tends to attract its female counterpart by displaying colourful flowers, fruits and having a leaf at its beak. \n\n\n## More Members Of The Bowerbird Specie\n\n### The White-Eared Catbird\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmVSM5MzRFmaohYGjfvV55VSoDBpGcy1FDMGjShhXXaidu/Catbird%2C_White-eared3.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://carolinabirds.org/Daniels/NationalAviaryXLG/Catbird,_White-eared3.jpg\">The White-Eared Catbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThis species of the bowerbirds is normally found in islands West Papua and New Guinea. They have their natural habitat to be either the tropical or subtropical dry forests and the tropical and subtropical low lands forest\n\nThey have an upper part coloured green, and crown coloured brown with face colour, whitish. Their under part is Buffy with black spots. \n\n### Golden-Fronted Bower Bird \n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmYEu8zTJMUF3CJLVs48avUYSCisCNYRr7WsoKa98gxmGr/1198111604.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://animal.memozee.com/ArchOLD-7/1198111604.jpg\">The Golden Fronted Borewbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThis bowerbird is of medium size measuring about 24cm with respect to length. They have rufous brown to be the colouration for male and with a golden crest which is of an elongated nature extend from its forehead. It's female is of olive brown colouration. They have their feet to be dark Grey and underparts yellow. \n\nThe male golden bowerbird builds towers (may pole type) which it decorates with fruits. \n\n### The MacGregor Bowerbird\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmUH63PMpawkAnefTh8kZGM2B49YnUcU95uzBwN6eAE8Aq/pas-ptil-macgregor_s-bowerbird-amblyornis-macgregoriae-c2a9bing-superstock.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://leesbirdblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/pas-ptil-macgregor_s-bowerbird-amblyornis-macgregoriae-c2a9bing-superstock.jpg\">The MAcGregor Bowerbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThis bowerbird is of a medium size measuring the about 26cm length and having colouration, olive brown. They are similar to a Robin with respect to shape and size. Male MacGregor bowerbird have an erectile crest which colours orange-yellow, and they hide this crest to display during courtship. Females are similar to males but do not have the crest. \n\nThey build bowers too which are decorated with fruits, flowers, objects and insects. When it's bower is visited by a female, it opens it's crest displaying full colour to impress her. \n\n### Archbold's Bowerbird \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmmmbNn9vu122B4EmoyD6WkdLTfcgrb8heUWeQZi2TAhrt24/Bowerbird_Archbolds_-002.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://www.hbw.com/sites/default/files/styles/ibc_1k/public/ibc/p/Bowerbird_Archbolds_-002.JPG?itok=fdPabCAk\">The Archbold's Bowerbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThey are beautiful bowerbirds about 37 centimetres long having colouration dark Grey, they have a brown iris, and their male has black scalloping with crown golden yellow and it's forked tail of dark Grey colour which is quite short when compared to its wings. They have both sex similar with the male quite larger then the female and females having no crown feather nor wings with the yellow patch. \n\nThey are mainly found in Highland forests in New Guinea and males bower not yet discovered. \n\n### Tooth Billed Bowerbird \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmUdfGLVjKbH8G9BWww4tYiFCfZ3Kn4N3WjResXQjmuRa6/678204.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://www.graemechapman.com.au/catalogue/ausbirds3274/b/678204.jpg\">Tooth Billed Bowerbird </a></em></center></div>\n\nThey are also known as the stage makers; they are of medium size with their length about 27cm. Their colouration is olive brown, and they have a brown streak and their under is buffish white. Their feet are Grey, and they have a brown iris with a bill which looks like a tooth. Their both sex are similar, but females are smaller than the male.\n\n## Bowerbirds Diet\n\nMost of the bowerbird species have their main diet to be fruits, but occasionally they tend to feed on insects and seeds .\nSince there is the availability of tree fruits most of the year, this is a good source of food for high energy. \n\n## Facts On Bowerbirds\n\n- Males Defend Their Bower Continuously: with time, he rearranges baubles used for decorating and put a little touch on walls doing so hovering about his art. When they are not inside, they perch few feet from the bower for the sight of eligible female or a male who might want to destroy its bower. \n\n\n- Bowers is for coutship purposes alone: After the male has danced, sing and even grovel the ground to mate, and mating is achieved, the female leaves and build her nest to raise the young ones while male prepare for the next mate. \n\n- They have a wide vocalization range as some tend to utter loud hiss, cackle, harsh notes and chatter. Their calls also mimic other birds in their environment, and this also includes sounds of a predatory bird. \n\n- They Are Bright As Crayons. There are about  20 different species of the bowerbird family, and they have a variety of colours ranging from Orange, green, yellow, red, black, olive brown, white and sooty grey. Their females are not as flamboyant on feathers with respect to the male. \n\n## Conservation \n\nThough they face challenges in the wild their numbers are stable as most are rated least concerned in the IUCN rating of conservation. \n\nA potential decline in the wild can be caused by predators like the red fox and feral cat, and also they can be affected by the destruction of their habitat with respect to human needs for more landmark due to increase in population. Also since they are currently referred to as pest, illegal poisoning and shooting can also affect their population in the wild. Although their population in the wild, for now, \n\n## Thought Of An Animal Lover\n\nI find the powerbirds to be a beauty to behold, their colouration, most especially, the male Regent and the flame bowerbird; it's just amazing how amazing nature's art can be on some animals. Their engineering capabilities for the males is so lovely, they sure do know the way to a girls heart : ).\n\nBelow is a funny scene of an adult satin bowerbird with a juvinile\n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_H9TyXiXM2k\n<center>[Source: Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_H9TyXiXM2k)</center>\n\nThough most are listed as least concerned since their population is not to be worried about for now, we should try as much as possible to keep the habitat of these birds for their conservation and stop illegal hunting of birds in general.\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmTUYWQFtdHffCpAA6QzJMv8By97APEBPx6BPo6wXEScP2/DQmR7aZZAoUAobWWVfZeZev6672DTjKt3s7AcQyBeY1FyzT.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://www.q-files.com/life/mammals/giant-panda/\">The Giant Panda</a></em></center></div>\n\n\n \nHave You Seen Other episodes of this series\n\n- [The Cheetah](https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/kingdom-animalia-2-the-cheetah)\n- [The Giant Panda](https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/kingdom-animalia-1-the-giant-panda)\n\n\n[ref1](http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20141119-the-barmy-courtship-of-bowerbirds) [ref2](https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=Ofqfr_eyqRIC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=Golden-fronted+bowerbird&source=bl&ots=2uZU38W0tR&sig=PTKXTQzW26Qyv_2Vz3ulWjo1GvQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA54i5m_zYAhXqJMAKHbMhDrM4ChDoATAPegQIBhAB#v=onepage&q=Golden-fronted%20bowerbird&f=false) [ref3](http://what-when-how.com/birds/satin-bowerbird-birds/) [ref4](http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/bowerbird) [ref5](http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-great-bowerbird.html)",
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      "permlink": "kingdom-animalia-3-the-bowerbirds",
      "title": "Kingdom Animalia #3 - The powerbirds",
      "body": "@@ -1103,17 +1103,16 @@\n werbirds\n-s\n  is the \n@@ -1245,14 +1245,315 @@\n  to \n-25cm. \n+ about 21%E2%80%9335 cm in length, with the females being slightly smaller. They are mainly olive brown in colour, though somewhat paler below, with no ornamental plumage. This makes the species one of the dullest-coloured members of the bowerbird family with, however, one of the largest and most elaborate bowers.\n %0A%0A%3Cd\n@@ -7866,33 +7866,33 @@\n jpg%22%3EThe Regent \n-B\n+p\n owerbird Right M\n@@ -7940,33 +7940,33 @@\n %0AThe male flame \n-b\n+p\n owerbird has its\n@@ -8261,16 +8261,17 @@\n heir iri\n+i\n s are co\n@@ -8285,25 +8285,24 @@\n bright yello\n-w\n , and they h\n@@ -8368,25 +8368,25 @@\n emale flame \n-b\n+p\n ower is of a\n@@ -8679,18 +8679,18 @@\n ip Behav\n-i\n o\n+i\n r %0A%0AThe \n@@ -9444,18 +9444,18 @@\n o be a f\n-o\n r\n+o\n m of sig\n@@ -9641,32 +9641,33 @@\n rbird %0AThe satin\n-\n \n+e\n  bowerbird is an\n",
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{
  "trx_id": "62e360a8304d621621d7085de4880caf9a9f98fb",
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  "timestamp": "2018-01-30T01:44:00",
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    "comment",
    {
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "animals",
      "author": "preciousdave",
      "permlink": "kingdom-animalia-3-the-bowerbirds",
      "title": "Kingdom Animalia #3 - The powerbirds",
      "body": "@@ -2420,16 +2420,4086 @@\n eaves. %0A\n+%0AErnest Thomas Gilliard suggested the transfer effect, in which he claimed that there is an inverse relationship between bower complexity and the brightness of plumage. Gilliard suggests that there is an evolutionary %22transfer%22 of ornamentation in some species, from their plumage to their bowers, in order to reduce the visibility of the male and thereby its vulnerability to predation. This hypothesis is not well supported because species with vastly different bower types have similar plumage. Others have suggested that the bower functioned initially as a device that benefits females by protecting them from forced copulations and thus giving them enhanced opportunity to choose males and benefits males by enhancing female willingness to visit the bower. Evidence supporting this hypothesis comes from observations of Archbold's bowerbirds that have no true bower and have greatly modified their courtship so that the male is limited in his ability to mount the female without her cooperation. In toothbilled bowerbirds that have no bowers, males may capture females out of the air and forcibly copulate with them. Once this initial function was established, bowers were then co-opted by females for other functions such as use in assessing males based on the quality of bower construction. Recent studies with robot female bowerbirds by Patricelli and collaborators have shown that males react to female signals of discomfort during courtship by reducing the intensity of their potentially threatening courtship.%5Bcitation needed%5D Coleman and colleagues%5Bcitation needed%5D found that young females tend to be more easily threatened by intense male courtship, and these females tend to choose males based on traits not dependent on male courtship intensity.%0A%0AThe high degree of effort directed at mate choice by females and the large skews in mating success directed at males with quality displays suggests that females gain important benefits from mate choice. Since males have no role in parental care and give nothing to females except sperm, it is suggested that females gain genetic benefits from their mate choice. However this has not been established, in part because of the difficulty of following offspring performance since males take seven years to reach sexual maturity. One hypothesis for the evolutionary causation of the bowerbuilding display is Hamilton and Zuk's %22bright bird%22 hypothesis, which states that sexual ornaments are indicators of general health and heritable disease resistance. Doucet and Montgomerie determined that the male bowerbird's plumage reflectance indicates internal parasitic infection, whereas the bower quality is a measure of external parasitic infection. This would suggest that the bowerbird mating display evolved due to parasite mediated sexual selection, though there is some controversy surrounding this conclusion.%0A%0AThis complex mating behaviour, with its highly valued types and colors of decorations, has led some researchers%5Bcitation needed%5D to regard the bowerbirds as among the most behaviorally complex species of bird. It also provides some of the most compelling evidence that the extended phenotype of a species can play a role in sexual selection and indeed act as a powerful mechanism to shape its evolution, as seems to be the case for humans. Inspired by their seemingly extreme courtship rituals, Charles Darwin discussed both bowerbirds and birds-of-paradise in his writings%0A%0AIn addition, many species of bowerbird are superb vocal mimics. MacGregor's bowerbird, for example, has been observed imitating pigs, waterfalls, and human chatter. Satin bowerbirds commonly mimic other local species as part of their courtship display.%0A%0ABowerbirds have also been observed creating optical illusions in their bowers to appeal to mates. They arrange objects in the bower's court area from smallest to largest, creating a forced perspective which holds the attention of the female for longer. Males with objects arranged in a way that have a strong optical illusion are likely to have higher mating success.%0A%0A\n %3Ccenter%3E\n",
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  "trx_id": "7c109b8027e071fd2803ff4e76732f8e6b5cc156",
  "block": 19417936,
  "trx_in_block": 55,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
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  "timestamp": "2018-01-30T01:34:30",
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "animals",
      "author": "preciousdave",
      "permlink": "kingdom-animalia-3-the-bowerbirds",
      "title": "Kingdom Animalia #3 - The powerbirds",
      "body": "@@ -24,17 +24,17 @@\n m Animal\n-i\n+l\n a series\n@@ -219,18 +219,18 @@\n when i s\n-aw\n+ee\n  the %5Bbi\n@@ -258,32 +258,33 @@\n s://steemit.com/\n+a\n animals/@amavi/a\n@@ -414,25 +414,25 @@\n am with the \n-b\n+p\n owerbirds. %0A\n@@ -545,22 +545,16 @@\n center%3E%5B\n-Source\n %5D(http:/\n@@ -602,30 +602,26 @@\n _640/images/\n-live/\n p\n+0\n 0/2c/bq/p02c\n@@ -618,24 +618,33 @@\n 2c/bq/p02cbq\n+jursfnnsf\n n8.jpg)%3C/cen\n@@ -1085,33 +1085,33 @@\n n specie of the \n-b\n+p\n owerbirds is the\n@@ -1099,24 +1099,25 @@\n e powerbirds\n+s\n  is the Rege\n@@ -2156,16 +2156,24 @@\n clearing\n+ cheetah\n , and th\n@@ -2521,31 +2521,35 @@\n pGmY\n-tMZgHrQmrp8fGdfXn8dDhWn\n+nnjnguetwejrngtirgjrngkrgji\n /reg\n@@ -5303,33 +5303,33 @@\n other beautiful \n-b\n+p\n owerbird to beho\n@@ -6308,21 +6308,19 @@\n n Bower \n-Bird \n+bid\n %0A%0AThey s\n@@ -7086,91 +7086,12 @@\n http\n-://vrf.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Satin-Bower-Bird-Nest.jpg\n+.com\n )%3C/c\n@@ -15730,16 +15730,18 @@\n .com/DQm\n-\n \n+mm\n bNn9vu12\n@@ -19049,25 +19049,25 @@\n %0AI find the \n-b\n+p\n owerbirds to\n",
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      "title": "Kingdom Animalia #3 - The Bowerbirds",
      "body": "@@ -20777,8 +20777,128 @@\n -birds/)\n+ %5Bref4%5D(http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/bowerbird) %5Bref5%5D(http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-great-bowerbird.html)\n",
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      "title": "Kingdom Animalia #3 - The Bowerbirds",
      "body": "@@ -20357,8 +20357,428 @@\n t-panda)\n+%0A%0A%0A%5Bref1%5D(http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20141119-the-barmy-courtship-of-bowerbirds) %5Bref2%5D(https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=Ofqfr_eyqRIC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=Golden-fronted+bowerbird&source=bl&ots=2uZU38W0tR&sig=PTKXTQzW26Qyv_2Vz3ulWjo1GvQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA54i5m_zYAhXqJMAKHbMhDrM4ChDoATAPegQIBhAB#v=onepage&q=Golden-fronted%2520bowerbird&f=false) %5Bref3%5D(http://what-when-how.com/birds/satin-bowerbird-birds/)\n",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"animals\",\"science\",\"nature\",\"steemiteducation\",\"steemstem\"],\"image\":[\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmNv2bAJwKSdySNTmbyn8oGzBuEjoHCiUeqzJ3sFYEtDek/p02cbqn8.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmToPEeN4Jmf3mmAMJ2kQCmuLqZm6GW1kz5awLSaf9XJfV/U5dsMoSc9KnP1L1LNRMd4sPxjZH4hyG_1680x8400.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmaYysgGknkHrh5gPirpGmYtMZgHrQmrp8fGdfXn8dDhWn/regent_in_bower_with_vignette_2.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmd9z8Jutjx2knhKvqp8SgCes7pKi66wgPPhPkAcqnaTvL/flame-bowerbirds-berry.jpg\",\"https://img.youtube.com/vi/1XkPeN3AWIE/0.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmTgebVqEWU6wVcjULQFLS6C2TgPG9mHexpLGfg4dftsTP/U5duJYELkHrH97usY2hCSAApMH2Kh52_1680x8400.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmRNAhNA5Pm97c5MVVqqQgm46nFHn8ZMDLMFGZFnCT4nmw/Satin-Bower-Bird-Nest.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmXRrbSaKxg3N5edAV7RZBXPcibRPu1kaCAJ3LvjSzdEeJ/257777_4b140cc68559d7a19bf2f7746522a17e_large.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmfE4GMgCr9dmPqonkxfzcoCt5pc1ReirJ5PPwQs3hoBtk/picture-2.png\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmRfNyshpwxA55HPXjKsHmn9yywmwKLWKiiBqj63BL6Jup/5441_Vogelkop_Bowerbird_Amblyornis_inornata_Arfak_Mountains_West_Papua_Indonesia_20130804_1_1600_copy.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmYCnZ75JWFKEW6B2p4dcaDFCuoADVpwcPQq5ZDsMSg75B/U5dsXVpPLYqKnWony3WJ8zeJ2EvaXsV_1680x8400.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmVH3ucv9YJnXYf1eS9E4fdhYQPu5PHcJJHpWSf2rsAGAS/2870882431_ce949e9766_z.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmVSM5MzRFmaohYGjfvV55VSoDBpGcy1FDMGjShhXXaidu/Catbird%2C_White-eared3.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmYEu8zTJMUF3CJLVs48avUYSCisCNYRr7WsoKa98gxmGr/1198111604.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmUH63PMpawkAnefTh8kZGM2B49YnUcU95uzBwN6eAE8Aq/pas-ptil-macgregor_s-bowerbird-amblyornis-macgregoriae-c2a9bing-superstock.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmbNn9vu122B4EmoyD6WkdLTfcgrb8heUWeQZi2TAhrt24/Bowerbird_Archbolds_-002.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmUdfGLVjKbH8G9BWww4tYiFCfZ3Kn4N3WjResXQjmuRa6/678204.jpg\",\"https://img.youtube.com/vi/_H9TyXiXM2k/0.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmTUYWQFtdHffCpAA6QzJMv8By97APEBPx6BPo6wXEScP2/DQmR7aZZAoUAobWWVfZeZev6672DTjKt3s7AcQyBeY1FyzT.jpg\"],\"links\":[\"https://steemit.com/animals/@amavi/amazing-animals-12-the-greater-bird-of-paradise\",\"http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/1280_640/images/live/p0/2c/bq/p02cbqn8.jpg\",\"https://ih0.redbubble.net/image.8748399.2087/flat,1000x1000,075,f.jpg\",\"https://www.hbw.com/ibc/photo/regent-bowerbird-sericulus-chrysocephalus/regent-bowerbird-master-builder\",\"http://www.cbc.ca/lifestory/content/images/flame-bowerbirds-berry.jpg\",\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XkPeN3AWIE\",\"http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/976_549/images/live/p0/2c/br/p02cbrfz.jpg\",\"http://vrf.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Satin-Bower-Bird-Nest.jpg\",\"http://pixdaus.com/files/items/pics/7/77/257777_4b140cc68559d7a19bf2f7746522a17e_large.jpg\",\"http://vrf.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/picture-2.png\",\"https://www.hbw.com/sites/default/files/styles/ibc_1k/public/ibc/p/5441_Vogelkop_Bowerbird_Amblyornis_inornata_Arfak_Mountains_West_Papua_Indonesia_20130804_1_1600_copy.jpg?itok=QIUUYh-N\",\"http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/976_549/images/live/p0/2c/br/p02cbr16.jpg\",\"https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/38/92/28/389228bac23c27fef9886fca5c290505.jpg\",\"http://carolinabirds.org/Daniels/NationalAviaryXLG/Catbird,_White-eared3.jpg\",\"http://animal.memozee.com/ArchOLD-7/1198111604.jpg\",\"https://leesbirdblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/pas-ptil-macgregor_s-bowerbird-amblyornis-macgregoriae-c2a9bing-superstock.jpg\",\"https://www.hbw.com/sites/default/files/styles/ibc_1k/public/ibc/p/Bowerbird_Archbolds_-002.JPG?itok=fdPabCAk\",\"http://www.graemechapman.com.au/catalogue/ausbirds3274/b/678204.jpg\",\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_H9TyXiXM2k\",\"https://www.q-files.com/life/mammals/giant-panda/\",\"https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/kingdom-animalia-2-the-cheetah\",\"https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/kingdom-animalia-1-the-giant-panda\",\"http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20141119-the-barmy-courtship-of-bowerbirds\",\"https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=Ofqfr_eyqRIC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=Golden-fronted+bowerbird&source=bl&ots=2uZU38W0tR&sig=PTKXTQzW26Qyv_2Vz3ulWjo1GvQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA54i5m_zYAhXqJMAKHbMhDrM4ChDoATAPegQIBhAB#v=onepage&q=Golden-fronted%20bowerbird&f=false\",\"http://what-when-how.com/birds/satin-bowerbird-birds/\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}"
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{
  "trx_id": "e5f845a49c345b20e94e7e38b9edc37eb735a151",
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  "timestamp": "2018-01-30T00:34:24",
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    {
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "animals",
      "author": "preciousdave",
      "permlink": "kingdom-animalia-3-the-bowerbirds",
      "title": "Kingdom Animalia #3 - The Bowerbirds",
      "body": "And Today on the Kingdom Animalia series I decided to do something on the birds, when the idea came I had the Flame and The Regent bowerbird in mind (as their colouration stunned me, though not compared to what I felt when i saw the [birds of paradise](https://steemit.com/animals/@amavi/amazing-animals-12-the-greater-bird-of-paradise) ) but I was like, why not do something on the bowerbird specie, and here I am with the bowerbirds. \n\n![p02cbqn8.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmNv2bAJwKSdySNTmbyn8oGzBuEjoHCiUeqzJ3sFYEtDek/p02cbqn8.jpg)\n<center>[Source](http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/1280_640/images/live/p0/2c/bq/p02cbqn8.jpg)</center>\nThough there are about 20 (or more) members of the bowerbird specie, I will be introducing some cool members and their surprising courtship behaviour. Do you know the male bowerbirds go as far as dancing to impress its female? Stick with me guys in the building, you might learn a thing or two about impressing a lady   \n\n# Selected Members Of The Bowerbird Family And Their Courtship Displays \n\n## The Regent Bower Bird\n\nA common specie of the bowerbirds is the Regent bowerbird. The Regent bowerbird is known to be a serially dimorphic bird, and they are medium size with their length up to 25cm. \n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmToPEeN4Jmf3mmAMJ2kQCmuLqZm6GW1kz5awLSaf9XJfV/U5dsMoSc9KnP1L1LNRMd4sPxjZH4hyG_1680x8400.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://ih0.redbubble.net/image.8748399.2087/flat,1000x1000,075,f.jpg\">The Regent Bowerbird Right Male, Left Female</a></em></center></div>\nThe male Regent bowerbird has more of the black colouration with crown colour ranging from yellow to a golden orange colour.  Their bill colour is known to be yellow with their feet black and iris colour yellow. \n\nThe female Regent bowerbird on the other hand is brown in colour and consist of fawn marking whitish in colour, they have bill colour, Grey and their feet and crown have a black colouration. \n\n### Courtship Behaviours\n\nThe male Regent bowerbird just like just like some other bowerbirds build bowers to attract females, this bower can be in the form of a ground clearing, and they can also be in the form of elaborate structure.  They have been noticed to build a bower which is in the form of an Avenue; it normally consists of walls of the stick, two in number which will be decorated with seed, shells berries and leaves. \n<center>![regent_in_bower_with_vignette_2.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmaYysgGknkHrh5gPirpGmYtMZgHrQmrp8fGdfXn8dDhWn/regent_in_bower_with_vignette_2.jpg)\n[Male Regent bowerbird in bower](https://www.hbw.com/ibc/photo/regent-bowerbird-sericulus-chrysocephalus/regent-bowerbird-master-builder)</center>\nThey have been noticed to sometime use green leaves to spread substance just like making use of a paint brush; this is known to be one of few use of the tool by a bird. Females often build a nest which is made of twigs in the form of a saucer shape they measure about 15 to 20 centimetre wide and height of about 30cm.\n \n## Flame Bowerbird \n\nThe flame bowerbird is of two species, one from the southwest of New Guinea which has an orange face for the male and the other black throat and face known as the black-faced bowerbird. \n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmd9z8Jutjx2knhKvqp8SgCes7pKi66wgPPhPkAcqnaTvL/flame-bowerbirds-berry.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://www.cbc.ca/lifestory/content/images/flame-bowerbirds-berry.jpg\">The Regent Bowerbird Right Male, Left Female</a></em></center></div>\n\nThe male flame bowerbird has its nape,  crown and it's mantle of a glossy flame colour.  It's chin and throat have a black colouration and also on the side of its neck.  They have their upper tail colour to be black having a fine yellow edge and their underparts are yellow which is a bit paler than its upper part.  \n\nTheir iris are coloured bright yellow, and they have bill colour to be pale Grey with blackish legs. \n\nThe female flame bower is of a similar size to the male with the exception of its tail as a male have theirs longer than the females with plumage different. Their iris is dark brown, and they are  known for a bit darker feather. They have their top side olive brown which gets redder towards the head. \n \n### Courtship Behavior \n\nThe male flame bowerbird on a seasonal based builds a decorated bower in an Avenue form which is constructed neatly with thick sticks at the outer part of the base and fine ones within the bower. Their decoration colours include brown fruits, purple, blue, white flowers, leaves, blackish leaves and snail shell.\n\nWhen a female appears and is sighted by the male,  he begins to dance to impress her; this dance goes with it making himself small then bigger by in a way pumping himself, this effect is shown the more when spreads wings during the pumping. Have you done this dance to impress her.\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XkPeN3AWIE\n<center>[Source:Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XkPeN3AWIE)</center>\nThis dance pattern is believed to be a form of signal for the female inspect its bower, and when it's noticed she did,  the male intensify it's dancing, and they touch their bills when they are both at his bower. \n\n\n## Satin Bowerbird \nThe satin bowerbird is another beautiful bowerbird to behold, it's male have an eye colour,  violet-blue, and they have a uniform black colour of black, but their feather texture gives a look which is almost shiny metallic with a blue nature. \n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmTgebVqEWU6wVcjULQFLS6C2TgPG9mHexpLGfg4dftsTP/U5duJYELkHrH97usY2hCSAApMH2Kh52_1680x8400.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/976_549/images/live/p0/2c/br/p02cbrfz.jpg\">The Satin Bowerbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThe female satin bowerbird has almost looked like the spotted catbird or the green catbird having a brown /green or an entire brown part of the upper part of its body and had it's under part of a lighter colouration with a scallop pattern, and they also have blue eyes. \n\nThey can be found mostly in the rainforest and around East Australia in the sclerophyll forest. An Isolated population also exist in North Queensland along the wet tropic. \n\n### Courtship For The Satin Bower Bird \n\nThey show a complex behaviour during Courtship. The male satin bowerbird is known to build structures with sticks, that is, their bowers, and this structure is decorated with colours like yellow, blue and also objects shiny, their decorative need ranges from plastic objects,  leaves, berries, clothes pegs,  drinking straws, and ballpoint pen. \n\nAs they mature, they tend to use more of the blue colour than others. To choose a mate,  the females visit this bower which follows by the male satin bowerbird performing an intense display called dance to woo the female\n<center>![Satin Bowerbirds bower](https://steemitimages.com/DQmRNAhNA5Pm97c5MVVqqQgm46nFHn8ZMDLMFGZFnCT4nmw/Satin-Bower-Bird-Nest.jpg)\n[Bower of a satin bowerbird, notice the distinct colour used](http://vrf.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Satin-Bower-Bird-Nest.jpg)</center>\nThe satin bowerbird is known to have the longest lifespan in the passerine order. \n\n## The Great Bowerbird \n\nThis bowerbird is native to Northern Australia from the Broome area across Cape York and far south to Mount Isa. \n\nTheir most preferred habitat is the Woodlands and forest and also the vine forests, mangrove swamp and the monsoon forest. \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmXRrbSaKxg3N5edAV7RZBXPcibRPu1kaCAJ3LvjSzdEeJ/257777_4b140cc68559d7a19bf2f7746522a17e_large.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://pixdaus.com/files/items/pics/7/77/257777_4b140cc68559d7a19bf2f7746522a17e_large.jpg\">Male Great Bowerbird shows female its bower</a></em></center></div>\n\nAs a member of the bower family, they have their life cycle dominated by consideration of breeding. The female is known to nest and raise young ones alone as male spend most of the year working on their bower as only a successful bower can get him a mate. \n\nThey are known to be the largest of this family ranging from 33cm—38cm in length and colouration of fawny Grey. Their males are seen to have a pink crest on the nape. \n\n### Courtship In The Great Bowerbird\n\nThe great bowerbird builds bowers which it uses to attract its females just like most members of this family do.  The bower built is the Avenue bower which is about 1 meter in length and has a height of approximately 45cm. Their bowers has been noticed to be below a shrub, and they have also been seen below a leafy branch of trees. Ends of their bower are decorated with the green and white colour which ranges from bones, leaves, stones, objects like plastic, bottle caps and sometimes shells. Sometimes inside the bower is placed with glass.\n\n<center>![picture-2.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmfE4GMgCr9dmPqonkxfzcoCt5pc1ReirJ5PPwQs3hoBtk/picture-2.png)\n[Bower of the great bowerbird](http://vrf.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/picture-2.png)</center>\n\nUnlike other bowerbirds, they practice building their bower at a young age where some young individuals will join to build a bower hence practising the skill to be perfect at building theirs for mating.\n\n## The Vogelkop Bowerbird \n\nThey are also called the Gardner bowerbird; probably because of the great lengths, they go with their bower.  This is known to be a bird of medium size which is native to Western part of New Guinea in a place called Vogel Peninsula. \n\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmRfNyshpwxA55HPXjKsHmn9yywmwKLWKiiBqj63BL6Jup/5441_Vogelkop_Bowerbird_Amblyornis_inornata_Arfak_Mountains_West_Papua_Indonesia_20130804_1_1600_copy.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://www.hbw.com/sites/default/files/styles/ibc_1k/public/ibc/p/5441_Vogelkop_Bowerbird_Amblyornis_inornata_Arfak_Mountains_West_Papua_Indonesia_20130804_1_1600_copy.jpg?itok=QIUUYh-N\">Vogelkop Bowerbird at work</a></em></center></div>\n\nThey measure approximately 21to 35 centimetres in length and have their females to be a bit smaller. Their colouration is known to be olive-brown though this colour gets paler at their underparts,  this colouration is however known to be amongst the dullest colour known for the  bowerbird species, but they are also known to have a large bower. \n\n### Courtship For The Vogelkop Bowerbird\n\nThey have a bower which is like a hut having the shape of a cone. It measures about 100cm with respect to height 160cm with respect to diameter and having an entrance which is made of sticks and the front of their bower are cleaned by them and placed with Moss. \n\nDecorations are made on their bower at the bower entrance, and this decoration consists of colourful fruits or flowers, dead leaves the shinning Beetle and also some objects which are well arranged artistically around their bower. \n\nThe male Vogelkop Bowerbird ensures that they are at the prime with their display to females by trying as much as possible to create a perfect bower which will beat neighbours arranging bower more appropriately. \n\n<center>![bowerbird](https://steemitimages.com/DQmYCnZ75JWFKEW6B2p4dcaDFCuoADVpwcPQq5ZDsMSg75B/U5dsXVpPLYqKnWony3WJ8zeJ2EvaXsV_1680x8400.jpg)\n[Bower of a vogelkop bowerbird](http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/976_549/images/live/p0/2c/br/p02cbr16.jpg)</center>\nThis bowerbird does not have a preference of colour thus the prime of its bower is them finding an unusual item. The female Vogelkop Bowerbird visits the males bower, and they choose their mate If they like what is being displayed.\n\n## The Green Catbird\n\nThis is another bowerbird species which are found in the subtropical forest which is along eastern of Australia, Queensland and the southern part of New South Wales. They are named after the calls they make which is more like the meowing of a cat. \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmVH3ucv9YJnXYf1eS9E4fdhYQPu5PHcJJHpWSf2rsAGAS/2870882431_ce949e9766_z.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/38/92/28/389228bac23c27fef9886fca5c290505.jpg\">The Green Catbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThey are medium size birds having long and powerful legs with stout bills. Their rump, wings and back are emerald green in colour and the feature white spots on top of tertiary. Its tail has a whitish emerald colouration having a white tip. Their head has a greenish brown colouration their chest colour ranges from greenish buff down to dull emerald having streaks with white colouration. \n\nTheir bill has a horn colour, and their legs are greyish brown in colouration with their iris bright red having an eye ring, partially white in colouration. \n\nMales and females are similar hence it's difficult to distinguish between them. Their juvenile is also similar but a bit duller. \n\n### Courtship Display \n\nThe male catbird, unlike other bowers, do not build a bower to attract it's female, but they do it in their cool manner. The male, however, clears an area which will give him space perform his display for the female catbird. Just like others of same species, the catbird tends to attract its female counterpart by displaying colourful flowers, fruits and having a leaf at its beak. \n\n\n## More Members Of The Bowerbird Specie\n\n### The White-Eared Catbird\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmVSM5MzRFmaohYGjfvV55VSoDBpGcy1FDMGjShhXXaidu/Catbird%2C_White-eared3.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://carolinabirds.org/Daniels/NationalAviaryXLG/Catbird,_White-eared3.jpg\">The White-Eared Catbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThis species of the bowerbirds is normally found in islands West Papua and New Guinea. They have their natural habitat to be either the tropical or subtropical dry forests and the tropical and subtropical low lands forest\n\nThey have an upper part coloured green, and crown coloured brown with face colour, whitish. Their under part is Buffy with black spots. \n\n### Golden-Fronted Bower Bird \n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmYEu8zTJMUF3CJLVs48avUYSCisCNYRr7WsoKa98gxmGr/1198111604.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://animal.memozee.com/ArchOLD-7/1198111604.jpg\">The Golden Fronted Borewbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThis bowerbird is of medium size measuring about 24cm with respect to length. They have rufous brown to be the colouration for male and with a golden crest which is of an elongated nature extend from its forehead. It's female is of olive brown colouration. They have their feet to be dark Grey and underparts yellow. \n\nThe male golden bowerbird builds towers (may pole type) which it decorates with fruits. \n\n### The MacGregor Bowerbird\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmUH63PMpawkAnefTh8kZGM2B49YnUcU95uzBwN6eAE8Aq/pas-ptil-macgregor_s-bowerbird-amblyornis-macgregoriae-c2a9bing-superstock.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://leesbirdblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/pas-ptil-macgregor_s-bowerbird-amblyornis-macgregoriae-c2a9bing-superstock.jpg\">The MAcGregor Bowerbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThis bowerbird is of a medium size measuring the about 26cm length and having colouration, olive brown. They are similar to a Robin with respect to shape and size. Male MacGregor bowerbird have an erectile crest which colours orange-yellow, and they hide this crest to display during courtship. Females are similar to males but do not have the crest. \n\nThey build bowers too which are decorated with fruits, flowers, objects and insects. When it's bower is visited by a female, it opens it's crest displaying full colour to impress her. \n\n### Archbold's Bowerbird \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmbNn9vu122B4EmoyD6WkdLTfcgrb8heUWeQZi2TAhrt24/Bowerbird_Archbolds_-002.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://www.hbw.com/sites/default/files/styles/ibc_1k/public/ibc/p/Bowerbird_Archbolds_-002.JPG?itok=fdPabCAk\">The Archbold's Bowerbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThey are beautiful bowerbirds about 37 centimetres long having colouration dark Grey, they have a brown iris, and their male has black scalloping with crown golden yellow and it's forked tail of dark Grey colour which is quite short when compared to its wings. They have both sex similar with the male quite larger then the female and females having no crown feather nor wings with the yellow patch. \n\nThey are mainly found in Highland forests in New Guinea and males bower not yet discovered. \n\n### Tooth Billed Bowerbird \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmUdfGLVjKbH8G9BWww4tYiFCfZ3Kn4N3WjResXQjmuRa6/678204.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://www.graemechapman.com.au/catalogue/ausbirds3274/b/678204.jpg\">Tooth Billed Bowerbird </a></em></center></div>\n\nThey are also known as the stage makers; they are of medium size with their length about 27cm. Their colouration is olive brown, and they have a brown streak and their under is buffish white. Their feet are Grey, and they have a brown iris with a bill which looks like a tooth. Their both sex are similar, but females are smaller than the male.\n\n## Bowerbirds Diet\n\nMost of the bowerbird species have their main diet to be fruits, but occasionally they tend to feed on insects and seeds .\nSince there is the availability of tree fruits most of the year, this is a good source of food for high energy. \n\n## Facts On Bowerbirds\n\n- Males Defend Their Bower Continuously: with time, he rearranges baubles used for decorating and put a little touch on walls doing so hovering about his art. When they are not inside, they perch few feet from the bower for the sight of eligible female or a male who might want to destroy its bower. \n\n\n- Bowers is for coutship purposes alone: After the male has danced, sing and even grovel the ground to mate, and mating is achieved, the female leaves and build her nest to raise the young ones while male prepare for the next mate. \n\n- They have a wide vocalization range as some tend to utter loud hiss, cackle, harsh notes and chatter. Their calls also mimic other birds in their environment, and this also includes sounds of a predatory bird. \n\n- They Are Bright As Crayons. There are about  20 different species of the bowerbird family, and they have a variety of colours ranging from Orange, green, yellow, red, black, olive brown, white and sooty grey. Their females are not as flamboyant on feathers with respect to the male. \n\n## Conservation \n\nThough they face challenges in the wild their numbers are stable as most are rated least concerned in the IUCN rating of conservation. \n\nA potential decline in the wild can be caused by predators like the red fox and feral cat, and also they can be affected by the destruction of their habitat with respect to human needs for more landmark due to increase in population. Also since they are currently referred to as pest, illegal poisoning and shooting can also affect their population in the wild. Although their population in the wild, for now, \n\n## Thought Of An Animal Lover\n\nI find the bowerbirds to be a beauty to behold, their colouration, most especially, the male Regent and the flame bowerbird; it's just amazing how amazing nature's art can be on some animals. Their engineering capabilities for the males is so lovely, they sure do know the way to a girls heart : ).\n\nBelow is a funny scene of an adult satin bowerbird with a juvinile\n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_H9TyXiXM2k\n<center>[Source: Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_H9TyXiXM2k)</center>\n\nThough most are listed as least concerned since their population is not to be worried about for now, we should try as much as possible to keep the habitat of these birds for their conservation and stop illegal hunting of birds in general.\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmTUYWQFtdHffCpAA6QzJMv8By97APEBPx6BPo6wXEScP2/DQmR7aZZAoUAobWWVfZeZev6672DTjKt3s7AcQyBeY1FyzT.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://www.q-files.com/life/mammals/giant-panda/\">The Giant Panda</a></em></center></div>\n\n\n \nHave You Seen Other episodes of this series\n\n- [The Cheetah](https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/kingdom-animalia-2-the-cheetah)\n- [The Giant Panda](https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/kingdom-animalia-1-the-giant-panda)",
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      "author": "preciousdave",
      "permlink": "kingdom-animalia-3-the-bowerbirds",
      "title": "Kingdom Animalia #3 - The Bowerbirds",
      "body": "And Today on the Kingdom Animalia series I decided to do something on the birds, when the idea came I had the Flame and The Regent bowerbird in mind (as their colouration stunned me, though not compared to what I felt when i saw the [birds of paradise](https://steemit.com/animals/@amavi/amazing-animals-12-the-greater-bird-of-paradise) ) but I was like, why not do something on the bowerbird specie, and here I am with the bowerbirds. \n\n![p02cbqn8.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmNv2bAJwKSdySNTmbyn8oGzBuEjoHCiUeqzJ3sFYEtDek/p02cbqn8.jpg)\n<center>[Source](http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/1280_640/images/live/p0/2c/bq/p02cbqn8.jpg)</center>\nThough there are about 20 (or more) members of the bowerbird specie, I will be introducing some cool members and their surprising courtship behaviour. Do you know the male bowerbirds go as far as dancing to impress its female? Stick with me guys in the building, you might learn a thing or two about impressing a lady   \n\n# Selected Members Of The Bowerbird Family And Their Courtship Displays \n\n## The Regent Bower Bird\n\nA common specie of the bowerbirds is the Regent bowerbird. The Regent bowerbird is known to be a serially dimorphic bird, and they are medium size with their length up to 25cm. \n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmToPEeN4Jmf3mmAMJ2kQCmuLqZm6GW1kz5awLSaf9XJfV/U5dsMoSc9KnP1L1LNRMd4sPxjZH4hyG_1680x8400.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://ih0.redbubble.net/image.8748399.2087/flat,1000x1000,075,f.jpg\">The Regent Bowerbird Right Male, Left Female</a></em></center></div>\nThe male Regent bowerbird has more of the black colouration with crown colour ranging from yellow to a golden orange colour.  Their bill colour is known to be yellow with their feet black and iris colour yellow. \n\nThe female Regent bowerbird on the other hand is brown in colour and consist of fawn marking whitish in colour, they have bill colour, Grey and their feet and crown have a black colouration. \n\n### Courtship Behaviours\n\nThe male Regent bowerbird just like just like some other bowerbirds build bowers to attract females, this bower can be in the form of a ground clearing, and they can also be in the form of elaborate structure.  They have been noticed to build a bower which is in the form of an Avenue; it normally consists of walls of the stick, two in number which will be decorated with seed, shells berries and leaves. \n<center>![regent_in_bower_with_vignette_2.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmaYysgGknkHrh5gPirpGmYtMZgHrQmrp8fGdfXn8dDhWn/regent_in_bower_with_vignette_2.jpg)\n[Male Regent bowerbird in bower](https://www.hbw.com/ibc/photo/regent-bowerbird-sericulus-chrysocephalus/regent-bowerbird-master-builder)</center>\nThey have been noticed to sometime use green leaves to spread substance just like making use of a paint brush; this is known to be one of few use of the tool by a bird. Females often build a nest which is made of twigs in the form of a saucer shape they measure about 15 to 20 centimetre wide and height of about 30cm.\n \n## Flame Bowerbird \n\nThe flame bowerbird is of two species, one from the southwest of New Guinea which has an orange face for the male and the other black throat and face known as the black-faced bowerbird. \n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmd9z8Jutjx2knhKvqp8SgCes7pKi66wgPPhPkAcqnaTvL/flame-bowerbirds-berry.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://www.cbc.ca/lifestory/content/images/flame-bowerbirds-berry.jpg\">The Regent Bowerbird Right Male, Left Female</a></em></center></div>\n\nThe male flame bowerbird has its nape,  crown and it's mantle of a glossy flame colour.  It's chin and throat have a black colouration and also on the side of its neck.  They have their upper tail colour to be black having a fine yellow edge and their underparts are yellow which is a bit paler than its upper part.  \n\nTheir iris are coloured bright yellow, and they have bill colour to be pale Grey with blackish legs. \n\nThe female flame bower is of a similar size to the male with the exception of its tail as a male have theirs longer than the females with plumage different. Their iris is dark brown, and they are  known for a bit darker feather. They have their top side olive brown which gets redder towards the head. \n \n### Courtship Behavior \n\nThe male flame bowerbird on a seasonal based builds a decorated bower in an Avenue form which is constructed neatly with thick sticks at the outer part of the base and fine ones within the bower. Their decoration colours include brown fruits, purple, blue, white flowers, leaves, blackish leaves and snail shell.\n\nWhen a female appears and is sighted by the male,  he begins to dance to impress her; this dance goes with it making himself small then bigger by in a way pumping himself, this effect is shown the more when spreads wings during the pumping. Have you done this dance to impress her.\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XkPeN3AWIE\n<center>[Source:Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XkPeN3AWIE)</center>\nThis dance pattern is believed to be a form of signal for the female inspect its bower, and when it's noticed she did,  the male intensify it's dancing, and they touch their bills when they are both at his bower. \n\n\n## Satin Bowerbird \nThe satin bowerbird is another beautiful bowerbird to behold, it's male have an eye colour,  violet-blue, and they have a uniform black colour of black, but their feather texture gives a look which is almost shiny metallic with a blue nature. \n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmTgebVqEWU6wVcjULQFLS6C2TgPG9mHexpLGfg4dftsTP/U5duJYELkHrH97usY2hCSAApMH2Kh52_1680x8400.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/976_549/images/live/p0/2c/br/p02cbrfz.jpg\">The Satin Bowerbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThe female satin bowerbird has almost looked like the spotted catbird or the green catbird having a brown /green or an entire brown part of the upper part of its body and had it's under part of a lighter colouration with a scallop pattern, and they also have blue eyes. \n\nThey can be found mostly in the rainforest and around East Australia in the sclerophyll forest. An Isolated population also exist in North Queensland along the wet tropic. \n\n### Courtship For The Satin Bower Bird \n\nThey show a complex behaviour during Courtship. The male satin bowerbird is known to build structures with sticks, that is, their bowers, and this structure is decorated with colours like yellow, blue and also objects shiny, their decorative need ranges from plastic objects,  leaves, berries, clothes pegs,  drinking straws, and ballpoint pen. \n\nAs they mature, they tend to use more of the blue colour than others. To choose a mate,  the females visit this bower which follows by the male satin bowerbird performing an intense display called dance to woo the female\n<center>![Satin Bowerbirds bower](https://steemitimages.com/DQmRNAhNA5Pm97c5MVVqqQgm46nFHn8ZMDLMFGZFnCT4nmw/Satin-Bower-Bird-Nest.jpg)\n[Bower of a satin bowerbird, notice the distinct colour used](http://vrf.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Satin-Bower-Bird-Nest.jpg)</center>\nThe satin bowerbird is known to have the longest lifespan in the passerine order. \n\n## The Great Bowerbird \n\nThis bowerbird is native to Northern Australia from the Broome area across Cape York and far south to Mount Isa. \n\nTheir most preferred habitat is the Woodlands and forest and also the vine forests, mangrove swamp and the monsoon forest. \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmXRrbSaKxg3N5edAV7RZBXPcibRPu1kaCAJ3LvjSzdEeJ/257777_4b140cc68559d7a19bf2f7746522a17e_large.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://pixdaus.com/files/items/pics/7/77/257777_4b140cc68559d7a19bf2f7746522a17e_large.jpg\">Male Great Bowerbird shows female its bower</a></em></center></div>\n\nAs a member of the bower family, they have their life cycle dominated by consideration of breeding. The female is known to nest and raise young ones alone as male spend most of the year working on their bower as only a successful bower can get him a mate. \n\nThey are known to be the largest of this family ranging from 33cm—38cm in length and colouration of fawny Grey. Their males are seen to have a pink crest on the nape. \n\n### Courtship In The Great Bowerbird\n\nThe great bowerbird builds bowers which it uses to attract its females just like most members of this family do.  The bower built is the Avenue bower which is about 1 meter in length and has a height of approximately 45cm. Their bowers has been noticed to be below a shrub, and they have also been seen below a leafy branch of trees. Ends of their bower are decorated with the green and white colour which ranges from bones, leaves, stones, objects like plastic, bottle caps and sometimes shells. Sometimes inside the bower is placed with glass.\n\n<center>![picture-2.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmfE4GMgCr9dmPqonkxfzcoCt5pc1ReirJ5PPwQs3hoBtk/picture-2.png)\n[Bower of the great bowerbird](http://vrf.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/picture-2.png)</center>\n\nUnlike other bowerbirds, they practice building their bower at a young age where some young individuals will join to build a bower hence practising the skill to be perfect at building theirs for mating.\n\n## The Vogelkop Bowerbird \n\nThey are also called the Gardner bowerbird; probably because of the great lengths, they go with their bower.  This is known to be a bird of medium size which is native to Western part of New Guinea in a place called Vogel Peninsula. \n\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmRfNyshpwxA55HPXjKsHmn9yywmwKLWKiiBqj63BL6Jup/5441_Vogelkop_Bowerbird_Amblyornis_inornata_Arfak_Mountains_West_Papua_Indonesia_20130804_1_1600_copy.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://www.hbw.com/sites/default/files/styles/ibc_1k/public/ibc/p/5441_Vogelkop_Bowerbird_Amblyornis_inornata_Arfak_Mountains_West_Papua_Indonesia_20130804_1_1600_copy.jpg?itok=QIUUYh-N\">Vogelkop Bowerbird at work</a></em></center></div>\n\nThey measure approximately 21to 35 centimetres in length and have their females to be a bit smaller. Their colouration is known to be olive-brown though this colour gets paler at their underparts,  this colouration is however known to be amongst the dullest colour known for the  bowerbird species, but they are also known to have a large bower. \n\n### Courtship For The Vogelkop Bowerbird\n\nThey have a bower which is like a hut having the shape of a cone. It measures about 100cm with respect to height 160cm with respect to diameter and having an entrance which is made of sticks and the front of their bower are cleaned by them and placed with Moss. \n\nDecorations are made on their bower at the bower entrance, and this decoration consists of colourful fruits or flowers, dead leaves the shinning Beetle and also some objects which are well arranged artistically around their bower. \n\nThe male Vogelkop Bowerbird ensures that they are at the prime with their display to females by trying as much as possible to create a perfect bower which will beat neighbours arranging bower more appropriately. \n\n<center>![bowerbird](https://steemitimages.com/DQmYCnZ75JWFKEW6B2p4dcaDFCuoADVpwcPQq5ZDsMSg75B/U5dsXVpPLYqKnWony3WJ8zeJ2EvaXsV_1680x8400.jpg)\n[Bower of a vogelkop bowerbird](http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/976_549/images/live/p0/2c/br/p02cbr16.jpg)</center>\nThis bowerbird does not have a preference of colour thus the prime of its bower is them finding an unusual item. The female Vogelkop Bowerbird visits the males bower, and they choose their mate If they like what is being displayed.\n\n## The Green Catbird\n\nThis is another bowerbird species which are found in the subtropical forest which is along eastern of Australia, Queensland and the southern part of New South Wales. They are named after the calls they make which is more like the meowing of a cat. \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmVH3ucv9YJnXYf1eS9E4fdhYQPu5PHcJJHpWSf2rsAGAS/2870882431_ce949e9766_z.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/38/92/28/389228bac23c27fef9886fca5c290505.jpg\">The Green Catbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThey are medium size birds having long and powerful legs with stout bills. Their rump, wings and back are emerald green in colour and the feature white spots on top of tertiary. Its tail has a whitish emerald colouration having a white tip. Their head has a greenish brown colouration their chest colour ranges from greenish buff down to dull emerald having streaks with white colouration. \n\nTheir bill has a horn colour, and their legs are greyish brown in colouration with their iris bright red having an eye ring, partially white in colouration. \n\nMales and females are similar hence it's difficult to distinguish between them. Their juvenile is also similar but a bit duller. \n\n### Courtship Display \n\nThe male catbird, unlike other bowers, do not build a bower to attract it's female, but they do it in their cool manner. The male, however, clears an area which will give him space perform his display for the female catbird. Just like others of same species, the catbird tends to attract its female counterpart by displaying colourful flowers, fruits and having a leaf at its beak. \n\n\n## More Members Of The Bowerbird Specie\n\n### The White-Eared Catbird\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmVSM5MzRFmaohYGjfvV55VSoDBpGcy1FDMGjShhXXaidu/Catbird%2C_White-eared3.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://carolinabirds.org/Daniels/NationalAviaryXLG/Catbird,_White-eared3.jpg\">The White-Eared Catbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThis species of the bowerbirds is normally found in islands West Papua and New Guinea. They have their natural habitat to be either the tropical or subtropical dry forests and the tropical and subtropical low lands forest\n\nThey have an upper part coloured green, and crown coloured brown with face colour, whitish. Their under part is Buffy with black spots. \n\n### Golden-Fronted Bower Bird \n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmYEu8zTJMUF3CJLVs48avUYSCisCNYRr7WsoKa98gxmGr/1198111604.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://animal.memozee.com/ArchOLD-7/1198111604.jpg\">The Golden Fronted Borewbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThis bowerbird is of medium size measuring about 24cm with respect to length. They have rufous brown to be the colouration for male and with a golden crest which is of an elongated nature extend from its forehead. It's female is of olive brown colouration. They have their feet to be dark Grey and underparts yellow. \n\nThe male golden bowerbird builds towers (may pole type) which it decorates with fruits. \n\n### The MacGregor Bowerbird\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmUH63PMpawkAnefTh8kZGM2B49YnUcU95uzBwN6eAE8Aq/pas-ptil-macgregor_s-bowerbird-amblyornis-macgregoriae-c2a9bing-superstock.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://leesbirdblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/pas-ptil-macgregor_s-bowerbird-amblyornis-macgregoriae-c2a9bing-superstock.jpg\">The MAcGregor Bowerbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThis bowerbird is of a medium size measuring the about 26cm length and having colouration, olive brown. They are similar to a Robin with respect to shape and size. Male MacGregor bowerbird have an erectile crest which colours orange-yellow, and they hide this crest to display during courtship. Females are similar to males but do not have the crest. \n\nThey build bowers too which are decorated with fruits, flowers, objects and insects. When it's bower is visited by a female, it opens it's crest displaying full colour to impress her. \n\n### Archbold's Bowerbird \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmbNn9vu122B4EmoyD6WkdLTfcgrb8heUWeQZi2TAhrt24/Bowerbird_Archbolds_-002.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://www.hbw.com/sites/default/files/styles/ibc_1k/public/ibc/p/Bowerbird_Archbolds_-002.JPG?itok=fdPabCAk\">The Archbold's Bowerbird</a></em></center></div>\n\nThey are beautiful bowerbirds about 37 centimetres long having colouration dark Grey, they have a brown iris, and their male has black scalloping with crown golden yellow and it's forked tail of dark Grey colour which is quite short when compared to its wings. They have both sex similar with the male quite larger then the female and females having no crown feather nor wings with the yellow patch. \n\nThey are mainly found in Highland forests in New Guinea and males bower not yet discovered. \n\n### Tooth Billed Bowerbird \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmUdfGLVjKbH8G9BWww4tYiFCfZ3Kn4N3WjResXQjmuRa6/678204.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://www.graemechapman.com.au/catalogue/ausbirds3274/b/678204.jpg\">Tooth Billed Bowerbird </a></em></center></div>\n\nThey are also known as the stage makers; they are of medium size with their length about 27cm. Their colouration is olive brown, and they have a brown streak and their under is buffish white. Their feet are Grey, and they have a brown iris with a bill which looks like a tooth. Their both sex are similar, but females are smaller than the male.\n\n## Bowerbirds Diet\n\nMost of the bowerbird species have their main diet to be fruits, but occasionally they tend to feed on insects and seeds .\nSince there is the availability of tree fruits most of the year, this is a good source of food for high energy. \n\n## Facts On Bowerbirds\n\n- Males Defend Their Bower Continuously: with time, he rearranges baubles used for decorating and put a little touch on walls doing so hovering about his art. When they are not inside, they perch few feet from the bower for the sight of eligible female or a male who might want to destroy its bower. \n\n\n- Bowers is for coutship purposes alone: After the male has danced, sing and even grovel the ground to mate, and mating is achieved, the female leaves and build her nest to raise the young ones while male prepare for the next mate. \n\n- They have a wide vocalization range as some tend to utter loud hiss, cackle, harsh notes and chatter. Their calls also mimic other birds in their environment, and this also includes sounds of a predatory bird. \n\n- They Are Bright As Crayons. There are about  20 different species of the bowerbird family, and they have a variety of colours ranging from Orange, green, yellow, red, black, olive brown, white and sooty grey. Their females are not as flamboyant on feathers with respect to the male. \n\n## Conservation \n\nThough they face challenges in the wild their numbers are stable as most are rated least concerned in the IUCN rating of conservation. \n\nA potential decline in the wild can be caused by predators like the red fox and feral cat, and also they can be affected by the destruction of their habitat with respect to human needs for more landmark due to increase in population. Also since they are currently referred to as pest, illegal poisoning and shooting can also affect their population in the wild. Although their population in the wild, for now, \n\n## Thought Of An Animal Lover\n\nI find the bowerbirds to be a beauty to behold, their colouration, most especially, the male Regent and the flame bowerbird; it's just amazing how amazing nature's art can be on some animals. Their engineering capabilities for the males is so lovely, they sure do know the way to a girls heart : ).\n\nBelow is a funny scene of an adult satin bowerbird with a juvinile\n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_H9TyXiXM2k\n<center>[Source: Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_H9TyXiXM2k)</center>\n\nThough most are listed as least concerned since their population is not to be worried about for now, we should try as much as possible to keep the habitat of these birds for their conservation and stop illegal hunting of birds in general.\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmTUYWQFtdHffCpAA6QzJMv8By97APEBPx6BPo6wXEScP2/DQmR7aZZAoUAobWWVfZeZev6672DTjKt3s7AcQyBeY1FyzT.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://www.q-files.com/life/mammals/giant-panda/\">The Giant Panda</a></em></center></div>\n\n\n \nHave You Seen Other episodes of this series\n\n- [The Cheetah](https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/kingdom-animalia-2-the-cheetah)\n- [The Giant Panda](https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/kingdom-animalia-1-the-giant-panda)",
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