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      "author": "steemitboard",
      "body": "Congratulations @prateekstp! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@prateekstp/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@prateekstp) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=prateekstp)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/the-steem-community-has-lost-an-epic-member-farewell-woflhart\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQWnM36SWCPGn98nY83M1ArgweMz5fnovQEp2E4FiDdug/Wolfhart_header.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/the-steem-community-has-lost-an-epic-member-farewell-woflhart\">The Steem community has lost an epic member! Farewell @woflhart!</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemtoolbar/@steemitboard/steemtoolbar-update-display-bug-fixed\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/http://i.cubeupload.com/7CiQEO.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemtoolbar/@steemitboard/steemtoolbar-update-display-bug-fixed\">SteemitBoard - Witness Update</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steem/@steemitboard/do-not-miss-the-coming-rocky-mountain-steem-meetup-and-get-a-new-community-badge\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUphCGZFWgt6bJ1XTtunV7esnwy6bxnGqcLcHAV3NEqnQ/meetup-rocky-mountain.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steem/@steemitboard/do-not-miss-the-coming-rocky-mountain-steem-meetup-and-get-a-new-community-badge\">Do not miss the coming Rocky Mountain Steem Meetup and get a new community badge!</a></td></tr></table>\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/habitability-of-the-young-earth-could-boost-the-chances-of-life-elsewhere/",
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      "body": "The conditions on the early Earth have long been a mystery. But researchers from NASA and the University of Washington have now devised a way to account for the uncertain variables of the time, in turn discovering that our planet may have been more temperate long ago than previously thought.\n\nBy applying these findings to other rocky planets, the researchers conclude that the timeframe and likelihood of life persisting elsewhere is greater than first thought.\n\nGiven that we have no rocks or other material from Earth’s first 500 million years, approximations of conditions on our planet during that time have varied widely. Some picture early Earth as wracked by volcanic eruptions and bubbling with lava, while others envision a world asleep and encased in ice.\n![aHR0cDovL3d3dy5zcGFjZS5jb20vaW1hZ2VzL2kvMDAwLzA3Ny8xNzQvb3JpZ2luYWwvYXN0cm9iaW9sb2d5MjAxNDEwMDYtZnVsbC5qcGc=.webp](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYTZkeY4MdRYYQXAajK7PPET3pvMXZ9fhzLQZ1CxAzU2v/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5zcGFjZS5jb20vaW1hZ2VzL2kvMDAwLzA3Ny8xNzQvb3JpZ2luYWwvYXN0cm9iaW9sb2d5MjAxNDEwMDYtZnVsbC5qcGc=.webp)\nEarth’s 4.5-billion-year history leaves room for many geological phases and \"people have used all kinds of different geochemical datasets to get some measure of surface conditions,\" said the study’s lead author, Joshua Krissansen-Totton of the University of Washington.\n\nThe researchers focused on the Archean Eon, 4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago, shortly after the formation of Earth’s crust, atmosphere and oceans. It’s also when life likely emerged. \n\nThe difficult part is in deducing ocean pH and global temperature, about which estimates fluctuate drastically, from alkaline to corrosively acidic and from minus 13 to 185 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 25 to 85 degrees Celsius). \n\n1.A natural thermostat\n\nEarth’s carbon cycle holds the key to constraining these variables. Volcanos push carbon into the atmosphere by outgassing carbon dioxide; carbonic acid then rains down to the surface, dissolving rocks and releasing the ions inside, which eventually reach the oceans via rivers and form calcium carbonate. \n\nThe net result of this process is that carbon in the air is locked up in rocks. Similarly, seawater circulating through the ocean crust dissolves the surrounding rock, releasing ions that then form new carbonate rocks — a process that also locks up atmospheric carbon in the crust. Some of this carbon is subducted back into the planet’s mantle and starts the cycle anew as it’s outgassed again by volcanoes. \n\nThese weathering processes are temperature-dependent; Krissansen-Totton likened the effect to a \"natural thermostat.\"\n\nIf carbon dioxide emissions increase, the temperature increases; if the temperature increases, seafloor weathering increases. Because it took billions of years to create Earth’s continents, less land existed on the early Earth, so seafloor weathering had a particularly significant regulatory impact on Earth’s temperature and vice versa. \n\nResearchers applied their understanding of the carbon cycle based on data from the last 100 years and, instead of choosing any single theory regarding ocean composition and climate, they \"picked the broadest range for the unknown and then calculated the range of possibilities for climate and ocean pH,\" Krissansen-Totton told Astrobiology Magazine. \n\n\"The researchers came up with new ways to describe how carbon in sediment and rock pore water is consumed by chemical reactions [in seafloor weathering],\" explained Boston University Earth and Environment professor Andrew Kurtz, who was not part of the study. \n![2.webp](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmWpxfkh48bwESQAW7NkuFNhuiHsvgF2JZXUiVP1E7y1C5/2.webp)\n\n2.A robust picture of early Earth\n\nThe researchers tested their model against the last 100 million years of Earth history, about which we know far more details, for a paper they published last year. This new study is the first to deploy a realistic and self-consistent representation of the process and to apply that to the early Earth, study team members said. \n\nThe simulations aren’t exact and don’t resolve all uncertainties. But, according to Krissansen-Totton, they provide \"robust\" information about early Earth. Kurtz affirmed that the results \"produce a seemingly reasonably climate and pH history that is physically sensible and mathematically internally consistent.\"\n\nThe first half-billion years of the Earth’s life is a period called the Hadean Eon, so named because of its hellish heat. However, the study’s results challenge the notion that Earth remained scorching hot well into the Archean Eon. After the heat from Earth’s formation dissipated, the researchers’ models suggest that the climate and ocean pH were surprisingly moderate: between 32 and 122 degrees Fahrenheit (0 to 50 degrees Celsius), with a pH of between 6.2 and 7.7. (A pH of 7 is neutral.) \n\nKurtz noted that this result is consistent with aninfluential 2002 paper arguing the likelihood of a \"cool early Earth.\"\n\nKrissansen-Totton believes the regulatory carbon/seafloor weathering process would occur on any rocky planet with water. \"There’s nothing special about these processes,\" he said. We know that pre-solar nebulae contain the ingredients for life; we also know countless exoplanets with those ingredients exist in the \"habitable zones\" of their stars. The study widens the window of time on which life could have emerged on those planets. [10 Exoplanets That Could Host Alien Life]\n\n3.More opportunities for life\nThe model doesn’t resolve debates about exactly when or where life emerged, but it steers scientists in productive directions for further research. For example, \"if you believe life on Earth started at high temperatures, that could still be true,\" Krissansen-Totton said, \"but that would restrict origins to locally warm environs like hydrothermal vents.\" \n\nThe study also has implications for planetary evolution. Kurtz pointed out that \"Mars once had most of what Earth has going for it, or so we think: water on the surface, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and silicate rocks,\" a combination that seems to support the possibility that life could once have existed there. \n\nScientists believe Mars’ atmosphere was lost to space via the solar wind, but questions remain as to what upset the Red Planet’s cyclical balance, as well as whether other planets could experience such drastic conditional changes. \n\nThe new study was published in April in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\n\nThe work was supported by NASA Astrobiology through the Exobiology & Evolutionary Biology Program and the Virtual Planetary Laboratory, as well as through the Earth and Space Science Fellowship program.",
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      "body": "A former MasterChef contestant and her family are homeless after hackers stole $250,000 from the proceeds of their home sale while it was being settled on Australia’s new online property transfer system, owned by the big banks and state governments.\n                             \"MasterChef finalist Dani Venn woke to a housing nightmare on Monday when it was confirmed $250,000 from the settlement of her semi-rural property on the outskirts of Melbourne was stolen after her conveyancer’s account was hacked\"\nUnbeknown to Ms Venn and her conveyancer, Sargeants Knox Conveyancing, the proceeds of the sale were transferred to a fraudster’s bank account after hackers accessed the conveyancer’s electronic property transfer account and added themselves as another user.\n\"Unbeknown to Ms Venn and her conveyancer, Sargeants Knox Conveyancing, the proceeds of the sale were transferred to a fraudster’s bank account after hackers accessed the conveyancer’s electronic property transfer account and added themselves as another user\"\nThe fraud appears to have temporarily delayed settlements on the PEXA system and may impact on the company's mooted $1 billion plus listing on the stock exchange.\nAustralia is midway through converting from the 150-year-old Torrens title paper system of exchanging property, to electronic certificates.\n\n\"Thousands of land titles are now transacted and exchanged on an electronic conveyancing platform operated by PEXA, a private company owned by state governments, the ANZ, CBA, NAB, Westpac, Macquarie Bank, private equity and property developer Paul Little\"\n\nIn another case three weeks ago,  more than $1 million was fleeced from an unsuspecting Surrey Hills home owner in Melbourne's east during the settlement period.\n\n1.NOT LIABLE\n\n![MasterChef finalist caught in conveyancing hacker attack.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmazpsRv9DbuzR3vZ6y8MdxXFBzmwVh3o5Z4WAzvTEfVgM/MasterChef%20finalist%20caught%20in%20conveyancing%20hacker%20attack.png)\nThe vendor still has not got their money back and the crime is under investigation by the CBA's fraud department.\nThe thefts are likely to put a cloud over the electronic exchange of property, which is set to become mandatory in Victoria in October, with NSW to follow suit next July.\nConveyancers, who handle the exchange of a property, say the PEXA system does not require additional subscribers using a conveyancer’s account to verify themselves or provide proof of identity.\nThe hackers broke into the conveyancing firms' email accounts, accessed their mail from PEXA and set up new user accounts.\nThey then intercepted emails from PEXA that notify another account had been added, leaving the conveyancers vulnerable to ghost users who can change bank details during the settlement process, enabling them to fleece home owners.\nBoth PEXA and the CBA told Ms Venn they were not responsible or liable for the loss.\n“PEXA has robust fraud protections and strict authentication procedures built into its platform,\" its acting chief executive James Ruddock said.\nMr Ruddock said the PEXA platform was not hacked but practitioners’ email accounts were. A sophisticated fraud was then perpetrated against the practitioners who operate on the PEXA platform, he said.\n\"These are isolated incidents and do not represent a wider or systemic risk to the PEXA platform.\"\nPEXA was helping affected home owners, he said.\n\n\n2.DREAM OF\n\nMs Venn, her husband and their two young children are now caught in a nightmare scenario where, because of the theft, they don’t have the money to settle on a dream home they bought near the sea on Melbourne’s Mornington Peninsula.\nThe family packed up and moved out of their Smiths Gully home on Wednesday to a single room in a relative's home while they try to sort out the mess.\n“We haven’t been able to settle on the property. We stand to lose our deposit of $80,000 and the new house. We are also getting charged interest of $500 a day on a default notice until we can come up with the money,” she said.\nThey were forced to ask friends and relatives to help bridge the financial gap.\n“You trust the system, you trust the banks. But PEXA has claimed no liability and neither has the CBA. I’ve really lost trust in this process,” she said.\nMs Venn said CBA wouldn't correspond in writing and hadn't been able to tell her where the money had gone or if it would be returned.\n“I feel I want to pull out all my money from the bank. I don’t trust these big corporations. They don’t care about ordinary Australians.”\n“We are aware of the issues relating to PEXA and have begun an immediate investigation. We are currently assisting the appropriate authorities with their enquiries,” the CBA said.\nAnother provider Sympli, a joint venture between the ASX and Infotrack, is looking to set up a rival platform.\nUniversal e-settlement was first proposed by the states 20 years ago and finally made it on to the Council of Australian Governments' agenda in 2008.",
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