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      "body": "## `kubernetes`集群手工安装\n\n> 这里以一台`master`节点和一台`node`节点为例，其中我将`master`也用作`node`\n\n#### 一、master节点\n\n> 先关闭防火墙：\n```\n# systemctl stop firewalld\n# systemctl disable firewalld\n```\n\n- 安装`etcd`\n首先需要在GitHub上下载`etcd`的二进制文件包，这里以`etcd-v3.1.15-linux-amd64.tar.gz`为例\n\n我写了个简单的安装etcd的脚本，可以参考一下\n```\n# cat install-etcd.sh \n#!/bin/bash\ntar xzf etcd-v3.1.15-linux-amd64.tar.gz\ncp etcd-v3.1.15-linux-amd64/etcd etcd-v3.1.15-linux-amd64/etcdctl /usr/bin\nif [ ! -e /var/lib/etcd ]; then\nmkdir /var/lib/etcd\nfi\n\ncat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/etcd.service << EOF\n[Unit]\nDescription=Etcd Server\nAfter=network.target\n\n[Service]\nType=simple\nWorkingDirectory=/var/lib/etcd/\nEnvironmentFile=-/etc/etcd/etcd.conf\nExecStart=/usr/bin/etcd\nRestart=on-failure\n\n[Install]\nWantedBy=multi-user.target\nEOF\n\nif [ ! -e /etc/etcd ]; then\nmkdir /etc/etcd\nfi\ncat > /etc/etcd/etcd.conf << EOF\nETCD_DATA_DIR=\"/var/lib/etcd/default.etcd\"\nETCD_LISTEN_CLIENT_URLS=\"http://127.0.0.1:2379\"\nETCD_NAME=\"default\"\nETCD_ADVERTISE_CLIENT_URLS=\"http://127.0.0.1:2379\"\nEOF\n\nsystemctl daemon-reload\nsystemctl start etcd.service\nsystemctl enable etcd.service\netcdctl cluster-health\n```\n步骤为：1.将etcd和etcdctl二进制文件复制到`/usr/bin`目录下，或者其他`PATH`路径下，只需要在service文件中写正确即可。2.设置服务文件。3.编辑配置文件（详细的参数可以参考官网）\n\n至此，etcd服务安装完成。\n\n- `kube-apiserver`服务，首先在GitHub上下载kubernetes的二进制包，这里以1.3.0版本的`kubernetes.tar.gz`为例\n\n这里也通过脚本来说明：\n```\n# cat install-apiserver.sh\ntar xzf kubernetes.tar.gz\ntar xzf kubernetes/server/kubernetes-server-linux-amd64.tar.gz\ncp -a kubernetes/server/bin/kube-apiserver /usr/bin\n\ncat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/kube-apiserver.service << EOF\n[Unit]\nDescription=Kubernetes API Server\nDocumentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes\nAfter=network.target\nAfter=etcd.service\n\n[Service]\nEnvironmentFile=-/etc/kubernetes/apiserver\nUser=kube\nExecStart=/usr/bin/kube-apiserver \\\n\t    \\$KUBE_ETCD_SERVERS \\\n\t    \\$KUBE_API_ADDRESS \\\n\t    \\$KUBE_SERVICE_ADDRESSES \\\n\t    \\$KUBE_ADMISSION_CONTROL \\\n\t    \\$KUBE_API_ARGS\nRestart=on-failure\nType=notify\nLimitNOFILE=65536\n\n[Install]\nWantedBy=multi-user.target\nEOF\n\nif [ ! -e /etc/kubernetes ]; then\nmkdir /etc/kubernetes\nfi\n\ncat > /etc/kubernetes/apiserver << EOF\nKUBE_API_ADDRESS=\"--insecure-bind-address=0.0.0.0 --insecure-port=8080\"\nKUBE_ETCD_SERVERS=\"--etcd-servers=http://127.0.0.1:2379\"\nKUBE_SERVICE_ADDRESSES=\"--service-cluster-ip-range=10.254.0.0/16\"\nKUBE_ADMISSION_CONTROL=\"--admission-control=NamespaceLifecycle,NamespaceExists,LimitRanger,SecurityContextDeny,ResourceQuota\"\nKUBE_API_ARGS=\"--service-node-port-range=1-65535\"\nEOF\n\nsystemctl daemon-reload\nsystemctl start kube-apiserver\nsystemctl enable kube-apiserver\nsystemctl is-active kube-apiserver\n```\n\n启动参数：\n1). --insecure-bind-address：apiserver绑定主机的非安全ip地址，0.0.0.0表示绑定所有ip地址\n2). --insecure-port=8080：apiserver绑定的非安全端口，默认8080\n3). --etcd-servers：etcd服务的地址\n4). --service-cluster-ip-range：apiserver分配给集群中service的虚拟IP的网段，不能与物理机的IP地址段重合\n5). --admission-control：集群中准入控制，详细的见官网\n6). --service-node-port-range：端口映射物理机的范围，默认为30000-32767\n\n> 其他的启动参数详见官方网站\n\n- kube-controller-manager服务\n\n```\n# cat install-controller-manager.sh \n#!/bin/bash\nIPADDR=`ifconfig ens32 | grep '\\binet\\b' | awk '{print $2}'`\ncp kubernetes/server/bin/kube-controller-manager /usr/bin\ncat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/kube-controller-manager.service << EOF\n[Unit]\nDescription=Kubernetes Controller Manager\nDocumentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes\nAfter=kube-apiserver.service\nRequires=kube-apiserver.service\n\n[Service]\nEnvironmentFile=-/etc/kubernetes/controller-manager\nExecStart=/usr/bin/kube-controller-manager \\$KUBE_CONTROLLER_MANAGER_ARGS\nRestart=on-failure\nLimitNOFILE=65536\n\n[Install]\nWantedBy=multi-user.target\nEOF\n\ncat > /etc/kubernetes/controller-manager << EOF\nKUBE_CONTROLLER_MANAGER_ARGS=\"--master=http://$IPADDR:8080\"\nEOF\n\nsystemctl daemon-reload\nsystemctl start kube-controller-manager\nsystemctl enable kube-controller-manager\n```\n\n- kube-scheduler服务\n```\n# cat install-scheduler.sh \n#!/bin/bash\nIPADDR=`ifconfig ens32 | grep '\\binet\\b' | awk '{print $2}'`\ncp kubernetes/server/bin/kubectl /usr/bin\ncp kubernetes/server/bin/kube-scheduler /usr/bin\n\ncat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/kube-scheduler.service << EOF\n[Unit]\nDescription=Kubernetes Scheduler Plugin\nDocumentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes\nAfter=kube-apiserver.service\nRequires=kube-apiserver.service\n\n[Service]\nEnvironmentFile=-/etc/kubernetes/scheduler\nExecStart=/usr/bin/kube-scheduler \\$KUBE_SCHEDULER_ARGS\nRestart=on-failure\nLimitNOFILE=65536\n\n[Install]\nWantedBy=multi-user.target\nEOF\n\ncat > /etc/kubernetes/scheduler << EOF\nKUBE_SCHEDULER_ARGS=\"--master=http://$IPADDR:8080 --logtostderr=false\"\nEOF\n\nsystemctl daemon-reload\nsystemctl start kube-scheduler\nsystemctl enable kube-scheduler\n```\n\n至此master必须的服务已经安装完成，接下来的操作是在node节点安装`kubelet`和`kube-proxy`，如果你想把master节点也当做node的话，那就在master节点上也安装该服务。\n\n- kubelet安装：kubelet服务依赖docker，请先安装好docker。\n```\ncp kubernetes/server/bin/kubelet /usr/bin\nif [ ! -e /etc/kubernetes/config ]; then\nmkdir /etc/kubernetes/config\nfi\nif [ ! -e /var/lib/kubelet ]; then\nmkdir /var/lib/kubelet\nfi\n\ncat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/kubelet.service << EOF\n[Unit]\nDescription=Kubernetes Kubelet Server\nDocumentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes\nAfter=docker.service\nRequires=docker.service\n\n[Service]\nWorkingDirectory=/var/lib/kubelet\nEnvironmentFile=-/etc/kubernetes/config\nEnvironmentFile=-/etc/kubernetes/kubelet\nExecStart=/usr/bin/kubelet \\\n\t    \\$KUBELET_API_SERVER \\\n\t    \\$KUBELET_ADDRESS \\\n\t    \\$KUBELET_HOSTNAME \\\n\t    \\$KUBELET_POD_INFRA_CONTAINER \\\n\t    \\$KUBELET_ARGS\nRestart=on-failure\n\n[Install]\nWantedBy=multi-user.target\nEOF\n\ncat > /etc/kubernetes/kubelet << EOF\nKUBELET_ADDRESS=\"--address=0.0.0.0\"\nKUBELET_HOSTNAME=\"--hostname-override=192.168.26.11\"\nKUBELET_API_SERVER=\"--api-servers=http://192.168.26.11:8080\"\nKUBELET_POD_INFRA_CONTAINER=\"--pod-infra-container-image=registry.access.redhat.com/rhel7/pod-infrastructure:latest\"\nKUBELET_ARGS=\"\"\nEOF\n\nsystemctl daemon-reload\nsystemctl start kubelet\nsystemctl enable kubelet\n```\n\n- kube-proxy安装\n```\n# cat install-kube-proxy.sh \n#!/bin/bash\ncp kubernetes/server/bin/kube-proxy /usr/bin\nif [ ! -e /etc/kubernetes/config ]; then\nmkdir /etc/kubernetes/config\nfi\n\ncat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/kube-proxy.service << EOF\n[Unit]\nDescription=Kubernetes Kube-Proxy Server\nDocumentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes\nAfter=network.target\n\n[Service]\nEnvironmentFile=-/etc/kubernetes/config\nEnvironmentFile=-/etc/kubernetes/proxy\nExecStart=/usr/bin/kube-proxy \\$KUBE_PROXY_ARGS\nRestart=on-failure\nLimitNOFILE=65536\n\n[Install]\nWantedBy=multi-user.target\nEOF\n\ncat > /etc/kubernetes/proxy  << EOF\nKUBE_PROXY_ARGS=\"--master=http://192.168.26.11:8080 --logtostderr=false\"\nEOF\n\nsystemctl daemon-reload\nsystemctl start kube-proxy\nsystemctl enable kube-proxy\n```\n\n在node节点上安装kubelet和kube-proxy的时候注意master节点的地址即可。\n\n> 现在一个单节点的环境安装完成:\n```\n# kubectl get node\nNAME            STATUS    AGE\n192.168.26.11   Ready     2s\n```\n\n到此，一个kubernetes集群安装完成。在之后的练习中如果发现错误，可参考文章：https://steemit.com/kubernetes/@pmliang/pod",
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      "parent_permlink": "kubernetes",
      "author": "pmliang",
      "permlink": "kubernetes-limitrange",
      "title": "kubernetes中LimitRange的理解",
      "body": "## kubernetes中LimitRange的理解\n今天学习了`LimitRange`，大概总结一下`LimitRange`的用法，`LimitRange`是在`pod`和`container`级别的资源限制，先看以下的例子:\n```\napiVersion: v1\nkind: LimitRange\nmetadata:\n  name: mylimits\nspec:\n  limits:\n  - max:\n      cpu: \"4\"\n      memory: 2Gi\n    min:\n      cpu: 200m\n      memory: 6Mi\n    maxLimitRequestRatio:\n      cpu: 3\n      memory: 2\n    type: Pod\n  - default:\n      cpu: 300m\n      memory: 200Mi\n    defaultRequest:\n      cpu: 200m\n      memory: 100Mi\n    max:\n      cpu: \"2\"\n      memory: 1Gi\n    min:\n      cpu: 100m\n      memory: 3Mi\n    maxLimitRequestRatio:\n      cpu: 5\n      memory: 4\n    type: Container\n```\n- `pod`部分：\n1. `max`表示`pod`中所有容器资源的`Limit`值和的上限，也就是整个`pod`资源的最大`Limit`，如果`pod`定义中的`Limit`值大于`LimitRange`中的值，则`pod`无法成功创建。\n2. `min`表示`pod`中所有容器资源请求总和的下限，也就是所有容器`request`的资源总和不能小于`min`中的值，否则`pod`无法成功创建。\n3. `maxLimitRequestRatio`表示`pod`中所有容器资源请求的`Limit`值和`request`值比值的上限，例如该`pod`中`cpu`的`Limit`值为3，而`request`为0.5，此时比值为6，创建`pod`将会失败。\n- `container`部分\n1. 在`container`的部分，`max`、`min`和`maxLimitRequestRatio`的含义和`pod`中的类似，只不过是针对单个的容器而言。下面说明几个情况：\n\n> 如果`container`设置了`max`， `pod`中的容器必须设置`limit`，如果未设置，则使用`defaultlimt`的值，如果`defaultlimit`也没有设置，则无法成功创建\n\n> 如果设置了`container`的`min`，创建容器的时候必须设置`request`的值，如果没有设置，则使用`defaultrequest`，如果没有`defaultrequest`，则默认等于容器的`limit`值，如果`limit`也没有，启动就会报错\n\n2. `defaultrequest`和`defaultlimit`则是默认值，注意：`pod`级别没有这两项设置\n\n\n将`limitrange`应用于`namespace`就生效了，例如：\n```\nkubectl create -f limitrange-example.yaml --namespace=namespace-example",
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      "author": "arcange",
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      "title": "",
      "body": "**WARNING** - The message you received from @bdbalok is a **CONFIRMED SCAM!**\n**DO NOT FOLLOW** any instruction and **DO NOT CLICK** on any link in the comment!\n\nFor more information, read this post: \nhttps://steemit.com/steemit/@arcange/phishing-site-reported-steemituper\n\nIf you find my work to protect you and the community valuable, please consider to upvote this warning or to [vote for my witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=arcange&approve=1).",
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      "title": "",
      "body": "Get your post resteemed over 90000+ followers and get upto $21+ SBD value Upvote. \nYour post will skyrocket and give you maximum exposer. \n## << EXCLUSIVE OFFER >> \nWE are giving 20 UPVOTS WORTH 1 SBD AND 10 FOLLOWERS.\n\n[Click HERE FOR GET THE OFFER](https://t.co/QpANywe3HS)",
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      "parent_permlink": "kubernetes",
      "author": "pmliang",
      "permlink": "flannel",
      "title": "flannel网络的安装",
      "body": "## `flannel`网络的安装配置\n\n今天在做`kubernetes`集群中`flannel`网络的配置时遇到的问题，记录下来\n\n#### 一、安装`etcd`：\n如果搭建好了`kubernetes`集群，应该是已经安装配置好了`etcd`，这里简单说一下：\n为什么需要`etcd`，是因为`flannel`使用`etcd`作为数据库，保存集群中分配的网络信息，从而保证了集群中的pod网络是同一个网段，并且不会重复。\n使用`yum install etcd`来安装，或者使用源码进行安装，详见[这里](https:/github.com/coreos/etcd/releases/)。\n安装好了之后修改一下`etcd`的配置文件`/etc/etcd/etcd.conf`\n修改以下两个参数：\n```\nETCD_LISTEN_CLIENT_URLS=\"http://0.0.0.0:2379\"\nETCD_ADVERTISE_CLIENT_URLS=\"http://0.0.0.0:2379\"\n```\n我这里修改为了监听所有网卡，你可以按需要进行修改，然后重启`etcd`服务：\n```\nsystemctl restart etcd\n```\n\n#### 二、安装flannel\n同样我这里使用`yum install flannel -y`的方式进行安装，你也可以去`github`下载对应的包进行安装，解压之后将二进制文件`flannel`和`nk-docker-opts.sh`拷贝到`/usr/bin`目录下完成安装。\n\n#### 三、配置flannel\n如果是手动拷贝二进制文件安装，可以参考`yum`安装之后的配置文件进行配置，这里只修改`flannel`的配置文件，编辑配置文件`/etc/sysconfig/flannel`，按照以下参数配置：\n```\nFLANNEL_ETCD_ENDPOINTS=\"http://192.168.26.250:2379\"\nFLANNEL_ETCD_PREFIX=\"/coreos.com/network\"\n```\n设置为你的`etcd`的地址即可，在启动`flannel`之前，需要添加一条网络配置记录，用于`flannel`分配给每个`docker0`的网络：\n```\netcdctl set /coreos.com/network/config '{ \"Network\": \"10.1.0.0/16\" }'\n```\n\n> 由于启动`flannel`时将会覆盖`docker0`的网络，因此在启动flannel之前需要将docker服务停掉。\n\n#### 四、启动flannel\n```\nsystemctl restart flanneld\n```\n接下来就是重启docker服务了，如果是手动安装flannel，可能需要配置docker0网络的地址，使用以下命令：\n```\nmk-docker-opts.sh -i\nsource /run/flannel/subnet.env\nifconfig docker0 ${FLANNEL_SUBNET}\n```\n\n#### 五、重启docker\n```\nsystemctl restart docker\n```\n查看网络配置：\n```\n# ip a\n4: flannel0: <POINTOPOINT,MULTICAST,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1472 qdisc pfifo_fast state UNKNOWN qlen 500\n    link/none \n    inet 10.1.13.0/16 scope global flannel0\n       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever\n5: docker0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN \n    link/ether 02:42:da:9c:59:22 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff\n    inet 10.1.13.1/24 scope global docker0\n       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever\n```\n可以发现配置的网络已经生效，我这里是flannel自动分配的网段\n\n> 我本人在重启docker的时候发现了如下报错：\n\n```\n-- Unit docker.service has begun starting up.\n5月 29 13:56:44 master.kube.com dockerd-current[13290]: time=\"2018-05-29T13:56:44.717023320+08:00\" level=warning msg=\"could not change group /var/run/docker.sock to do\n5月 29 13:56:44 master.kube.com dockerd-current[13290]: time=\"2018-05-29T13:56:44.720843794+08:00\" level=info msg=\"libcontainerd: new containerd process, pid: 13295\"\n5月 29 13:56:46 master.kube.com dockerd-current[13290]: Error starting daemon: SELinux is not supported with the overlay2 graph driver on this kernel. Either boot into\n5月 29 13:56:46 master.kube.com systemd[1]: docker.service: main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE\n5月 29 13:56:46 master.kube.com systemd[1]: Failed to start Docker Application Container Engine.\n-- Subject: Unit docker.service has failed\n```\n原因是因为在当前的内核上`selinux`不支持`overlay`的网络，解决办法是升级内核或者修改docker的配置文件的`/etc/sysconfig/docker`的参数为`--selinux-enabled=false`\n\n> 按照相同的方式配置另一台机器\n\n#### 六、验证网络\n可以通过ping另一台机器的docker0来验证网络的连通性\n\n使用以下命令查看每台机器上的flannel0和docker0的网络信息和对应物理机的地址：\n```\n[root@master ~]# etcdctl ls /coreos.com/network/subnets\n/coreos.com/network/subnets/10.1.13.0-24\n/coreos.com/network/subnets/10.1.50.0-24\n[root@master ~]# etcdctl get /coreos.com/network/subnets/10.1.13.0-24\n{\"PublicIP\":\"192.168.26.250\"}\n[root@master ~]# etcdctl get /coreos.com/network/subnets/10.1.50.0-24\n{\"PublicIP\":\"192.168.26.240\"}\n```\n\n\n至此，flannel网络配置完成。",
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      "parent_permlink": "kubernetes",
      "author": "pmliang",
      "permlink": "pod",
      "title": "pod启动失败解决办法",
      "body": "在《kubernetes权威指南》入门的一个例子中，发现pod一直处于`ContainerCreating`的状态，用`kubectl describe pod mysql`的时候发现如下报错：\n```\nEvents:\n  FirstSeen\tLastSeen\tCount\tFrom\t\t\tSubObjectPath\tType\t\tReason\t\tMessage\n  ---------\t--------\t-----\t----\t\t\t-------------\t--------\t------\t\t-------\n  1h\t\t24m\t\t17\t{kubelet 127.0.0.1}\t\t\tWarning\t\tFailedSync\tError syncing pod, skipping: failed to \"StartContainer\" for \"POD\" with ErrImagePull: \"image pull failed for registry.access.redhat.com/rhel7/pod-infrastructure:latest, this may be because there are no credentials on this request.  details: (open /etc/docker/certs.d/registry.access.redhat.com/redhat-ca.crt: no such file or directory)\"\n\n  1h\t19m\t291\t{kubelet 127.0.0.1}\t\tWarning\tFailedSync\tError syncing pod, skipping: failed to \"StartContainer\" for \"POD\" with ImagePullBackOff: \"Back-off pulling image \\\"registry.access.redhat.com/rhel7/pod-infrastructure:latest\\\"\"\n\n  15m\t15m\t1\t{kubelet 127.0.0.1}\t\t\t\tWarning\tMissingClusterDNS\tkubelet does not have ClusterDNS IP configured and cannot create Pod using \"ClusterFirst\" policy. Falling back to DNSDefault policy.\n  15m\t15m\t1\t{kubelet 127.0.0.1}\tspec.containers{mysql}\tNormal\tPulling\t\t\tpulling image \"mysql\"\n  7m\t7m\t1\t{kubelet 127.0.0.1}\t\t\t\tWarning\tMissingClusterDNS\tkubelet does not have ClusterDNS IP configured and cannot create Pod using \"ClusterFirst\" policy. Falling back to DNSDefault policy.\n  7m\t7m\t1\t{kubelet 127.0.0.1}\tspec.containers{mysql}\tNormal\tPulling\t\t\tpulling image \"mysql\"\n```\n问题是比较明显的，就是没有`/etc/docker/certs.d/registry.access.redhat.com/redhat-ca.crt`文件，用`ls -l`查看之后发现是一个软链接，链接到`/etc/rhsm/ca/redhat-uep.pem`，但是这个文件不存在，使用`yum search *rhsm*`命令：\n- 安装`python-rhsm-certificates`包：\n```\n# yum install python-rhsm-certificates -y\n```\n这里又出现问题了:\n```\npython-rhsm-certificates <= 1.20.3-1 被 (已安裝) subscription-manager-rhsm-certificates-1.20.11-1.el7.centos.x86_64 取代\n```\n那么怎么办呢，我们直接卸载掉`subscription-manager-rhsm-certificates`包，使用`yum remove subscription-manager-rhsm-certificates -y`命令，然后下载`python-rhsm-certificates`包：\n```\n# wget http://mirror.centos.org/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python-rhsm-certificates-1.19.10-1.el7_4.x86_64.rpm\n```\n然后手动安装该rpm包：\n```\n# rpm -ivh python-rhsm-certificates\n```\n这时发现`/etc/rhsm/ca/redhat-uep.pem`文件已存在。\n- 使用`docker pull registry.access.redhat.com/rhel7/pod-infrastructure:latest`命令下载镜像，但是可能会很慢，可以到https://dashboard.daocloud.io网站上注册账号，然后点击加速器，然后复制代码执行，之后重启docker就会进行加速，如果重启docker服务的时候无法启动，使用`systemctl status docker`:\n```\n# systemctl status docker\n● docker.service - Docker Application Container Engine\n   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)\n   Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since 一 2018-05-28 22:13:37 CST; 13s ago\n     Docs: http://docs.docker.com\n  Process: 79849 ExecStart=/usr/bin/dockerd-current --add-runtime docker-runc=/usr/libexec/docker/docker-runc-current --default-runtime=docker-runc --exec-opt native.cgroupdriver=systemd --userland-proxy-path=/usr/libexec/docker/docker-proxy-current --init-path=/usr/libexec/docker/docker-init-current --seccomp-profile=/etc/docker/seccomp.json $OPTIONS $DOCKER_STORAGE_OPTIONS $DOCKER_NETWORK_OPTIONS $ADD_REGISTRY $BLOCK_REGISTRY $INSECURE_REGISTRY $REGISTRIES (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)\n Main PID: 79849 (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)\n\n5月 28 22:13:37 kube.example.com systemd[1]: Starting Docker Application Container Engine...\n5月 28 22:13:37 kube.example.com dockerd-current[79849]: unable to configure the Docker daemon with file /etc/docker/daemon.json: invalid character '}' loo...y string\n5月 28 22:13:37 kube.example.com systemd[1]: docker.service: main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE\n5月 28 22:13:37 kube.example.com systemd[1]: Failed to start Docker Application Container Engine.\n5月 28 22:13:37 kube.example.com systemd[1]: Unit docker.service entered failed state.\n5月 28 22:13:37 kube.example.com systemd[1]: docker.service failed.\nHint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full\n```\n这时将`/etc/docker/seccomp.json`删除，再次重启即可\n\n- 这时将之前创建的rc、svc和pod全部删除重新创建，过一会就会发现pod启动成功\n\n\n\n> 原因猜想：根据报错信息，pod启动需要`registry.access.redhat.com/rhel7/pod-infrastructure:latest`镜像，需要去红帽仓库里下载，但是没有证书，安装证书之后就可以了",
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      "parent_permlink": "linux",
      "author": "pmliang",
      "permlink": "linux",
      "title": "Linux特殊权限介绍",
      "body": "## `Linux`特殊权限介绍\n一、`s`权限：\n- 当`s`权限位于可执行命令所有者的位置时，其他用户执行时将具有所有者的权限\n```\n# ll $(which passwd)\n-rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root 27832 1月  30 2014 /usr/bin/passwd\n# ll /etc/shadow\n----------. 1 root root 1447 5月  17 20:58 /etc/shadow\n```\n可以看到，用户没有任何对`/etc/shadow`文件的权限，但是其他用户可以修改密码，为什么呢？就是因为`passwd`命令所有者的位置上有`s`权限\n\n> 看一个例子你就明白了：\n\n```\n# touch /opt/test.txt\n# ll /opt/test.txt\n-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 5月  27 12:26 /opt/test.txt\n```\n用root用户在`/opt`下创建一个`test.txt`文件，此时除了root用户其他用户没有写权限。\n接下来我们给`vim`命令的所有者位置增加一个`s`权限：\n```\n# chmod u+s $(which vim)\n# ll $(which vim)\n-rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root 2289600 1月  30 2014 /usr/bin/vim\n```\n此时用其他用户可以使用`vim`往`/opt/test.txt`写内容。\n\n了解了这个例子，也就能理解`s`位于可执行命令所有者位置时的特殊权限了。\n\n- `s`位于目录的所属组位置时，不管哪个用户在该目录下创建文件或目录，都会继承该目录的所属组：\n```\n# mkdir /opt/test\n# chgrp tom /opt/test\n# chmod g+s /opt/test\n# ls -ld /opt/test\ndrwxr-srwx. 2 root tom 6 5月  27 12:37 /opt/test\n```\n然后分别用`root`和`bob`用户在该目录下创建文件：\n```\n# touch /opt/test/test_root\n# ll /opt/test/test_root\n-rw-r--r--. 1 root tom 0 5月  27 12:40 /opt/test/test_root\n$ touch /opt/test/test_bob\n$ ll /opt/test/test_bob\n-rw-rw-r--. 1 bob tom 0 5月  27 12:42 /opt/test/test_bob\n# mkdir /opt/test/root1\n# ls -ld /opt/test/root1\ndrwxr-sr-x. 2 root tom 6 5月  27 12:42 /opt/test/root1\n```\n看懂了这个例子，就能理解`s`位于所属组位置的权限问题了\n\n## `t`权限\n\n- `t`位于目录的`other`的位置时，这时除了所有者和`root`之外，其他的用户即使有权限，也无法删除该目录下的文件：\n```\n[root@www ~]# mkdir /opt/test2\n[root@www ~]# chmod 777 /opt/test2\n[root@www ~]# touch /opt/test2/test\n[root@www ~]# chmod 777 /opt/test2/test\n[tom@www ~]$ rm -rf /opt/test2/test\n\n[root@www ~]# chmod o+t /opt/test2\n[root@www ~]# touch /opt/test2/test\n[root@www ~]# chmod 777 /opt/test2/test\n[tom@www ~]$ rm -rf /opt/test2/test \nrm: 无法删除\"/opt/test2/test\": 不允许的操作\n```\n通过这个例子，就能理解`t`位于目录`other`位置的权限了。\n\n> `chmod 7777 file`\n后面三个权限是原本的权限，前面的7代表的是：\n```\nu+s --------> 4\ng+s --------> 2\no+t --------> 1\n```\n\n## 三、特殊权限\n\n使用`lsattr`命令查看特殊权限.\n\n- 特殊权限`a`，意味着只能增加不能减小，对目录和文件都生效：\n```\n[root@www ~]# touch /tmp/test\n[root@www ~]# lsattr /tmp/test\n---------------- /tmp/test\n[root@www ~]# echo xxxxxxxx > /tmp/test\n[root@www ~]# chattr +a /tmp/test\n[root@www ~]# lsattr /tmp/test\n-----a---------- /tmp/test\n[root@www ~]# echo yyyyyyyyyyy > /tmp/test\n-bash: /tmp/test: 不允许的操作\n[root@www ~]# echo yyyyyyyyyyy >> /tmp/test\n```\n> 注：>表示先清空，再写入\n\n- 特殊权限`i`，文件和目录的内容不能发生改变：\n```\n[root@www ~]# chattr -a /tmp/test\n[root@www ~]# chattr +i /tmp/test\n[root@www ~]# cat /tmp/test\nxxxxxxxx\nyyyyyyyyyyy\n[root@www ~]# lsattr /tmp/test\n----i----------- /tmp/test\n[root@www ~]# echo hahahhahah >> /tmp/test\n-bash: /tmp/test: 权限不够\n```\n\n> 以上就是今天要讲的特殊权限",
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      "parent_permlink": "python",
      "author": "pmliang",
      "permlink": "sqlalchemy",
      "title": "sqlalchemy用法",
      "body": "```\nfrom sqlalchemy import Column, String, create_engine\nfrom sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker\nfrom sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base\n```\n\n- 连接\n\n```\nBase = declarative_base()\nengine = create_engine('postgresql://midwaredata:[email protected]:5433/qhinfo', echo=True)\n```\necho为True的时候，会显示每一条执行的sql语句\n\n>`create_engine`用来初始化数据库连接，`sqlalchemy`用一个字符串表示连接信息：\n'数据库类型+数据库驱动://用户名:密码@机器地址:端口/数据库名'\n\n```\nDBSession = sessionmaker(bind=engine)\nsession = DBSession()\n```\n- 声明映像\n\n使用`Declarative`方法定义的映射类依据一个基类，这个基类是维系类和数据表关系的目录，在一个普通的模块入口中，应用通常只需要一个`base`的实例。通过`declarative_base()`创建一个基类：\n```\nfrom sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base\nBase = declarative_base()\n```\n\n有了这个`base`，就可以依据这个`base`定义任意数量的映射类，每一个类对应一张数据库表，一个简单的`user`类：\n```\nfrom sqlclchemy import Column, Integer, String\nclass User(Base):\n    __table__ = 'users'\n    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)\n    name = Column(String)\n```\n>用`Declarative`构造的一个类至少需要一个`__tablename__`属性，一个主键行。\n\n- 创建映射类的实例（数据表中的一行）：\n\n```\nnew_user = User(id=3, name='zhul')\n```\n- 创建会话\n\n现在准备和数据库开始会话，ORM通过Session与数据库建立连接，当应用第一次载入时，我们定义一个Session类（声明create_engine()的同时）：\n```\nfrom sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker\nDBSession = sessionmaker(bind=engine)\n```\n这个定制的DBSession类会创建绑定到数据库的DBSession对象，如果需要和数据库建立连接，只需要实例化一个DBSession：\n```\nsession = DBSession()\n```\n虽然上面的DBSession已经和数据库引擎engine关联，但是还没有打开任何连接。当它第一次被使用时，就会从engine维护的一个连接池中检索是否存在连接，如果存在便会保持连接直到我们提交所有更改或者关闭session对象。\n\n- 添加新对象\n```\nsession.add(new_user)\n```\n至此，我们可以认为，新添加的这个对象实例仍在等待中，new_user对象现在并不代表数据库中的一行数据，直到使用flush进程，session才会让SQL保持连接，如果查询这条数据的话，所有等待信息会被第一时间刷新，查询结果也会立即发出。\n```\nsession.commit()\n```\n使用commit方法将所有更改提交到数据库。\n\n- 回滚\n```\nsession.rollback()\n```\n\n- 查询\n\n通过session的query()方法创建一个查询对象，这个函数的参数数量是可变的，参数可以是任何类或者是类的描述的集合，下面是迭代输出User类的例子：\n```\nfor instance in session.query(User).order_by(User.id):\n    print instance.name\n```\n\nQuery也支持ORM描述作为参数。任何时候，多个类的实体或者是基于列的实体表达都可以作为query()函数的参数，返回类型是元组：\n\n```\nfor id, name in session.query(User.id, User.name):\n    print id, name\n```\n\nQuery返回的元组被命名为KeyedTuple类的实例元组。并且可以把它当做一个普通的Python数据类操作，元组的名字就相当于属性的属性名，类的类名一样。\n```\nfor row in session.query(User, User.name).all():\n    \n```\n\n查询条件筛选`filter`\n- 等值筛选\n```\nsession.query(User).filter(User.id == 1)\n```\n- 模糊查询\n```\nfor i in session.query(User).filter(User.name.like('%zhul%')):\n    print i.id, i.name\n```\n- 范围条件（in/not in）\n```\nfor i in session.query(User).filter(User.id.in_([1, 2, 3])):\n    print i.name\n    \nfor i in session.query(User).filter(~User.id.in_([1, 2, 3])):\n    print i.name\n```\n\n- 空值条件\n```\nsession.query(User).filter(User.name == None)\nsession.query(User).filter(User.name.is_(None))\n\nsession.query(User).filter(User.name != None)\nsession.query(User).filter(User.name.isnot(None))\n```\n- 并且条件（AND）\n```\nfrom sqlalchemy import and_\nsession.query(User).filter(User.name=='tom').filter(User.id==1)\nsession.query(User).filter(User.name=='tom', User.id==1)\nsession.query(User).filter(and_(User.name=='tom', User.id==1))\n```\n- 或者条件（OR）\n```\nsession.query(User).filter(or_(User.name=='tom', User.id==1))\n```\n- sql语句查询\n```\nfrom sqlalchemy import text\nsession.query(User).from_statement(\ntest('select * from users where name=:name and id=:id')).params(name='tom', id=1).all()\n```",
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      "parent_permlink": "python",
      "author": "pmliang",
      "permlink": "flashtext",
      "title": "大规模数据清洗利器FlashText用法示例",
      "body": "### 大规模数据清洗利器FlashText用法示例\n\n安装\n```\npip install flashtext\n```\n\n\n1. ***提取关键字***\n\n```\n>>> from flashtext import KeywordProcessor\n>>> keyword_processor = KeywordProcess()\n>>> # keyword_processor.add_keyword(<unclean name>, <standardised name>)\n>>> keyword_processor.add_keyword('Big Apple', 'New York')\n>>> keyword_processor.add_keyword('Bay Area')\n>>> keywords_found = keyword_processor.extract_keywords('I love Big Apple and Bay Area.')\n>>> keywords_found\n>>> # ['New York', 'Bay Area']\n```\n\n2. ***替换关键字***\n\n```\n>>> keyword_processor.add_keyword('New Delhi', 'NCR region')\n>>> new_sentence = keyword_processor.replace_keywords('I love Big Apple and new delhi.')\n>>> new_sentence\n>>> # 'I love New York and NCR region.'\n```\n3. ***关键字区分大小写***\n\n```\n>>> from flashtext import KeywordProcessor\n>>> keyword_processor = KeywordProcessor(case_sensitive=True)\n>>> keyword_processor.add_keyword('Big Apple', 'New York')\n>>> keyword_processor.add_keyword('Bay Area')\n>>> keywords_found = keyword_processor.extract_keywords('I love big Apple and Bay Area.')\n>>> keywords_found\n>>> # ['Bay Area']\n```\n\n4. ***提取关键字的范围***\n\n```\n>>> from flashtext import KeywordProcessor\n>>> keyword_processor = KeywordProcessor()\n>>> keyword_processor.add_keyword('Big Apple', 'New York')\n>>> keyword_processor.add_keyword('Bay Area')\n>>> keywords_found = keyword_processor.extract_keywords('I love big Apple and Bay Area.', span_info=True)\n>>> keywords_found\n>>> # [('New York', 7, 16), ('Bay Area', 21, 29)]\n```\n\n5. ***获取关键字提取的额外信息***\n\n```\n>>> from flashtext import KeywordProcessor\n>>> kp = KeywordProcessor()\n>>> kp.add_keyword('Taj Mahal', ('Monument', 'Taj Mahal'))\n>>> kp.add_keyword('Delhi', ('Location', 'Delhi'))\n>>> kp.extract_keywords('Taj Mahal is in Delhi.')\n>>> # [('Monument', 'Taj Mahal'), ('Location', 'Delhi')]\n>>> # NOTE: replace_keywords feature won't work with this.\n```\n\n6. ***No clean name for Keywords***\n\n```\n>>> from flashtext import KeywordProcessor\n>>> keyword_processor = KeywordProcessor()\n>>> keyword_processor.add_keyword('Big Apple')\n>>> keyword_processor.add_keyword('Bay Area')\n>>> keywords_found = keyword_processor.extract_keywords('I love big Apple and Bay Area.')\n>>> keywords_found\n>>> # ['Big Apple', 'Bay Area']\n```\n\n7. ***同时添加多个关键字***\n```\n>>> from flashtext import KeywordProcessor\n>>> keyword_processor = KeywordProcessor()\n>>> keyword_dict = {\n>>>     \"java\": [\"java_2e\", \"java programing\"],\n>>>     \"product management\": [\"PM\", \"product manager\"]\n>>> }\n>>> # {'clean_name': ['list of unclean names']}\n>>> keyword_processor.add_keywords_from_dict(keyword_dict)\n>>> # Or add keywords from a list:\n>>> keyword_processor.add_keywords_from_list([\"java\", \"python\"])\n>>> keyword_processor.extract_keywords('I am a product manager for a java_2e platform')\n>>> # output ['product management', 'java']\n```\n\n8. ***移除关键字***\n```\n>>> from flashtext import KeywordProcessor\n>>> keyword_processor = KeywordProcessor()\n>>> keyword_dict = {\n>>>     \"java\": [\"java_2e\", \"java programing\"],\n>>>     \"product management\": [\"PM\", \"product manager\"]\n>>> }\n>>> keyword_processor.add_keywords_from_dict(keyword_dict)\n>>> print(keyword_processor.extract_keywords('I am a product manager for a java_2e platform'))\n>>> # output ['product management', 'java']\n>>> keyword_processor.remove_keyword('java_2e')\n>>> # you can also remove keywords from a list/ dictionary\n>>> keyword_processor.remove_keywords_from_dict({\"product management\": [\"PM\"]})\n>>> keyword_processor.remove_keywords_from_list([\"java programing\"])\n>>> keyword_processor.extract_keywords('I am a product manager for a java_2e platform')\n>>> # output ['product management']\n```\n\n9. ***检查KeywordProcessor的大小***\n\n```\n>>> from flashtext import KeywordProcessor\n>>> keyword_processor = KeywordProcessor()\n>>> keyword_dict = {\n>>>     \"java\": [\"java_2e\", \"java programing\"],\n>>>     \"product management\": [\"PM\", \"product manager\"]\n>>> }\n>>> keyword_processor.add_keywords_from_dict(keyword_dict)\n>>> print(len(keyword_processor))\n>>> # output 4\n```\n\n10. ***检查是否存在某个关键字***\n```\n>>> from flashtext import KeywordProcessor\n>>> keyword_processor = KeywordProcessor()\n>>> keyword_processor.add_keyword('j2ee', 'Java')\n>>> 'j2ee' in keyword_processor\n>>> # output: True\n>>> keyword_processor.get_keyword('j2ee')\n>>> # output: Java\n>>> keyword_processor['colour'] = 'color'\n>>> keyword_processor['colour']\n>>> # output: color\n```\n\n11. ***获取所有的关键字***\n```\n>>> from flashtext import KeywordProcessor\n>>> keyword_processor = KeywordProcessor()\n>>> keyword_processor.add_keyword('j2ee', 'Java')\n>>> keyword_processor.add_keyword('colour', 'color')\n>>> keyword_processor.get_all_keywords()\n>>> # output: {'colour': 'color', 'j2ee': 'Java'}\n```\n\n12. ***设置或添加字符作为单词字符的一部分***\n```\n>>> from flashtext import KeywordProcessor\n>>> keyword_processor = KeywordProcessor()\n>>> keyword_processor.add_keyword('Big Apple')\n>>> print(keyword_processor.extract_keywords('I love Big Apple/Bay Area.'))\n>>> # ['Big Apple']\n>>> keyword_processor.add_non_word_boundary('/')\n>>> print(keyword_processor.extract_keywords('I love Big Apple/Bay Area.'))\n>>> # []\n```",
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      "body": "## AWK实例演示\n> 当出现合并文件的需求时，可以考虑使用数组\n\n1. 合并两个文件，a1和a2:\n```\n# cat a1\n1 苹果 水果\n2 梨子 水果\n3 草莓 水果\n4 土豆 蔬菜\n5 恐龙 动物\n# cat a2\n01,苹果 水果\n02,梨子 水果\n03,香蕉 水果\n04,土豆 蔬菜\n05,香肠 食品\n# awk -F\"[ ,]\" 'NR==FNR{a[$2]=$1}NR!=FNR{print $0,a[$2]}' a1 a2\n01,苹果  1\n02,梨子  2\n03,香蕉  \n04,土豆  4\n05,香肠\n```\n\n```\n# cat b1\ntom:1000\nbob:1001\nmary:1002\n# cat b2\n1000:a.txt\n1000:b.txt\n1001:c.txt\n1001:d.txt\n1002:e.txt\n1002:f.txt\n# awk -F: 'NR==FNR{a[$2]=$0}NR!=FNR{print a[$1]\":\"$2}' b1 b2\ntom:1000:a.txt\ntom:1000:b.txt\nbob:1001:c.txt\nbob:1001:d.txt\nmary:1002:e.txt\nmary:1002:f.txt\n```\n> 通过这两个例子，我们可以看出，在使用数组的时候尽量已相同的部分作为数组的下标\n\n2. 将相同行合并为一行\n```\n# cat a1\n1 苹果\n1 水果\n2 梨子\n2 水果\n3 草莓\n3 水果\n4 土豆\n4 蔬菜\n5 恐龙\n5 动物\n# awk 'NR==1{printf \"%s\",$0;x=$1}NR!=1{if($1==x){printf \" %s\",$2}else printf \"\\n%s\",$0;x=$1}END{printf \"\\n\"}' a1\n1 苹果 水果\n2 梨子 水果\n3 草莓 水果\n4 土豆 蔬菜\n5 恐龙 动物\n```\n3. 求交集\n```\n# cat a1\n10/11111111,11/22222222,12/33333333,13/44444444\n14/55555555,15/66666666,16/77777777,17/88888888\n# cat a2\n11111111\n66666666\n56567778\n98987654\n# awk -F[/,] 'NR==FNR{a[$1]}NR!=FNR{if($2 in a){print $0}}' a2 a1\n10/11111111,11/22222222,12/33333333,13/44444444\n```\n4. 统计次数\n```\n# cat a1\ntom tom bob mary\nzhangsan lisi\nbob mary tom\n# awk '{sum+=NF}END{print sum}' a1\n9\n# awk '{for(i=1;i<=NF;i++){a[$i]++}}END{for(x in a){print x\"出现了\"a[x]\"次\"}}' a1\nmary出现了2次\nzhangsan出现了1次\ntom出现了3次\nlisi出现了1次\nbob出现了2次\n```\n5. 求和\n```\n# cat /proc/1/smaps | awk '/Shared_Clean/{AA+=$2}/Shared_Dirty/{BB+=$2}END{print \"干净页：\"AA\"KB\";print \"脏页：\"BB\"KB\"}'\n干净页：2672KB\n脏页：0KB\n```",
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      "title": "AWK常见用法（一）",
      "body": "## 一、初识AWK\n`AWK`有其他的衍生版本，比如`nawk`和`gawk`，在Linux发行版里，默认使用的是`gawk`:\n```\n# ls -l `which awk`\nlrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 4 5月   9 20:25 /usr/bin/awk -> gawk\n```\n## 二、AWK的工作流程\n- `AWK`是按行处理文本，将行按照某一分隔符进行分割，其中分割之后的第一部分为`$1`，第二部分为`$2`，依次类推，其中`$0`表示整行，超过10的要将数字用括号括起来，比如`$(10)`\n- `AWK`默认的分隔符是空格和`tab`，其中操作命令必须写在{}里面，语法：\n```\nawk '/模式/{print $1}' file     //模式支持正则表达式，只对含有该模式的行进行操作\n```\n- 可以使用`-F`选项指定分隔符:\n```\nawk -F: '/模式/{print $1}' file\n```\n\n## 三、常见操作符的使用（例子中passwd文件使用/etc/passwd文件的前6行）\n常见的操作符有：`~`、`!~`、`==`、`!=`、`>`、`<`、`++`、`--`等\n1. `~`和`!~`表示包含和不包含：\n```\n# awk -F: '$1~/ro/{print $0}' passwd \nroot:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\n```\n2. `==`和`!=`表示严格的等于和不等于：\n```\n# awk -F: '$3==1{print $0}' passwd \nbin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin\n```\n```\n# awk -F: '{$3++;print $3}' passwd \n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n```\n3. 其他的一些操作符同理，两个以上的条件需要使用连接符`&&`或`||`\n\n## 四、AWK中 BEGIN 和 NED 的用法\n\n1. `BEGIN`中的命令是在AWK读取文本的第一行之前进行操作：\n```\n# awk -F: 'BEGIN{print \"用户名\"}{print $1}' passwd \n用户名\nroot\nbin\ndaemon\nadm\nlp\nsync\n```\n2. `END`中的命令是在读取完最后一行之后进行的操作：\n```\n# awk -F: '{print $1}END{print \"结束\"}' passwd \nroot\nbin\ndaemon\nadm\nlp\nsync\n结束\n```\n3. BEGIN和END可以同时出现，也可以单独出现，BEGIN中可以定义变量：\n```\n# awk -F: 'BEGIN{a=1}{print a}' passwd \n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n```\n如何没有预先定义变量的话，在后面也是可以引用的，只不过这个变量的值为空。引用变量的时候不加`$`\n`END`中也可以进行最终的计算：\n```\n# awk -F: 'BEGIN{sum=0}{sum+=$3}END{print \"所有UID的和为：\"sum}' passwd \n所有UID的和为：15\n```\n或者不预先定义变量:\n```\n# awk -F: '{sum+=$3}END{print \"所有UID的和为：\"sum}' passwd \n所有UID的和为：15\n```\n\n## 五、AWK中常见内置变量的用法\n1. `FS`代表分隔符:\n```\n# awk 'BEGIN{FS=\":\"}{print $1}' passwd \nroot\nbin\ndaemon\nadm\nlp\nsync\n```\n2. `OFS`为打印输出的分隔符，默认的是空格：\n```\n# awk 'BEGIN{FS=\":\";OFS=\"---\"}{print $1,$2}' passwd \nroot---x\nbin---x\ndaemon---x\nadm---x\nlp---x\nsync---x\n```\n3. `NF`的值表示将每一行按照`FS`指定的分隔符分为多少段：\n```\n# awk 'BEGIN{FS=\":\"}{print NF}' passwd \n7\n7\n7\n7\n7\n7\n```\n如果要打印每一行的最后一段，可以使用以下用法：\n```\n# awk 'BEGIN{FS=\":\"}{print $NF}' passwd \n/bin/bash\n/sbin/nologin\n/sbin/nologin\n/sbin/nologin\n/sbin/nologin\n/bin/sync\n```\n4. 前面提到过，AWK是将文件按行进行处理，那么AWK是如何分别每一行的呢？使用的就是`RS`的值，默认为`\\n`:\n```\n# cat test.txt \n1,张三:经理 2,李四:职员 3,王五:老板\n# awk -F[:,] 'BEGIN{RS=\" \"}{print $2,$3}' test.txt \n张三 经理\n李四 职员\n王五 老板\n```\n5. `ORS`变量的值决定输出行的分隔符，默认的为`\\n`：\n```\n# awk 'BEGIN{ORS=\"---\"}{print $0}' passwd \nroot:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash---bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin---daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin---adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin---lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin---sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync---\n```\n6. `FILENAME`变量的值为当前操作文件的文件名：\n```\n# awk -F: '{print FILENAME}' passwd \npasswd\npasswd\npasswd\npasswd\npasswd\npasswd\n```\n7. `NR`变量的值表示当前正在操作的行号：\n```\n# awk -F: '{print NR}' passwd \n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n```\n如果这里将行分隔符`RS`赋值为`-`，验证`NR`的值：\n```\n# awk 'BEGIN{RS=\"-\"}{print NR}' passwd \n1\n```\n8. `FNR`也表示当前操作的行号，不同的是，当对一个文件进行操作的时候`FNR`和`NR`的值是一样的。当对两个文件进行操作时，`FNR`和`NR`的值是不一样的：\n```\n# awk -F: '{print NR,$1,FNR}' passwd shadow \n1 root 1\n2 bin 2\n3 daemon 3\n4 adm 4\n5 lp 5\n6 sync 6\n7 root 1\n8 bin 2\n9 daemon 3\n10 adm 4\n11 lp 5\n12 sync 6\n```\n\n## 六、判断和循坏语句\n1. `if`语句：\n语法，如果语句没有使用{}，则要使用;分隔\n```\nif(判断1){语句1}else if(判断2){语句2}else{语句3}\nif(判断1)语句1;else if(判断2)语句2;else语句3\n```\n\n```\n# awk -F: '{if($3==0){print $1\"是root\"}else if($3>=1000){print $1\"是普通用户\"}else{print $1\"是系统用户\"}}' passwd \nroot是root\nbin是系统用户\ndaemon是系统用户\nadm是系统用户\nlp是系统用户\nsync是系统用户\n```\n2. `for`循坏语句：\n```\nawk -F: '{for(i=1;i<=NF-5;i++){print $i}}' passwd \nroot\nx\nbin\nx\ndaemon\nx\n```\n3. `while`循坏语句：\n```\n# awk -F: '{print \"------------\";i=1;while(i<=NF){print $i;i++}}' passwd \n------------\nroot\nx\n0\n0\nroot\n/root\n/bin/bash\n------------\nbin\nx\n1\n1\nbin\n/bin\n/sbin/nologin\n------------\ndaemon\nx\n2\n2\ndaemon\n/sbin\n/sbin/nologin\n```\n4. 循坏控制语句`break`：\nbreak只能用在循环语句中，作用是跳出当前循环，继续下一循环\n```\n# echo -e \"1 2 3 4 1\\n5 6 7\" | awk '{for(i=1;i<=NF;i++){if($i>=2){break}print $i}}'\n1\n```\n5. 循环控制语句`continue`:如果遇到continue，continue后面的语句不再执行，继续下一个循环\n```\n# echo -e \"1 2 3 4 1\\n5 6 7\" | awk '{for(i=1;i<=NF;i++){if($i>=2){continue}print $i}}'\n1\n1\n```\n6. 循环控制语句`next`：遇到next，跳出循环，继续下移循环,在循环语句中next和break语句效果一样。区别在于，break和continue语句只能用于循环语句，next语句还可以用于其他语句，以下例子用于判断语句\n```\n# echo -e \"1 2 3 4 1\\n5 6 7 1\" | awk '{if($2<=2){next}print $0}'\n5 6 7 1\n```\n```\n# awk -F: 'NR==FNR{print NR,FILENAME,FNR;next}{print NR,FILENAME,FNR}' passwd shadow \n1 passwd 1\n2 passwd 2\n3 passwd 3\n4 shadow 1\n5 shadow 2\n6 shadow 3\n```\n\n## 七、AWK中数组的使用\n1. 手动定义数组\n```\n# echo '' | awk '{aa[1]=1;aa[2]=2;aa[\"b\"]=\"b\";print aa[1]}'\n1\n```\n2. 读取文件\n```\n# awk -F: '{for(i=1;i<=NF;i++){a[i]=$i;print a[1];break}}' passwd \nroot\nbin\ndaemon\n```\n\n```\n# cat c1\n01 北京\n02 上海\n03 广州\n04 深圳\n# cat c2\n01 beijing\n02 shanghai\n03 guangzhou\n04 shenzhen\n# awk 'NR==FNR{a[$1]=$0}NR!=FNR{print a[$1],$2}' c1 c2\n01 北京 beijing\n02 上海 shanghai\n03 广州 guangzhou\n04 深圳 shenzhen\n```\n\n## 八、AWK中常见函数的使用\n1. `sub`和`gsub`函数：用来替换\n```\n# cat test.txt \ntom bob mary tom\nbob tom mary tom\n# awk '{sub(\"tom\",\"TOM\");print}' test.txt \nTOM bob mary tom\nbob TOM mary tom\n```\n但是只替换了每行的第一个，要想替换所有的，使用`gsub`函数：\n```\n# awk '{gsub(\"tom\",\"TOM\");print}' test.txt \nTOM bob mary TOM\nbob TOM mary TOM\n```\n只替换最后一个：\n```\n# awk '{gsub(\"tom\",\"TOM\",$NF);print}' test.txt \ntom bob mary TOM\nbob tom mary TOM\n```\n2. `length`函数用来计算字符串长度\n```\n# awk -F: '{print $1,length($1)}' passwd \nroot 4\nbin 3\ndaemon 6\n```\n3. `substr`函数用来截取一段数据\n```\n# awk -F: '{print substr($1,2)}' passwd \noot\nin\naemon\n# awk -F: '{print substr($1,2,2)}' passwd \noo\nin\nae\n```\n4. `match`函数的使用，从字符串中匹配满足某种格式的位置\n```\n# awk -F: '{xx=match($1,\"oo\");print xx}' passwd \n2\n0\n0\n```\n`match`中有两个变量，`RSTART`可以获取到`match`得到的值，`RLENGTH`表示的是`match`中满足格式的字符创的长度，一般会结合substr截取我们所需要的数据:\n```\n# awk -F: '{xx=match($1,\"oo\");print xx,RSTART,RLENGTH}' passwd \n2 2 2\n0 0 -1\n0 0 -1\n```\n5. `split`函数的使用：split(\"原始字符串\",数组名,<分隔符>)\n```\n# echo '' | awk '{split(\"2018-05-20\",xx,\"-\");print xx[1],xx[2],xx[3]}'\n2018 05 20\n# awk '{split($0,xx,\":\");print xx[1]}' passwd \nroot\nbin\ndaemon\n```\n6. `getline`函数可以让我们使用操作系统命令，也可以读取另一个文件内容\n```\n# awk '{getline;print $0}' c1\n02 上海\n04 深圳\n```\n可以看到`getline`将本文件的下一行赋值给当前的`$0`\n```\n# awk '{getline xx;print $0,xx}' c1\n01 北京 02 上海\n03 广州 04 深圳\n```\n在这里将下一行的值赋值给了getline后的变量xx，并没有影响当前的`$0`\n\n`getline < file`：该用法读取file文件的一行赋值给当前的`$0`\n`getline xx < file`：该用法读取file文件的一行赋值给变量xx\n```\n# awk '{getline xx< \"c2\";print xx,$2}' c1\n01 beijing 北京\n02 shanghai 上海\n03 guangzhou 广州\n04 shenzhen 深圳\n```\n\n```\n# echo '' | awk '{\"date\"|getline xx;print xx}'\n2018年 05月 20日 星期日 19:57:04 CST\n# echo '' | awk '{while(\"ls /boot\"|getline xx) print xx}'\nconfig-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64\ngrub2\ninitramfs-0-rescue-ba7506401e184ceea617517542f6b7c7.img\ninitramfs-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64.img\ninitrd-plymouth.img\nsymvers-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64.gz\nSystem.map-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64\nvmlinuz-0-rescue-ba7506401e184ceea617517542f6b7c7\nvmlinuz-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64\n\n# echo '' | awk '{print \"请输入：\";getline name<\"/dev/tty\";print \"你好:\" name}'\n请输入：\ntom\n你好:tom\n```\n\n## 九、AWK的格式化输出\n1. `printf`不带换行符\n```\n# awk -F: '{printf \"%-8s|%-5d\\n\",$1,$3}' passwd \nroot    |0    \nbin     |1    \ndaemon  |2\n```\n其中`%-8s`中的-8表示显示宽度为8个字符，`-`表示左对齐，`+`号表示右对齐\n`%d`显示的整数\n`%f`显示的是浮点数，`%10.5f`表示总共显示十位。小数点后显示5位\n`%e`用科学计数法显示\n```\n# echo '' | awk '{printf \"%d\\n\",3*3.5}'\n10\n# echo '' | awk '{printf \"%f\\n\",3*3.5}'\n10.500000\n# echo '' | awk '{printf \"%-.10f\\n\",10/3}'\n3.3333333333\n# echo '' | awk '{printf \"%e\\n\",3*3.5}'\n1.050000e+01\n```",
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