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      "body": "In the race towards faster and smarter next-generation electronics, including quantum computers, researchers at the University of Melbourne are the first in the world to image how electrons move in two-dimensional graphene.\n\nMade up of a lattice of carbon atoms only one atom thick, graphene is a key material for the electronics of the future. 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The ‘spotlight’ represents light passing through the diamond defect and detecting the movement of electrons. Electrons are shown as red spheres, trailed by red threads that reveal their path through graphene (a single layer of carbon atoms). Picture: David A. Broadway/cqc2t.org*\n\n“By analysing the intensity of the red light, we determine the magnetic field created by the electric current and are able to image it, and literally see the effect of material imperfections.”\n\nResearchers at CQC2T have led the world in atomic-scale fabrication of nano-electronics in silicon for quantum computers. Like graphene sheets, these nano-electronic structures are essentially only one atom thick.\n\n“Our technique is powerful yet relatively simple to implement, which means it could be adopted by researchers and engineers from a wide range of disciplines,” says Dr Tetienne.\n\n“Using the magnetic field of moving electrons is an old idea in physics, but this is a novel implementation at the microscale with 21st century applications.”\n\nThe work is a unique collaboration between diamond-based quantum sensing and graphene researchers. 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An atomistic representation of graphene (a single layer of carbon atoms) sits atop the sensor. Red lines represent the trajectory of the electrons as they move through the graphene. David A. Broadway/cqc2t.org\n\nOriginal article: http://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/quantum-technology/publications/",
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      "body": "@@ -5499,28 +5499,121 @@\n %E2%80%9D says Professor Hollenberg.\n+%0A%0AOriginal article: https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/quantum-boost-for-medical-imaging\n",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/quantum-boost-for-medical-imaging",
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      "body": "It sounds like science fiction medicine.\n\nImagine a harmless solution or gas containing sub-atomic particles manipulated by quantum technology that when injected or inhaled would “light up” your molecular insides, so they could be scanned at a detail hundreds of times that of the strongest MRI machine?\n\nIt could lead to faster, cheaper and more accurate diagnosis of certain tumours, for example, at a molecular level. But this isn’t science fiction – it is theoretically possible and a group of quantum physicists have now shown how it can be done by using light shone through incredibly thin layers of synthetic diamond crystals containing quantum probes\n\n\n# Imaging applications\n\nIn results published in Nature Communications https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03578-1, the quantum physicists were able to use the light shone through a diamond layer 100 microns thick to change the magnetic spin of nuclei (the particles at the heart of atoms) within molecules on the diamond surface so that they “hyperpolarise” or line up in the same way. By doing so, the different nuclei produce a stronger magnetic field among themselves.\n\n\nIf a solution or gas containing bio-molecules quantum mechanically adjusted like this were to be injected, it would temporarily generate stronger magnetic fields at corresponding locations in the body.\n\n“One of the applications is that it could allow us to improve the production of molecular contrast agents that target certain parts of the body and “light” up magnetically, significantly increasing the amount of detail that can be picked up by an MRI scan,” says University of Melbourne post-doctoral research physicist Dr Liam Hall.\n\n# All diamonds and light\n\n“Hyperpolarised bio-molecules can be injected into patients and travel to tumour sites where they can be monitored in real-time using MRI, or hyperpolarised gases could be inhaled for MRI imaging of the lungs and their function.”\n\nResearch team leader Professor Lloyd Hollenberg, the University of Melbourne’s Thomas Baker Chair of physics, says their quantum technology approach to hyperpolarisation is relatively simple in terms of the equipment involved, and has the potential to produce clinically relevant amounts of contrast agents at very high polarisation level.\n\nTypical “brute force” approaches to hyperpolarisation of the nuclear spins in contrast agent molecules involve placing the sample in very high magnetic fields at very low temperatures – the higher the field, the more spins line up. At room temperature in an MRI machine at the largest magnetic fields considered safe, the level of polarisation is extremely low – perhaps 1 spin per million – and dictates the resolution limit of MRI.\n\n“In our experiment, we achieved a polarisation level of around 50 per cent for polymer molecules on the diamond surface – this is the first time it has been achieved using the diamond-based quantum technology,” says Professor Hollenberg.\n\n“To put it in context, achieving the same level of polarisation by brute force we’d need to increase the power of a typical MRI field by a factor of 100,000, and you’re only going to find fields like that in a neutron star.” \n\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYxkxvTEBjTVsUV24yvrmJBMP1hfGvxjNGLhiHaJjYChy/image.png)\nSchematic representation of quantum hyperpolarisation. Nuclear spins with random magnetic orientation (“hot”) are subjected to a controlled interaction with atomic defects in diamond which aligns (hyperpolarises) their spins (“cold”) and amplifies their magnetic signal. Picture: David Broadway\n\n\nWhile other techniques for hyperpolarisation do exist, Professor Hollenberg says the required infrastructure can rival the cost of the MRI machine itself.\n\nIndeed, team member and PhD student David Broadway said their technique “achieves excellent results using fridge magnets and some atomic-level quantum mechanics”.\n\n# Electron spin\n\nThat bit of quantum mechanics refers to the remarkable quantum properties of a naturally occurring defect in the lattice of diamond crystals known as the nitrogen-vacancy centre (NV). What makes the NV defect special is that the spin of electrons inside the defect are quantum mechanical and can be lined up, or polarised, by illuminating it with a green laser.\n\n“We optimise how the polarised NV centre talks to, and effectively transfers its spin state to, the nuclear spins of molecules outside the diamond to line them up. In a sense, the quantum probe extracts random spin disorder from the (“hot”) target molecules to produce a (“cold”) spin-aligned state,” says Dr. Hall, who came up with the theoretical concept.\n\nDr Hall says this quantum mechanical transfer, which was demonstrated using a single quantum NV defect, could be used for solutions of bio-molecules passed over a green-lit diamond sheet containing many of these NV systems.\n\n# Getting the balance right\n\n “Because we don’t modify the contrast agents beyond the polarisation of their nuclear spins, this process doesn’t affect the biology or the physiology of a person in any way,” says Dr Hall.\n\nThe key challenge now is for the researchers to scale-up the “quantum hyperpolarisation” system to create sufficient volumes of contrasting agent molecules without the hyperpolarising quantum NV probes being too closely packed and disrupting each other.\n\n“If we can tick that box, we can then think about polarising volumes of MRI contrast agents to a high level for use in MRI scanners found in research labs and hospitals,” says Professor Hollenberg.",
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      "body": "# Qubit\nA qubit is an object that can hold quantum information. This can take many forms such as electrons and nuclear spins, molecules, mechanical oscillators, photons, and many more. All an object needs to have to be considered a qubit is the ability to hold quantum information. But what is quantum information and what does it mean to hold it? \n\n# Quantum information\nA classical information bit can only exist in two states: 1 or 0 (the same as true or false). Quantum information exists between these two states. This is the idea that something can be a superposition of the two states, meaning that it is both 1 and 0 at the same time. The quantum information stored in this fashion is incredibly useful for quantum computing but it is also important for many other reasons. \n\n# Why do people care? \nMost people will say that people care about qubits and quantum mechanics because of quantum computing. However, quantum mechanics is far broader than this small topic and qubits are used in many different scientific and engineering research and products. This is because as soon as something gets small enough it becomes quantum, whether we like it or not. A significant amount of the nanofabrication done in the world is focused on quantum related objects because smaller is faster and more energy efficient. This doesn't mean that they are using qubits but it does mean that they need to consider the quantum nature of the object in order to get the desired results. Even medical research is starting to rely on quantum mechanics to determine how best to administer drugs or in attempts to probe the mechanics of how the human body works on the smallest scale. \n\nPeople care about qubits because they are fundamental to quantum mechanics and it is required for us to understand anything about the world on a small scale.",
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