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      "parent_author": "osama124",
      "parent_permlink": "graffiti-art",
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-osama124-20190804t002450000z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Congratulations @osama124! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@osama124/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@osama124) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=osama124)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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    {
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      "parent_permlink": "re-gallerani-coinbase-custody-is-exploring-a-variety-of-new-crypto-assets-including-steem-or-let-s-stirr-up-some-attention-for-steem-20180804t164659277z",
      "author": "gallerani",
      "permlink": "re-osama124-re-gallerani-coinbase-custody-is-exploring-a-variety-of-new-crypto-assets-including-steem-or-let-s-stirr-up-some-attention-for-steem-20180812t140918914z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "yeah there isn't much attention to go around right now. Things will look up!",
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      "body": "Thanks for the bit of information regarding the quote. I did not know the history of it.",
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    {
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      "parent_permlink": "re-the4thmusketeer-are-you-overpaying-for-ether-transactions-20180805t150528537z",
      "author": "the4thmusketeer",
      "permlink": "re-osama124-re-the4thmusketeer-are-you-overpaying-for-ether-transactions-20180805t182911610z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Yeah,  I know one person paid $8,000 in Ether gas fees to participate in the Brave (BAT) token sale.",
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    {
      "parent_author": "glennolua",
      "parent_permlink": "did-coinbase-finally-wake-up-and-smell-the-coffee-or-usdusdusd",
      "author": "osama124",
      "permlink": "re-glennolua-did-coinbase-finally-wake-up-and-smell-the-coffee-or-usdusdusd-20180805t151247887z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "It is strange that the first sample phrase from the OED makes it clear that “Wake up and smell the coffee!” was familiar as a sarcastic phrase before WWII, and yet the Ngram how no hits at all for the phrase before the slight peak from 1943 onwards (presumably, as the quote, brought on by rationing and lack of actual coffee). – Janus Bahs Jacquet",
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    {
      "parent_author": "joshua1991",
      "parent_permlink": "coinbase-announces-final-testing-ahead-of-ethereum-classic-listing",
      "author": "osama124",
      "permlink": "re-joshua1991-coinbase-announces-final-testing-ahead-of-ethereum-classic-listing-20180805t150948911z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Coinbase has announced that it is in the final stages of testing support for ethereum classic (ETC) as it prepares to offer support for the cryptocurrency across it different services.\n\nIn a statement published on its official blog, the platform revealed that it is making the information public in line with its new process for listing new digital assets.\n\nListing Across Coinbase Services\nAn excerpt from the statement reads:\n\n“We expect final testing to be completed by Tuesday, August 7, at which point we will announce that we’re ready to accept inbound transfers of ETC. We intend to allow 24–48 hours of inbound transfers through Coinbase Pro and Coinbase Prime before enabling trading.”\n\nAccording to the announcement, support for ethereum classic will be implemented incrementally across the various Coinbase services namely Coinbase Custody, Coinbase Markets,Coinbase Pro, Coinbase Prime, Coinbase Asset Management and Coinbase Consumer.\n\nethereum classic investment trust\nEthereum Classic (ETC)\nIn the case of Coinbase Custody, support will be added for inbound transfers and withdrawals of ethereum classic. Coinbase Pro customers will be given access to ETC trading services, as will Coinbase Prime and Coinbase Markets customers.\n\nIn the case of Coinbase Markets however, trading will be opened after a 24-48 hour window period within which Coinbase Pro and Prime will carry out transfers. In line with platform trading policy, ethereum classic books will open in post-only for at least 10 minutes, after which trading on Pro and Prime will be activated as soon as sufficient liquidity is established.\n\nCoinbase Consumer will be somewhat late to the party as platform policy dictates that assets can only be listed on Coinbase Consumer after being listed on Coinbase Pro and Prime. Once the requisite amount of liquidity is established, Coinbase intends to list ETC on Consumer, a process it expects to take 1-2 weeks after commencement of trading on Pro and Prime.\n\nDates and Locations\nCoinbase went on to reveal that the dates given are not final, and are only estimates. According to the announcement, further information will be provided in the coming few days concerning the listing status of ethereum classic.\n\nIt was also revealed that upon full listing, ethereum classic will be made available to all geographies, subject to availability dictated by Coinbase platform trading rules.\n\nEarlier CCN reported that Coinbase faced a firestorm of criticism and even a class action lawsuit over accusations of insider trading during last December’s bitcoin cash listing.\n\nSince then, the platform has instituted a comprehensive information announcement policy as a way of enhancing transparency and increasing trust.",
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{
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    {
      "parent_author": "the4thmusketeer",
      "parent_permlink": "should-you-be-buying-exrn",
      "author": "osama124",
      "permlink": "re-the4thmusketeer-should-you-be-buying-exrn-20180805t150750925z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Step by step guide on how to buy EXRNchain (EXRN) Cryptocurrency\nTo purchase EXRNchain (EXRN) on the majority of the cryptocurrency exchanges, you will already need to have Bitcoin (BTC) or Ethereum (ETH) to trade with. The good news is that you can easily purchase either cryptocurrency at Coinbase using your Credit Card or even Bank Account.\n\nNOTE: There are other places to purchase BTC and ETH online, but I'm going to focus this guide using Coinbase as it's the easiest to use for new investors in cryptocurrency.\n\nStep One: Setup your Coinbase account\nAlthough Coinbase has both iOS (iPhone) and Android apps, I have found the easiest way to setup your exchange account with them is to use their website.\n\n1) Head over to their website.\n\n Buy Cryptocurrency on Coinbase\n2) Next enter your email address in the get started box. Please MAKE SURE that the email address you enter is one you have access to and is your most secure email as this is how you will always sign in to your Coinbase account.\n\n3) Then Coinbase will ask you to select if you are an INDIVIDUAL or BUSINESS. I'm assuming you are an individual so I will skip the whole business account setup. MAKE SURE to use your real name as Coinbase will use this for account verification.\n\n4) Next Coinbase should send you an email to verify your email address. Open the email and click on the link. I have to say although email verification emails are somewhat annoying, since you plan funding your account with actual money, this security step is very comforting.\n\n5) You should now be signed into (or be able to sign in) your Coinbase account. Again, since you will be using your hard earned money to fund your Coinbase account, there are a few more verification steps you need to complete. The first being verifying a mobile phone number.\n\nCoinbase uses your mobile phone number to setup Two-factor authentication (2FA) on your account making your account even more secure. Basically Coinbase will text you for each major change to your account including making purchases.\n\nDon't worry, I've been using Coinbase for a while and they have NEVER spammed me. They seriously just use this as a way to add another layer of security to your account.\n\n6) Now you need to setup your funding sources (i.e how you plan on purchasing your Bitcoin or Ethereum). Your options are either using your Bank Account or Credit Card. Since you are reading this guide now and the plan is to use your BTC or ETH to purchase EXRNchain (EXRN), I'd suggest using the Credit Card funding option.\n\nWhen you purchase using a Credit Card, you will be able to purchase immediately and have access to trade your coins right away. Only downside is that your weekly purchase limit on a Credit Card will be around $750 when you first open your account.\n\nTo learn about setting up a credit card to fund your Coinbase account, click here. No need for me to walk you through this portion as Coinbase does a great job of doing that on their website.\n\nIf you want to fund your account using your Bank Account, your purchased cryptocurrency will not available for trading for 4 to 5 business days. Granted you will have locked in your purchase price at the time of purchase, but this means you won't be able to easily use your purchase to start buying EXRNchain (EXRN).\n\nTo learn about setting up your bank account with Coinbase, click here. Coinbase does a great job of walking you through this setup as many banks have instant account verification.\n\nStep Two: Make your first purchase of Bitcoin (BTC) or Ethereum (ETH) at Coinbase\nNow you should be ready to make your first purchase of Bitcoin or Ethereum that you will then use to buy EXRNchain (EXRN).\n\nAs I mentioned at the beginning of this guide, Coinbase makes it very easy to start investing in cryptocurrency. All you need to do is head over to your BUYS pages and select the currency you wish to purchase.\n\nSince I'm not a licensed professional and the cryptocurrency market is so volatile, deciding between which one to invest in based upon value will be up to you. What I can tell you is that the majority of exchanges that offer investing in EXRNchain (EXRN) will allow you to purchase using Bitcoin (BTC).\n\nDecide how much you want to invest. This is a dollar amount. Realize you don't have to purchase a full coin, rather you will be investing a portion of a coin. Knowing this will actually help you with your future cryptocurrency investments.\n\nNext select your funding source (i.e Credit Card).\n\nAnd click BUY.\n\nNOTE: When you make your purchase of BTC or ETH you will notice that Coinbase has a small fee (3.99% for credit card purchases). The nice thing is that they alert you before you make your purchase of the total purchase price.\n\nCONGRATS! You are now an investor in cryptocurrency.\n\nStep Three: Use your Bitcoin or Ethereum investment to purchase EXRNchain (EXRN)\nNow it's time to purchase EXRNchain (EXRN) using your investment from Coinbase.\n\nSince Coinbase only allows for the purchase of Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, Ethereum, and Litecoin, you will need to transfer your BTC or ETH investment to another cryptocurrency exchange. I know this sounds painful, but it really isn't.\n\nRight now you can buy EXRNchain (EXRN) at a good number of cryptocurrency exchanges including IDEX.\n\n🏦 Click here to see the full list of where you can buy EXRNchain right now. 🏦\n\nAs each exchange has their own way of setting up a trading account, I will have to skip that portion of this guide but the majority of the exchange (like first affiliate) have a similarly easy setup process like Coinbase. Plus since your funding will be doing using the Bitcoin or Ethereum your've already purchased, the setup should take less time.\n\nOnce you have your trading account setup at one of the exchanges that trades EXRNchain (EXRN), you will need to transfer your BTC or ETH from Coinbase to that specific exchange. This is done via a wallet system.\n\nDon't get overwhelmed as this is pretty straightforward.\n\nAt the exchange where you are wanting to purchase EXRNchain (EXRN) you will need to get your account's BTC or ETH wallet ID. On most exchanges you'll see a DEPOSIT button next to either BTC or ETH. When you click on it you should see (or be given a button to click to create) your wallet ID. This wallet ID is specific to your account.\n\nMAKE SURE that you are getting the wallet ID for the correct currency you purchased as Coinbase. Bitcoins can only go into Bitcoin wallets, Ethereum can only go into Ethereum wallets.\nOnce you have your specific currency's wallet ID, head back over to your Coinbase account. Since I don't want to miss any steps in this important process, click here to view the official how-to guide from Coinbase on transferring your currency to another wallet.\n\nNow you play a short waiting game as your transfer has to go through the cryptocurrency ecosystem and be confirmed multiple times. There is nothing on your end to do except wait for this to happen. Depending on the day this could take 5 minutes or even up to a few hours.\n\nThe good news is that in your Coinbase account they give you a link to track the transfer.\n\nOnce your transfer has been confirmed it should show in your exchange's account and will be immediately ready to be used to buying EXRNchain (EXRN).\n\nIf you purchased Ethereum (ETH) at Coinbase, you are going to want to look for the EXRN/ETH investment.\n\nFor Bitcoin look for EXRN/BTC.\n\nIf EXRNchain (EXRN) doesn't have an investment option using the currency you purchased as Coinbase, don't worry. All you need to do is trade into the specific currency.\n\nLet me reiterate, I am not a licensed professional so I can't give you any investment advice on how to handle the next step.\n\nOnce you are ready to buy EXRNchain (EXRN), most likely you will have a couple ways to do so.\n\nThe first is buying at the market price. This is the current price EXRNchain (EXRN) is trading at. There is nothing wrong with purchasing at this price, but if you think the price will drop or wanted to get it at a lower price, then look at the limit price.\n\nLimit price bascially says you want to purchase a certain amount of EXRNchain (EXRN) at a specific price. If the price of EXRN gets to that price your order will be processed. Remember, with how volatile the market is, there is no guarantee the price will drop to your limit price.\n\nNOTE: No matter which trade option you select, the price will be purchasing EXRNchain (EXRN) at will be based upon the currency you are trading with (BTC or ETH). Some exchanges don't convert this over to your local currency, so you can always use Google and type something like \"0.0025 BTC to USD\" and Google will tell you the USD value.\n\nWOOT WOOT!\n\nYou are a proud investor in EXRNchain (EXRN)!\nA word of advice, now that you've made your first investment in EXRNchain (EXRN), you should MAKE SURE to track your investment. Even though the exchange you purchased EXRNchain at does this for you, using a third-party website or app makes it a whole lot easier. Here is a list of some best cryptocurrency investment tracking websites and apps that you can use.\n\nAlso if you are interested in investing in other cryptocurrencies such as (list out 4-5 with links to their guides), you more than likely can do that at the exchange you used to invest in EXRNchain (EXRN). If not, just follow the same steps as before except skipping the whole setting up a Coinbase account since you already took care of that.",
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      "parent_author": "the4thmusketeer",
      "parent_permlink": "are-you-overpaying-for-ether-transactions",
      "author": "osama124",
      "permlink": "re-the4thmusketeer-are-you-overpaying-for-ether-transactions-20180805t150528537z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "What used to be euphoria has fizzled into despair as the price of Ethereum (ETH) has taken a dive from a June high of US$400 down to US$240. Media outlets covering the crash allegated that it was due to “technical difficulties” that clogged the Ethereum network, causing significant delays in processing transactions.\n\nThe sheer volume of transactions from Initial Coin Offerings, or ICOs, significantly tested the Ethereum network to its breaking point. There were two weak factors at play: ICO frameworks and sophisticated fee estimation algorithms.\n\nThe scalability problem started escalating since June 1, tracing back to the Brave (BAT) token sale",
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  "timestamp": "2018-08-05T15:01:30",
  "op": [
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      "parent_author": "muratkbesiroglu",
      "parent_permlink": "bitcoin-vs-bitcoin-cash-vs-bitcoin-gold-vs-bitcoin-diamond-vs-bitcoin-private-englishturkish",
      "author": "osama124",
      "permlink": "re-muratkbesiroglu-bitcoin-vs-bitcoin-cash-vs-bitcoin-gold-vs-bitcoin-diamond-vs-bitcoin-private-englishturkish-20180805t150136021z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "btc will rise soon in future",
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      "parent_author": "udeshika",
      "parent_permlink": "why-decentralized-redcab-platform",
      "author": "osama124",
      "permlink": "re-udeshika-why-decentralized-redcab-platform-20180805t145859508z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "RedCab Solutions\nThe RedCab project aims to solve the current challenges faced by the problems and challenges faced by the transportation sector.\n\nSome of the problems are: -\n\nP1 — ‘Drivers and Riders’ — As the transportation cost increases, driver’s incomes are dwindling and costing the business more to retain the drivers.\nP2 — ‘Business Model’ — The existing business model of transportation services which is based on high commission fees and variable trip fare as per demand and supply, conflicts with consumer’s experience and driver’s returns on investment.\nP3 — ‘Market Expansion and Operations Cost’ — High cost involved in customer acquisition due to over dependency on marketing, promotions and discounts along with driver’s guaranteed earnings and bonus.\nSolutions offered by RedCab are as follows: -\n\nS1. ‘Win Win Situation’ — The zero commission scheme provides more savings for riders and higher savings for drivers.\nS2. ‘Proof of Driving’ — RedCab will introduce an innovative solution based on the proof-of-work concept, build on the blockchain technology and powered by AI and smartphone GPS processor.\nS3. ‘Shared Network’ — RedCab has introduced Red Network Dominance program to ensure market acquisition and penetration involving high supply and demand at low cost.\nS4. ‘Unique Business Model’ — Through Transparent Commission Scheme, RedCab has unveiled a unique business model through which provides an excellent transportation service system and is capable of building a smart network while profiting from the exchange of data.\nS5. ‘Proof of Marketing’ — RedCab has conceptualized a unique referral marketing program through which riders are provided an opportunity to earn tokens for referring their friends and family to RedCab. Thus as their RedCab network grows, their kitty also grows with tokens.\nS6. ‘Cabbi” — The company (RedCab LLC) has introduced “Cabbi®” the first personal road trip assistant. “Cabbi®” is based on the neural network technology, which will help in tracking daily trips, meetings, visits and events.\nServices Offered by RedCab\n\nCar Hailing\nCar Pooling\nHotel and Airport Transportation\nDelivery Service\nPick-up Service\nRedCab (REDC) TOKENS\nThe RedCab (REDC) Token will be the utility token used on the RedCabecosystem. The RedCab ecosystem will be hosted on the Ethereum Blockchain Network and the RedCab (REDC) tokens will be ERC-20 compatible tokens.\n\nThe total number of REDC tokens to be issued will be limited to 100 Million tokens to avoid the risk of inflation (i.e. by keeping the REDC token count scarce and limited). The price per REDC token is fixed at 1 ETH = 2333 REDC.\n\nICO Details\n• Soft Cap: 2143 ETH\n• Hard Cap: 24529 ETH\n• Min Purchase: 0.1 ETH = 233.3 REDC\n\nPre-ICO Sale Phase: -\nThe Pre-ICO phase will start on 1st Jun 2018, 00:00 GMT and would end on 21st Jun 2018, 23:59 GMT. 15% bonus will be provided to early bird investors till the target is target or the phase ends.\n\nMain Sale Phase: -\nThe token main sale will start on 22nd Jun 2018, 00:00 GMT and would commence on 15th Aug 2018, 23:59 GMT",
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      "parent_author": "osama124",
      "parent_permlink": "re-chongobagio-re-kingscrown-lets-chat-you-can-buy-btc-now-at-1-2-price-how-many-would-you-buy-20180803t224700977z",
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      "title": "",
      "body": "Maybe",
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      "parent_author": "whatsup",
      "parent_permlink": "let-s-talk-about-witness-vote-buy-and-selling",
      "author": "osama124",
      "permlink": "re-whatsup-let-s-talk-about-witness-vote-buy-and-selling-20180804t170157758z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Although it comes in different forms, vote-buying in the Philippines has been rather consistent in terms of methods. Here are some observable patterns:\n\nIt is systematic. The candidates themselves do not do the actual vote buying. Instead they have coordinators working in the barangay and purok levels who do the dirty work for them.\nNo amount is ever too small or too big. In a documented case in Cagayan de Oro, vote-buying goes for as low as P1,000 per head. Meanwhile, in Samar, one of the country’s poorest provinces, rates could go as high as P5,000 to P7,000.\nIt happened even after poll automation. One might think that the country's transition to an automated election would eliminate vote-buying. The truth, however, is far from that. Since the 2010 poll automation, incidences of vote buying have actually increased, the Comelec observed.",
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  "op": [
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      "parent_author": "gallerani",
      "parent_permlink": "coinbase-custody-is-exploring-a-variety-of-new-crypto-assets-including-steem-or-let-s-stirr-up-some-attention-for-steem",
      "author": "osama124",
      "permlink": "re-gallerani-coinbase-custody-is-exploring-a-variety-of-new-crypto-assets-including-steem-or-let-s-stirr-up-some-attention-for-steem-20180804t164659277z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "just awhile all market is in bad condition so small coins take attention",
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      "permlink": "graffiti-art",
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      "body": "![GkTY17pPVP_r1jVsUMNeSsFhzC2SowjEygljlVxbchQ.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVHTsaezRtvg5hAzR7M6cpKQKGKeH3SqFyvjvahMnoPfV/GkTY17pPVP_r1jVsUMNeSsFhzC2SowjEygljlVxbchQ.jpg)",
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      "parent_permlink": "bitcoin",
      "author": "osama124",
      "permlink": "bitcoin-atms-everywhere-in-prague-czech-republic-seeing-this-out-of-my-bus-window-awesome",
      "title": "Bitcoin ATMs everywhere in Prague - Czech Republic - seeing this out of my bus window - awesome!",
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  "op": [
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      "parent_permlink": "bitcoin-could-be-first-worldwide-currency-nyse-owner",
      "author": "cheetah",
      "permlink": "cheetah-re-osama124bitcoin-could-be-first-worldwide-currency-nyse-owner",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://finance.yahoo.com/news/bitcoin-could-first-worldwide-currency-152529926.html",
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  "op": [
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      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "bitcoin",
      "author": "osama124",
      "permlink": "bitcoin-could-be-first-worldwide-currency-nyse-owner",
      "title": "Bitcoin Could be ‘First Worldwide Currency’: NYSE Owner",
      "body": "CCN.com: Get Updates\nThe chief executive of the company that owns and operates the world’s largest stock exchange believes that bitcoin has the potential to be the world’s “first worldwide currency,” and he’s throwing his firm’s weight behind an ambitious plan to make that a reality.\n\nAs CCN reported, Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) — owner of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) — is forming a new company, dubbed Bakkt, that seeks to bridge the divide between Wall Street, Main Street, and the flagship cryptocurrency.\n\nSpeaking with Fortune, ICE founder, Chairman, and CEO Jeffrey Sprecher explained that he believes that — bolstered by Bakkt’s infrastructure — bitcoin could become the currency of choice for global payments.\n\n”Bitcoin would greatly simplify the movement of global money,” said Sprecher. “It has the potential to become the first worldwide currency.”\n\nThe move will see ICE not only launch a physically-settled bitcoin futures product but also custody cryptoassets directly and help merchants such as Starbucks — which has already signed onto the platform as a partner — accept digital assets such as bitcoin for everyday payments.\n\nIt represents a remarkable about-face for ICE, which said last December that it didn’t want to rush into launching bitcoin products.\n\nRelated Post\nKorea’s Biggest Crypto Exchange UPbit Comes Out Clean in Audit after Raid\nUPbit, currently the biggest crypto exchange in South Korea, came out clean in an audit…\n\nRipple Might Finally Be Coming to Coinbase [But You Can’t Buy It]\nCoinbase Custody has released a statement detailing its ongoing process of making a decision regarding…\n\nCrypto Mining Giant Canaan Unveils First-Ever Bitcoin Mining Television\nCanaan Creative has launched what it hopes will be the future of the blockchain and…\n\nAll the while though, Sprecher and other ICE executives were scheming to launch the most ambitious crypto play that any Wall Street firm had yet attempted.\n\nAnd while, if successful, it promises to plant bitcoin firmly in the mainstream, Sprecher says that it could also help conventional asset managers attract younger investors, who are sometimes as skeptical of traditional financial products as asset managers are of bitcoin.\n\n“Millennials don’t trust traditional financial institutions. To gain their trust, banks, brokerages, and asset managers can use a currency that millennials believe in, like Bitcoin. Using digital currencies brings a lot of sizzle,” he told Fortune.\n\nNotably, that comment hearkens back to another statement Sprecher made, months before revealing that ICE intends to take a central role in facilitating that “sizzle.”\n\n“There is a trend here we can’t ignore in my mind, so I don’t discount it,” he said in April. “People put more faith in a guy named Satoshi Nakamoto that no one has ever met than they do in the US Fed.",
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      "body": "Technical discussion about Satoshi's Bitcoin client and the Bitcoin network in general. No third-party sites/clients, bug reports that do not require much discussion (use github), or support requests.",
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      "body": "The #ExcellionStore is live! Now you can buy the coolest #crypto hats and pay in $BTC over the #LightningNetwork! Welcome to the future: http://www.excellion.com ! 😎⚡️ #Bitcoin #ProofofHat #Reckless![DjV6WLiUYAA4zxy.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmeaMxN4vXAHWwmoE16Gd2N6ZRaaBLW1JvAzfxSVUGvdp5/DjV6WLiUYAA4zxy.png)",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttp://fortune.com/longform/nyse-owner-bitcoin-exchange-startup/",
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      "title": "The NYSE's Owner Wants to Bring Bitcoin to Your 401(k). Are Crypto Credit Cards Next?",
      "body": "Bitcoin could be on the verge of breaking through as a mainstream currency. At least that’s the goal of a startup that is soon to be launched by one of the most powerful players on Wall Street, with backing from some of America’s leading companies.\n\nThis morning the Intercontinental Exchange—the trading colossus that owns the New York Stock Exchange and other global marketplaces—announced that it is forming a new company called Bakkt. The new venture, which is expected to launch in November, will offer a federally regulated market for Bitcoin. With the creation of Bakkt, ICE aims to transform Bitcoin into a trusted global currency with broad usage.\n\nTo achieve that vision, ICE is partnering with heavyweights from the worlds of technology, consulting, and retail: Microsoft, Boston Consulting Group, and Starbucks. ICE did not immediately disclose the total investment of the investment partners, a group which also includes Fortress Investment Group, Eagle Seven, and Susquehanna International Group—or the ownership stakes.\n\nThe founding imperative for Bakkt will be to make Bitcoin a sound and secure offering for key constituents that now mostly shun it—the world’s big financial institutions. The goal is to clear the way for major money managers to offer Bitcoin mutual funds, pension funds, and ETFs, as highly regulated, mainstream investments.\n\nThe next step after that could be using Bitcoin to replace your credit card.\n\n“Bakkt is designed to serve as a scalable on-ramp for institutional, merchant, and consumer participation in digital assets by promoting greater efficiency, security, and utility,” said Kelly Loeffler, ICE’s head of digital assets, who will serve as CEO of Bakkt, in the press release announcing the launch. “We are collaborating to build an open platform that helps unlock the transformative potential of digital assets across global markets and commerce.”\n\nIn an exclusive interview, Loeffler (pronounced “Leffler”) told Fortune that ICE and its partners have been “building the factory” that will power Bakkt in the strictest secrecy for the past 14 months. The name of the company was only decided in the past two weeks. Loeffler explains that “Bakkt” is a play on “backed,” as in “asset-backed securities,” and it’s meant to evoke a highly-trusted investment.\n\nIf the Bakkt blueprint works as planned, a panoply of new Bitcoin funds would tap the pent-up demand for the cryptocurrency, making it a safe and easy choice for everyday investors—notably millennials getting their first 401(k)s. Wall Street could then tap Bitcoin’s popularity as an alternative to stocks and bonds to generate giant trading volumes. And that flood of institutional buying and selling, in turn, would take the terror out of Bitcoin by smoothing its wild swings in price.\n\nThe volatility of the cryptocurrency has both attracted individual speculators and scared off institutional money. In the fall of 2017, the price of Bitcoin spiked from $6,400 to nearly $20,000; it has since fallen back to around $7,700.\n\nCracking the 401(k) and IRA market for cryptocurrency would be a huge win for Bakkt. But the startup’s plans raise the prospect of an even more ambitious goal: Using Bitcoin to streamline and disrupt the world of retail payments by moving consumers from swiping credit cards to scanning their Bitcoin apps. The market opportunity is gigantic: Consumers worldwide are paying lofty credit card or online-shopping fees on $25 trillion a year in annual purchases.\n\nBakkt’s founders tell Fortune that the institutional investor campaign is the first of two phases. They’re a little coy about the second phase. But the presence of Starbucks and Microsoft strongly suggests that Bakkt will strive to revolutionize the way consumers pay at the mall and online. The coffee giant is already a leading player in encouraging customers to pay with the their smartphones rather than their credit cards. And Microsoft, through its Azure cloud business, serves a huge base of retailers, handling back-office tasks from invoice processing to e-commerce.\n\n“As the flagship retailer, Starbucks will play a pivotal role in developing practical, trusted, and regulated applications for consumers to convert their digital assets into U.S. dollars for use at Starbucks,” said Maria Smith, vice president, Partnerships and Payments for Starbucks, in the press release.\n\nBakkt is the brainchild of Jeff Sprecher, the founder, chairman, and CEO of ICE, and a disrupter par excellence. Sprecher (pronounced “Sprecker”) stands alone as the leading force in modernizing the world’s exchanges in recent years from open-outcry pits into super-efficient electronic marketplaces. Along the way, Sprecher built a flailing electricity exchange that he reportedly purchased for $1 into a global trading and data empire now worth $44 billion. “In 25 years he’s gone from nothing to the most powerful exchange entrepreneur in the world,” says Larry Tabb, chief of consultancy the Tabb Group. “He hasn’t failed yet.”\n\nPeople walk outside the Microsoft store on Fifth Avenue in New York City on April 26, 2018 in New York.\nPeople walk outside the Microsoft store on Fifth Avenue in New York City on April 26, 2018 in New York. Kena Betancur—VIEWpress/Corbis/Getty Images\nToday ICE is the world’s second largest owner of financial exchanges by revenue behind the CME, and one of the largest purveyors of market data. ICE’s 2017 revenues of $4.6 billion divide pretty evenly between those two main franchises. ICE owns twelve exchanges, served by six clearing houses. And to the delight of shareholders, Sprecher has delivered profitability as much as growth. Since going public in 2006, ICE has delivered annual total returns of 24.1%. The company’s towering 54% margin of net profits ranked fourth in the S&P 500 last year.\n\n\nEven in the heavily-fragmented galaxy of stock and bond trading, ICE has established a Brobdingnagian footprint. The NYSE is by far world’s largest stock market, trading 1.5 billion shares a day—or nearly one-in-four of all equity transactions. ICE also owns NYSE American, the leading platform for mid-cap companies, as well as Arca, the world’s largest marketplace for ETFs. ICE is the world leader in almost all categories of futures for “soft” agricultural commodities such as sugar, coffee, and cotton, chiefly through its 2007 acquisition of the New York Board of Trade. And ICE Futures Europe is the dominant global marketplace for the Brent crude, the global oil price benchmark.\n\nNow Sprecher, the visionary who assembled this empire, is crusading to make Wall Street asset managers and Main Street consumers love Bitcoin.\n\nSprecher and his investment partners are putting this one-of-a-kind mission in the hands of a first-time CEO who’s Sprecher’s soulmate in both business and in life: Kelly Loeffler. The ICE executive has ridden shotgun alongside Sprecher since the company’s fledgling days in 2002. In 2004, they married. Loeffler long ran marketing, investor relations, and communications for ICE. Now she’s giving up her ICE roles to run Bakkt.\n\nOver the past two months, Sprecher and Loeffler sat for several hours of exclusive interviews with Fortune. Above all, they emphasized how Bakkt, in part by exploiting ICE’s trading infrastructure, could provide precisely the tools Bitcoin needs to achieve broad acceptance.\n\nAt a recent meeting with the couple in the plush Bond Room at the NYSE, Sprecher stressed that Loeffler has been a collaborator in charting ICE’s next big move. “Kelly and I brainstormed for five years to find a strategy for digital currencies,” says Sprecher.\n\nAt first glance, the pair present an unusual twosome: At over six-feet in her high heels, Loeffler, 47, stands much taller than her 63-year old husband. But their bond is quickly apparent—a passion for gig ideas that need lots of tinkering to succeed. “I’m an engineer who likes to fix things that are broken,” says Sprecher, who repairs his vintage Porsche racecars on weekends. “And Bitcoin was the epitome of a broken model that if fixed, could change the world.”\n\nAdds Loeffler, “Jeff and I get excited about big things that for most people, seem to have no answer.”\n\nIf they succeed with Bakkt, it could be the biggest development in the churning, hazardous frontier of cryptocurrencies since a mysterious programmer (or programmers) under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto unveiled Bitcoin in 2009.\n\n*****\n\nSprecher’s plan for bringing crypto to the masses runs contrary to what Bitcoin supporters typically champion. The purists favor Bitcoin’s “distributed” architecture, and adamantly oppose putting a big exchange at the center of the both the Bitcoin investment and payments systems. “A regulated exchange with a custodian in the middle contradicts the basic idea of Bitcoin,” says Abhishek Punia, a crypto-currency analyst with venture capital firm Draper Associates. “Bitcoin was designed to be decentralized, without intermediaries taking fees. A regulated exchange may be popular for a short period of time, but it’s not the future. The future will be the original idea of a peer-to-peer network.”\n\nSprecher and Loeffler disagree, arguing that a strong central infrastructure is precisely what’s needed, and that ICE and its partners are the ones to supply it. The challenge is getting the banks, asset managers, and endowments to embrace Bitcoin. “Being from the exchange world, we looked at the problem differently,” says Loeffler.\n\nThe big institutions are ICE’s main customers, and Sprecher and Loeffler understood their thinking about crypto-currencies. They reckoned that Bitcoin could thrive as a mainstream investment because the big money managers recognize that ten of millions of their current and future investors want to own it––if it can be packaged as mutual funds and ETFs. “The institutions saw that Bitcoin had lots of appeal as a store of value like gold or silver,” says Loeffler.\n\n\nTo study how digital currencies work, ICE in early 2015 took a minority stake in the largest U.S.-based marketplace for digital currencies, Coinbase. “Coinbase has twice as many customers as Charles Schwab,” says Loeffler. “Many of the people who have opened accounts on Coinbase are millennials who use it to make small investments in crypto-currencies.”\n\n\nAdds Sprecher: “Millennials don’t trust traditional financial institutions. To gain their trust, banks, brokerages, and asset managers can use a currency that millennials believe in, like Bitcoin. Using digital currencies brings a lot of sizzle.”\n\nSo far, cryptocurrencies have gained little traction with asset managers like Fidelity and Vanguard. The reason, says Sprecher, is that “Bitcoin does not have a good market structure.” For consumers, it’s expensive to exchange dollars for Bitcoin, in part because trading is spread thinly across too many venues that individually do too little trading. He notes that more than 200 marketplaces trade over a dozen major digital currencies, from ether to Ripple to Litecoin. “Even for Bitcoin, different markets are posting lots of different prices,” says Sprecher. “And you can pay an up to 6% spread to exchange dollars for Bitcoin, meaning Bitcoin needs to rise by as much 6% before you break even.”\n\nCryptocurrencies today serve primarily as a vehicle for speculation by daredevil traders, and by the hedge funds that own 80% of the roughly $300 billion in digital currencies worldwide. (Bitcoin is by far the biggest cryptocurrency for now, with a recent total value of around $134 billion.) The combination of rampant betting and relatively arid liquidity sent Bitcoin careening through four bear markets in the decade since its creation. “The result is a crisis of confidence,” says Loeffler.\n\nIn addition, the freewheeling Bitcoin ethos clashes with the ultra-cautious, post-financial crisis mindset on Wall Street that emphasizes safeguarding the investor at all costs. “People at the big institutions have the view that cryptocurrencies can be unsavory actors procured by elicit means,” says Loeffler.\n\nNot to mention that some on Wall Street still view cryptocurrencies as being run by “kids” whose motivation can be summarized as, “Let’s screw the banks and do it all ourselves.”\n\nBut Sprecher and Loeffler concluded that fragmented marketplaces and alien culture weren’t the real reasons the institutions avoided Bitcoin. In their view, a broad universe of fans wanted to invest in Bitcoin or other digital tokens, but couldn’t find the right products. The solution: A new ecosystem that provided Bitcoin the same protections afforded the stocks, bonds, and commodities futures traded on ICE’s exchanges. That would open an investor universe far beyond a relatively small group of retail customers and adventurous hedge funds.\n\nSo why aren’t the Vanguards and Blackrocks taking a “serve them and they shall come” approach? For Sprecher and Loeffler, the reason is fundamental—and fixable. “Two things are missing,” says Sprecher. “Trading on an official exchange, and safe storage for digital currencies on an institutional scale.”\n\nPut simply, Sprecher says, the big money managers won’t create digital currency funds unless they can first buy the tokens on a federally regulated exchange, and, second, store the tokens for their investors in accounts rendered super-secure by the safeguards provided by those exchanges.\n\nToday, the tokens for cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ether aren’t traded at all on the major futures or securities exchanges. Official exchanges are overseen by the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) for futures, and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for securities. The venues where folks exchange dollars or Euros for digital currencies—including the biggest ones such as Coinbase and Gemini—are often called “exchanges,” but they’re actually marketplaces that are licensed under state laws.\n\nThese platforms fall under three main regulatory regimes: First, Coinbase and many other marketplaces are licensed in the individual states as “money transmitters.” Second, Gemini, the platform founded by Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss, is licensed in its home state of New York as trust company, and that designation is its passport to operate in a number of other states. The third category are markets called SEFs; more on them in a bit.\n\nJeffrey Sprecher, chairman and CEO of Intercontinental Exchange, with his wife Kelly Loeffler, the chief communications and marketing officer of ICE, at the company's headquarters in Atlanta on July 27, 2018.\nJeffrey Sprecher, chairman and CEO of Intercontinental Exchange, with his wife Kelly Loeffler, the chief communications and marketing officer of ICE, at the company's headquarters in Atlanta on July 27, 2018. Gillian Laub for Fortune\nThe reason why these trading platforms aren’t governed by either of the two federal watchdogs—the SEC or the CFTC—relates to how the two bodies classify cryptocurrencies. The SEC, which oversees stocks, bonds, and other securities, has said that the two biggest cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin and Ether, are not securities. The SEC is taking a wait-and-see approach to the others. So far, none of the current marketplaces have secured the SEC imprimatur as regulated securities exchanges for digital tokens.\n\n\nWhile Bitcoin isn’t considered a security, it is deemed to be a commodity. It’s the job of the CFTC to regulate commodity futures and options on those futures—a vast portfolio comprising contracts for everything from crude oil to soybeans to gold. As it is a commodity, Bitcoin futures could only trade on a CFTC-regulated futures exchange, called a Designated Contract Market. (Similar to other currency trading marketplaces, a venue that simply exchanges dollars or Euros for Bitcoin on a “spot” basis do not need to be regulated by the CFTC.)\n\nToday, the Chicago Board Options Exchange and Chicago Mercantile Exchange both trade futures contracts on Bitcoin. The contracts aren’t settled by delivering the actual coins. They’re settled in cash based on the movement of the price of Bitcoin. So in effect, they’re a vehicle for betting on the future price of the cryptocurrency.\n\nBitcoin’s designation as a commodity opens a rich opportunity for ICE: It now operates the two of the largest commodities futures exchanges on the planet—ICE Futures U.S., and ICE Futures Europe. For Sprecher and Loeffler, these venues provide exactly the type of protections needed to, as Loeffler puts it, “get the institutional engine running.”\n\nIt’s important to understand that the major exchanges regulated by the SEC or CFTC provide a broad package of three heavily-regulated services: trading, clearing, and either safe storage in the form of custody (for securities), or “warehouses” (for futures). On trades, the exchange ensures that the posted price the money manager clicks on is what they pay for a stock or futures contract. But the exchanges also set exacting rules for clearing and custody or warehousing. And those rules must be approved, and are overseen, by the SEC or CFTC\n\nThe federally-regulated exchanges require clearing services that effectively remove credit risk for both the buyer and seller. The clearing house guarantees that the seller will deliver the sugar, coffee, or gold as agreed under a futures contract, and that the buyer will make the full payment. If either fails to perform, it’s the clearing house––which is jointly funded by the trading firms that are members of the exchange and its owner, in this case ICE––that makes good on the delivery or the cash. As for safe storage, it comes in two flavors: custody for stocks and bonds, and warehousing for futures. SEC-regulated exchanges like the NYSE require that a mutual fund or pension fund hold their stock or bond certificates in super-safe accounts at such independent custody houses as State Street or BNY Mellon.\n\nFor futures, ICE and the other CFTC-regulated exchanges mandate that the coffee, gold, or silver that a party has agreed to purchase be stored in a licensed warehouse or other storage facility when the contract expires and the commodity is due for delivery. In effect, the buyer, whether a money manager like Vanguard or a user such as Cargill, can “pick up” the gold bars or bales of cotton at the warehouse. If the items aren’t there for pickup, or if the seller doesn’t pay, once again, it’s the clearing house that covers the losses.\n\nBakkt would provide the first fully-integrated package combining a major federally-regulated exchange, as well as the clearing and storage overseen by the exchange. ICE owns six clearing houses that are vertically-integrated with ICE Futures U.S. and its other exchanges. By utilizing a CFTC regulated futures exchange for cryptocurrencies, Bakkt would provide two main layers of security that money managers regard as absolutely essential. The first is purchasing a security or commodity—in this case a digital token—through a regulated broker-dealer that’s a member of the ICE futures exchange.\n\nThe exchanges stipulate that depositors submit passports, articles of incorporation, and identify the source of funds used to purchase the assets. They also search for patterns of illegal activity. If one investor is, say, repeatedly losing money on oil trades to the same counter-party, those trades would raise a red flag, because the “loser” could be laundering money and getting kickbacks from the buyer.\n\nOnly broker-dealers and futures commission merchants (FCMs) that are fully vetted by the regulated exchanges are allowed to trade on those venues as “members” of the ICE Futures U.S. On SEC and CFTC regulated exchanges, the exchange-approved members are trading with one another, on behalf of money managers that they, in turn, have fully vetted. Granted the same protections, investors could be absolutely sure they’re not buying Bitcoin from warlords who hacked a hedge fund to pilfer the tokens.\n\nThe second essential is furnishing regulated storage for digital currencies. “A qualified warehouse is the difference between institutional investors’ getting in or staying out,” says Loeffler.\n\nBakkt’s approach is furnishing what amounts to super-safe lockboxes resembling the vaults that hold gold bars for investors. The warehouses serving futures exchanges provide two main services. First, they ensure that assets can’t be stolen. In Bitcoin’s case, that would mean safeguarding the tokens in digital lock-boxes protected by multiple layers of cyber-security. Second, the policies and procedures followed by the exchanges verify the identities of the investors whose assets are held in the warehouses, guaranteeing that that the gold or oil stored for delivery wasn’t obtained illegally.\n\nBakkt plans to offer a full package combining a major CFTC-regulated exchange with CFTC-regulated clearing and custody, pending the approval from the commission and other regulators. Bakkt will provide access to a new Bitcoin trading platform on the ICE Futures U.S. exchange. And it will also offer full warehousing services, a business that ICE doesn’t have. “Bakkt’s revenue will come from two sources,” says Loeffler, “the trading fees on the ICE Futures U.S. exchange, and warehouse fees paid by the customers that buy Bitcoin and store with Bakkt.”\n\nBakkt will provide the biggest marketplace to date. But it won’t be the first or only CFTC-regulated platform trading Bitcoin tokens. The Dodd-Frank legislation created marketplaces called Swap Execution Facilities, or SEFs, that are overseen by the CFTC. (This is the third category of markets we mentioned earlier.) LedgerX, for example, owns a SEF that uses swap contracts to trade fiat currencies for Bitcoin called “Next Day Bitcoin”; it also provides custody services regulated by the CFTC. (Gemini and Coinbase also provide custody services.) The SEFs are far less established, and have far smaller base of institutional customers than the big exchanges such as ICE Futures U.S., but they are potential competitors in the years ahead.\n\n\nHere’s how Bakkt’s exchange for trading Bitcoin tokens, if approved, would operate. It would trade Bitcoin using what are known as “one-day futures,” contracts that would take the same amount of time to settle as trades in the current cash market, meaning in a single day. The broker-dealer would click on a posted price at anytime during the trading day on behalf of a money manager client. By the market close, the ICE clearinghouse would have arranged to route the cash from the buyer’s to the seller’s bank account, and the Bitcoin tokens would be en route the to the Bakkt digital warehouse.\n\nThe clients entrusting their Bitcoin to Bakkt could be either institutions managing Bitcoin mutual funds, or companies making cross-border payments in Bitcoin. So how do those clients spend their Bitcoin? Control of “private keys” allow Bitcoin to be spent. Those keys are a randomly generated string of numbers and letters that resemble digital signatures. Most Bitcoin owners store their keys on PCs or servers, or in accounts at unregulated marketplaces. But private keys on those devices are vulnerable to hacking, and if the hacker steals the key, the hacker keeps the pilfered Bitcoin. Cyber-thieves have stolen more than $1.6 billion in cryptocurrencies by hacking investors’ accounts since 2011, according to Autonomous Research.\n\nBakkt would solve that problem by storing the private keys “offline” in its heavily-guarded digital warehouse. When a fund manager or company wants take Bitcoin out of the warehouse, Bakkt would confirm the client’s identity and release the Bitcoin using the private key. The warehouse will also hold a second key, called the public key, that opens the recipient’s account to receive Bitcoin. The double-key security resembles how it takes a bank rep and the customer, both with their own keys, to open a safety deposit box.\n\nHow about trades that occur all inside the warehouse? Bakkt would be connected to the ICE Futures U.S. exchange, so that customers could seamlessly trade Bitcoin for dollars or Euros. Then, the Bitcoin would simply shift from the seller’s lockbox in the ICE warehouse to the buyer’s lockbox, as if a forklift were transferring gold bars from one storage locker to another.![jeff-and-kelly-at-nyse-for-web.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRYBoZw67VPxaYiTJrJH2zwG9QRikqTwEm46WnKcjeUCy/jeff-and-kelly-at-nyse-for-web.jpg)",
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      "body": "Starbucks serves 60 million people (mostly no-coiners) every week across the world. \n\nStarbucks is legitimizing Bitcoin by choosing to accept it by late 2018 and will shift public perception of Bitcoin more than any company has done in the past. \n\nThis is a very big deal.",
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      "body": "Starbucks is working with Microsoft on technology that would allow you to pay for triple venti lattes with Bitcoin rather than cash.\n\nThe two companies, along with Intercontinental Exchange and BCG, are partnering on a new company called Bakkt that would let both individuals and institutions buy, sell, store, and spend cryptocurrencies. The service is expected to launch in November.\n\n“As the flagship retailer, Starbucks will play a pivotal role in developing practical, trusted and regulated applications for consumers to convert their digital assets into US dollars for use at Starbucks,” Maria Smith, vice president of partnerships and payments for Starbucks, said in a statement. “As a leader in Mobile Pay to our more than 15 million Starbucks Rewards members, Starbucks is committed to innovation for expanding payment options for our customers.”\n\n\nThe service would allow customers to use a digital wallet and convert Bitcoin and other currencies into dollars that can be used to make purchases at Starbucks as well as other retailers.\n\nThe move would add Starbucks to a growing list of businesses that accept Bitcoin as a form of payment. Several companies that have previously accepted Bitcoin have since decided to stop supporting the cryptocurrency. In April, for example, Expedia dropped support for cryptocurrency in partly due to the volatility in value for digital currencies like Bitcoin",
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      "body": "Is it weird that I only poop once a week?\n",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/long-road-segwit-how-bitcoins-biggest-protocol-upgrade-became-reality/",
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      "body": "The Problem\n\n\nBitcoin transactions consist of two main parts. One part is “base transaction data.” That covers which bitcoins are being moved and where they are being moved to, as well as some other data. The second part is called the “witness.” This contains a bit of code with cryptographic signature data, which proves that the owner of a bitcoin really did want to spend the bitcoin.\n\nIt’s this signature data that brings a slight complication with it. In what is referred to as the “malleability bug,” Bitcoin signatures can be slightly altered by anyone, even after these signatures are created and without invalidating the signatures. This in turn means that the appearance of the whole transaction, and more specifically the transaction identifier, can be altered by those relaying transactions over the Bitcoin network or by miners that include transactions in blocks.\n\nStatistics from the malleability attack that hit Bitcoin in late 2015. The red lines roughly represent malleated transactions on the network.\nStatistics from the 2015 malleability attack on Bitcoin. The red lines roughly represent malleated transactions on the network\n\nThis doesn’t need to be a big problem in itself. Transactions are still valid and will move the bitcoins from the same place to the same place, under all the same conditions. However, it does complicate creating newer transactions depending on unconfirmed transactions: New transactions need to know the transaction identifier they rely on. This, in turn, makes it significantly harder to build certain second-layer protocols on top of Bitcoin, like bi-directional payment channels.\n\n\n\nThe Idea\n\n\nThe general idea to solve the malleability bug by “separating” signature data from other transaction data stems back several years.\n\nAs far back as 2012, the likes of Bitcoin Core contributors Russell O’Connor, Matt Corallo, Luke Dashjr and Gregory Maxwell, as well as Bitcointalk moderator “Theymos,” discussed the issue on IRC Bitcoin development channels — but at that time they didn’t see a tenable way of pulling it off on the Bitcoin network.\n\nRussell O'Connor (roconnor_), Gregory Maxwell (gmaxwell), Luke Dashjr (luke-jr) and Theymos discuss the malleability bug on IRC back in 2012\nRussell O'Connor, Gregory Maxwell, Luke Dashjr and Theymos discuss the malleability bug on IRC back in 2012\n\nA year later, in August 2013, the issue resurfaced, as Bitcoin Core contributors Peter Todd and Gregory Maxwell were having similar discussions on IRC. But now, the two were making progress with their ideas to counter malleability. “I'm talking about making the [entirety] of the scriptsig largely [separate],” Maxwell wrote. “I'd even suggest using as [transaction ID] the transaction without the scriptsigs.”\n\nAnother month later, Maxwell and, this time, well-known cryptographer Dr. Adam Back were discussing the malleability issue on IRC once again. Now, Back suggested computing the transaction ID by omitting the signature. Though, Maxwell commented, “getting the sig out of the txid could help but that would be a very deep hardforking change ... and it's actually tricky to make secure.”\n\n\n\nThe Sidechain\n\n\nBlockstream's initial proposal for sidechain extensions for Bitcoin's blockchain\nBlockstream's initial proposal for sidechain extensions for Bitcoin's blockchain\n\nIn August 2014, blockchain technology company Blockstream was founded by the same Adam Back and Gregory Maxwell, as well as entrepreneur and investor Austin Hill and several Bitcoin Core developers, including Dr. Pieter Wuille. The company was set to focus on sidechains: alternative blockchains that can effectively be pegged to Bitcoin.\n\nBy early 2015, Blockstream engineers decided to implement a new feature in the company’s prototype sidechain Elements, which was publicly announced in June of that year. This feature would conclusively solve the malleability issue on the sidechain — by separating base transaction data from witness data into different data structures.\n\nThe name of this new feature was, of course, Segregated Witness.\n\n\n\nThe Block Size Dispute\n\n\nIt had been looming for some time, technically since October 2010, more concretely since February 2013 and finally publicly, bursting onto the scene by the spring of 2015: the block size limit dispute.\n\nFormer Bitcoin Core lead developer Gavin Andresen and Bitcoinj lead developer Mike Hearn, in particular, believed that Bitcoin’s 1 megabyte block size limit should be increased with a hard fork, an incompatible protocol change that would require almost the entire Bitcoin ecosystem to upgrade. No easy task — even more so because there was no community-wide consensus for this change.\n\nRegardless, by the summer of 2015, Andresen and Hearn announced that they would move forward with their plans, using the alternative Bitcoin XT software client. The controversial nature of the effort put the Bitcoin development community and industry in somewhat of a state of emergency.\n\nIn an attempt to resolve the divide and potentially help figure out a resolution to the block size dispute, two conferences (or workshops) were quickly organized in the latter half of 2015: Scaling Bitcoin Montreal and Scaling Bitcoin Hong Kong.\n\nOne of the most promising scaling proposals presented in Montreal was the lightning network, a sophisticated second-layer scaling solution that was detailed in a white paper published by Joseph Poon and Thaddeus Dryja only months earlier. The only problem: this solution would require a malleability fix.",
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