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      "title": "Using RubyGems commands from Ruby",
      "body": "RubyGems, or just `gem`, is Ruby's excellent package manager. It's got a pretty good command-line interface... but what if you want to interact with RubyGems from Ruby?\n\nI ran into the need to do this when creating a RubyGems tool for my new universal build system, [UltiTool](https://github.com/OrangeFlash81/ultitool), where each tool package is written in Ruby. I needed a method of building and installing gems from Ruby code.\n\nThe obvious solution is to invoke the `gem` command line tool, but this isn't a great idea. For example, you're assuming that the user will have `gem` on their path, but they might not if they're using a portable build of Ruby. In addition to this, throwing random strings at the command line is never a great idea.\n\n## Introducing `rubygems/commands`\n\nFortunately, RubyGems itself provides a rather elegant solution to this problem. RubyGems exposes a number of `Command` objects, which allow each action to be invoked from Ruby almost as you would invoke it using the `gem` command line tool.\n\n> Note: You *might* need to `require 'rubygems'` if you're using a **really** old version of Ruby.\n\nFor example, suppose I wanted to build a gem. I need to first require the relevant command and instantiate it:\n\n```ruby\nrequire 'rubygems/commands/build_command'\nbuild_cmd = Gem::Commands::BuildCommand.new\n```\n\nOnce this is done, you can pass the `Command` object arguments, then finally execute the command:\n\n```ruby\nbuild_cmd.handle_options ['example.gemspec']\nbuild_cmd.execute\n```\n\nThis will do exactly the same as `gem build example.gemspec`, while using a friendly Ruby API which is nice and portable. Neat!\n\n## Making RubyGems shut up\nAs just stated, this does **exactly** the same thing as `gem build example.gemspec`. That includes printing information and status about the build. If you're trying to run the build as part of a different project, you might not want this output. Unfortunately, making RubyGems be quiet isn't as easy as one might first think.\n\nThe classic Ruby trick for silencing methods is to [temporarily replace the `$stdout` and `$stderr` variables with a 'sinkhole' stream.](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1496019/suppresing-output-to-console-with-ruby), but this doesn't work with RubyGems.\n\nInstead, RubyGems uses an impressively complex `UserInteraction` object heirarchy for handling command line operations. This allows the RubyGems interface to be modular.\n\nWhat we need to do is create a `UserInteraction` which just stores the output given in strings instead, rather than printing it. This is rather easy using the `StringIO` class:\n\n```ruby\nclass CustomUI < Gem::StreamUI\n  def initialize\n    super(StringIO.new, StringIO.new, StringIO.new, false)\n  end\nend\n```\n\nOnce we've created this custom user interaction class, we can simply tell RubyGems to use that as the default one:\n\n```ruby\nGem::DefaultUserInteraction.ui = CustomUI.new\n```\n\nNow RubyGems will run silently! You can also retrieve the `StringIO` values by calling `CustomUI#outs`, `CustomUI#errs` and `CustomUI#ins` if you need to.\n\n## Making RubyGems not close your entire program unexpectedly\nThere's one more issue with using RubyGems like this. If the 'commands' portion of RubyGems encounters an error, then rather than throwing an exception like an ordinary library, it will just *close your program*. On the command line, this is usually what you want, but it makes developing applications with hook into RubyGems a real pain.\n\nTo rectify this, you can simply override RubyGems' `terminate_interaction` method to throw an exception instead. Note that this method is passed an error code as a parameter, and if this code is zero, then everything went OK and you shouldn't throw an error.\n\nHere's an example of how to do this by modifiying our `CustomUI` class created earlier:\n\n```ruby\nclass CustomUI < Gem::StreamUI\n  def initialize\n    super(StringIO.new, StringIO.new, StringIO.new, false)\n  end\n\n  def terminate_interaction(exit_code = 0)\n    raise \"Gem encountered fatal errors:\\n#{errs.string}\" if exit_code != 0\n  end\nend\n```\n\n## That's it!\nYou're all done! You can now start using RubyGems commands right from your project. In this example, I've just used the `build` command, but there are loads more. It really helped me to [skim through the source](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/tree/trunk/lib/rubygems/commands) to find what commands were available and what I needed to `require` to use them.",
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      "title": "Dynamic Memory Allocation on Windows in NASM",
      "body": "I'm currently learning how to write programs in Assembly, specifically NASM, with the intention of writing a \"high-level to Assembly\" code compiler. One of the earliest challenges I encountered was allocating more memory during runtime which can be used for data storage.\n\nIn most languages, data is placed either on the *heap* or the *stack*. The stack follows a strict structure of \"last in, first out\", whereas the heap is very flexible regarding the order in which data is allocated and freed. Stack allocation is trivial in Assembly and there are an abundance of tutorials about it, so I'll be focusing on heap allocation.\n\nI've chosen to use the Windows API for convenience,  though I believe you could link against the C standard libraries to gain access to platform-agnostic POSIX functions like `malloc`.\n\n## Getting the Heap Handle\nWindows automatically gives every process its own heap, which we can access using the Windows API's [`GetProcessHeap` function](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366569(v=vs.85).aspx). This function takes no arguments, so in NASM its name is `_GetProcessHeap@0`. Upon being called, it places a \"handle\" representing the process' heap in the EAX register. There's not much we can do with the handle alone, but all other heap functions require this handle as a parameter.\n\nHere is a code example of obtaining the heap handle:\n\n```\nglobal _main\n    extern _ExitProcess@4\n    extern _GetProcessHeap@0\n\n    section .text\n\n_main:\n    ; Place heap in eax\n    call _GetProcessHeap@0\n\n    ; Successfully exit\n    push 0\n    call _ExitProcess@4\n```\n\nWhen linking this, you must link kernel32.lib, which on my machine was located at: \n\n> C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Windows Kits\\8.1\\Lib\\winv6.3\\um\\x86\\kernel32.lib\n\nI used the following commands in Command Prompt to assemble my code:\n\n```\nnasm -fwin32 program.asm\nlink /subsystem:console /entry:main program.obj path/to/kernel32.lib\n```\n\n## Allocating Memory\nAllocating memory is done by a different function, the [`HeapAlloc` function](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366597(v=vs.85).aspx). This takes 3 DWORD (4-byte) arguments, so in NASM is called `_HeapAlloc@12`. It places the starting location of the newly allocated memory in EAX, or places null (0) there instead if memory couldn't be allocated. The arguments are as follows (in left-to-right order):\n\n- `hHeap`: The handle of the heap to allocate on, obtained with `GetProcessHeap`.\n- `dwFlags`: Flags to modify how this function behaves. For more information, see [the table on the `HeapAlloc` MSDN page](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366597(v=vs.85).aspx).\n- `dwBytes`: The number of bytes to allocate.\n\nWe need to push these arguments to the stack in right-to-left order, in other words beginning with the number of bytes. So, to allocate 6 bytes on the heap whose handle is EAX and make all bytes zero:\n\n```\npush 6   ; dwBytes\npush 8   ; dwFlags\npush eax ; hHeap\ncall _HeapAlloc@12\n```\n\n## Putting it All Together\nThis example program uses the two functions detailed above to dynamically allocate 6 bytes, then writes the null-terminated string \"Hello\" to this new memory. It displays this string in a message box using the [`MessageBoxA` function](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms645505(v=vs.85).aspx).\n\n```\nglobal _main\n    extern _ExitProcess@4\n    extern _MessageBoxA@16\n    extern _GetProcessHeap@0\n    extern _HeapAlloc@12\n\n    section .text\n\n_main:\n    ; Set EAX to heap handle\n    call _GetProcessHeap@0\n\n    ; Allocate 6 bytes\n    push 6\n    push 8\n    push eax\n    call _HeapAlloc@12\n\n    ; Write string\n    mov byte [eax], \"H\"\n    mov byte [eax+1], \"e\"\n    mov byte [eax+2], \"l\"\n    mov byte [eax+3], \"l\"\n    mov byte [eax+4], \"o\"\n    mov byte [eax+5], 0\n\n    ; Display message\n    push 0\n    push eax\n    push eax\n    push 0\n    call _MessageBoxA@16\n\n    push 0\n    call _ExitProcess@4\n```\n\n-----\n\n*Note: This is a republished, slightly modified version of a post on my old blog.*",
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      "body": "I'm currently learning how to write programs in Assembly, specifically NASM, with the intention of writing a \"high-level to Assembly\" code compiler. One of the earliest challenges I encountered was allocating more memory during runtime which can be used for data storage.\n\nIn most languages, data is placed either on the *heap* or the *stack*. The stack follows a strict structure of \"last in, first out\", whereas the heap is very flexible regarding the order in which data is allocated and freed. Stack allocation is trivial in Assembly and there are an abundance of tutorials about it, so I'll be focusing on heap allocation.\n\nI've chosen to use the Windows API for convenience,  though I believe you could link against the C standard libraries to gain access to platform-agnostic POSIX functions like `malloc`.\n\n## Getting the Heap Handle\nWindows automatically gives every process its own heap, which we can access using the Windows API's [`GetProcessHeap` function](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366569(v=vs.85).aspx). This function takes no arguments, so in NASM its name is `_GetProcessHeap@0`. Upon being called, it places a \"handle\" representing the process' heap in the EAX register. There's not much we can do with the handle alone, but all other heap functions require this handle as a parameter.\n\nHere is a code example of obtaining the heap handle:\n\n```\nglobal _main\n    extern _ExitProcess@4\n    extern _GetProcessHeap@0\n\n    section .text\n\n_main:\n    ; Place heap in eax\n    call _GetProcessHeap@0\n\n    ; Successfully exit\n    push 0\n    call _ExitProcess@4\n```\n\nWhen linking this, you must link kernel32.lib, which on my machine was located at: \n\n> C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Windows Kits\\8.1\\Lib\\winv6.3\\um\\x86\\kernel32.lib\n\nI used the following commands in Command Prompt to assemble my code:\n\n```\nnasm -fwin32 program.asm\nlink /subsystem:console /entry:main program.obj path/to/kernel32.lib\n```\n\n## Allocating Memory\nAllocating memory is done by a different function, the [`HeapAlloc` function](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366597(v=vs.85).aspx). This takes 3 DWORD (4-byte) arguments, so in NASM is called `_HeapAlloc@12`. It places the starting location of the newly allocated memory in EAX, or places null (0) there instead if memory couldn't be allocated. The arguments are as follows (in left-to-right order):\n\n- `hHeap`: The handle of the heap to allocate on, obtained with `GetProcessHeap`.\n- `dwFlags`: Flags to modify how this function behaves. For more information, see [the table on the `HeapAlloc` MSDN page](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa366597(v=vs.85).aspx).\n- `dwBytes`: The number of bytes to allocate.\n\nWe need to push these arguments to the stack in right-to-left order, in other words beginning with the number of bytes. So, to allocate 6 bytes on the heap whose handle is EAX and make all bytes zero:\n\n```\npush 6   ; dwBytes\npush 8   ; dwFlags\npush eax ; hHeap\ncall _HeapAlloc@12\n```\n\n## Putting it All Together\nThis example program uses the two functions detailed above to dynamically allocate 6 bytes, then writes the null-terminated string \"Hello\" to this new memory. It displays this string in a message box using the [`MessageBoxA` function](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms645505(v=vs.85).aspx).\n\n```\nglobal _main\n    extern _ExitProcess@4\n    extern _MessageBoxA@16\n    extern _GetProcessHeap@0\n    extern _HeapAlloc@12\n\n    section .text\n\n_main:\n    ; Set EAX to heap handle\n    call _GetProcessHeap@0\n\n    ; Allocate 6 bytes\n    push 6\n    push 8\n    push eax\n    call _HeapAlloc@12\n\n    ; Write string\n    mov byte [eax], \"H\"\n    mov byte [eax+1], \"e\"\n    mov byte [eax+2], \"l\"\n    mov byte [eax+3], \"l\"\n    mov byte [eax+4], \"o\"\n    mov byte [eax+5], 0\n\n    ; Display message\n    push 0\n    push eax\n    push eax\n    push 0\n    call _MessageBoxA@16\n\n    push 0\n    call _ExitProcess@4\n```\n\n-----\n\n*Note: This is a republished, slightly modified version of a post on my old blog.*",
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      "body": "I recently worked on a few Snapchat lenses with a friend for an event. This was my first time creating a set of real lenses which other people would use, as opposed to just messing around with the software.\n\nThere were a few features which I really wish I'd known about before I got to work on the lens, and not knowing they were there certainly caused a few headaches, or made my life much harder than it needed to be.\n\nWithout further ado, here are some short, simple tips and tricks for working with Lens Studio.\n\n1. **Lens Studio crashes quite easily, so save often.** For a non-beta piece of software, it crashes far more than it should. On my Windows 10 laptop, Lens Studio would reproducably crash when I tried to print a non-string object from a script, or if I imported many files at once.\n\n    In fairness, Lens Studio does have a project backup feature which runs automatically every few minutes, but I wouldn't rely on it.\n\n2. **The `script` object does *way* more than just holding your `@input` variables.** It's actually an instance of [`ScriptComponent`](https://lensstudio.snapchat.com/api/classes/ScriptComponent/), and as such can be used to get the `SceneObject` or `Transform` which the script is attached to, using `script.getSceneObject()` and `script.getTransform()` respectively. \n\n    You can also use it to dynamically create and attach events to your objects:\n    ```javascript\n    script.createEvent(\"TouchStartEvent\").bind(function() {\n      print(\"Touch started.\");\n    });\n    ```\n    This is really handy for quick prototyping if you only want to use one Script asset for several events.\n\n3. **By default, your imported animations will look *awful*.** We used After Effects CC to create animations for the lenses, and it worked fantastically well, looking really crisp. But, as soon as the animation was imported into Lens Studio, it looked truly dreadful, with blurry edges as a result of heavy compression.\n\n    The reason for this is that Lens Studio uses sprite sheets for animations. A sprite sheet is an image where every frame of an animation is laid out as a grid. To play the animation, the software you're using effectively pans through the sprite sheet frame-by-frame. This results in much better performance than loading images individually.\n\n    In Lens Studio, every sprite sheet has a cap on its size, which means that the frames of your animation will be *scaled down* to fit in the sprite sheet. You can see the effect of this by looking at the Animation asset's properties in Lens Studio; my beautiful 1500x600 animation had been squished to an ugly 113x282:\n![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTKEoNC85rH3NbHSLgcnjvGMfoZfTBrxjjVY2h6ZdGjnu/image.png)\n\n    Fortunately, there's an easy fix. When importing your animation, you can *increase the number of sprite sheets* which your animation is spread across:\n![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmWTgJYExfPXTZYuD7kmAz93xEqtaMhaFjq7yLnJewnmgu/image.png)\n\n    Don't go too high though, since there's a 4MB size limit on every lens. You can check the current size of your lens in *Project Info*:\n![](https://steemitimages.com/DQma9GAtL2JiSnLEtJNth2V2EG3S3XPk23BhiSrFEi54cjp/image.png)\n\n4. **Test the lens on a real device often.** There can be huge differences between the preview and an actual device, most notably in animation quality and speed. Remember that you don't have to publish your lens to test it on a device; you can just [pair your phone to Lens Studio](https://lensstudio.snapchat.com/guides/general/pairing-to-snapchat/).\n\n5. **If you're a gamer and you have Plays.tv, I'd recommend disabling it whilst creating lenses.** It thinks Lens Studio is a game, but as I'm sure you already know, lens creation is a much more serious business. Worse still, it doesn't really understand the UI; my work in Lens Studio was regularly interrupted by this monstrosity:\n![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmfFpjbEFQTnWJo8fVMbgfatazQhYJEGnFBQTuM8jVnxKz/image.png)\n\n6. **Stuck while scripting? The API documentation is *excellent*.** The tutorials on Snap's website are pretty useful, but once you get into more advanced scripting, you'll want to refer to the [API documentation](https://lensstudio.snapchat.com/api/) all the time. It's well written and laid out, and there are examples for working with most of the classes which Lens Studio offers.\n\n7. **For creating headwear, learn about Face Occluder.** This is an object which hides other 3D objects behind it, and is automatically attached to a Head Binding. It's difficult to describe, but basically, it's the magic object which means your lens' glasses don't stab you in the eye. You should fiddle with positioning so that your headwear looks *just* right when you tilt your head.\n![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmPNuQMsVdRLcW2gfGYhq2nw3p7B6eZLSpc37XJpkzMESZ/image.png)\n\nI hope these tips have helped you! If you've got any other hints for Lens Studio, or improvements to any of mine, then leave them in the comments.",
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