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      "author": "steemitboard",
      "body": "Congratulations @oakey! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@oakey/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@oakey) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=oakey)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "author": "cheetah",
      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://forumine.com/viewtopic.php?t=1669",
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      "body": "This article aims at addressing the age-old question: What happens after you type a URL into a web browser? The use case entails the background details of typing \"google\" in the address bar. Before we begin, it is ideal to note that ignoring the website's downtime, the average load time of any webpage is less than 2.9 seconds, leaving each of the processes highlighted below occurring in nanoseconds or less. This article covers an in-depth analysis of behind-the-scene activities from the point a user presses the \"g\" button up until a result displays on the screen.\n\n![G.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYBU4Q12a6ZpSrLb5HeMkXsqtKy5R3wfij5EAX94A55nL/G.png)\n\nUser presses letter \"g\"\nThe moment the first letter in google (letter G) is pushed, the browser receives the input entry event, and an auto-complete function immediately kicks in. Depending on your browser's algorithm, various suggestions are presented to the end-user in the dropdown below the URL bar, varying from recently entered, web browser type, recently trending to most entered inputs. In this case, the auto-complete function completes the query to google.com.\n\nThe \"enter\" key bottoms up\nTaking the point at which the \"Enter\" key on the keyboard hits the bottom of its range (called bounce) and debounce, an electrical circuit specific to the enter key is directly or capacitively closed. This closed-circuit allows the flow of minute current into the keyboard's logic circuit, which then scans the state of each key switch by debouncing the unique electrical noise generated from the switch's rapid intermittent closure. The electrical noise is converted into a keycode integer (in this case, 13), which is encoded by the keyboard controller for transport between the keyboard and the computer. The transmission channel, generally over a Universal Serial Bus (USB), can also be a Bluetooth connection, or legacy connectivity like PS/2 or ADB\n\nIRQ signal\nThe moment the processor finds a closed circuit, it compares the location of the most recently closed circuit on the key matrix to the character map in its read-only memory (ROM). A character map, being a comparison chart or lookup table for each key encoding (UTF, ASCII…), signals the processor the position of each key in the matrix and what each keystroke or combination of keystrokes represents. The keyboard, exclusively reserved for interrupt request line (IRQ 1) sends signals on its IRQ, which maps to an interrupt vector by an interrupt controller. The computer then maps out the interrupt vectors to functions uses the Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT) provisioned by the kernel. As the interrupt arrives, the kernel inputs when the CPU indexes the IDT with the interrupt vector and runs the appropriate handler.\n\nCPU message relay\nThe keyboard's switch contacts are wired to a microprocessor arranged in an X-Y matrix, constantly beaconing to notice the updated values of the currently opened or closed keys. When it senses the enter key down, it sends a serial code to the PC (single byte for most keys). When it senses a key released that was previously down, the same code with an additional \"0xF0\" byte is received. The host PC captures these incoming codes and uses them to maintain its map of which keys are up and down. The PC then writes the [ASCII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII#:~:targetText=ASCII%20(%2F%CB%88%C3%A6sk,telecommunications%20equipment%2C%20and%20other%20devices.) code for each new 'down' key into a volatile memory buffer where any running application can retrieve it.\nFor example; 'A' - make code 0x1C; break code oxF0,0x1C\n\nBrowser input Logic\nThe browser, being equipped with the ability to decipher outputs based on predefined inputs, can process the logic to interpret \"https\" as HyperText Transfer Protocol (Secure), \"/\" as slash notation, \"@\" as email predecessor. In the case where no protocol or valid domain name is specified, the browser then feeds the text entered in the address bar to the browser's default web search engine (Google, Baidu, Bing). The URL is usually appended with unique texts to notify the search engine of its origination, which in this case, is from a specific browser's URL bar for a browser-specific rendering during output.\n\nCheck non-ASCII Unicode Characters\nIn the world of Multilingual Web Addressing, where non-ASCII characters are now added to Web addresses, browsers are now able to detect and convert non-ASCII Unicode characters ( a-z, A-Z, 0-9, -,) in hostnames. Since the hostname is google.com here, the Punycode is resolved by the domain name server into a numeric IP address. For encoding, If the string representing the domain name contains non-Unicode characters, the string is converted to Unicode by the user agent (UA). Normalization functions are then performed on the string to remove mismatch. This can include converting uppercase characters to lowercase, reducing alternative representations, and eliminating prohibited characters (whitespaces). Next, UA converts each of the labels (pieces of text between dots) in the Unicode string to a Punycode representation. To differentiate original ASCII labels from non-original labels, a unique marker ('xn--') is prefixed for each label containing non-ASCII characters.\n\nHSTS Validation\nThe browser then performs a lookup on its internal list of websites that have requested to be contacted via HTTPS only called \"preloaded HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security)\" list. If the list contains the website (google), the browser sends its request via HTTPS instead of HTTP, automatically appending the \"s\" at the suffix of the HTTP after the certificate authority (CA) is initialized and verified. Alternatively, the initial request is sent via HTTP. However, a website can use the HSTS policy without being in the browser's HSTS list. This is established when the user's first HTTP request to the website receive a response that the user only send HTTPS requests, this then forces the browser to establish communications only in HTTPS going forward.\n\nDNS lookup\nThe browser then checks if the domain exists in its local cache. If the domain exists, the most recent record is first pushed into the memory before comparing the variation with the live record. If the domain is not found in the local cache, the browser calls an OS-specific library function to invoke a lookup. This library function (gethostbyname in widows) initially checks if the hostname is resolvable by referencing the local host file then attempts to resolve the hostname via DNS. In a situation where the library function is unable to find a cached version or the hosts file, a request is made to the default DNS server, which is usually the local router or the ISP's caching DNS server in other instances.\n\nARP Initialization\nThe target IP address is required by the network stack library to initiate an ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) broadcast, while the MAC address of the interface is required to send out the initializing ARP broadcast. The ARP cache is then looked up for an ARP entry for the target IP address. If an entry is found, a \"Target IP = MAC\" is returned. If the ARP entry is not in the cache, the routing table is looked up to check if the target IP is on any subnets on the local routing table. If a matching entry is found, the interface associated with that subnet is used by the library, else, the interface containing the subnet of the default gateway is utilized. The unique 48 bit MAC address of the NIC (Network Interface Card) is looked up. The network library sends an L2 (datalink) ARP request in the format:\nSender MAC (source): MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS\nSender IP address (source): #.#.#.#\nTarget MAC (dest): FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF (Broadcast)\nTarget IP address (dest): #.#.#.#\n\nComputer Network Connectivity\nConsidering how devices can join the network via wired or wireless connectivity, the process of establishing the ARP request varies depending on what technology exists between the computer and the router, being the path to the internet. If the computer is DC (Directly connected) to the router, the router instantly responds with an ARP reply. If a hub (deprecated) is serially between the computer and the router, the hub sends broadcasts containing the ARP request out all other ports irrespective of their current status, establishing connectivity for the router based on serial topology. If the computer is DC to a switch, the switch then checks its local CAM/MAC table in an attempt to match a corresponding port with the MAC address in question. If no entry is found, the ARP request is rebroadcasted to all other ports.\n\nOpening of a socket\nSince the network library now has the IP address of either the DNS server or the default gateway, the initial DNS process is resumed. If the response size exceeds the required size, TCP port 53 is opened to send a request to the DNS server, else, UDP is used. The browser then collates the IP address and port number of the destination server from the URL, makes a call to the system library function using the default port numbers depending on the protocols used (the HTTP: 80, HTTPS: 443), and requests a TCP socket stream named AF_INET/AF_INET6 (for IPv4 and IPv6 respectively)and SOCK_STREAM. This request first hits L4 (Transport Layer), where a TCP segment is created. The source port is chosen from within the kernel's dynamic port range while the destination port is added to the header.\n\nOSI Model downstream\nThe segment is sent to L3 (Network Layer) of the OSI model, which adds an IP header to the first segment. The destination server and the current machine IP address and is then converged to make up a packet. Next, the packet arrives at layer 2 (datalink Layer), alongside an additional frame header, which includes the MAC address of the machine's NIC and the MAC address of the default gateway (local router). As previously addressed, if the know the MAC address of the gateway is unknown to the kernel, the kernel must broadcast another ARP query to find it.\nAt this stage, the packet is acknowledged and ready to be transmitted using most traditional media, including wifi(wireless), Ethernet cable(wired), or Cellular data network (wireless mobile devices).\n\nLAN setup\nMost SOHO (Small Office Home Office)or personal Internet connections involve packet movement from a computer, through a local network, and a modem (MOdulator/DEModulator), which converts binaries to an analog signal suitable for transmission via telephone (deprecated), cable, or wireless connections. On the ISP's end of this connection is a similar modem reverses the analog signals back into digital data to be reprocessed by the next network node where the \"from\" and \"to\" addresses are further examined. If fiber optic or direct Ethernet connectivity is used, the data remains unchanged and is passed directly to the next network node for further examination.\n\nDataflow\nWhen the packet reaches the router managing the local subnet, it continues to travel to a collection of one or more IP prefixes run by one or more network operators that maintain a single, clearly-defined routing policy known as Autonomous Systems (AS). Each router on this path then extracts the destination address from the IP header and routes the traffic to the next appropriate hop. The TTL ( Time To Live) field embedded in the IP header continues to reduce by 1 for each router that successfully passes through. In the case of network congestion, where the current router has no space in its queue, or the TTL field reaches zero, the packet is dropped.\n\n3-Way handshake\nFollowing the TCP connection flow, the 3-way handshake is initialized. This involves the process of a client choosing an initial sequence number (ISN) and sending the packet to the server with the synchronize (SYN) sets. The server then receives the SYN request by choosing its ISN, Notifies SYN of this update, then copying the client ISN +1 to its ACK field with the addition of an ACK flag acknowledging the receipt of the initial packet. The client then acknowledges the connection by sending a packet containing an increased sequence and receiver acknowledgment number. On the source, SEQ is increased by the same number of data bytes. The recipient then sends an ACK packet, which is equal to the last received sequence from the source packet.\nTo close the current connection, the closing terminal sends a FIN packet while the recipient ACKs the FIN with its FIN, the closing terminal then ACKs the recipient's FIN with its own ACK\n\nCA (Certificate Authority)\nThe client computer sends a \"ClientHello\" plus its TLS version number to the server, the server then replies with a \"ServerHello\" message to the client with its TLS version, cipher mode, compression methods and the public certificate of the server, signed by a verifiable CA (Certificate Authority). In this certificate is a public key which the client uses to encrypt other unencrypted portion of the handshake before a mutual symmetric key is selected for use. The client then runs a verification of the server's digital certificates against its list of trusted CAs. If trust is established, the client continues to generate a string of pseudo-random data encrypted with the server's public key, which is used to determine the symmetric key type.\n\nKey Infrastructure\nThe server then decrypts the random bytes using its private key. Next, it uses this data to generate a localized copy of the symmetric master key. At this point, the client sends an \"end-of-message\" notification to the server and encrypts the transmission with a symmetric key. The server accepts this message, generates its localized hash, decrypts the incoming hash from the client, and verifies a match with both hashes. If the hashes match, the server sends a finished message encrypted with the symmetric key to the client. If the hashes do not match, a certificate validity error is logged. The TLS session is then established for the transmission of encrypted application data using a chosen symmetric key algorithm (3DES, RC4, IDEA, CAST5...)\n\nHTTP protocol\nIn the case where the web browser used was written by Google (Google Chrome), a negotiation request is sent to the server to upgrade the regular HTTP protocol to SPDY (pronounced speedy), as opposed to sending a usual HTTP request to retrieve the page. This is usually a GET /HTTP/1.1 request containing host: google.com and connection: close [other headers] where other headers comprise of single new lines of colon-separated series of key-value pairs in the format of the HTTP specification. HTTP/1.1 here is the signal showing that the connection closes as soon as the response completes.\n\nServer Transaction\nUpon fulfilling these deliverables, the server then receives a single blank new line from the web browser, which indicates a completion of the request. Next, the server replies with a response code stating the status of the request and corresponding response code, in this case, 200 OK. The server then decides to close the connection or keep it open\nfor more requests depending on whether the client's header requested this information. After the HTML portion is parsed, this process is repeated for every other resource that is referenced within the HTML, which includes CSS, JS, image, and media. In this case, instead of GET / HTTP1.1, the request becomes GET /$(URL)HTTP/1.1. In some cases, the HTML can reference a resource hosted on another domain, then the browser repeats the process involving DNS modification of the hostname.\n\nHTTP Server Request Handle\nOn the server-side, the HTTPD server or HTTP Daemon (which can be Apache or Nginx for Linux and IIS for Windows) handles all requests or responses from the client. As soon as the HTTPD receives the request,\nThe server breaks down the incoming request into three parameters;\nHTTP Request Method (GET), Domain (google.com) and requested path (index, since no path/page is specified after \"/\"). The servers then verify the availability of a remote virtual host configured to resolve to google.com and verifies that the domain can accept GET requests. If the server is configured to use a rewrite module (URL Rewrite in IIS or mod_rewrite in Apache), the existing rewrite rule in the module is utilized, else, the server continues to pull content housed in the index folder, treating the URL as https://www.google.com/. The server then parses the content of this file and interprets the content of the index file to a process that outputs a user-readable format of the content.\n\nBrowser rendering\nThe browser's main functionality is requesting web resources from servers and presenting the output in an appropriate format, specified by the URI (Uniform Resource Identifier). Behind the scene, the server supplies the resources, including CSS, HTML, and media to the browser. The browser further refines these data by parsing the language/scripts, rendering the data by constructing a DOM (Document Object Model) tree, and eventually painting the render tree. HTML and CSS (maintained by the W3C ) specifies the way the browser interprets and displays HTML. Structurally, the web browser major comprises of the UI (User Interface), UI backend browser engine, render engine, Networking, Javascript engine, Data storage capability.\n\nHTML parsing\nThe HTML parser, using built-in rendering capability, audits the HTML markup into a parse tree, which is a tree of DOM element attribute nodes. Because HTML cannot be parsed chronologically, the browser is forced to use a custom HTML parsing technique whose algorithm is determined by the HTML5 specification.\nAfter these deliverables are met, the web browser begins the process of fetching external resources linked to the page, in the form of the layout (CSS), embedded scripts (Ajax, JS), and media (visuals). This raw file is marked as \"in-progress\" and parsing scripts are marked as \"deferred\", which are resources awaiting execution after parsing is complete. When the document load state is complete, a load event is fired. In a situation where the browser encounters an error while loading an invalid content, the error state is logged in browser console but not directly visible to the end-user.\n\nCSS interpretation and Page rendering\nUsing standard CSS lexicon and syntax containing CSS rules with selectors and objects, resources are parsed into a stylesheet object. This is a stateless activity as CSS parsers operate top-down or bottom-up, depending on the parser generator in use. The browser renders the page by creating a 'Frame Tree' and calculating the CSS style values for each node. Furthermore, the browser then calculates the preferred width, actual width, height, coordinates, textures, wrapping, margins, borders, and padding of each node in the 'Frame Tree' bottom-up using the standard CSS set rules. Next, it creates layers that describe what parts of the page can be logically grouped for animation without being re-rasterized. The CPU can either rasterize the transversed render objects for each layer or drawn on the GPU directly, using D2D/SkiaGL for rendering on the backend.\n\nGPU Rendering\nDuring rendering, the graphical computing layers either make use of a general-purpose CPU or the graphical processor's GPU for advanced rendering. In cases where a refresh or reload command is triggered, the pre-existing values are used, excluding complex web applications where interactive user fields are present. The browser then refines the output using logical composite commands, which are enforced using hardware acceleration drivers like Direct3D/OpenGL. The GPU command buffer flushes for asynchronous rendering, and the frame is forwarded. After rendering, the browser finally executes other applicable scripts, including Flash (deprecated), interactive hardware plugins, and the requested query displays.\n\nOther websites involving a process excerpt from the CIA (confidentiality, Integrity, Availability) triad including extended input parsing, language translation, form submission, password authentication, proxy/firewall network, and web application integration require a more sophisticated approach.\n\nSource: https://itblogr.com/what-happens-after-you-type-an-url-into-a-web-browser/",
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      "body": "Congratulations @oakey! You have completed the following achievement on the Steem blockchain and have been rewarded with new badge(s) :\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/60x70/http://steemitboard.com/@oakey/posts.png?201903141757</td><td>You published more than 10 posts. Your next target is to reach 20 posts.</td></tr>\n</table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@oakey) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](http://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=oakey)_</sub>\n<sub>_If you no longer want to receive notifications, reply to this comment with the word_ `STOP`</sub>\n\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/drugwars/@steemitboard/drugwars-early-adopter\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYGN7R653u4hDFyq1hM7iuhr2bdAP1v2ApACDNtecJAZ5/image.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/drugwars/@steemitboard/drugwars-early-adopter\">Are you a DrugWars early adopter? Benvenuto in famiglia!</a></td></tr></table>\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "body": "Remember how gravitational force pulls everything that goes up? These laws do not exclude websites too. It is estimated that websites are 0.5% more likely to have a 2 seconds downtime for every ten additional active users. It is essential to understand that these websites are made up of multiple web pages/resource which are available on a remote computer (hardware) and powered by an operating system among other software which is prone to many forms of error, making efficiency and availability of data less than 100%.\n\n<img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/106344/pexels-photo-106344.jpeg?cs=srgb&amp;dl=analyst-analytics-blur-106344.jpg&amp;fm=jpg\" alt=\"Website downtime\" width=\"558\" height=\"372\" />\nFacebook and Instagram appear to be partially down for many users around the world today, 03/13/2019 as at 7:00 PM EST making #Facebookdown trend massively on Twitter, making this outage the longest Facebook has ever experienced. It is unclear how long more this downtime will last, but currently, service had not yet been restored as of this writing.\n\nNetscount's engineer, Roland Dobbins, a renowned network performance engineer mentioned that the outage was due to an accidental network traffic jam between the cyberspace of a European internet company that collided with Facebook's servers, mainly impacting Facebook as well as other resources hosted on these servers.\n\nSome users of Whatsapp, a Facebook-owned cross-platform messaging application also reported delays and failure in sending texts and photos on the popular platform. <a href=\"https://itblogr.com/top-social-media-giants-facebook-instagram-currently-down/\">Downdetector.com</a>, a website status monitoring platform showed Facebook and Instagram blackouts in large portions of the world.\n\n<img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://i.imgur.com/y3FC2Va.jpg\" alt=\"Is website down?\" width=\"622\" height=\"244\" />\nIs your website currently down too? Here are a few reasons why your website might be acting up as well as preventive measures to avert these technical discrepancies.\n\n<strong><a href=\"https://itblogr.com/how-to-get-your-first-job-as-a-hacker/\">Hacks</a> and Data Breach</strong>\nDepending on the worth of data on the website, this is always the main reason attackers might be interested in taking down a targeted website. In less organized attackers, key user login accounts may be compromised for the intent of defacing, redirecting or deleting website pages. In more sophisticated attacks, threat actors are geared towards monetary gains and make use of advanced threat methods including <a href=\"https://itblogr.com/8-million-users-installed-9-adware-apps-from-play-store/\">malware</a> and rootkits, ransomware or botnets to initiate a<a href=\"https://itblogr.com/hacker-who-took-down-a-nations-internet-jailed/\"> DDOS attack</a>.\n\n<strong>Server Maintenance</strong>\nWebsite hosting service providers often have scheduled server maintenance which is usually scheduled to commence and end withing off-peak periods, which can vary based on website types. In most cases, hosting providers reserve the rights to communicate this procedure to users. Sadly, this might impact customer productivity and result in loss of income in the case of unresolved outages.\n\n<strong>Human and Machine Errors</strong>\nEveryday websites hire software developers to write codes and consistently improve the UI/UX. Discrepancies in human-machine interactions as a result of mis-coding, bugging, and non-specific error handling and validation methodologies can result in an umbrella of errors.\n\n<img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/177598/pexels-photo-177598.jpeg?auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;dpr=2&amp;h=750&amp;w=1260\" alt=\"website code error\" width=\"569\" height=\"379\" />\n<strong>Hardware Malfunction</strong>\nSince most servers housing these websites still utilize traditional CPU circuits with continually moving parts, hardware failure is unavoidably imminent. Creating a redundant environment for an automated backup/fail-safe fosters continuity and ensure service remain uninterruptible.\n\n<strong>DNS Changes or Expirations</strong>\n<a href=\"https://itblogr.com/u-s-gov-issues-urgent-warning-of-dns-hijacking-attacks/\">DNS</a> or Domain Name Services updates typically results in a temporary delay. If a website changes it's hosting service, the IP address, physical hosting servers, network traffic hops, name servers, among other identifiers change as well. A proactive measure towards this point is budgeting more for domain life span and staying up to date with provider updates, suspension, and expiry notifications.\n\n<strong>Server Overload</strong>\nServer Overloads occur due to enormous traffic accessing a website at a given time. This sudden spike in traffic is usually to ensure safety on both the ends of the hosting provider and the customer. Hosts allocate bandwidth based on a customer's subscription plan which consumes back end resources. Customers want to uphold the availability of crucial data to ensure users revisit their website.\n\nWebsites like Pingdom.com, Isitdownrightnow.com and downdetector.com are handy tools to check website uptime and downtime history. Bearing in mind that most  A-list websites will require more scheduled maintenance than websites with less active users, it is important to recall that web building platforms usually have vulnerabilities which might be susceptible to an exploitation or remain in it's \"zero-day\" state for a period of time.\n\nSource:  <a href=\"https://itblogr.com/how-to-reduce-website-down-time/\">ITBlogr</a>",
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      "author": "cheetah",
      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://www.nairaland.com/5077739/how-reduce-website-down-time",
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      "body": "Remember how gravitational force pulls everything that goes up? These laws do not exclude websites too. It is estimated that websites are 0.5% more likely to have a 2 seconds downtime for every ten additional active users. It is essential to understand that these websites are made up of multiple web pages/resource which are available on a remote computer (hardware) and powered by an operating system among other software which is prone to many forms of error, making efficiency and availability of data less than 100%.\n\n<img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/106344/pexels-photo-106344.jpeg?cs=srgb&amp;dl=analyst-analytics-blur-106344.jpg&amp;fm=jpg\" alt=\"Website downtime\" width=\"558\" height=\"372\" />\nFacebook and Instagram appear to be partially down for many users around the world today, 03/13/2019 as at 7:00 PM EST making #Facebookdown trend massively on Twitter, making this outage the longest Facebook has ever experienced. It is unclear how long more this downtime will last, but currently, service had not yet been restored as of this writing.\n\nNetscount's engineer, Roland Dobbins, a renowned network performance engineer mentioned that the outage was due to an accidental network traffic jam between the cyberspace of a European internet company that collided with Facebook's servers, mainly impacting Facebook as well as other resources hosted on these servers.\n\nSome users of Whatsapp, a Facebook-owned cross-platform messaging application also reported delays and failure in sending texts and photos on the popular platform. <a href=\"https://itblogr.com/top-social-media-giants-facebook-instagram-currently-down/\">Downdetector.com</a>, a website status monitoring platform showed Facebook and Instagram blackouts in large portions of the world.\n\n<img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://i.imgur.com/y3FC2Va.jpg\" alt=\"Is website down?\" width=\"622\" height=\"244\" />\nIs your website currently down too? Here are a few reasons why your website might be acting up as well as preventive measures to avert these technical discrepancies.\n\n<strong><a href=\"https://itblogr.com/how-to-get-your-first-job-as-a-hacker/\">Hacks</a> and Data Breach</strong>\nDepending on the worth of data on the website, this is always the main reason attackers might be interested in taking down a targeted website. In less organized attackers, key user login accounts may be compromised for the intent of defacing, redirecting or deleting website pages. In more sophisticated attacks, threat actors are geared towards monetary gains and make use of advanced threat methods including <a href=\"https://itblogr.com/8-million-users-installed-9-adware-apps-from-play-store/\">malware</a> and rootkits, ransomware or botnets to initiate a<a href=\"https://itblogr.com/hacker-who-took-down-a-nations-internet-jailed/\"> DDOS attack</a>.\n\n<strong>Server Maintenance</strong>\nWebsite hosting service providers often have scheduled server maintenance which is usually scheduled to commence and end withing off-peak periods, which can vary based on website types. In most cases, hosting providers reserve the rights to communicate this procedure to users. Sadly, this might impact customer productivity and result in loss of income in the case of unresolved outages.\n\n<strong>Human and Machine Errors</strong>\nEveryday websites hire software developers to write codes and consistently improve the UI/UX. Discrepancies in human-machine interactions as a result of mis-coding, bugging, and non-specific error handling and validation methodologies can result in an umbrella of errors.\n\n<img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/177598/pexels-photo-177598.jpeg?auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;dpr=2&amp;h=750&amp;w=1260\" alt=\"website code error\" width=\"569\" height=\"379\" />\n<strong>Hardware Malfunction</strong>\nSince most servers housing these websites still utilize traditional CPU circuits with continually moving parts, hardware failure is unavoidably imminent. Creating a redundant environment for an automated backup/fail-safe fosters continuity and ensure service remain uninterruptible.\n\n<strong>DNS Changes or Expirations</strong>\n<a href=\"https://itblogr.com/u-s-gov-issues-urgent-warning-of-dns-hijacking-attacks/\">DNS</a> or Domain Name Services updates typically results in a temporary delay. If a website changes it's hosting service, the IP address, physical hosting servers, network traffic hops, name servers, among other identifiers change as well. A proactive measure towards this point is budgeting more for domain life span and staying up to date with provider updates, suspension, and expiry notifications.\n\n<strong>Server Overload</strong>\nServer Overloads occur due to enormous traffic accessing a website at a given time. This sudden spike in traffic is usually to ensure safety on both the ends of the hosting provider and the customer. Hosts allocate bandwidth based on a customer's subscription plan which consumes back end resources. Customers want to uphold the availability of crucial data to ensure users revisit their website.\n\nWebsites like Pingdom.com, Isitdownrightnow.com and downdetector.com are handy tools to check website uptime and downtime history. 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      "body": "<p>Considering a career in Information Technology (IT)? Well, it all solely depends on some actionable plan. Depending mainly on strengths, many find it seemingly stress-free to decide a track to pursue in the IT field, ranging from Data Analytics, Programming, Networking, Audit, Risk assessment, Blue/Red teaming, database administration, Cloud and Cyber Security.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Bringing a professional IT certification to the table, whether as a prospective or as an existing employee, creates a room to stand out in the job market or being open for a salary renegotiation respectively.</p>\n<p><img class=\" wp-image-1963 aligncenter\" src=\"http://itblogr.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/IT-certified-300x251.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"344\" height=\"288\" /></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>We have arrived at a comprehensive list of top 10 must-have IT certifications for 2019 in ascending order:</p>\n\n<h4><strong>#10</strong>  <strong>CERTIFIED SCRUM MASTER (CSM) </strong></h4>\n<p> A scrum master is the facilitator or coordinator of any team. In recent years, there exists a dire need to have someone who facilitates, moderates, documents and visualizes the team's projects (called iteration or sprints). Scrum Masters make use of the Agile methodology which is dependent on the Scrum framework.</p>\n<p><img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/1604/3297/products/CSM_grande.gif?v=1494841394\" alt=\"Certified Scrum Master\" width=\"288\" height=\"288\" /></p>\n<p>In an IT product development, for instance, employees are grouped into smaller subsets called sprints, for the primary intent of reviewing progress and analyzing the next line of action (usually called \"show and tell\"). Meetings are recurring daily and typically last between 30 minutes to 2 hours, with a lot of post-its, markers, and stand-ups.</p>\n<p>Detailed <a href=\"https://www.scrum.org/courses/professional-scrum-master-training\">Information</a></p>\n<h4><strong> #9  CompTIA Security+ CERTIFICATION (SECURITY+)</strong> </h4>\n<p>The CompTIA Security+ is considered the best certification the properly covers the baseline of cybersecurity methodologies including Threats, attacks &amp; vulnerabilities, Identity &amp; access management, technologies &amp; tools, risk management, architecture &amp; design, cryptography &amp; Public key infrastructure (PKI), and Internet of Things (IoT).</p>\n<p><img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://getcertified4less.com/images/products/895.jpg\" alt=\"CompTIA Security+\" width=\"360\" height=\"278\" /></p>\n<p>Most CompTIA Security+ certification exam takes prefer going the Trifecta route, which involves having to initially obtain the A+ exam, which covers more of IT hardware fundamentals and N+ which includes more of the Network portion of Security+ creating a tremendous overlap between both the Network+ and the Security+ certification exam.</p>\n<p>Detailed <a href=\"https://certification.comptia.org/certifications/security\">Information</a></p>\n<h4><strong> #8 CCDP - CISCO CERTIFIED DESIGN PROFESSIONAL </strong></h4>\n<p>The CCDP is an advanced Cisco certification for senior roles within the IT networking track including Network design engineers and system engineer analysts. Over the years, Cisco certifications are underrated, resulting to minimal attention drawn to advanced level Cisco certifications and Cisco enthusiasts going for the entry and mid-level Cisco certifications like CCENT, CCNA, CCNA Security, CCNP, CCIE and CCDA which are pre-requisites to the CCDP certification.<img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://acclaim-production-app.s3.amazonaws.com/images/39ceb13c-f278-44d7-aad3-61180c680045/cisco_ccdp.png\" alt=\"CCDP\" width=\"276\" height=\"276\" /></p>\n<p>The CCDP certification tests advanced physical, logical and technical expertise in network design concepts as well as principles required in developing various layers on enterprise architecture for network devices</p>\n<p>Detailed <a href=\"https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/training-events/training-certifications/certifications/professional/ccdp.html\">information</a></p>\n<h4><strong>#7 CEH - CERTIFIED ETHICAL HACKER </strong></h4>\n<p>The CEH is called the 'recruiter's certification' in IT, especially within the cybersecurity track, this is because many hiring managers/recruiters love to see this certification in their prospective employee's resume. The CEH can land you a wide range of jobs from the Security Operations Centre (SOC) analyst or Incident Response analyst to even senior roles like penetration tester and other red teaming (offensive security) jobs.</p>\n<p><img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://iclass.eccouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/CEH-Cover-v10-2.jpg\" alt=\"CEH\" width=\"308\" height=\"308\" /></p>\n<p>Surprisingly, many will argue that the CEH, which remains one of the most expensive certifications has lost its value of credibility and given similar CompTIA certifications like CYSA+ and CompTIA Pentest+ a competitive hedge in recent years</p>\n<p>Detailed <a href=\"https://www.eccouncil.org/programs/certified-ethical-hacker-ceh/\">information</a></p>\n<h4><strong> #6 MCSE - MICROSOFT CERTIFIED SOLUTIONS EXPERT </strong></h4>\n<p>The MCSE certification is a Microsoft certification program that specifically for Windows Operating System engineers. It is broad enough to be sub-categorized based on the career path into four main categories: <br />MCSE: Desktop Infrastructure<br />MCSE: Server Infrastructure<br />MCSE: Business Intelligence<br />MCSE: Private Cloud</p>\n<p><img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/CMSImages/lrn_co_samplebadge-mcse.png?version=ab07ebb0-3036-47da-45ee-dbfcf626477c\" alt=\"MCSE\" width=\"306\" height=\"306\" /><p>\"Is MSCE worth it?\" is usually a question its enthusiasts can relate to for the one reason that Microsoft Certifications seem underrated and less threat posing in the recruiter's niche today, or maybe Microsoft is just best at improving the almighty Windows Operating System</p>\n<p>Detailed <a href=\"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/learning/mcse-certification.aspx\">information</a></p>\n<h4><strong> #5 AWS - AMAZON WEB SERVICE</strong></h4>\n<p>Amazon is indisputably the saving grace in e-commerce websites across America and the rest of the world. In 2015, Amazon introduced AWS which is a cloud-based web hosting service that beats its predecessors; Microsoft's Azure and Google cloud platform hands down.</p>\n<p><img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/0*gCwigzFAYcBj_yDi\" alt=\"AWS\" width=\"257\" height=\"257\" /></p>\n<p>AWS is a fast-rising certification, gaining credibility and popularity with the intent of becoming IT's most sought-after certification today. AWS covers the required coursework for cloud practitioners, Web Developers, IT architecture, Security operations and virtual storage techs with four main sub-divisions:<br />- AWS Certified Foundational<br />- AWS Certified Associate<br />- AWS Certified Professional<br />- AWS Certified Specialty</p>\n<p>Detailed <a href=\"https://aws.amazon.com/certification/\">information</a></p>\n<h4><strong> #4 OSCP - OFFENSIVE SECURITY CERTIFIED PROFESSIONAL</strong></h4>\n<p>Just like its name, the OSCP is the most recognized, top-tiered, respected and valued professional red teaming cybersecurity certification. It entails prior successful completion of the PWK (Penetration with Kali Linux) course as well as the 24-hour hands-on exam testing advanced technical knowledge using the latest ethical hacking tools and techniques and conducting penetration tests.</p>\n<p><img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://www.offensive-security.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/oscp-certs.png\" alt=\"OSCP\" width=\"377\" height=\"246\" /></p>\n<p>The OSCP certification is neither a beginner nor intermediate certification but for professional pentesters, blue/red team, security professionals, network administrators and threat hunters seeking an industry leading certification. <br />It requires a strong background off networking, substantial usage of Linux OS and comfortability writing/using bash, Perl and Python scripts.</p>\n<p>Detailed <a href=\"https://www.offensive-security.com/information-security-certifications/oscp-offensive-security-certified-professional/\">information </a></p>\n<h4><strong>#3 CISSP - CERTIFIED INFORMATION SYSTEMS SECURITY PROFESSIONAL</strong></h4>\n<p>The CISSP is an independent Information Security IT certification governed by the International Information System Security Certification Consortium or (ISC)², referenced as the \"Zenith\" of Cybersecurity certifications.</p>\n<p><img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://sylearn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/CISSP-300x300.png\" alt=\"CISSP\" width=\"279\" height=\"279\" /></p>\n<p>The CISSP is an ideal certification for Chief Information Security Officers (CISO), IT Managers, Security Architecture and Engineering, veteran-grade security practitioners and executives who deem it fit to crown their accomplishments with certifications.<br />The requirements can be cumbersome, one of which includes a minimum of five years of direct full-time security work experience in two or more of the (ISC)² information security Common Body of Knowledge (CBK).</p>\n<p>Detailed<a href=\"https://www.isc2.org/Certifications/CISSP\">information</a></p>\n<h4><strong>#2 CGEIT - CERTIFIED IN GOVERNANCE OF ENTERPRISE IT</strong></h4>\n<p>The CGEIT is a highly competitive vendor-neutral certification with the primary aim of testing, validating and certifying IT governance skills, proudly managed by an international professional association known as Information Systems Audit and Control Association or ISACA.</p>\n<p><img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://www.isaca.org/Info/smartsavings/images/cgeit-clear.png\" alt=\"CGEIT\" width=\"249\" height=\"289\" /></p>\n<p>The CGEIT aims at testing the abilities of IT professionals in the practice of delivering quality governance. Similar to the CISSP certification, the CGEIT certification also requires proof of at least five years of experience in job domains related to IT governance including Framework for the governance of enterprise, Risk optimization, Strategic management, Resource optimization<br />and Benefits Realization.</p>\n<p>Detailed <a href=\"http://www.isaca.org/Certification/CGEIT-Certified-in-the-Governance-of-Enterprise-IT/Pages/default.aspx\">information</a></p>\n<h4>#1  ACTIVE SECURITY CLEARANCE</h4>\n<p>Bearing in mind that a Security clearance is not a certification, a security clearance in \"active\" status is usually issued, administered and coordinated by the United States Government. It is a must-have document, before securing all Federal and most state jobs with an exception for individuals who demonstrate an ability to acquire one within a stipulated time (usually 3-6 months post-employment).</p>\n<p><img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://hirevergence.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/stamp-2114929_1920-1173x800.png\" alt=\"Security clearance\" width=\"312\" height=\"212\" /></p>\n<p>Most security clearances are issued by the Department of Defense (DoD) and categorized as Confidential, Secret, and Top Secret with the amount and detail of information varies accordingly with the level of clearance requested.</p>\n<p>Detailed <a href=\"http://www.dss.mil/psmo-i/ps_faqs.html\">information</a></p>\n<h4><strong>Conclusion</strong></h4>\n<p>Information Technology (IT) is a fast thriving career path in the last decade, with the capabilities of improving age-old programs like C, Python, Java and eventually creating a new approach towards data analytics including practices implored in machine learning, AI and IoT thereby opening doors to new inventions within the IT sector in general. The modes of obtaining an IT certification are now seemed straightforward, as opposed to the last decades, where materials, exams were either too expensive, with limited availability, deliberately hardened for segregative purposes or simply optimized for senior positions.</p>\n\nSource: http://itblogr.com/top-10-it-certifications-in-2019/",
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      "body": "Being vast and all caught up in the whole Bitcoin together with other alt coins within the cryptocurrency platform, I can honestly say \"How to buy Bitcoin\" is one history's frequently asked question sice the inception of the block chain technology.\n\n![thYOYtv.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmWheM1krgBpiLcgPLsYGZXtaaFdEHXhy5JN9xSejaxCdo/thYOYtv.png)\n\nNobody really has a definite answer about the origin of Bitcoin but according to most famous business blogs, Bitcoin was believed to have been created in 2009 by an anonymous computer hacker who used the the screen name \"Satoshi Nakamoto\" with a few links to the Russian federation. \n\nInitially, Bitcoin became famous within the darknet, making it untraceable and a much preferred means of exchange among black hat internet users. This made Bitcoin an almost impossible asset to acquire by conventionary methods via credit/debit cards.\n\nTo make matters much easier, Companies like Coinbase, coinmama, CEX, Bitpanda,  and even selected public ATM came into existence and simplified the rigorous process of buying bitcoin.\n\n![tech1.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcjp9buwCogcpG3WqQe8cFNHUgmsKojv7KgSC7gyYjrYD/tech1.jpg)\n\nThe most preferred method of buying Bitcoin of the aforementioned methods remains using www.Coinbase.com which prides itself as the most trusted digital currency platform with additional unparalled trading bonuses including secure storage, insurance protection and having built an undisputable reputation.",
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      "body": "@@ -983,16 +983,17 @@\n actors.%0A\n+%0A\n The list\n@@ -1085,16 +1085,110 @@\n but 96.%0A\n+For certain unknow circumstatnces, please ignore the unmatching numbering system for this post\n %0AThese t\n",
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      "body": "Investopedia, a renowned cryptocurrency trading platform defines ICO (Initial Coin Offering) as an 'unregulated' means by which funds are raised for a new cryptocurrency venture. An Initial Coin Offering (ICO) is used by startups to bypass the rigorous and regulated capital-raising process required by venture capitalists or banks. In an ICO campaign, a percentage of the cryptocurrency is sold to early backers of the project in exchange for legal tender or other cryptocurrencies, but usually for Bitcoin. In other words, ICOs are a crowd funding strategy for new coins with the optimistic intent on an eventual success in the future.\n\nMy team and I have been endlessly working on this never-ending projects of ranking the 96 top ICOs in 2018. The tedious but accurate job have been categorized based of various criteria such as Domain history, Domain authority, User experience, prediction accuracy, UI/UX, affliate and partnership, popularity among other numerous determining factors.\nThe list is specific and carefully curated by block chain technology experts, not 97, not 95 but 96.\n\nThese top ICOs in 2018 will be added in batches due to obvious flexibility and accessibility reasons:\n\n\n1.\tICO Bench - ICO rating, listing, and calendar with details on top ICOs from various industries. Learn more about ICO funding - ICObench.com\n\n2.\tICO Alert - The only complete list of ICOs, token sales, and crowd sales. Calendar of active ICOs.\nICO Alert maintains the only complete calendar of all active and upcoming Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs), token sales - ICOalert.com\n\n3.\tCoin Telegraph - Latest Bitcoin, Blockchain and Ethereum news\nBitcoin & Ethereum news, analysis and review about technology, finance, blockchain and markets - cryptocurrency news. - cointelegraph.com\n\n4.\tICO Countdown - gives spotlight to new crypto projects with a focus on crowdfunding methodology, - ICOcountdown.com\n\n\n5.\tList ICO - is the Best ICO list || Upcoming ICOs in 2018 with Reddit shares || ICO list || ICO crypto || Best ICO Coin || - listICO.io\n\n6.\tPopular ICO - Check below to see a list of popular ICO listings, active or upcoming. You can use the search option to find the ICO - popularICO.com\n\n7.\tToken Market - Token sales and decentralized funding, the blockchain-based mobile voting platform, has announced a partnership with Civic to launch the first ever - tokenmarket.net\n\n8.\tCryptoCompare.com - Live cryptocurrency prices, trades, volumes, forums, wallets, mining equipment. We bring you all the latest streaming pricing data in the world of cryptocurrencies. Whether you are just interested in - cryptocompare.com\n\n9.\tCoin Gecko – Coin Gecko is a cryptocurrency ranking chart app that ranks digital currencies by developer activity, community. - coingecko.com\n\n10.\tICO Drops - Calendar of active and upcoming ICO. Complete list with Token Sales\nICO Drops contains a complete list of all ICOs (Initial Coin Offerings) in three columns “Active ICO”, “Upcoming ICO” - ICOdrops.com\n\n11.\tICO Hot List - ICO Hot list is a curated and up to date list of active, upcoming, and traded Token sales | Initial coin offerings - www.ICOhotlist.com\n\n12.\tICO Watch List - Best ICO & Token Crowd sales List for Investors\nFollow all the best ICOs (Initial Coin Offering) & new token crowd sales. The ultimate ICO list for crypto investors! - ICOwatchlist.com\n\n13.\tADVFN - Free stock prices, quotes, stock charts, market news and streaming real-time stock quotes. FREE stock quotes & stock message boards. Discuss NASDAQ, NYSE, AMEX, OTCBB, Pink Sheet stocks. View stock charts…advfn.com\n\n14.\tWorld Coin Index – Crypto coin price index and market cap with Crypto coins ranked by 24hr trading volume, price info, charts, market cap and news. worldcoinindex.com\n\n15.\tNewsBTC - Explore initial coin offerings. NewsBTC ICO helps you find out what’s happening in ICO's, let's explore. - ICO.newsbtc.com\n\n16.\tICO calendar -ICO highlighted project which are worthwhile looking through & investing in. - ICOcalendar.today\n\n17.\tCoinschedule: ICO List Of The Best Crypto ICOs and Token Sales\nList of Cryptocurrency ICOs (Initial Coin Offering) and Token Sales, Milestones, Roadmaps and Events for Bitcoin - coinschedule.com\n\n18.\tCrowdfunds and ICO list, ICO countdown, ICO Calendar in china- 52ICO.com\n\n19.\tCoinhills - Provides real-time prices and indexes of digital currencies - coinhills.com\n\n20.\tCrypto Coin Chart - ICOs, Bitcoin and Altcoin price charts / graphs - cryptocoincharts.info\n\n21.\tAllcoin - Global Digital Asset Trading Platform - allcoin.com\n\n22.\tICO Rating, ongoing and upcoming Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs), token sales, crowd sales, analytics, ICO rating, ICO analytics, best ICO, ICO status. - ICOrating.com\n\n23.\tCrush Crypto - Helping You Navigate the World of Cryptocurrency\nWe have partnered with ICONOMI to become one of their first Digital Asset Array Managers. - crushcrypto.com\n\n24.\tCoin Ninja - Crowdfunds and ICO list, ICO countdown, ICO Calendar in china - coinjinja.com\n\n25.\tSmith and Crown – Crypto financial News, Research & Analysis\nThe leading source of original research, reporting and analysis for crypto financial markets, bitcoin, blockchain - smithandcrown.com\n\n26.\tICO Stats - Track ICO Performance\nTrack & compare performance of ICOs. Displays detailed stats like ROI since ICO, ROI vs ETH since ICO, and charts for - ICOstats.com\n\n27.\tCoin Staker – ICOs offering initial stakes, shares and public offering within the crypto currency world - coinstaker.com/\n\n28.\tBlockchain News - Distributed Ledger Technology, ICO, Crowdfunding\nBlockchain News focuses on Blockchain, Distributed Ledger technology, and Initial Coin Offerings (ICO) news and - the-blockchain.com\n\n29.\tICO bazaar — News about crypto market insight, latest ICOs around the world with their\nMeta indexes - ICObazaar.com\n\n30.\tHappy Coin - Happy coin is a new ICO website focusing on ICO drops, coin hype, and general bearish/bullish crypto market predictions http://happycoin.club/\n\n31.\tICO List - Ultimate list of all the existing blockchain ICO(crowd sales/crowdfunding)\nICO-list.com is a latest blockchain ICO project promotion navigation. - ICO-list.com\n\n\n32.\tNewbium is a platform for top crypto-currency market as well as coin information. Follow us to get latest updates. - coins.newbium.com\n\n33.\tCoinSpectator - Free Real-time cryptocurrency news aggregator monitoring bitcoin, blockchain, crypto, altcoin news from thousands of coins - coinspectator.com\n\n34.\tToken Data - News, data and analytics for all ICO's and tokens. TokenData lists and provides all the data on current and upcoming Initial Coin Offerings (ICO) and token sales. - tokendata.io\n\n35.\tApplancer - Blockchain, Cryptocurrency and ICO News Updates\nGet Daily Updates on Blockchain News, Bitcoin News, upcoming & Ongoing ICOs, blockchain technology, cryptocurrency - applancer.co\n\n36.\tTokenTops - Top ICO list with a rating & token review.\nICO Lists with detailed information about every initial coin offering and tokens crowdsale. Rating of all best ICOs - tokentops.com\n\n37.\tICOholder - Ultimate Rated ICOs List. Lists with detailed information about every initial coin offering and tokens crowdsale. Rating of all best ICOs - ICOholder.com\n\n38.\tInvest it in - Investment ideas - investitin.com\n\n39.\tBitcoinx.com - Bitcoin and cryptocurrency news. ICO list and blockchain crowdsale investments Bitcoinx.com provides a world of information including how to acquire, exchange and spend bitcoin and other - bitcoinx.com\n\n40.\tCoinCentral - CoinCentral is an independent publication covering news and information on cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, Ethereum - coincentral.com\n\n41.\tFox ICO - rating, analytics, status, popular Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs), token sales, and crowdsales. ICO analytics, best ICO, ICO rating and ICO status - foxICO.io\n\n42.\tTop ICO List - Best Cryptocurrency ICO List | ICO Calendar 2018\nExplore the best new cryptocurrency initial coin offerings (ICOs) using the active ICO, pre ICO and upcoming ICO tabs - topICOlist.com\n\n43.\tCryptFlix - Learn about Cryptocurrencies by Watching Videos\nLearn about cryptocurrencies in just a few minutes by watching videos. Our goal is to give visitors a better - cryptflix.com\n\n\n44.\tICO Bank - Best Cryptocurrency ICO List | ICO Calendar 2018\nExplore the best new cryptocurrency initial coin offerings (ICOs) using the active ICO, pre ICO and upcoming ICO tabs - http://ICO-bank.io/\n\n45.\tCoinFunda - Join CoinFunda Social Community Latest Blog Posts -ICO- ThinkCoin ICO: World's First Peer-to-Peer Blockchain Based - coinfunda.com\n\n\n46.\tPICOlo Research - Crypto research website – http://pICOloresearch.com/\n\n47.\tBitsify - The Ultimate List of ICO's and Crowdsales Reports\nDiscover new cryptocurrency ICO's and Crowdsales. Bitsify provides complete detailed upcoming ICO and Crowd sale - bitsify.net\n\n48.\tThe Tokener - The Tokener is an extensive list of ICO's. We offer a platform for organizers to promote their ICO. - thetokener.com\n\n49.\tVerified ICOs - Cryptocurrency, Blockchain and ICO Reviews | Verified ICOs.\nCryptocurrency and digital blockchain reviews from an unbiased source. Verified ICOs audits companies, initial coin - verifiedICOs.com\n\n50.\tICOindex.com - Find best Initial Coin Offerings\nWe are aiming to make ICOs transparent, easy to understand and available for everyone. - ICOindex.com\n\n51.\tCryptoCanucks - The latest cryptocurrency news, research, insights, media and more from a Canadian viewpoint. Learn about Bitcoin - cryptocanucks.com\n\n52.\tICO Daily - List of Active, Upcoming and Ended ICO, Latest news\nICO Daily is the most informative and one of the oldest list of ICOs (Initial Coin Offerings) and latest news provider - ICOdaily.net\n53.\tCoins - Cryptocurrency, Blockchain and ICO Reviews | Verified ICOs.\nCryptocurrency and digital blockchain reviews from an unbiased source. Verified ICOs audits companies, initial coin - http://coins.best/\n\n54.\tKriptokurs – Russia’s largest crypto currency trading platform. The “Coin base” of Russia - kriptokurs.ru\n\n55.\tICO Timeline - Only the Best ICO Projects\nBe informed about the best Crowd sales, ICO projects, Altcoins, Bitcoin Businesses and much more!!- ICOtimeline.com\n\n56.\tCoin Market Alert - Cryptocurrency Market Price Alerts and Notifications | Coin Market Alert, Crypto Currency market price increase, decrease, percentage - alerts, notifications, reminders, alarms and more, bitcoin - coinmarketalert.com\n\n57.\tBl4nkcode - Learn more about Bitcoin and ICO Cryptocurrencies\nA resourceful website which you can learn more about Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies and blockchain news. ICO owners - bl4nkcode.info\n\n58.\tCoin Market News – Large database and daily updated information of crypto currency trading platforms across Asia and middle east - coinmarket.news\n\n59.\tCoinist - The Best Initial Coin Offering (ICO) Calendar & Directory\nA cryptocurrency index made up of the 50 most popular tokens based on market cap. The index is made up exclusively of - coinist.io\n\n60.\tICO CROWD - The Disruptive Investors Magazine\nManchester, U.K. - Adblurb is pleased to announce the imminent launch of a network that will change traditional - ICOcrowd.com\n\nBy Boss larry -  Sat Jun 23, 2018 4:50 pm\n61.\tCrypto Smile - CryptoSmile.com is a blog that contains a variety of news / updates and the latest news relating to the crypto worldcryptosmile.com\n\n62.\tCoinMarketPlus - Upcoming ICOs List | Live Token Sales ICO Rating\nCoinMarketPlus is a hub for ICO Rating & Reviews, ICO Countdown, token sale and upcoming ICO events. Our listed token - coinmarketplus.com\n\n63.\tFoundICO - The best cryptocurrency ICOs (Initial Coin Offering) Crowdsale and Token Sales List. FoundICO brings the best ICOs, The curated list of initial coin offerings. - foundICO.com\n\n64.\t\nICOchecker.com is the BEST clean Initial Coin Offering / ICO listing website to check all ICOs to buy Tokens and Coins - ICOchecker.com\n\n65.\tICOs market data - Best Initial Coin Offering List and Cryptocurrency rating tool - ICO Market. ICOs made simple. - Best Initial Coin Offering List. Check the most promising active and upcoming ICOs or token sales. ICOmarketdata.com\n\n66.\tLast Crypto - A go to place for investors and journalists to learn whether a given ICO is transparent and can be trusted. - https://lastcrypto.com/\n\n67.\tToken Sale Calendar - ICO Calendar comprising Ethereum, Bitcoin and Alt coin Token Sale List listing archives. - tokensalecalendar.com\n\n68.\tThe ICO Digest - The only digest you need about ICOs - The ICO digest\nStay ahead of the market & Never miss an ICO opportunity anymore. - theICOdigest.com\n\n69.\tICO Drip - Best ICO & Token Sales Opportunities For Investors \" ICO drip\nToken sales or ICO meaning? Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) are remotely new surfaced concept of crowdfunding projects. - ICOdrip.com\n\n70.\tBest Coins - Hunt best ongoing & upcoming ICOs - Bestcoins.co\nBest Coins is one of the most trusted and popular ICO (Initial Coin Offering) listing platform. - www.bestcoins.co\n\n71.\tICO Signal - the best list of ICOs. ICO Signal lists all the important dates of ongoing and upcoming ICO 's (Initial coin offerings) of the crypto coin - ICOsignal.com\n\n72.\tICO Clap - ICO calendar | list of ICO & cryptocurrency ICO list. ICOclap has complete cryptocurrency ICOs. It is ICO calendar which has list of ICO with detail info, review and - ICOclap.com\n\n73.\tICOrating.info - Which companies conduct ICO? How to determine the ICO rating? Why invest in tokens issued on ICO? - ICOrating.info\n\n74.\tICO Buffer - Top ICO list rated by experts. ICOs and token sales details\nCurated ICO list with the ratings, analysis, and reviews. We make analysis allowing blockchain investors to better - ICObuffer.com\n\n75.\tCoin formant - Cryptocurrency Investing Advice, Reviews, & Trading Tips\nAn easy to use, beginner friendly, cryptocurrency exchange offering trading of the 3 largest coins. Low, flat-rate - coinformant.com\n\n76.\tICOINFO – Crowd sales, ICO, New Cryptocurrency Projects\nNews from the world of Cryptocurrency. New ICO projects. New Crowd sales. Always the most objective information - ICOinfo.net\n\n77.\tICO Scroll - Best ICO List with Comparison, ICO Reviews, Token Sales at ICO Scroll.\nICO Scroll is the Place for ICO Calendar with ICO Comparison, ICO Reviews of all the ICOs, Token sales and Crypto Crowd - ICOscroll.com\n\n\n78.\tCrypto Details – Detailed description of Best ICO List with Comparison, ICO Reviews, Token Sales, ICO Calendar with ICO Comparison, ICO Reviews of all the ICOs, Token sales and Crypto Crowd - cryptodetails.com/\n\n79.\tICO Today - Best ICO List with Comparison, ICO Reviews, Token Sales, ICO Calendar with ICO Comparison, ICO Reviews of all the ICOs, Token sales and Crypto Crowd daily - ICOtoday.io/\n\n80.\tAll Coins Home - Top ICO list rated by experts. ICOs and token sales details\nCurated ICO list with the ratings, analysis, and reviews. We make analysis allowing blockchain investors to better – allcoinshome.com/\n\n81.\tToken Investor - Top ICO list rated by experts. ICOs and token sales details\nCurated ICO list with the ratings, analysis, and reviews. We make analysis allowing blockchain investors to better - tokeninvestor.com\n\n82.\tICO Web - A go to place for investors and journalists to learn whether a given ICO is transparent and can be trusted. The Block Chain & ICO Info - ICOweb.co\n\n83.\tICO Panic - is a website that alerts users on raising funds for projects through generation of their own cryptocurrencies. - ICOpanic.com\n\n84.\tICO Monitor - ICO Transparency Monitor. A go to place for investors and journalists to learn whether a given ICO is transparent and can be trusted. - ICOmonitor.io\n\n85.\tICO Source | ICO List, Upcoming ICOs and Cryptocurrency Token Sales\nUse our extensive global ICO list to invest in Cryptocurrency and Initial Coin Offerings, discover more about ICO's and - ICOsource.io\n\n86.\tICO 4 You - Current ICO projects, specializes in evaluating companies with a planned ICO. ICO4YOU's analysis is thorough and objective, reviewing ICO4you.com\n\n87.\tICOQuest.com - ICO (Initial Coin Offering) news, ICO List and ICO resources, provided by ICOQuest.com - ICOquest.com\n\n88.\tICO ship - Initial Coin Offering (ICO) List and Overview. A comprehensive list and overview of high profile initial coin offerings (ICO) taking place. - ICOship.co\n\n89.\tICOstreet.io - is the fastest ICO explorer on the web. Find the ICO (Initial Coin Offering) you want to invest in amongst - www.ICOstreet.io\n\n90.\tList ICO - Upcoming ICOs and Ongoing ICO list.\nBest Upcoming ICOs in 2018 with Reddit shares ] ICO list || ICO crypto || Best ICO Coin || - listICO.io\nUser avatar\n#544\nBy Boss larry -  Sat Jun 23, 2018 4:52 pm\n91.\tCrypto Radar - Your source for cryptocurrency updates, news, press releases and ICO launches - cryptoradar.org\n\n92.\tICO calendar with all the cryptocurrency and token sale list\nComplete ICO calendar with current and future token sales all in one place. A unique list with news and timeline of - wiserICO.com\n\n93.\tCrypto ICO Alert - ICO Calendar, Top ICO List, ICO Reviews 2018\nCrypto currencies are the new trend now. Especially Bitcoin, which saw a rapid increase. - cryptoICOalert.com\n\n94.\tICO Coins – Details on latest ICOs, Coin drops, alt coins and crypto news. - http://ICOcoins.com/\n\n95.\tICO MAP - With ICO-map.io you can put your Upcoming or Ongoing ICO on the MAP and investors easily can find and track ICOs - ICO-map.io\n\n96.\tCoin Rating - Looking for the best ICO to invest in? Check out our full ICO list. The Coin Rating calendar provides details on - coinrating.co\n\n\nGet more informative articles cutting across technology, crypto and self business promotion at www.forumine.com",
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      "body": "<html>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>For decades, Just before I read of the hair growth trick at  <a href=\"https://forumine.com/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=185&sid=a6bb6f12cfe4fb1a609ae25071c1679d\">Forumine</a>  , I had to agree to the fact that I fall within the category of the men without a beard, and I'm not even Asian (No offense). I can recollect all the creepy acts I've done just to stay overhead of the aforementioned category, some of which are: using all sort of dyes, artificial beard, Methylated spirits, buying fake products on amazon that not only work but also gives you bumps, irritation and smell like crap, not forgetting a lot more that I even regret to talk about.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>In the process of my lengthy but detailed research, I was able to understand how there are numerous fake misconceptions revolving in the world regarding growing hairs. The key word is this:Growing a hair/beard depends more on your hygiene, food, and physical balance than any other thing you can be told.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Within a couple months of constantly making use of theses practices, I can proudly boast of a massive hair growth around ever where I ever wanted it. I'm glad I stumbled upon <a href=\"https://forumine.com/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=185&sid=a6bb6f12cfe4fb1a609ae25071c1679d\">That</a>   writing, It transformed me into who I want to be. If one time bare face can be this hairy today, then there is nothing stopping you.</p>\n</html>",
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      "title": "Why you should NEVER patronize any hair-growth product (Fastest way to grow hair)"
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      "body": "<html>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>For decades, Just before I read of the hair growth trick at  <a href=\"https://forumine.com/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=185&sid=a6bb6f12cfe4fb1a609ae25071c1679d\">Forumine</a>  , I had to agree to the fact that I fall within the category of the men without a beard, and I'm not even Asian (No offense). I can recollect all the creepy acts I've done just to stay overhead of the aforementioned category, some of which are: using all sort of dyes, artificial beard, Methylated spirits, buying fake products on amazon that not only work but also gives you bumps, irritation and smell like crap, not forgetting a lot more that I even regret to talk about.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>In the process of my lengthy but detailed research, I was able to understand how there are numerous fake misconceptions revolving in the world regarding growing hairs. The key word is this:Growing a hair/beard depends more on your hygiene, food, and physical balance than any other thing you can be told.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Within a couple months of constantly making use of theses practices, I can proudly boast of a massive hair growth around ever where I ever wanted it. I'm glad I stumbled upon <a href=\"https://forumine.com/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=185&sid=a6bb6f12cfe4fb1a609ae25071c1679d\">That</a>   writing, It transformed me into who I want to be. If one time bare face can be this hairy today, then there is nothing stopping you.</p>\n</html>",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"hair\",\"trick\",\"beard\",\"men\"],\"links\":[\"https://forumine.com/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=185&sid=a6bb6f12cfe4fb1a609ae25071c1679d\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"html\"}",
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      "title": "Why you should NEVER patronize any hair-growth product (Fastest way to grow hair)"
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