npna Steem Profile | Ecosynthesizer

@npna

#unix #security #hacking #cryptography #cryptocurrency

steemit.com/@npna

VOTING POWER100.00%

DOWNVOTE POWER100.00%

RESOURCE CREDITS100.00%

REPUTATION PROGRESS28.93%

Net Worth

1.130USD

STEEM

0.001STEEM

SBD

2.171SBD

Effective Power

5.001SP

├── Own SP

1.095SP

└── Incoming DelegationsDeleg

+3.906SP

Detailed Balance

STEEM
balance	0.001STEEM	STEEM
market_balance	0.000STEEM	STEEM
savings_balance	0.000STEEM	STEEM
reward_steem_balance	0.000STEEM	STEEM
STEEM POWER
Own SP	1.095SP	SP
Delegated Out	0.000SP	SP
Delegation In	3.906SP	SP
Effective Power	5.001SP	SP
Reward SP (pending)	0.000SP	SP
SBD
sbd_balance	2.171SBD	SBD
sbd_conversions	0.000SBD	SBD
sbd_market_balance	0.000SBD	SBD
savings_sbd_balance	0.000SBD	SBD
reward_sbd_balance	0.000SBD	SBD

{
  "balance": "0.001 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "1782.386181 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "6361.273625 VESTS",
  "sbd_balance": "2.171 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "conversions": []
}

Account Info

name	npna
id	536213
rank	740,087
reputation	8337539880
created	2017-12-29T00:31:57
recovery_account	steem
proxy	None
post_count	87
comment_count	0
lifetime_vote_count	0
witnesses_voted_for	0
last_post	2018-04-29T10:21:00
last_root_post	2018-04-25T12:20:21
last_vote_time	2018-03-10T00:22:21
proxied_vsf_votes	0, 0, 0, 0
can_vote	1
voting_power	0
delayed_votes	0
balance	0.001 STEEM
savings_balance	0.000 STEEM
sbd_balance	2.171 SBD
savings_sbd_balance	0.000 SBD
vesting_shares	1782.386181 VESTS
delegated_vesting_shares	0.000000 VESTS
received_vesting_shares	6361.273625 VESTS
reward_vesting_balance	0.000000 VESTS
vesting_balance	0.000 STEEM
vesting_withdraw_rate	0.000000 VESTS
next_vesting_withdrawal	1969-12-31T23:59:59
withdrawn	0
to_withdraw	0
withdraw_routes	0
savings_withdraw_requests	0
last_account_recovery	1970-01-01T00:00:00
reset_account	null
last_owner_update	2020-05-02T18:00:45
last_account_update	2020-05-02T18:00:45
mined	No
sbd_seconds	0
sbd_last_interest_payment	2018-08-03T10:25:45
savings_sbd_last_interest_payment	1970-01-01T00:00:00

{
  "id": 536213,
  "name": "npna",
  "owner": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM7vyeY6PzJmukEPGR56jm8tTGUnZs99H5x5CGekqMHy38uzV25H",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "active": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM6BryaonxN5ePuQrXGjAYUsFE6Fg6MTmgvu5rL5HD3Bz4dPL7yY",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "posting": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM6KvCCFTGqv2VHs9ED8den2s2VHt6yvZpkjLfn7q3WC8MZsGHYF",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "memo_key": "STM585cVbcj3tEMi1wLPEHyQYn8XGUo8dCzRdYpexehDEirMFFSun",
  "json_metadata": "{\"profile\":{\"profile_image\":\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmf8Qobxw8Jc48R4vFq711Fz8qgtxVVjYD7sNuXskn7yQT/35525685_1111753545641609_482309331098796032_n.jpg\",\"name\":\"Riccardo Giuntoli\",\"about\":\"#unix #security #hacking #cryptography #cryptocurrency\",\"location\":\"NPNA - No Place No address\",\"website\":\"https://www.facebook.com/noplacenoaddress/\",\"cover_image\":\"https://scontent.fmad3-5.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t31.0-8/26114446_10215399147954469_5308668765899852978_o.jpg?oh=da7cbcacaba7b8dd7a8a01293a0fe355&oe=5B4B3E95\"}}",
  "posting_json_metadata": "{\"profile\":{\"profile_image\":\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmf8Qobxw8Jc48R4vFq711Fz8qgtxVVjYD7sNuXskn7yQT/35525685_1111753545641609_482309331098796032_n.jpg\",\"name\":\"Riccardo Giuntoli\",\"about\":\"#unix #security #hacking #cryptography #cryptocurrency\",\"location\":\"NPNA - No Place No address\",\"website\":\"https://www.facebook.com/noplacenoaddress/\",\"cover_image\":\"https://scontent.fmad3-5.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t31.0-8/26114446_10215399147954469_5308668765899852978_o.jpg?oh=da7cbcacaba7b8dd7a8a01293a0fe355&oe=5B4B3E95\"}}",
  "proxy": "",
  "last_owner_update": "2020-05-02T18:00:45",
  "last_account_update": "2020-05-02T18:00:45",
  "created": "2017-12-29T00:31:57",
  "mined": false,
  "recovery_account": "steem",
  "last_account_recovery": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "reset_account": "null",
  "comment_count": 0,
  "lifetime_vote_count": 0,
  "post_count": 87,
  "can_vote": true,
  "voting_manabar": {
    "current_mana": "8143659806",
    "last_update_time": 1779078978
  },
  "downvote_manabar": {
    "current_mana": 2035914951,
    "last_update_time": 1779078978
  },
  "voting_power": 0,
  "balance": "0.001 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "sbd_balance": "2.171 SBD",
  "sbd_seconds": "0",
  "sbd_seconds_last_update": "2018-08-03T10:25:45",
  "sbd_last_interest_payment": "2018-08-03T10:25:45",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_seconds": "0",
  "savings_sbd_seconds_last_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_sbd_last_interest_payment": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_withdraw_requests": 0,
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_vesting_balance": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "reward_vesting_steem": "0.000 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "1782.386181 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "6361.273625 VESTS",
  "vesting_withdraw_rate": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "next_vesting_withdrawal": "1969-12-31T23:59:59",
  "withdrawn": 0,
  "to_withdraw": 0,
  "withdraw_routes": 0,
  "curation_rewards": 1,
  "posting_rewards": 730,
  "proxied_vsf_votes": [
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0
  ],
  "witnesses_voted_for": 0,
  "last_post": "2018-04-29T10:21:00",
  "last_root_post": "2018-04-25T12:20:21",
  "last_vote_time": "2018-03-10T00:22:21",
  "post_bandwidth": 0,
  "pending_claimed_accounts": 0,
  "vesting_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reputation": "8337539880",
  "transfer_history": [],
  "market_history": [],
  "post_history": [],
  "vote_history": [],
  "other_history": [],
  "witness_votes": [],
  "tags_usage": [],
  "guest_bloggers": [],
  "rank": 740087
}

Withdraw Routes

Incoming	Outgoing
Empty	Empty

{
  "incoming": [],
  "outgoing": []
}

From Date

To Date

steemdelegated 3.906 SP to @npna

2026/05/18 04:36:18 UTC

106,148,646|3af02dd

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	6361.273625 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #106148646/Trx 3af02ddb7ad8939c0c9c2e30bfd8a90790040c02

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "3af02ddb7ad8939c0c9c2e30bfd8a90790040c02",
  "block": 106148646,
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-05-18T04:36:18",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "6361.273625 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 2.241 SP to @npna

2026/05/12 21:29:39 UTC

105,996,848|ecb01c3

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	3649.063220 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #105996848/Trx ecb01c3497c077b1f37b9f1b29239781322ff148

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "ecb01c3497c077b1f37b9f1b29239781322ff148",
  "block": 105996848,
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-05-12T21:29:39",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "3649.063220 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 3.914 SP to @npna

2026/04/26 03:50:30 UTC

105,516,176|edb7193

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	6373.789381 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #105516176/Trx edb719312e2446eb2eb6541b37c8e854a6bd9def

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "edb719312e2446eb2eb6541b37c8e854a6bd9def",
  "block": 105516176,
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-04-26T03:50:30",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "6373.789381 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 2.266 SP to @npna

2026/01/23 19:29:24 UTC

102,865,813|e9bd2e7

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	3690.610039 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #102865813/Trx e9bd2e71c248a63126a47108996b222930298467

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "e9bd2e71c248a63126a47108996b222930298467",
  "block": 102865813,
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-01-23T19:29:24",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "3690.610039 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 2.367 SP to @npna

2024/12/17 14:41:03 UTC

91,312,062|f102fc2

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	3854.829236 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #91312062/Trx f102fc2369b2a39953c757a771d80d64a3a3e971

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "f102fc2369b2a39953c757a771d80d64a3a3e971",
  "block": 91312062,
  "trx_in_block": 6,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2024-12-17T14:41:03",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "3854.829236 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 2.471 SP to @npna

2023/11/14 06:22:12 UTC

79,866,217|589b2e5

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	4023.962768 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #79866217/Trx 589b2e5bb14740a8ed71a90027c8f7d4cfc7f3f0

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "589b2e5bb14740a8ed71a90027c8f7d4cfc7f3f0",
  "block": 79866217,
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-11-14T06:22:12",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "4023.962768 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 4.275 SP to @npna

2023/09/22 08:23:27 UTC

78,360,474|2ac8665

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	6960.871554 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #78360474/Trx 2ac86654c251c5f7c80d6e83c9a9c6577f3234e9

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "2ac86654c251c5f7c80d6e83c9a9c6577f3234e9",
  "block": 78360474,
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-09-22T08:23:27",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "6960.871554 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 4.411 SP to @npna

2022/11/03 16:07:06 UTC

69,118,534|b0b495e

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	7182.922992 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #69118534/Trx b0b495ee3f907e6bc0931b0154b82c97a4fc122e

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "b0b495ee3f907e6bc0931b0154b82c97a4fc122e",
  "block": 69118534,
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2022-11-03T16:07:06",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "7182.922992 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 4.546 SP to @npna

2022/01/17 21:28:54 UTC

60,821,977|8f56850

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	7403.030593 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #60821977/Trx 8f56850a036886e9f1c47541893aa69d1f0aab35

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "8f56850a036886e9f1c47541893aa69d1f0aab35",
  "block": 60821977,
  "trx_in_block": 18,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2022-01-17T21:28:54",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "7403.030593 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 4.659 SP to @npna

2021/06/14 04:44:06 UTC

54,612,393|c7c824e

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	7587.224881 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #54612393/Trx c7c824e319da27fd45c45cdd022fb96d8391858a

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "c7c824e319da27fd45c45cdd022fb96d8391858a",
  "block": 54612393,
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2021-06-14T04:44:06",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "7587.224881 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 4.774 SP to @npna

2020/12/11 14:57:57 UTC

49,359,706|a24a84c

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	7774.646855 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #49359706/Trx a24a84c858d8936e1b50f719b29accc259191294

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "a24a84c858d8936e1b50f719b29accc259191294",
  "block": 49359706,
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-11T14:57:57",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "7774.646855 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 1.174 SP to @npna

2020/12/06 08:34:18 UTC

49,211,247|305916c

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	1912.543513 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #49211247/Trx 305916c1d32157eb398eab2cc7db25ed2830f70b

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "305916c1d32157eb398eab2cc7db25ed2830f70b",
  "block": 49211247,
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-06T08:34:18",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "1912.543513 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 4.778 SP to @npna

2020/12/05 18:35:42 UTC

49,194,790|6e1dc48

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	7780.854709 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #49194790/Trx 6e1dc48c45b46adb21f991293f3cfb93f2a64b89

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "6e1dc48c45b46adb21f991293f3cfb93f2a64b89",
  "block": 49194790,
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-05T18:35:42",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "7780.854709 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 1.179 SP to @npna

2020/11/02 23:38:00 UTC

48,267,215|9869f85

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	1920.017158 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #48267215/Trx 9869f85f438b2b8d13d5ba56238629914f0600b3

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "9869f85f438b2b8d13d5ba56238629914f0600b3",
  "block": 48267215,
  "trx_in_block": 18,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-11-02T23:38:00",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "1920.017158 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 4.862 SP to @npna

2020/08/02 04:26:54 UTC

45,630,790|bd3e266

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	7916.705898 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #45630790/Trx bd3e26669ac591d81f151bba7acf6534dc8d75fb

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "bd3e26669ac591d81f151bba7acf6534dc8d75fb",
  "block": 45630790,
  "trx_in_block": 9,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-08-02T04:26:54",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "7916.705898 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 17.335 SP to @npna

2020/07/24 05:54:36 UTC

45,375,490|57fc2b7

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	28228.080062 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #45375490/Trx 57fc2b71c4d2bd5c1a62a463e2e5d04bd2040a05

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "57fc2b71c4d2bd5c1a62a463e2e5d04bd2040a05",
  "block": 45375490,
  "trx_in_block": 13,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-07-24T05:54:36",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "28228.080062 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 4.903 SP to @npna

2020/05/09 09:35:30 UTC

43,221,547|fe09b8d

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	7983.660068 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #43221547/Trx fe09b8db0bbb08e19d232e9957f1556efaafb8e0

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "fe09b8db0bbb08e19d232e9957f1556efaafb8e0",
  "block": 43221547,
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-05-09T09:35:30",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "7983.660068 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 1.200 SP to @npna

2020/05/08 13:46:27 UTC

43,198,328|559a8cd

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	1953.311140 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #43198328/Trx 559a8cd1be7cbfbbdaa98419720e70454c8b4fb4

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "559a8cd1be7cbfbbdaa98419720e70454c8b4fb4",
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  "timestamp": "2020-05-08T13:46:27",
  "op": [
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      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "1953.311140 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

npnaupdated their account properties

2020/05/02 18:00:45 UTC

43,034,692|f46b066

account	npna
owner	{"weight_threshold":1,"account_auths":[],"key_auths":[["STM7vyeY6PzJmukEPGR56jm8tTGUnZs99H5x5CGekqMHy38uzV25H",1]]}
active	{"weight_threshold":1,"account_auths":[],"key_auths":[["STM6BryaonxN5ePuQrXGjAYUsFE6Fg6MTmgvu5rL5HD3Bz4dPL7yY",1]]}
posting	{"weight_threshold":1,"account_auths":[],"key_auths":[["STM6KvCCFTGqv2VHs9ED8den2s2VHt6yvZpkjLfn7q3WC8MZsGHYF",1]]}
memo key	STM585cVbcj3tEMi1wLPEHyQYn8XGUo8dCzRdYpexehDEirMFFSun
json metadata	{"profile":{"profile_image":"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmf8Qobxw8Jc48R4vFq711Fz8qgtxVVjYD7sNuXskn7yQT/35525685_1111753545641609_482309331098796032_n.jpg","name":"Riccardo Giuntoli","about":"#unix #security #hacking #cryptography #cryptocurrency","location":"NPNA - No Place No address","website":"https://www.facebook.com/noplacenoaddress/","cover_image":"https://scontent.fmad3-5.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t31.0-8/26114446_10215399147954469_5308668765899852978_o.jpg?oh=da7cbcacaba7b8dd7a8a01293a0fe355&oe=5B4B3E95"}}
Transaction Info	Block #43034692/Trx f46b066356f998fbbd64a07ce2e7603e9e1c3152

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "f46b066356f998fbbd64a07ce2e7603e9e1c3152",
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-05-02T18:00:45",
  "op": [
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      "owner": {
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        "key_auths": [
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      "posting": {
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      "memo_key": "STM585cVbcj3tEMi1wLPEHyQYn8XGUo8dCzRdYpexehDEirMFFSun",
      "json_metadata": "{\"profile\":{\"profile_image\":\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmf8Qobxw8Jc48R4vFq711Fz8qgtxVVjYD7sNuXskn7yQT/35525685_1111753545641609_482309331098796032_n.jpg\",\"name\":\"Riccardo Giuntoli\",\"about\":\"#unix #security #hacking #cryptography #cryptocurrency\",\"location\":\"NPNA - No Place No address\",\"website\":\"https://www.facebook.com/noplacenoaddress/\",\"cover_image\":\"https://scontent.fmad3-5.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t31.0-8/26114446_10215399147954469_5308668765899852978_o.jpg?oh=da7cbcacaba7b8dd7a8a01293a0fe355&oe=5B4B3E95\"}}"
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}

steemitboardreplied to @npna / steemitboard-notify-npna-20191229t013247000z

2019/12/29 01:32:48 UTC

39,447,932|cbc7663

parent author	npna
parent permlink	cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware
author	steemitboard
permlink	steemitboard-notify-npna-20191229t013247000z
title
body	Congratulations @npna! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@npna/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table> <sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@npna) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=npna)_</sub> ###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!
json metadata	{"image":["https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png"]}
Transaction Info	Block #39447932/Trx cbc76633888a67f5114925ab5e99e6845cbb1d38

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "cbc76633888a67f5114925ab5e99e6845cbb1d38",
  "block": 39447932,
  "trx_in_block": 2,
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-12-29T01:32:48",
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "parent_author": "npna",
      "parent_permlink": "cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware",
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-npna-20191229t013247000z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Congratulations @npna! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@npna/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@npna) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=npna)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}"
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}

steemdelegated 4.984 SP to @npna

2019/09/18 06:06:12 UTC

36,521,497|f445059

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	8116.274498 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #36521497/Trx f445059ffe6420382f4b80b9cc446975d6a6967c

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "f445059ffe6420382f4b80b9cc446975d6a6967c",
  "block": 36521497,
  "trx_in_block": 19,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-09-18T06:06:12",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "8116.274498 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

steemitboardreplied to @npna / steemitboard-notify-npna-20181229t012308000z

2018/12/29 01:23:09 UTC

28,974,503|4171a0b

parent author	npna
parent permlink	cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware
author	steemitboard
permlink	steemitboard-notify-npna-20181229t012308000z
title
body	Congratulations @npna! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@npna/birthday1.png</td><td>1 Year on Steemit</td></tr></table> <sub>_[Click here to view your Board](https://steemitboard.com/@npna)_</sub> Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard: <table><tr><td><a href="https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends-the-party-continues"><img src="https://steemitimages.com/64x128/http://i.cubeupload.com/kf4SJb.png"></a></td><td><a href="https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends-the-party-continues">Christmas Challenge - The party continues</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends"><img src="https://steemitimages.com/64x128/http://i.cubeupload.com/kf4SJb.png"></a></td><td><a href="https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends">Christmas Challenge - Send a gift to to your friends</a></td></tr></table> > Support [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)! [Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) and get one more award!
json metadata	{"image":["https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png"]}
Transaction Info	Block #28974503/Trx 4171a0b032df532efd48d19d46c6e16d77ecbffd

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "4171a0b032df532efd48d19d46c6e16d77ecbffd",
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-12-29T01:23:09",
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "parent_author": "npna",
      "parent_permlink": "cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware",
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-npna-20181229t012308000z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Congratulations @npna! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@npna/birthday1.png</td><td>1 Year on Steemit</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_[Click here to view your Board](https://steemitboard.com/@npna)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends-the-party-continues\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/http://i.cubeupload.com/kf4SJb.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends-the-party-continues\">Christmas Challenge - The party continues</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/http://i.cubeupload.com/kf4SJb.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends\">Christmas Challenge - Send a gift to to your friends</a></td></tr></table>\n\n> Support [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)! **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}"
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}

jmkengineeringupvoted (100.00%) @npna / openbsd-and-freedos-vs-the-hell-in-earth

2018/12/18 14:12:36 UTC

28,673,261|85b853c

voter	jmkengineering
author	npna
permlink	openbsd-and-freedos-vs-the-hell-in-earth
weight	10000 (100.00%)
Transaction Info	Block #28673261/Trx 85b853c40f5194b92244c8e64dcff4b530b76ca8

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "85b853c40f5194b92244c8e64dcff4b530b76ca8",
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  "trx_in_block": 2,
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-12-18T14:12:36",
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "voter": "jmkengineering",
      "author": "npna",
      "permlink": "openbsd-and-freedos-vs-the-hell-in-earth",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ]
}

karenielupvoted (100.00%) @npna / openbsd-alpine-and-docker-the-good-the-bad-and-the-hugly

2018/12/02 20:09:12 UTC

28,219,862|f3d8459

voter	kareniel
author	npna
permlink	openbsd-alpine-and-docker-the-good-the-bad-and-the-hugly
weight	10000 (100.00%)
Transaction Info	Block #28219862/Trx f3d8459523f6f65d522a6d2ef654a5994006637f

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "f3d8459523f6f65d522a6d2ef654a5994006637f",
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  "timestamp": "2018-12-02T20:09:12",
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "voter": "kareniel",
      "author": "npna",
      "permlink": "openbsd-alpine-and-docker-the-good-the-bad-and-the-hugly",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 5.106 SP to @npna

2018/10/08 18:04:54 UTC

26,634,422|4e664b1

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	8314.295410 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #26634422/Trx 4e664b1247c8eeec3b04cddc9935ea51130cb498

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "4e664b1247c8eeec3b04cddc9935ea51130cb498",
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-10-08T18:04:54",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "8314.295410 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

merlin7sent 0.001 SBD to @npna- "Hi I am lady Merlin...You are awesome.I need your friendship,i am following you, kindly follow me .I can get you FREE UPVOTES JUST FOR FRIENDSHIP..Thank you"

2018/08/03 10:25:45 UTC

24,741,151|91e3c90

from	merlin7
to	npna
amount	0.001 SBD
memo	Hi I am lady Merlin...You are awesome.I need your friendship,i am following you, kindly follow me .I can get you FREE UPVOTES JUST FOR FRIENDSHIP..Thank you
Transaction Info	Block #24741151/Trx 91e3c906fc0924383b40259e7bf8608f892531d4

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "91e3c906fc0924383b40259e7bf8608f892531d4",
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  "trx_in_block": 43,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-03T10:25:45",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "merlin7",
      "to": "npna",
      "amount": "0.001 SBD",
      "memo": "Hi I am lady Merlin...You are awesome.I need your friendship,i am following you, kindly follow me .I can get you FREE UPVOTES JUST FOR FRIENDSHIP..Thank you"
    }
  ]
}

cosmicboy123upvoted (100.00%) @npna / openbsd-is-back-now-with-gnupg

2018/07/29 03:21:09 UTC

24,588,725|bf44da5

voter	cosmicboy123
author	npna
permlink	openbsd-is-back-now-with-gnupg
weight	10000 (100.00%)
Transaction Info	Block #24588725/Trx bf44da53fe847643be5e28fff4f6e7399d9c52f2

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "bf44da53fe847643be5e28fff4f6e7399d9c52f2",
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  "trx_in_block": 15,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-07-29T03:21:09",
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "voter": "cosmicboy123",
      "author": "npna",
      "permlink": "openbsd-is-back-now-with-gnupg",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ]
}

psilovybinupvoted (100.00%) @npna / re-psilovybin-redcore-linux-a-gentoo-distro-worth-a-look-20180308t183853269z

2018/07/19 08:02:57 UTC

24,307,005|e0abaec

voter	psilovybin
author	npna
permlink	re-psilovybin-redcore-linux-a-gentoo-distro-worth-a-look-20180308t183853269z
weight	10000 (100.00%)
Transaction Info	Block #24307005/Trx e0abaecea86dabbc1ca0366a8c8c65d2aa3eae77

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "e0abaecea86dabbc1ca0366a8c8c65d2aa3eae77",
  "block": 24307005,
  "trx_in_block": 15,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-07-19T08:02:57",
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "voter": "psilovybin",
      "author": "npna",
      "permlink": "re-psilovybin-redcore-linux-a-gentoo-distro-worth-a-look-20180308t183853269z",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ]
}

npnaupdated their account properties

2018/07/09 17:02:21 UTC

24,029,926|9d6c067

account	npna
memo key	STM7Ef63M5KJvGYjqmLtDCugDY2WNvae97F9u8bR912UiH1SanTU8
json metadata	{"profile":{"profile_image":"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmf8Qobxw8Jc48R4vFq711Fz8qgtxVVjYD7sNuXskn7yQT/35525685_1111753545641609_482309331098796032_n.jpg","name":"Riccardo Giuntoli","about":"#unix #security #hacking #cryptography #cryptocurrency","location":"NPNA - No Place No address","website":"https://www.facebook.com/noplacenoaddress/","cover_image":"https://scontent.fmad3-5.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t31.0-8/26114446_10215399147954469_5308668765899852978_o.jpg?oh=da7cbcacaba7b8dd7a8a01293a0fe355&oe=5B4B3E95"}}
Transaction Info	Block #24029926/Trx 9d6c067833e2144fa43a0ece37c71ae3f03eb0c7

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "9d6c067833e2144fa43a0ece37c71ae3f03eb0c7",
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  "trx_in_block": 41,
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-07-09T17:02:21",
  "op": [
    "account_update",
    {
      "account": "npna",
      "memo_key": "STM7Ef63M5KJvGYjqmLtDCugDY2WNvae97F9u8bR912UiH1SanTU8",
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}

npnafollowed @aashishpandey34

2018/07/09 17:00:48 UTC

24,029,895|665e6a5

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"aashishpandey34","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #24029895/Trx 665e6a55e7d0a22b5b33550a34d785ce0a274f49

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "665e6a55e7d0a22b5b33550a34d785ce0a274f49",
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      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"aashishpandey34\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
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}

npnafollowed @f17mous

2018/07/09 17:00:39 UTC

24,029,892|5d0eca0

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"f17mous","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #24029892/Trx 5d0eca0d9796566a2e9798a60274aa2e33e77dc1

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "5d0eca0d9796566a2e9798a60274aa2e33e77dc1",
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  "trx_in_block": 60,
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-07-09T17:00:39",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"f17mous\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @theshadowbrokers

2018/07/09 16:58:39 UTC

24,029,852|e511093

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"theshadowbrokers","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #24029852/Trx e511093792676425a2a5a156496d3ddfa9eab13c

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "e511093792676425a2a5a156496d3ddfa9eab13c",
  "block": 24029852,
  "trx_in_block": 34,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-07-09T16:58:39",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"theshadowbrokers\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

steemdelegated 17.601 SP to @npna

2018/07/04 16:33:39 UTC

23,885,440|8583bea

delegator	steem
delegatee	npna
vesting shares	28662.670315 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #23885440/Trx 8583beaff9d02cca22c095a1b49616bafe5ed92c

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "8583beaff9d02cca22c095a1b49616bafe5ed92c",
  "block": 23885440,
  "trx_in_block": 24,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-07-04T16:33:39",
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegator": "steem",
      "delegatee": "npna",
      "vesting_shares": "28662.670315 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @seaofdata

2018/06/17 21:26:39 UTC

23,411,685|a27feb8

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"seaofdata","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #23411685/Trx a27feb8caaae114626d8485629798cf72edd7ec8

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "a27feb8caaae114626d8485629798cf72edd7ec8",
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  "trx_in_block": 49,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-06-17T21:26:39",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"seaofdata\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @biblegateway

2018/06/16 11:48:12 UTC

23,371,322|9e0b572

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"biblegateway","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #23371322/Trx 9e0b57273efa2babe7dcd93b4f350e6d4e664b9d

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "9e0b57273efa2babe7dcd93b4f350e6d4e664b9d",
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-06-16T11:48:12",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"biblegateway\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @art-of-living

2018/06/16 11:37:00 UTC

23,371,098|c762679

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"art-of-living","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #23371098/Trx c7626799764e74b119edb07bca90ece0d50baf5b

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "c7626799764e74b119edb07bca90ece0d50baf5b",
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-06-16T11:37:00",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"art-of-living\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @babey

2018/06/16 11:35:57 UTC

23,371,077|486754e

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"babey","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #23371077/Trx 486754e4275dfb25cd76b98f15af5c9fec7b7ba9

View Raw JSON Data

{
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
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  "timestamp": "2018-06-16T11:35:57",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"babey\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @ax3

2018/06/16 11:35:57 UTC

23,371,077|1c0cbb9

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"ax3","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #23371077/Trx 1c0cbb9b74da7b54f11b8d420bc869495e7c92f1

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "1c0cbb9b74da7b54f11b8d420bc869495e7c92f1",
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-06-16T11:35:57",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"ax3\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @anonwhale

2018/06/16 11:29:33 UTC

23,370,949|456d76b

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"anonwhale","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #23370949/Trx 456d76b7d9b4af206140fa444b510f6d20579bfa

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "456d76b7d9b4af206140fa444b510f6d20579bfa",
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  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-06-16T11:29:33",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"anonwhale\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @anonvoter

2018/06/16 11:29:21 UTC

23,370,945|9f0ad46

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"anonvoter","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #23370945/Trx 9f0ad4622cf0c80f1e0ba7f6010dee08bcfe1fc7

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "9f0ad4622cf0c80f1e0ba7f6010dee08bcfe1fc7",
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  "trx_in_block": 7,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-06-16T11:29:21",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"anonvoter\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @alexaz

2018/06/16 11:29:18 UTC

23,370,944|e3619a4

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"alexaz","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #23370944/Trx e3619a4fa26d19d8385738605120198e34503b07

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "e3619a4fa26d19d8385738605120198e34503b07",
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  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-06-16T11:29:18",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"alexaz\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @annazir

2018/05/29 17:45:36 UTC

22,860,780|2dfd6b9

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"annazir","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #22860780/Trx 2dfd6b949570852670e0c17843353973297699bd

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "2dfd6b949570852670e0c17843353973297699bd",
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  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-05-29T17:45:36",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"annazir\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @andymoonpie

2018/05/29 17:45:33 UTC

22,860,779|381d251

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"andymoonpie","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #22860779/Trx 381d2516c02a836123a97b3453cc28966295ba09

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "381d2516c02a836123a97b3453cc28966295ba09",
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-05-29T17:45:33",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"andymoonpie\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @abcor

2018/05/29 17:45:27 UTC

22,860,777|cf3b65d

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"abcor","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #22860777/Trx cf3b65dbccac7ac16436031e5376a933ffac0563

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "cf3b65dbccac7ac16436031e5376a933ffac0563",
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-05-29T17:45:27",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"abcor\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @a-0-0-0-0-0-0

2018/05/29 17:45:24 UTC

22,860,776|6acd90b

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"a-0-0-0-0-0-0","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #22860776/Trx 6acd90bbaf4f0d51b6655ba119caa01f111449c0

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "6acd90bbaf4f0d51b6655ba119caa01f111449c0",
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-05-29T17:45:24",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"a-0-0-0-0-0-0\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

scottcbusinesssent 0.001 SBD to @npna- "Hey @npna! I really appreciate your support and now that I am officially running as a witness, I wanted to share this with you and officially announce it. Thanks you so much :)"

2018/05/17 09:30:36 UTC

22,505,710|a22993c

from	scottcbusiness
to	npna
amount	0.001 SBD
memo	Hey @npna! I really appreciate your support and now that I am officially running as a witness, I wanted to share this with you and officially announce it. Thanks you so much :)
Transaction Info	Block #22505710/Trx a22993cfa14b66828431facecdef69efa53c617e

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "a22993cfa14b66828431facecdef69efa53c617e",
  "block": 22505710,
  "trx_in_block": 56,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-05-17T09:30:36",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "scottcbusiness",
      "to": "npna",
      "amount": "0.001 SBD",
      "memo": "Hey @npna! I really appreciate your support and now that I am officially running as a witness, I wanted to share this with you and officially announce it. Thanks you so much :)"
    }
  ]
}

scottychamssent 0.001 SBD to @npna- "Hey @npna! I wanted to re-thank you for being a supporter and a follower of me and my music! You are awesome :)"

2018/05/14 02:02:54 UTC

22,410,369|2b11bda

from	scottychams
to	npna
amount	0.001 SBD
memo	Hey @npna! I wanted to re-thank you for being a supporter and a follower of me and my music! You are awesome :)
Transaction Info	Block #22410369/Trx 2b11bda89c3557604ba41a3bf0987749e51848df

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "2b11bda89c3557604ba41a3bf0987749e51848df",
  "block": 22410369,
  "trx_in_block": 32,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-05-14T02:02:54",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "scottychams",
      "to": "npna",
      "amount": "0.001 SBD",
      "memo": "Hey @npna! I wanted to re-thank you for being a supporter and a follower of me and my music! You are awesome :)"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @travelinged

2018/05/12 13:42:48 UTC

22,366,770|a8cf1f6

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"travelinged","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #22366770/Trx a8cf1f67567816c5ae84d4bae1f7988b73cd217b

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "a8cf1f67567816c5ae84d4bae1f7988b73cd217b",
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-05-12T13:42:48",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"travelinged\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

npnareplied to @mgt48 / re-mgt48-re-npna-cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware-20180429t102015384z

2018/04/29 10:21:00 UTC

21,988,423|1511a84

parent author	mgt48
parent permlink	re-npna-cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware-20180426t142907209z
author	npna
permlink	re-mgt48-re-npna-cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware-20180429t102015384z
title
body	tnx
json metadata	{"tags":["gentoo"],"app":"steemit/0.1"}
Transaction Info	Block #21988423/Trx 1511a84adc7145f746037cce3949d6ec890feb58

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "1511a84adc7145f746037cce3949d6ec890feb58",
  "block": 21988423,
  "trx_in_block": 14,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-04-29T10:21:00",
  "op": [
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    {
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      "author": "npna",
      "permlink": "re-mgt48-re-npna-cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware-20180429t102015384z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "tnx",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"gentoo\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\"}"
    }
  ]
}

mgt48replied to @npna / re-npna-cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware-20180426t142907209z

2018/04/26 14:29:09 UTC

21,907,012|c8eb0e7

parent author	npna
parent permlink	cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware
author	mgt48
permlink	re-npna-cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware-20180426t142907209z
title
body	Great guide, congrats!
json metadata	{"tags":["gentoo"],"app":"steemit/0.1"}
Transaction Info	Block #21907012/Trx c8eb0e7cacb016756db648bb6dfbd84230ce02c2

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "c8eb0e7cacb016756db648bb6dfbd84230ce02c2",
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  "timestamp": "2018-04-26T14:29:09",
  "op": [
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    {
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      "parent_permlink": "cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware",
      "author": "mgt48",
      "permlink": "re-npna-cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware-20180426t142907209z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Great guide, congrats!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"gentoo\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\"}"
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}

npnafollowed @adenijiadeshina

2018/04/26 10:04:42 UTC

21,901,723|78aa841

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"adenijiadeshina","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #21901723/Trx 78aa841b38f1de5c748d75f80b4f2e2a40e77609

View Raw JSON Data

{
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-04-26T10:04:42",
  "op": [
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    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"adenijiadeshina\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @ample

2018/04/26 10:04:33 UTC

21,901,720|aeb68b6

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"ample","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #21901720/Trx aeb68b61f74a36ab3beeaf44264b08a6212ec14a

View Raw JSON Data

{
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  "timestamp": "2018-04-26T10:04:33",
  "op": [
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    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"ample\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @allresteem

2018/04/26 10:04:30 UTC

21,901,719|eb0bdd4

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"allresteem","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #21901719/Trx eb0bdd475d532398c95f06b1e3b200c42eefc3c6

View Raw JSON Data

{
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-04-26T10:04:30",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"allresteem\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @aaa-resteem

2018/04/26 10:04:24 UTC

21,901,717|e201288

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"aaa-resteem","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #21901717/Trx e201288f48d80ce310a0b70eb1183de7f5d92aa9

View Raw JSON Data

{
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  "timestamp": "2018-04-26T10:04:24",
  "op": [
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    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"aaa-resteem\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @a-0-abul

2018/04/26 10:04:15 UTC

21,901,714|475cc9c

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"a-0-abul","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #21901714/Trx 475cc9c386f3ad54b65e414c44ed844032388acf

View Raw JSON Data

{
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  "timestamp": "2018-04-26T10:04:15",
  "op": [
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npnafollowed @adamreb

2018/04/26 10:04:15 UTC

21,901,714|1655bb8

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2018/04/26 10:03:45 UTC

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maxkilupvoted (100.00%) @npna / cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware

2018/04/25 20:49:30 UTC

21,885,830|cf02700

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berezkkovaupvoted (100.00%) @npna / cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware

2018/04/25 20:49:30 UTC

21,885,830|f72954b

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tanyakovalupvoted (100.00%) @npna / cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware

2018/04/25 20:49:09 UTC

21,885,823|2403b67

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reclennioupvoted (100.00%) @npna / cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware

2018/04/25 20:48:54 UTC

21,885,818|fe8a4ff

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iritinaupvoted (100.00%) @npna / cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware

2018/04/25 20:48:54 UTC

21,885,818|100f2de

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mytechtrailupvoted (100.00%) @npna / cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware

2018/04/25 18:12:51 UTC

21,882,699|3a9692a

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npnapublished a new post: cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware

2018/04/25 13:51:18 UTC

21,877,468|783d87c

parent author
parent permlink	gentoo
author	npna
permlink	cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware
title	Cross compile in Gentoo to obtain a custom Raspberry Pi 3 firmware.
body	@@ -8362,16 +8362,23 @@ rry Pi 3 +%0A------ %0A%0A!%5Ba ra
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mgt48upvoted (100.00%) @npna / cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware

2018/04/25 13:23:33 UTC

21,876,913|525e76d

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sensationupvoted (100.00%) @npna / cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware

2018/04/25 12:54:18 UTC

21,876,328|e8bd5c3

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nanocheezeupvoted (2.00%) @npna / cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware

2018/04/25 12:20:48 UTC

21,875,658|511bb3b

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xaunyaupvoted (9.00%) @npna / cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware

2018/04/25 12:20:48 UTC

21,875,658|7e8153a

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cybershrapnelupvoted (9.00%) @npna / cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware

2018/04/25 12:20:48 UTC

21,875,658|e1daed4

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xtdevelopmentupvoted (9.00%) @npna / cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware

2018/04/25 12:20:48 UTC

21,875,658|1d66482

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ax3upvoted (1.00%) @npna / cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware

2018/04/25 12:20:33 UTC

21,875,653|37abb18

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npnapublished a new post: cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware

2018/04/25 12:20:21 UTC

21,875,649|b14a964

parent author
parent permlink	gentoo
author	npna
permlink	cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware
title	Cross compile in Gentoo to obtain a custom Raspberry Pi 3 firmware.
body	## ¿What is a cross compiler? ------ ![a bridge crossing the ocean](https://images6.alphacoders.com/480/thumb-1920-480025.jpg) First of all a compiler is a computer software that translate one programming language to another. To be more exact, it normally translate a high level source programming language code to a low level one. For example the `gcc` compiler translate `C` source code in `asm` (assembler) machine code. A cross compiler is a compiler that generete machine code for a different architecture respect the one where the compiler is executed. The example that we will explain in this guide is from x64 intel processor to a quad-core ARM Cortex A53 (ARMv8) cluster, classificated under the arm64 family. ## Gentoo cross compiling environment ------ ![gentoo penguin](https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/photos/1560/images/story_full_width/HI_292876WHYMatter1.jpg?1345547525) [The Gentoo Linux distribution](https://www.gentoo.org) have got a script package that simplify the life of a system administrator speaking about the work of preparing the correct cross compiler environment. Its name is [crossdev](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/sys-devel/crossdev). These are the steps to obtain a working `arm64` compile environment. First of all we `emerge` the package using the options: - `-a` Before performing the action, display what will take place then ask whether to proceed with the action or abort. Using --ask is more efficient than using --pretend and then exe‐ cuting the same command without --pretend, as dependencies will only need to be calculated once. - `-v` Tell emerge to run in verbose mode. ```sh cyberdream /home/taglio # emerge -av crossdev These are the packages that would be merged, in order: Calculating dependencies... done! [ebuild N ] sys-devel/crossdev-20171230::gentoo 23 KiB Total: 1 package (1 new), Size of downloads: 23 KiB Would you like to merge these packages? [Yes/No] Yes >>> Verifying ebuild manifests >>> Emerging (1 of 1) sys-devel/crossdev-20171230::gentoo >>> Installing (1 of 1) sys-devel/crossdev-20171230::gentoo >>> Recording sys-devel/crossdev in "world" favorites file... >>> Jobs: 1 of 1 complete Load avg: 0.67, 0.55, 0.29 * Messages for package sys-devel/crossdev-20171230: * Package: sys-devel/crossdev-20171230 * Repository: gentoo * Maintainer: [email protected] [email protected] * USE: abi_x86_64 amd64 elibc_glibc kernel_linux userland_GNU * FEATURES: preserve-libs sandbox userpriv usersandbox * Final size of build directory: 196 KiB * Final size of installed tree: 204 KiB >>> Auto-cleaning packages... >>> No outdated packages were found on your system. * GNU info directory index is up-to-date. cyberdream /home/taglio # ``` Next we've got to configure an [overlay ](https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Project:Overlays/Overlays_guide) to use with `crossdev`. - Make correct tree directories using the [Gentoo portage](https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Portage) instructions. ```bash cyberdream /usr/local # mkdir -pv /usr/local/portage-crossdev/{profiles,metadata} mkdir: created directory '/usr/local/portage-crossdev' mkdir: created directory '/usr/local/portage-crossdev/profiles' mkdir: created directory '/usr/local/portage-crossdev/metadata' cyberdream /usr/local # echo 'crossdev' > /usr/local/portage-crossdev/profiles/repo_name cyberdream /usr/local # echo 'masters = gentoo' > /usr/local/portage-crossdev/metadata/layout.conf cyberdream /usr/local # chown -R portage:portage /usr/local/portage-crossdev cyberdream /usr/local # cat << EOF > /etc/portage/repos.conf/crossdev.conf [crossdev] location = /usr/local/portage-crossdev priority = 10 masters = gentoo auto-sync = no EOF cyberdream /usr/local # ``` Now we're going to build the toolchain for the `arm64` architecture using the stable branch tools. Those are the options used: - `--stable` Use latest stable tools version as default. - `-t` Choose an architecture between: - [alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEC_Alpha) - [hppa (parisc)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA-RISC) - [i386 / i486 / i586 / i686 (x86)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86) 32 bit version - [mips / mipsel / mips64 / mips64el](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture) - [powerpc (ppc) / powerpc64 (ppc64)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC) - [sparc / sparc64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC) - [sh / sh[1-5] / sh64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperH) - [arm / armeb / aarch64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture) - [ia64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-64) - [m68k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_68000_series) - [s390 / s390x](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z/Architecture) - [x86_64 (amd64)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86) 64 bit version - `-genv` Specify environment for `gcc` ```sh cyberdream /etc/portage/repos.conf # crossdev --stable -t aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu --genv 'USE="cxx multilib fortran -mudflap nls openmp -sanitize"' - * crossdev version: 20171230 * Host Portage ARCH: amd64 * Target Portage ARCH: arm64 * Target System: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu * Stage: 4 (C/C++ compiler) * ABIs: arm64 * binutils: binutils-[stable] * gcc: gcc-[stable] * headers: linux-headers-[stable] * libc: glibc-[stable] * CROSSDEV_OVERLAY: /usr/local/portage-crossdev * PORT_LOGDIR: /var/log/portage * PORTAGE_CONFIGROOT: / * Portage flags: * leaving metadata/layout.conf alone in /usr/local/portage-crossdev * Log: /var/log/portage/cross-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-binutils.log * Emerging cross-binutils ... [ ok ] * Log: /var/log/portage/cross-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-linux-headers-quick.log * Emerging cross-linux-headers-quick ... [ ok ] * Log: /var/log/portage/cross-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-glibc-headers.log * Emerging cross-glibc-headers ... [ ok ] * Log: /var/log/portage/cross-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc-stage1.log * Emerging cross-gcc-stage1 ... [ ok ] * Log: /var/log/portage/cross-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-linux-headers.log * Emerging cross-linux-headers ... [ ok ] * Log: /var/log/portage/cross-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-glibc.log * Emerging cross-glibc ... [ ok ] * Log: /var/log/portage/cross-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc-stage2.log * Emerging cross-gcc-stage2 ... [ ok ] cyberdream /etc/portage/repos.conf # ``` After some time the process will end, and we have the toolchain ready to build the code that we want to use. In this case we're going to build the kernel and base system for a [Rasberry Pi 3](https://www.raspberrypi.org/). We can check the version of our new tools: ```sh taglio@cyberdream ~ $ aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-g++ --version aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-g++ (Gentoo 6.4.0-r1 p1.3) 6.4.0 Copyright (C) 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. taglio@cyberdream ~ $ aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-c++ --version aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-c++ (Gentoo 6.4.0-r1 p1.3) 6.4.0 Copyright (C) 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. taglio@cyberdream ~ $aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc --version aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc (Gentoo 6.4.0-r1 p1.3) 6.4.0 Copyright (C) 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. taglio@cyberdream ~ $ ``` ## The Raspberry Pi 3 ![a raspberry plant](https://www.urbanseedling.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Raspberry-Festival--600x600.jpg) The Raspberry Pi is a [single board computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer) that have sold more than 19 million of devices. It's developed in the United Kindom by the [Raspberry Pi Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_Foundation) that is a charity with the goal to introduce computer science in third world schools. With its third version it's possible to run a lightweight desktop without any problem under Linux. Look at this screenshot of the [xfce desktop](https://xfce.org/) environment. ![raspberry pi3 linux and xfce desktop](https://raw.GitHubusercontent.com/sakaki-/resources/master/raspberrypi/pi3/demo-screenshot-small-3.jpg) Let's begin with the compile process for this single board device. ### The Kernel First we download the latest stable kernel from the official Raspberry Pi [GitHub kernel repository](https://GitHub.com/raspberrypi/linux). At the time of writing is the `rpi-4.14.y`. We use this `git` options: - `clone`: Clones a repository into a newly created directory, creates remote-tracking branches for each branch in the cloned repository (visible using git branch -r), and creates and checks out an initial branch that is forked from the cloned repository’s currently active branch. - `--depth`: Create a shallow clone with a history truncated to the specified number of commits (`1`). - `-b`: Clone a determinated branch. ```sh taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild $ git clone --depth 1 https://GitHub.com/raspberrypi/linux.git -b rpi-4.14.y Cloning into 'linux'... remote: Counting objects: 65735, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (60168/60168), done. Receiving objects: 100% (65735/65735), 174.15 MiB \| 7.88 MiB/s, done. remote: Total 65735 (delta 7072), reused 15358 (delta 4598), pack-reused 0 Resolving deltas: 100% (7072/7072), done. Checking out files: 100% (61808/61808), done. taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild $ ``` Next compile the kernel, modules, firmware and [u-boot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_U-Boot) stuff. We set two variables: - `ARCH=arm64` - `CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-` And we start `make` using two different options: - `distclean` : Remove all generated files, config, various backup files and editor backup and patch files - `bcmrpi3_defconfig` : Use prestablished config located in `arch/arm64/configs` ([https://ghostbin.com/paste/cg62q](https://ghostbin.com/paste/cg62q)) ```sh taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux $ make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu- distclean CLEAN . CLEAN arch/arm64/kernel/vdso CLEAN arch/arm64/kernel CLEAN drivers/firmware/efi/libstub CLEAN drivers/tty/vt CLEAN drivers/video/logo CLEAN kernel/debug/kdb CLEAN kernel CLEAN lib/raid6 CLEAN lib CLEAN usr CLEAN arch/arm64/boot CLEAN arch/arm64/boot/dts/broadcom/../overlays CLEAN arch/arm64/boot/dts/broadcom CLEAN .tmp_versions CLEAN scripts/basic CLEAN scripts/dtc CLEAN scripts/genksyms CLEAN scripts/kconfig CLEAN scripts/mod CLEAN scripts CLEAN include/config include/generated arch/arm64/include/generated CLEAN .config .version Module.symvers taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux $ make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu- bcmrpi3_defconfig HOSTCC scripts/basic/fixdep HOSTCC scripts/kconfig/conf.o SHIPPED scripts/kconfig/zconf.tab.c SHIPPED scripts/kconfig/zconf.lex.c HOSTCC scripts/kconfig/zconf.tab.o HOSTLD scripts/kconfig/conf # # configuration written to .config # taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux $ ``` Next we start the real kernel cross compile. We use the command `time` to mesure the real minutes to build our `arm64` kernel. With `-j$(nprocs)` we start many threads like many processor core we have. ```sh taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux $ time make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu- -j$(nproc) . . . real 5m47.534s user 38m35.320s sys 1m34.610s taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux $ ``` You can read about all the output here: [https://ghostbin.com/paste/damwc](https://ghostbin.com/paste/damwc) ### The Firmware Like we've done before lets shallow clone [`--depth 1`] the GitHub raspberry firmware repository (after we exec two `ls` to see what we've downloaded): ```sh taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3 $ git clone --depth 1 https://GitHub.com/raspberrypi/firmware Cloning into 'firmware'... remote: Counting objects: 4379, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2676/2676), done. remote: Total 4379 (delta 1498), reused 2183 (delta 1359), pack-reused 0 Receiving objects: 100% (4379/4379), 84.19 MiB \| 10.97 MiB/s, done. Resolving deltas: 100% (1498/1498), done. taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3 $ cd firmware/ taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/firmware $ ls README.md boot documentation extra hardfp modules opt taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/firmware $ cd boot/ taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/firmware/boot $ ls -al total 21772 drwxr-xr-x 3 taglio taglio 4096 Apr 17 17:41 . drwxr-xr-x 9 taglio taglio 4096 Apr 17 17:41 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 18693 Apr 17 17:41 COPYING.linux -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 1494 Apr 17 17:41 LICENCE.broadcom -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 22264 Apr 17 17:41 bcm2708-rpi-0-w.dtb -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 22020 Apr 17 17:41 bcm2708-rpi-b-plus.dtb -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 21761 Apr 17 17:41 bcm2708-rpi-b.dtb -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 21474 Apr 17 17:41 bcm2708-rpi-cm.dtb -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 23044 Apr 17 17:41 bcm2709-rpi-2-b.dtb -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 24503 Apr 17 17:41 bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 24240 Apr 17 17:41 bcm2710-rpi-3-b.dtb -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 22952 Apr 17 17:41 bcm2710-rpi-cm3.dtb -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 52064 Apr 17 17:41 bootcode.bin -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 6575 Apr 17 17:41 fixup.dat -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 2599 Apr 17 17:41 fixup_cd.dat -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 9726 Apr 17 17:41 fixup_db.dat -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 9730 Apr 17 17:41 fixup_x.dat -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 4676016 Apr 17 17:41 kernel.img -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 4922144 Apr 17 17:41 kernel7.img drwxr-xr-x 2 taglio taglio 4096 Apr 17 17:41 overlays -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 2825124 Apr 17 17:41 start.elf -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 673444 Apr 17 17:41 start_cd.elf -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 4968292 Apr 17 17:41 start_db.elf -rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 3912164 Apr 17 17:41 start_x.elf taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/firmware/boot $ ``` ### The partition table We've to insert the [microSD card](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroSD) in our principal Gentoo PC to create the correct partition table for our Raspberry Pi 3. The layout have to be: - [partition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning) disklabel type (partitioning scheme): `DOS` - first primary partition: size `128M`, type `c` (W95 FAT32 (LBA)), bootable flag `a` active - second primary partition: size `2G`, type `82` (Linux swap / Solaris) - third primary partition: size all, type `83` (Linux) Here is the correct commands from the Linux `fdisk` shell: ```sh cyberdream ~ # fdisk /dev/mmcblk0 Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.30.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): o Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x718393ba. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 29.8 GiB, 32010928128 bytes, 62521344 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x718393ba Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 29.8 GiB, 32010928128 bytes, 62521344 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x718393ba Command (m for help): n Partition type p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extended (container for logical partitions) Select (default p): p Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 First sector (2048-62521343, default 2048): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-62521343, default 62521343): +128M Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 128 MiB. Command (m for help): n Partition type p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free) e extended (container for logical partitions) Select (default p): p Partition number (2-4, default 2): First sector (264192-62521343, default 264192): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (264192-62521343, default 62521343): +2G Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB. Command (m for help): n Partition type p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free) e extended (container for logical partitions) Select (default p): p Partition number (3,4, default 3): First sector (4458496-62521343, default 4458496): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (4458496-62521343, default 62521343): Created a new partition 3 of type 'Linux' and of size 27.7 GiB. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 29.8 GiB, 32010928128 bytes, 62521344 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x718393ba Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/mmcblk0p1 2048 264191 262144 128M 83 Linux /dev/mmcblk0p2 264192 4458495 4194304 2G 83 Linux /dev/mmcblk0p3 4458496 62521343 58062848 27.7G 83 Linux Command (m for help): a Partition number (1-3, default 3): 1 The bootable flag on partition 1 is enabled now. Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-3, default 3): 1 Hex code (type L to list all codes): c Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)'. Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-3, default 3): 2 Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82 Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 29.8 GiB, 32010928128 bytes, 62521344 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x718393ba Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/mmcblk0p1 * 2048 264191 262144 128M c W95 FAT32 (LBA) /dev/mmcblk0p2 264192 4458495 4194304 2G 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/mmcblk0p3 4458496 62521343 58062848 27.7G 83 Linux Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. cyberdream ~ # ``` Next we format the three partition with the correct `fs` type, using those commands and options: - `mkfs -t vfat -F 32`: used to create an MS-DOS filesystem under Linux. `-F` Specifies the type of file allocation tables used (in this case 32 bit). - `mkswap`: sets up a Linux swap area on a device or in a file. - `mkfs -i 8192 -t ext4`: - `-i`: Specify the bytes/inode ratio. `mke2fs` creates an inode for every bytes-per-inode bytes of space on the disk. The larger the bytes-per-inode ratio, the fewer inodes will be created. - `-t`: choose between [`ext{2,3,4}`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_file_system) ```sh cyberdream ~ # mkfs -t vfat -F 32 /dev/mmcblk0p1 mkfs.fat 4.0 (2016-05-06) cyberdream ~ # mkswap /dev/mmcblk0p2 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 2 GiB (2147479552 bytes) no label, UUID=0ed9f502-c3a4-4821-b646-91a0cda22dc9 cyberdream ~ # mkfs -i 8192 -t ext4 /dev/mmcblk0p3 mke2fs 1.43.6 (29-Aug-2017) /dev/mmcblk0p3 contains `ISO-8859 text, with very long lines, with no line terminators' data Proceed anyway? (y,N) y Creating filesystem with 7257856 4k blocks and 3630144 inodes Filesystem UUID: fdd18e6c-377b-47e8-9595-46b1f036dd84 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done cyberdream ~ # ``` ### The filesystem Next we have to populate the `/boot` (1) and `/` (3) partitions. Gentoo use the concept of stage tarballs; they are archives containing files that will be used in the installation process. More in deep we're going to download `stage3` `arm64` tarballs that contains what the gentoo crew call [a system set](https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/System_set_(Portage)); also we're going to verificate that the archive has not been manipulated during the fetch process: ```sh taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/stage3 $ wget http://distfiles.gentoo.org/experimental/arm64/stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2{,.CONTENTS,.DIGESTS} --2018-04-18 09:16:19-- http://distfiles.gentoo.org/experimental/arm64/stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2 Resolving distfiles.gentoo.org... 137.226.34.46, 216.165.129.135, 64.50.233.100, ... Connecting to distfiles.gentoo.org\|137.226.34.46\|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 233168546 (222M) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: ‘stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2’ stage3-arm64-201803 100%[===================>] 222.37M 35.4MB/s in 6.6s 2018-04-18 09:16:26 (33.8 MB/s) - ‘stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2’ saved [233168546/233168546] --2018-04-18 09:16:26-- http://distfiles.gentoo.org/experimental/arm64/stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2.CONTENTS Reusing existing connection to distfiles.gentoo.org:80. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 5281799 (5.0M) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: ‘stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2.CONTENTS’ stage3-arm64-201803 100%[===================>] 5.04M 30.3MB/s in 0.2s 2018-04-18 09:16:26 (30.3 MB/s) - ‘stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2.CONTENTS’ saved [5281799/5281799] --2018-04-18 09:16:26-- http://distfiles.gentoo.org/experimental/arm64/stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2.DIGESTS Reusing existing connection to distfiles.gentoo.org:80. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 712 [application/octet-stream] Saving to: ‘stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2.DIGESTS’ stage3-arm64-201803 100%[===================>] 712 --.-KB/s in 0s 2018-04-18 09:16:26 (298 MB/s) - ‘stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2.DIGESTS’ saved [712/712] FINISHED --2018-04-18 09:16:26-- Total wall clock time: 7.3s Downloaded: 3 files, 227M in 6.7s (33.7 MB/s) taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/stage3 $ ``` Next we verify the `sha512sum` of the tarball using this options: - With `awk` we print in `stdout` only the line containing the `SHA512` hash. - The `sed` invocation is necessary to probably correct an error from the Gentoo team (reported [here](https://www.reddit.com/r/Gentoo/comments/8d415b/errata/)) ```sh taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/stage3 $ awk '/SHA512 HASH/{getline;print}' stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2.DIGESTS \| sed s/2008.0/20180305/g \| sha512sum --check stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2: OK stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2.CONTENTS: OK taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/stage3 $ ``` Let's begin to move our files in the microSD partitions. After creating the mountpoint `/mnt/piboot` and `/mnt/piroot`, start with the firmware, the kernel and the kernel modules. Speaking about the `/boot` partiotion note that we delete all the `.dtb` file after copying the entire directory in the microSD card. This is why we want to use the `64 bit` version of the device tree binary file. A good reference that i found in the web is: [https://events.static.linuxfound.org/sites/events/files/slides/petazzoni-device-tree-dummies.pdf](https://events.static.linuxfound.org/sites/events/files/slides/petazzoni-device-tree-dummies) You can evaluate the output of the command `strings` in a `.dtb` file here: [https://ghostbin.com/paste/gn8wj](https://ghostbin.com/paste/gn8wj) ```sh cyberdream /mnt # mkdir -pv /mnt/pi{boot,root} mkdir: created directory 'piboot' mkdir: created directory 'piroot' cyberdream /mnt # mount -v /dev/mmcblk0p1 /mnt/piboot mount: /dev/mmcblk0p1 mounted on /mnt/piboot. cyberdream /mnt # cyberdream /mnt # mount -v /dev/mmcblk0p3 /mnt/piroot mount: /dev/mmcblk0p3 mounted on /mnt/piroot. cyberdream /mnt # cd /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/firmware cyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/firmware # cp -rv boot/* /mnt/piboot/ 'boot/COPYING.linux' -> '/mnt/piboot/COPYING.linux' 'boot/LICENCE.broadcom' -> '/mnt/piboot/LICENCE.broadcom' 'boot/bcm2708-rpi-0-w.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2708-rpi-0-w.dtb' 'boot/bcm2708-rpi-b-plus.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2708-rpi-b-plus.dtb' 'boot/bcm2708-rpi-b.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2708-rpi-b.dtb' 'boot/bcm2708-rpi-cm.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2708-rpi-cm.dtb' 'boot/bcm2709-rpi-2-b.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2709-rpi-2-b.dtb' 'boot/bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb' 'boot/bcm2710-rpi-3-b.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2710-rpi-3-b.dtb' 'boot/bcm2710-rpi-cm3.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2710-rpi-cm3.dtb' 'boot/bootcode.bin' -> '/mnt/piboot/bootcode.bin' 'boot/fixup.dat' -> '/mnt/piboot/fixup.dat' 'boot/fixup_cd.dat' -> '/mnt/piboot/fixup_cd.dat' 'boot/fixup_db.dat' -> '/mnt/piboot/fixup_db.dat' 'boot/fixup_x.dat' -> '/mnt/piboot/fixup_x.dat' 'boot/kernel.img' -> '/mnt/piboot/kernel.img' 'boot/kernel7.img' -> '/mnt/piboot/kernel7.img' 'boot/overlays' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays' 'boot/overlays/README' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/README' 'boot/overlays/adau1977-adc.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/adau1977-adc.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/adau7002-simple.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/adau7002-simple.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/ads1015.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/ads1015.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/ads1115.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/ads1115.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/ads7846.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/ads7846.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/akkordion-iqdacplus.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/akkordion-iqdacplus.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/allo-boss-dac-pcm512x-audio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/allo-boss-dac-pcm512x-audio.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/allo-digione.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/allo-digione.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/allo-piano-dac-pcm512x-audio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/allo-piano-dac-pcm512x-audio.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/allo-piano-dac-plus-pcm512x-audio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/allo-piano-dac-plus-pcm512x-audio.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/applepi-dac.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/applepi-dac.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/at86rf233.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/at86rf233.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/audioinjector-addons.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/audioinjector-addons.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/audioinjector-wm8731-audio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/audioinjector-wm8731-audio.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/audremap.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/audremap.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/bmp085_i2c-sensor.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/bmp085_i2c-sensor.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/dht11.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/dht11.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/dionaudio-loco-v2.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/dionaudio-loco-v2.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/dionaudio-loco.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/dionaudio-loco.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/dpi18.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/dpi18.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/dpi24.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/dpi24.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/dwc-otg.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/dwc-otg.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/dwc2.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/dwc2.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/enc28j60-spi2.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/enc28j60-spi2.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/enc28j60.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/enc28j60.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/exc3000.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/exc3000.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/fe-pi-audio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/fe-pi-audio.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/goodix.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/goodix.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/googlevoicehat-soundcard.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/googlevoicehat-soundcard.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/gpio-ir-tx.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/gpio-ir-tx.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/gpio-ir.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/gpio-ir.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/gpio-key.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/gpio-key.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/gpio-poweroff.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/gpio-poweroff.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/gpio-shutdown.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/gpio-shutdown.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/hifiberry-amp.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/hifiberry-amp.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/hifiberry-dac.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/hifiberry-dac.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/hifiberry-dacplus.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/hifiberry-dacplus.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/hifiberry-digi-pro.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/hifiberry-digi-pro.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/hifiberry-digi.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/hifiberry-digi.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/hy28a.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/hy28a.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/hy28b.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/hy28b.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/i2c-bcm2708.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c-bcm2708.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/i2c-gpio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c-gpio.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/i2c-mux.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c-mux.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/i2c-pwm-pca9685a.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c-pwm-pca9685a.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/i2c-rtc-gpio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c-rtc-gpio.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/i2c-rtc.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c-rtc.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/i2c-sensor.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c-sensor.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/i2c0-bcm2708.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c0-bcm2708.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/i2c1-bcm2708.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c1-bcm2708.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/i2s-gpio28-31.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2s-gpio28-31.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/iqaudio-dac.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/iqaudio-dac.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/iqaudio-dacplus.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/iqaudio-dacplus.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/iqaudio-digi-wm8804-audio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/iqaudio-digi-wm8804-audio.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/jedec-spi-nor.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/jedec-spi-nor.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/justboom-dac.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/justboom-dac.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/justboom-digi.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/justboom-digi.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/lirc-rpi.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/lirc-rpi.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/mbed-dac.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mbed-dac.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/mcp23017.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mcp23017.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/mcp23s17.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mcp23s17.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/mcp2515-can0.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mcp2515-can0.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/mcp2515-can1.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mcp2515-can1.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/mcp3008.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mcp3008.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/mcp3202.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mcp3202.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/media-center.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/media-center.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/midi-uart0.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/midi-uart0.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/midi-uart1.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/midi-uart1.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/mmc.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mmc.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/mpu6050.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mpu6050.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/mz61581.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mz61581.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/papirus.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/papirus.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/pi3-act-led.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pi3-act-led.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/pi3-disable-bt.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pi3-disable-bt.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/pi3-disable-wifi.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pi3-disable-wifi.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/pi3-miniuart-bt.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pi3-miniuart-bt.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/pibell.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pibell.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/piscreen.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/piscreen.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/piscreen2r.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/piscreen2r.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/pisound.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pisound.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/pitft22.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pitft22.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/pitft28-capacitive.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pitft28-capacitive.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/pitft28-resistive.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pitft28-resistive.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/pitft35-resistive.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pitft35-resistive.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/pps-gpio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pps-gpio.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/pwm-2chan.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pwm-2chan.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/pwm-ir-tx.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pwm-ir-tx.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/pwm.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pwm.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/qca7000.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/qca7000.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/rotary-encoder.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rotary-encoder.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/rpi-backlight.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rpi-backlight.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/rpi-cirrus-wm5102.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rpi-cirrus-wm5102.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/rpi-dac.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rpi-dac.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/rpi-display.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rpi-display.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/rpi-ft5406.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rpi-ft5406.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/rpi-proto.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rpi-proto.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/rpi-sense.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rpi-sense.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/rpi-tv.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rpi-tv.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/rra-digidac1-wm8741-audio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rra-digidac1-wm8741-audio.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/sc16is750-i2c.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/sc16is750-i2c.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/sc16is752-i2c.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/sc16is752-i2c.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/sc16is752-spi1.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/sc16is752-spi1.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/sdhost.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/sdhost.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/sdio-1bit.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/sdio-1bit.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/sdio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/sdio.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/sdtweak.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/sdtweak.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/smi-dev.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/smi-dev.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/smi-nand.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/smi-nand.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/smi.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/smi.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/spi-gpio35-39.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi-gpio35-39.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/spi-rtc.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi-rtc.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/spi0-cs.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi0-cs.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/spi0-hw-cs.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi0-hw-cs.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/spi1-1cs.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi1-1cs.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/spi1-2cs.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi1-2cs.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/spi1-3cs.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi1-3cs.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/spi2-1cs.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi2-1cs.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/spi2-2cs.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi2-2cs.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/spi2-3cs.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi2-3cs.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/superaudioboard.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/superaudioboard.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/sx150x.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/sx150x.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/tinylcd35.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/tinylcd35.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/uart0.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/uart0.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/uart1.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/uart1.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/upstream-aux-interrupt.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/upstream-aux-interrupt.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/upstream.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/upstream.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/vc4-fkms-v3d.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/vc4-fkms-v3d.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/vc4-kms-v3d.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/vc4-kms-v3d.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/vga666.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/vga666.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/w1-gpio-pullup.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/w1-gpio-pullup.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/w1-gpio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/w1-gpio.dtbo' 'boot/overlays/wittypi.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/wittypi.dtbo' 'boot/start.elf' -> '/mnt/piboot/start.elf' 'boot/start_cd.elf' -> '/mnt/piboot/start_cd.elf' 'boot/start_db.elf' -> '/mnt/piboot/start_db.elf' 'boot/start_x.elf' -> '/mnt/piboot/start_x.elf' cyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/firmware # cd ../kbuild/linux/ cyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux # rm /mnt/piboot/.dtb cyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux # cp -v arch/arm64/boot/dts/broadcom/bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb /mnt/piboot/ 'arch/arm64/boot/dts/broadcom/bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb' cyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux # cp -v arch/arm64/boot/dts/broadcom/bcm{2710,2837}-rpi-3-b.dtb /mnt/piboot/ 'arch/arm64/boot/dts/broadcom/bcm2710-rpi-3-b.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2710-rpi-3-b.dtb' 'arch/arm64/boot/dts/broadcom/bcm2837-rpi-3-b.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2837-rpi-3-b.dtb' cyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux # ``` Going ahead with the kernel and its related modules; we can see that we invoque `modules_install` option of `make` declaring three variables: 1. `ARCH=arm64` 2. `CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-` 3. `INSTALL_MOD_PATH="/mnt/piroot"` You can appreciate the output of the entire command here: [https://ghostbin.com/paste/okxwe](https://ghostbin.com/paste/okxwe) ```sh cyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux # cp -v arch/arm64/boot/Image /mnt/piboot/kernel8.img 'arch/arm64/boot/Image' -> '/mnt/piboot/kernel8.img' cyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux # make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu- modules_install INSTALL_MOD_PATH="/mnt/piroot" . . . DEPMOD 4.14.34-v8+ cyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux # ``` The result of an `ls` of the `/boot` carpet is: ```sh cyberdream /mnt/piboot # ls -al total 34634 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 2048 Apr 18 15:13 . drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Apr 18 09:59 .. -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 18693 Apr 18 13:47 COPYING.linux -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1494 Apr 18 13:47 LICENCE.broadcom -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 24519 Apr 18 15:13 bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 24256 Apr 18 15:13 bcm2710-rpi-3-b.dtb -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 17314 Apr 18 15:13 bcm2837-rpi-3-b.dtb -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 52064 Apr 18 13:47 bootcode.bin -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6575 Apr 18 13:47 fixup.dat -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2599 Apr 18 13:47 fixup_cd.dat -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 9726 Apr 18 13:47 fixup_db.dat -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 9730 Apr 18 13:47 fixup_x.dat -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4676016 Apr 18 13:47 kernel.img -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4922144 Apr 18 13:47 kernel7.img -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 13300224 Apr 18 17:46 kernel8.img drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 11264 Apr 18 13:47 overlays -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2825124 Apr 18 13:47 start.elf -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 673444 Apr 18 13:47 start_cd.elf -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4968292 Apr 18 13:47 start_db.elf -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3912164 Apr 18 13:47 start_x.elf cyberdream /mnt/piboot # ``` Next we're going to extract the `stage3` tarball in the `/` mounted over `/mnt/piroot`. We're going to use `tar` in an advaced mode: - `-x`: Extract files from an archive. - `-v`: Verbosely list files processed. - `-j`: Filter the archive through bzip2. - `-p`: Extract information about file permissions. - `-f`: Use archive file or device ARCHIVE (`stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2`) - `--xattrs-include`: Specify the include PATTERN for xattr keys. (`.`) - `--numeric-owner`: Always use numbers for user/group names. Full output here: [https://ghostbin.com/paste/yvs2x](https://ghostbin.com/paste/yvs2x) ```sh cyberdream /mnt/piroot # tar xvjpf /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/stage3/stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2 --xattrs-include='.' --numeric-owner . . . cyberdream /mnt/piroot # ``` ### The portage latest snapshot The next step is to install a Portage* snapshot, a set of files updated on a daily basis informing Portage what software is available to install, what profiles are available, and so on. ```sh taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/portage $ wget http://distfiles.gentoo.org/snapshots/portage-latest.tar.bz2{,.gpgsig,.md5sum} --2018-04-20 10:15:21-- http://distfiles.gentoo.org/snapshots/portage-latest.tar.bz2 Resolving distfiles.gentoo.org... 64.50.236.52, 140.211.166.134, 137.226.34.46, ... Connecting to distfiles.gentoo.org\|64.50.236.52\|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 52621953 (50M) [application/x-bzip2] Saving to: ‘portage-latest.tar.bz2’ portage-latest.tar. 100%[===================>] 50.18M 6.93MB/s in 9.5s 2018-04-20 10:15:31 (5.30 MB/s) - ‘portage-latest.tar.bz2’ saved [52621953/52621953] --2018-04-20 10:15:31-- http://distfiles.gentoo.org/snapshots/portage-latest.tar.bz2.gpgsig Reusing existing connection to distfiles.gentoo.org:80. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 963 [application/x-bzip2] Saving to: ‘portage-latest.tar.bz2.gpgsig’ portage-latest.tar. 100%[===================>] 963 --.-KB/s in 0s 2018-04-20 10:15:31 (297 MB/s) - ‘portage-latest.tar.bz2.gpgsig’ saved [963/963] --2018-04-20 10:15:31-- http://distfiles.gentoo.org/snapshots/portage-latest.tar.bz2.md5sum Reusing existing connection to distfiles.gentoo.org:80. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 57 [application/x-bzip2] Saving to: ‘portage-latest.tar.bz2.md5sum’ portage-latest.tar. 100%[===================>] 57 --.-KB/s in 0s 2018-04-20 10:15:31 (21.2 MB/s) - ‘portage-latest.tar.bz2.md5sum’ saved [57/57] FINISHED --2018-04-20 10:15:31-- Total wall clock time: 10s Downloaded: 3 files, 50M in 9.5s (5.30 MB/s) taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/portage $ ``` Next to verify the gpg signature we're going to fetch with `gpg` the latest key from the Gentoo Portage Snapshot signing Key (Automated signing key). We have to find the `Key ID` in the official page de Release Engeneer: [https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Project:RelEng#Keys](https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Project:RelEng#Keys) In our case is `0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D`. Various options to launch with `gpg`: - `--search`: search for keys on a keyserver. - `1`: public key imported. - `--edit-key`: Present a menu which enables you to do most of the key management related tasks. - `fpr`: show key fingerprint. - `trust`: change the ownertrust. - `5`: ultimate trust. - `--verify`: Assume that the first argument is a signed file and verify it without generating any output. With no arguments, the signature packet is read from STDIN. If only one argument is given, the specified file is expected to include a complete signature. ```sh taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/portage $ gpg --search 0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D gpg: data source: http://37.191.226.104:11371 (1) Gentoo Portage Snapshot Signing Key (Automated Signing Key) 4096 bit RSA key 0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D, created: 2011-11-25, expires: 2019-01-01 Keys 1-1 of 1 for "0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D". Enter number(s), N)ext, or Q)uit > 1 gpg: key 0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D: 13 signatures not checked due to missing keys gpg: key 0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D: public key "Gentoo Portage Snapshot Signing Key (Automated Signing Key)" imported gpg: marginals needed: 3 completes needed: 1 trust model: pgp gpg: depth: 0 valid: 3 signed: 0 trust: 0-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 0f, 3u gpg: next trustdb check due at 2019-08-22 gpg: Total number processed: 1 gpg: imported: 1 taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/portage taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/portage $ gpg --edit-key 0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D gpg (GnuPG) 2.2.6; Copyright (C) 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. pub rsa4096/0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D created: 2011-11-25 expires: 2019-01-01 usage: C trust: unknown validity: unknown sub rsa4096/0xEC590EEAC9189250 created: 2011-11-25 expires: 2019-01-01 usage: S [ unknown] (1). Gentoo Portage Snapshot Signing Key (Automated Signing Key) gpg> fpr pub rsa4096/0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D 2011-11-25 Gentoo Portage Snapshot Signing Key (Automated Signing Key) Primary key fingerprint: DCD0 5B71 EAB9 4199 527F 44AC DB6B 8C1F 96D8 BF6D gpg> trust pub rsa4096/0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D created: 2011-11-25 expires: 2019-01-01 usage: C trust: unknown validity: unknown sub rsa4096/0xEC590EEAC9189250 created: 2011-11-25 expires: 2019-01-01 usage: S [ unknown] (1). Gentoo Portage Snapshot Signing Key (Automated Signing Key) Please decide how far you trust this user to correctly verify other users' keys (by looking at passports, checking fingerprints from different sources, etc.) 1 = I don't know or won't say 2 = I do NOT trust 3 = I trust marginally 4 = I trust fully 5 = I trust ultimately m = back to the main menu Your decision? 5 Do you really want to set this key to ultimate trust? (y/N) y pub rsa4096/0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D created: 2011-11-25 expires: 2019-01-01 usage: C trust: ultimate validity: unknown sub rsa4096/0xEC590EEAC9189250 created: 2011-11-25 expires: 2019-01-01 usage: S [unknown] (1). Gentoo Portage Snapshot Signing Key (Automated Signing Key) Please note that the shown key validity is not necessarily correct unless you restart the program. taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/portage $ mv portage-latest.tar.bz2.gpgsig portage-latest.tar.bz2.sig taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/portage $ gpg --verify portage-latest.tar.bz2.sig gpg: assuming signed data in 'portage-latest.tar.bz2' gpg: Signature made Fri 20 Apr 2018 02:51:21 CEST gpg: using RSA key E1D6ABB63BFCFB4BA02FDF1CEC590EEAC9189250 gpg: Good signature from "Gentoo Portage Snapshot Signing Key (Automated Signing Key)" [ultimate] Primary key fingerprint: DCD0 5B71 EAB9 4199 527F 44AC DB6B 8C1F 96D8 BF6D Subkey fingerprint: E1D6 ABB6 3BFC FB4B A02F DF1C EC59 0EEA C918 9250 taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/portage $ ``` `untar` the tarball following the last `tar` command: ```sh cyberdream /mnt/piroot/usr # tar xvjpf /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/portage/portage-latest.tar.bz2 --xattrs-include='.' --numeric-owner . . . cyberdream /mnt/piroot/usr # ``` ### Wireless and bluetooth closed source firmware The chipset of the wi-fi interface that come inside the single-board Raspberry Pi 3 is a Broadcom BRM43430 and needs two files to be present under `/lib/firmware/brcm`. The `.bin` is a [binary blob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_blob) closed source piece of software. We can download it from the GitHub.com repository of the [armbian](https://www.armbian.com/) linux distribution. `brcmfmac` is a Full-mac driver we can read more about it here: [https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/developers/documentation/glossary](https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/developers/documentation/glossary) ```sh taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware $ wget https://raw.GitHubusercontent.com/armbian/firmware/master/brcm/brcmfmac43430-sdio.txt --2018-04-25 02:18:14-- https://raw.GitHubusercontent.com/armbian/firmware/master/brcm/brcmfmac43430-sdio.txt Resolving raw.GitHubusercontent.com... 151.101.36.133 Connecting to raw.GitHubusercontent.com\|151.101.36.133\|:443... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 902 [text/plain] Saving to: ‘brcmfmac43430-sdio.txt’ brcmfmac43430-sdio. 100%[===================>] 902 --.-KB/s in 0s 2018-04-25 02:18:15 (309 MB/s) - ‘brcmfmac43430-sdio.txt’ saved [902/902] taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware $ wget https://GitHub.com/armbian/firmware/raw/master/brcm/brcmfmac43430-sdio.bin --2018-04-25 02:21:43-- https://GitHub.com/armbian/firmware/raw/master/brcm/brcmfmac43430-sdio.bin Resolving GitHub.com... 192.30.253.112, 192.30.253.113 Connecting to GitHub.com\|192.30.253.112\|:443... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Found Location: https://raw.GitHubusercontent.com/armbian/firmware/master/brcm/brcmfmac43430-sdio.bin [following] --2018-04-25 02:21:44-- https://raw.GitHubusercontent.com/armbian/firmware/master/brcm/brcmfmac43430-sdio.bin Resolving raw.GitHubusercontent.com... 151.101.36.133 Connecting to raw.GitHubusercontent.com\|151.101.36.133\|:443... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 416477 (407K) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: ‘brcmfmac43430-sdio.bin’ brcmfmac43430-sdio. 100%[===================>] 406.72K 1.61MB/s in 0.2s 2018-04-25 02:21:44 (1.61 MB/s) - ‘brcmfmac43430-sdio.bin’ saved [416477/416477] taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware $ cyberdream /mnt/piroot/lib # mkdir -pv firmware/brcm mkdir: created directory 'firmware' mkdir: created directory 'firmware/brcm' cyberdream /mnt/piroot/lib # cp -v /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware/brcmfmac43430-sdio.* firmware/brcm/ '/home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware/brcmfmac43430-sdio.bin' -> 'firmware/brcm/brcmfmac43430-sdio.bin' '/home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware/brcmfmac43430-sdio.txt' -> 'firmware/brcm/brcmfmac43430-sdio.txt' cyberdream /mnt/piroot/lib # ``` Next we have to fetch another bynary blob for the bluetooth chip that is a BCM2837 and it is connected to the [hardware UART](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_asynchronous_receiver-transmitter). We can do it from the Raspbian [bluez-firmware](https://GitHub.com/RPi-Distro/bluez-firmware/tree/master/broadcom) GitHub repository. ```sh taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware $ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/RPi-Distro/bluez-firmware/master/broadcom/BCM43430A1.hcd --2018-04-25 02:51:22-- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/RPi-Distro/bluez-firmware/master/broadcom/BCM43430A1.hcd Resolving raw.githubusercontent.com... 151.101.36.133 Connecting to raw.githubusercontent.com\|151.101.36.133\|:443... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 36264 (35K) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: ‘BCM43430A1.hcd’ BCM43430A1.hcd 100%[===================>] 35.41K --.-KB/s in 0.06s 2018-04-25 02:51:22 (629 KB/s) - ‘BCM43430A1.hcd’ saved [36264/36264] taglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware $ cyberdream /mnt/piroot/lib # cp -v /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware/BCM43430A1.hcd firmware/brcm/ '/home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware/BCM43430A1.hcd' -> 'firmware/brcm/BCM43430A1.hcd' cyberdream /mnt/piroot/lib # ``` ### Custom config files We've to change some files under `/mnt/piroot` and `/mnt/piboot` to make the first run possible. They are: - `etc/fstab`: static information about the filesystems. - `config.txt`: more information at [https://elinux.org/RPiconfig](https://elinux.org/RPiconfig) - `cmdline.txt`: more information at [https://elinux.org/RPi_cmdline.txt](https://elinux.org/RPi_cmdline.txt) - `etc/conf.d/keymaps`: keyboard table descriptions for loadkeys and dumpkeys. - `etc/shadow`: shadowed password file (set `root` passwod to raspberry). ```sh cyberdream /mnt/piroot/etc # cat > fstab << EOF > /dev/mmcblk0p1 /boot vfat noauto,noatime 1 2 > /dev/mmcblk0p2 none swap sw 0 0 > /dev/mmcblk0p3 / ext4 noatime 0 1 > EOF cyberdream /mnt/piroot/etc # ``` ```sh cyberdream /mnt/piboot # cat > config.txt << EOF > # have a properly sized image > disable_overscan=1 > > # lets have the VC4 hardware accelerated video > dtoverlay=vc4-fkms-v3d > > # for sound over HDMI > hdmi_drive=2 > > # Enable audio (loads snd_bcm2835) > dtparam=audioon > > # gpu_mem is for closed-source driver only; since we are only using the > # open-source driver here, set low > gpu_mem=16 > EOF cyberdream /mnt/piboot # ``` ```sh cyberdream /mnt/piboot # cat > cmdline.txt << EOF > root=/dev/mmcblk0p3 rootfstype=ext4 rootwait > EOF cyberdream /mnt/piboot # ``` ```sh cyberdream /mnt/piroot/etc/conf.d # cat > keymaps << EOF > # Use keymap to specify the default console keymap. There is a complete tree > # of keymaps in /usr/share/keymaps to choose from. > keymap='es' > > # Should we first load the 'windowkeys' console keymap? Most x86 users will > # say "yes" here. Note that non-x86 users should leave it as "no". > # Loading this keymap will enable VT switching (like ALT+Left/Right) > # using the special windows keys on the linux console. > windowkeys="YES" > > # The maps to load for extended keyboards. Most users will leave this as is. > extended_keymaps="" > #extended_keymaps="backspace keypad euro2" > > # Tell dumpkeys(1) to interpret character action codes to be > # from the specified character set. > # This only matters if you set unicode="yes" in /etc/rc.conf. > # For a list of valid sets, run `dumpkeys --help` > dumpkeys_charset="" > > # Some fonts map AltGr-E to the currency symbol instead of the Euro. > # To fix this, set to "yes" > fix_euro="NO" > EOF cyberdream /mnt/piroot/etc/conf.d # ``` ```sh cyberdream /mnt/piroot/etc # cat > shadow << EOF > root:/Td5iP$/7Asdgq0ux2sgNkklnndcG4g3493kUYfrrdenBXjxBxEsoLneJpDAwOyX/kkpFB4pU5dlhHEyN0SK4eh/WpmO0:10770:0::::: > halt::9797:0::::: > operator::9797:0::::: > shutdown::9797:0::::: > sync::9797:0::::: > bin::9797:0::::: > daemon::9797:0::::: > adm::9797:0::::: > lp::9797:0::::: > news::9797:0::::: > uucp::9797:0::::: > portage::9797:0::::: > nobody::9797:0::::: > man:!:17595:::::: > sshd:!:17595:::::: > EOF cyberdream /mnt/piroot/etc # ``` ### First boot `umount` and `sync` the microSD partition and insert it in the Raspberry pi 3 slot. ```sh cyberdream ~ # umount -v /mnt/piroot/ umount: /mnt/piroot/ unmounted cyberdream ~ # umount -v /mnt/piboot/ umount: /mnt/piboot/ unmounted cyberdream ~ # sync cyberdream ~ # ``` Connect an HDMI cable to a monitor and a USB mouse and keyboard to the Raspberry pi 3 ports.
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Transaction Info	Block #21875649/Trx b14a964b85f771c79a699ba9e550a03c5ad5f1b6

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    "comment",
    {
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "gentoo",
      "author": "npna",
      "permlink": "cross-compile-in-gentoo-to-obtain-a-custom-raspberry-pi-3-firmware",
      "title": "Cross compile in Gentoo to obtain a custom Raspberry Pi 3 firmware.",
      "body": "## ¿What is a cross compiler?\n------\n\n![a bridge crossing the ocean](https://images6.alphacoders.com/480/thumb-1920-480025.jpg)\n\nFirst of all a *compiler* is a computer software that translate one *programming language* to another. To be more exact, it normally translate a **high level** source programming language code to a **low level** one. For example the `gcc` compiler translate `C` source code in `asm` (**assembler**) machine code. \n\nA *cross compiler* is a compiler that generete machine code for a different *architecture* respect the one where the compiler is executed. The example that we will explain in this guide is **from x64 intel processor to a quad-core ARM Cortex A53 (ARMv8) cluster, classificated under the arm64 family**.\n\n## Gentoo cross compiling environment\n------\n\n![gentoo penguin](https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/photos/1560/images/story_full_width/HI_292876WHYMatter1.jpg?1345547525)\n\n[The Gentoo Linux distribution](https://www.gentoo.org) have got a script package that simplify the life of a *system administrator* speaking about the work of preparing the correct *cross compiler environment*. Its name is [**crossdev**](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/sys-devel/crossdev). These are the steps to obtain a working `arm64` compile environment. \n\nFirst of all we `emerge` the package using the options:\n\n- `-a` Before  performing  the  action,  display  what  will take place\n  then  ask  whether to proceed with the action or abort.\n  Using --ask is more efficient than using --pretend and then exe‐\n  cuting  the same command without --pretend, as dependencies will\n  only need to be calculated once.\n- `-v` Tell emerge to run in verbose mode.\n\n```sh\ncyberdream /home/taglio # emerge -av crossdev\n\nThese are the packages that would be merged, in order:\n\nCalculating dependencies... done!\n[ebuild  N     ] sys-devel/crossdev-20171230::gentoo  23 KiB\n\nTotal: 1 package (1 new), Size of downloads: 23 KiB\n\nWould you like to merge these packages? [Yes/No] Yes\n>>> Verifying ebuild manifests\n>>> Emerging (1 of 1) sys-devel/crossdev-20171230::gentoo\n>>> Installing (1 of 1) sys-devel/crossdev-20171230::gentoo\n>>> Recording sys-devel/crossdev in \"world\" favorites file...\n>>> Jobs: 1 of 1 complete                           Load avg: 0.67, 0.55, 0.29\n\n * Messages for package sys-devel/crossdev-20171230:\n\n * Package:    sys-devel/crossdev-20171230\n * Repository: gentoo\n * Maintainer: [email protected] [email protected]\n * USE:        abi_x86_64 amd64 elibc_glibc kernel_linux userland_GNU\n * FEATURES:   preserve-libs sandbox userpriv usersandbox\n * Final size of build directory: 196 KiB\n * Final size of installed tree:  204 KiB\n >>> Auto-cleaning packages...\n\n>>> No outdated packages were found on your system.\n\n * GNU info directory index is up-to-date.\n \ncyberdream /home/taglio #\n```\n\n Next we've got to configure an  [**overlay **](https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Project:Overlays/Overlays_guide) to use with `crossdev`.\n\n- Make correct tree directories using the [**Gentoo portage**](https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Portage) instructions.\n\n```bash\ncyberdream /usr/local # mkdir -pv /usr/local/portage-crossdev/{profiles,metadata}\nmkdir: created directory '/usr/local/portage-crossdev'\nmkdir: created directory '/usr/local/portage-crossdev/profiles'\nmkdir: created directory '/usr/local/portage-crossdev/metadata'\ncyberdream /usr/local # echo 'crossdev' > /usr/local/portage-crossdev/profiles/repo_name\ncyberdream /usr/local # echo 'masters = gentoo' > /usr/local/portage-crossdev/metadata/layout.conf\ncyberdream /usr/local # chown -R portage:portage /usr/local/portage-crossdev\ncyberdream /usr/local # cat << EOF > /etc/portage/repos.conf/crossdev.conf\n[crossdev]\n\nlocation = /usr/local/portage-crossdev\npriority = 10\nmasters = gentoo\nauto-sync = no\nEOF\ncyberdream /usr/local #\n\n```\n\nNow we're going to build the **toolchain** for the `arm64` architecture using the **stable branch** tools. Those are the options used:\n\n- `--stable` Use latest stable tools version as default.\n- `-t` Choose an architecture between:\n  - [alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEC_Alpha)\n  - [hppa (parisc)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA-RISC)\n  - [i386 / i486 / i586 / i686 (x86)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86) *32 bit version*\n  - [mips / mipsel / mips64 / mips64el](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture)\n  - [powerpc (ppc) / powerpc64 (ppc64)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC)\n  - [sparc / sparc64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC)\n  - [sh / sh[1-5] / sh64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperH)\n  - [arm / armeb / aarch64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture)\n  - [ia64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-64)\n  - [m68k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_68000_series)\n  - [s390 / s390x](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z/Architecture)\n  - [x86_64 (amd64)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86) *64 bit version*\n- `-genv` Specify environment for `gcc`\n\n```sh\ncyberdream /etc/portage/repos.conf # crossdev --stable -t aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu --genv 'USE=\"cxx multilib fortran -mudflap nls openmp -sanitize\"'\n-                                                                               \n * crossdev version:      20171230\n * Host Portage ARCH:     amd64\n * Target Portage ARCH:   arm64\n * Target System:         aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu\n * Stage:                 4 (C/C++ compiler)\n * ABIs:                  arm64\n\n * binutils:              binutils-[stable]\n * gcc:                   gcc-[stable]\n * headers:               linux-headers-[stable]\n * libc:                  glibc-[stable]\n\n * CROSSDEV_OVERLAY:      /usr/local/portage-crossdev\n * PORT_LOGDIR:           /var/log/portage\n * PORTAGE_CONFIGROOT:    /\n * Portage flags:         \n                                                                                \n * leaving metadata/layout.conf alone in /usr/local/portage-crossdev\n                                                                                \n * Log: /var/log/portage/cross-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-binutils.log\n * Emerging cross-binutils ...                                            [ ok ]\n * Log: /var/log/portage/cross-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-linux-headers-quick.log\n * Emerging cross-linux-headers-quick ...                                 [ ok ]\n * Log: /var/log/portage/cross-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-glibc-headers.log\n * Emerging cross-glibc-headers ...                                       [ ok ]\n * Log: /var/log/portage/cross-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc-stage1.log\n * Emerging cross-gcc-stage1 ...                                          [ ok ]\n * Log: /var/log/portage/cross-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-linux-headers.log\n * Emerging cross-linux-headers ...                                       [ ok ]\n * Log: /var/log/portage/cross-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-glibc.log\n * Emerging cross-glibc ...                                               [ ok ]\n * Log: /var/log/portage/cross-aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc-stage2.log\n * Emerging cross-gcc-stage2 ...                                          [ ok ]\ncyberdream /etc/portage/repos.conf # \n```\n\nAfter some time the process will end, and we have the **toolchain** ready to build the code that we want to use. In this case we're going to build the kernel and base system for a [**Rasberry Pi 3**](https://www.raspberrypi.org/).\n\nWe can check the version of our new tools:\n\n```sh\ntaglio@cyberdream ~ $ aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-g++ --version\naarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-g++ (Gentoo 6.4.0-r1 p1.3) 6.4.0\nCopyright (C) 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\nThis is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO\nwarranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.\n\ntaglio@cyberdream ~ $ aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-c++ --version\naarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-c++ (Gentoo 6.4.0-r1 p1.3) 6.4.0\nCopyright (C) 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\nThis is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO\nwarranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.\n\ntaglio@cyberdream ~ $aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc --version\naarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc (Gentoo 6.4.0-r1 p1.3) 6.4.0\nCopyright (C) 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\nThis is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO\nwarranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.\n\ntaglio@cyberdream ~ $\n\n```\n\n## The Raspberry Pi 3\n\n![a raspberry plant](https://www.urbanseedling.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Raspberry-Festival--600x600.jpg)\n\nThe **Raspberry Pi** is a [*single board computer*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer) that have sold more than 19 million of devices. It's developed in the United Kindom by the [**Raspberry Pi Foundation**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_Foundation) that is a charity with the goal to introduce computer science in third world schools.\n\nWith its third version it's possible to run a lightweight desktop without any problem under Linux. Look at this screenshot of the [**xfce desktop**](https://xfce.org/) environment.\n\n![raspberry pi3 linux and xfce desktop](https://raw.GitHubusercontent.com/sakaki-/resources/master/raspberrypi/pi3/demo-screenshot-small-3.jpg)\n\nLet's begin with the compile process for this single board device.\n\n### The Kernel\n\nFirst we download the latest stable kernel from the official Raspberry Pi [**GitHub kernel repository**](https://GitHub.com/raspberrypi/linux). At the time of writing is the `rpi-4.14.y`. We use this `git` options:\n\n- `clone`: Clones a repository into a newly created directory, creates remote-tracking branches for each branch in the cloned repository (visible using git branch -r), and creates and checks out an initial branch that is forked from the cloned repository’s currently active branch.\n- `--depth`: Create a shallow clone with a history truncated to the specified number of commits (`1`).\n- `-b`: Clone a determinated branch.\n\n```sh\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild $ git clone --depth 1 https://GitHub.com/raspberrypi/linux.git -b rpi-4.14.y\nCloning into 'linux'...\nremote: Counting objects: 65735, done.\nremote: Compressing objects: 100% (60168/60168), done.\nReceiving objects: 100% (65735/65735), 174.15 MiB | 7.88 MiB/s, done.\nremote: Total 65735 (delta 7072), reused 15358 (delta 4598), pack-reused 0\nResolving deltas: 100% (7072/7072), done.\nChecking out files: 100% (61808/61808), done.\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild $\n```\n\nNext compile the kernel, modules, firmware and [u-boot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_U-Boot) stuff.\n\nWe set two variables:\n\n- `ARCH=arm64`\n- `CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-`\n\nAnd we start `make` using two different options:\n\n- `distclean` : Remove all generated files, config, various backup files and editor backup and patch files\n  - `bcmrpi3_defconfig` : Use prestablished config located in `arch/arm64/configs` ([https://ghostbin.com/paste/cg62q](https://ghostbin.com/paste/cg62q))\n\n```sh\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux $ make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu- distclean\n  CLEAN   .\n  CLEAN   arch/arm64/kernel/vdso\n  CLEAN   arch/arm64/kernel\n  CLEAN   drivers/firmware/efi/libstub\n  CLEAN   drivers/tty/vt\n  CLEAN   drivers/video/logo\n  CLEAN   kernel/debug/kdb\n  CLEAN   kernel\n  CLEAN   lib/raid6\n  CLEAN   lib\n  CLEAN   usr\n  CLEAN   arch/arm64/boot\n  CLEAN   arch/arm64/boot/dts/broadcom/../overlays\n  CLEAN   arch/arm64/boot/dts/broadcom\n  CLEAN   .tmp_versions\n  CLEAN   scripts/basic\n  CLEAN   scripts/dtc\n  CLEAN   scripts/genksyms\n  CLEAN   scripts/kconfig\n  CLEAN   scripts/mod\n  CLEAN   scripts\n  CLEAN   include/config include/generated arch/arm64/include/generated\n  CLEAN   .config .version Module.symvers\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux $ make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu- bcmrpi3_defconfig\n  HOSTCC  scripts/basic/fixdep\n  HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/conf.o\n  SHIPPED scripts/kconfig/zconf.tab.c\n  SHIPPED scripts/kconfig/zconf.lex.c\n  HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/zconf.tab.o\n  HOSTLD  scripts/kconfig/conf\n#\n# configuration written to .config\n#\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux $\n```\n\nNext we start the real kernel cross compile. We use the command `time` to mesure the real minutes to build our `arm64` kernel. With `-j$(nprocs)` we start many threads like many processor core we have.\n\n```sh\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux $ time make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu- -j$(nproc)\n.\n.\n.\nreal\t5m47.534s\nuser\t38m35.320s\nsys\t1m34.610s\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux $\n```\n\nYou can read about all the output here:\n\n[https://ghostbin.com/paste/damwc](https://ghostbin.com/paste/damwc)\n\n### The Firmware\n\nLike we've done before lets *shallow clone* [`--depth 1`] the GitHub raspberry firmware repository (after we exec two `ls` to see what we've downloaded):\n\n```sh\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3 $ git clone --depth 1  https://GitHub.com/raspberrypi/firmware\nCloning into 'firmware'...\nremote: Counting objects: 4379, done.\nremote: Compressing objects: 100% (2676/2676), done.\nremote: Total 4379 (delta 1498), reused 2183 (delta 1359), pack-reused 0\nReceiving objects: 100% (4379/4379), 84.19 MiB | 10.97 MiB/s, done.\nResolving deltas: 100% (1498/1498), done.\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3 $ cd firmware/\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/firmware $ ls\nREADME.md  boot  documentation  extra  hardfp  modules  opt\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/firmware $ cd boot/\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/firmware/boot $ ls -al\ntotal 21772\ndrwxr-xr-x 3 taglio taglio    4096 Apr 17 17:41 .\ndrwxr-xr-x 9 taglio taglio    4096 Apr 17 17:41 ..\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio   18693 Apr 17 17:41 COPYING.linux\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio    1494 Apr 17 17:41 LICENCE.broadcom\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio   22264 Apr 17 17:41 bcm2708-rpi-0-w.dtb\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio   22020 Apr 17 17:41 bcm2708-rpi-b-plus.dtb\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio   21761 Apr 17 17:41 bcm2708-rpi-b.dtb\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio   21474 Apr 17 17:41 bcm2708-rpi-cm.dtb\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio   23044 Apr 17 17:41 bcm2709-rpi-2-b.dtb\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio   24503 Apr 17 17:41 bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio   24240 Apr 17 17:41 bcm2710-rpi-3-b.dtb\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio   22952 Apr 17 17:41 bcm2710-rpi-cm3.dtb\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio   52064 Apr 17 17:41 bootcode.bin\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio    6575 Apr 17 17:41 fixup.dat\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio    2599 Apr 17 17:41 fixup_cd.dat\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio    9726 Apr 17 17:41 fixup_db.dat\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio    9730 Apr 17 17:41 fixup_x.dat\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 4676016 Apr 17 17:41 kernel.img\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 4922144 Apr 17 17:41 kernel7.img\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 taglio taglio    4096 Apr 17 17:41 overlays\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 2825124 Apr 17 17:41 start.elf\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio  673444 Apr 17 17:41 start_cd.elf\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 4968292 Apr 17 17:41 start_db.elf\n-rw-r--r-- 1 taglio taglio 3912164 Apr 17 17:41 start_x.elf\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/firmware/boot $\n```\n\n### The partition table\n\nWe've to insert the [**microSD card**](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroSD) in our principal Gentoo PC to create the correct partition table for our **Raspberry Pi 3**. The layout have to be:\n\n- [partition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning) disklabel type (*partitioning scheme*): `DOS`\n- first primary partition: size `128M`, type `c` (*W95 FAT32 (LBA)*), bootable flag `a` active\n- second primary partition: size `2G`, type `82` (*Linux swap / Solaris*)\n- third primary partition: size all, type `83` (*Linux*) \n\nHere is the correct commands from the Linux `fdisk` shell:\n\n```sh\ncyberdream ~ # fdisk /dev/mmcblk0\n\nWelcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.30.2).\nChanges will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.\nBe careful before using the write command.\n\nCommand (m for help): o\nCreated a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x718393ba.\n\nCommand (m for help): p\nDisk /dev/mmcblk0: 29.8 GiB, 32010928128 bytes, 62521344 sectors\nUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes\nSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\nI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\nDisklabel type: dos\nDisk identifier: 0x718393ba\n\nCommand (m for help): p\nDisk /dev/mmcblk0: 29.8 GiB, 32010928128 bytes, 62521344 sectors\nUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes\nSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\nI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\nDisklabel type: dos\nDisk identifier: 0x718393ba\n\nCommand (m for help): n\nPartition type\n   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)\n   e   extended (container for logical partitions)\nSelect (default p): p\nPartition number (1-4, default 1): 1\nFirst sector (2048-62521343, default 2048): \nLast sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-62521343, default 62521343): +128M\n\nCreated a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 128 MiB.\n\nCommand (m for help): n\nPartition type\n   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)\n   e   extended (container for logical partitions)\nSelect (default p): p\nPartition number (2-4, default 2): \nFirst sector (264192-62521343, default 264192): \nLast sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (264192-62521343, default 62521343): +2G\n\nCreated a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.\n\nCommand (m for help): n\nPartition type\n   p   primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)\n   e   extended (container for logical partitions)\nSelect (default p): p\nPartition number (3,4, default 3): \nFirst sector (4458496-62521343, default 4458496): \nLast sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (4458496-62521343, default 62521343): \n \nCreated a new partition 3 of type 'Linux' and of size 27.7 GiB.\n\nCommand (m for help): p\nDisk /dev/mmcblk0: 29.8 GiB, 32010928128 bytes, 62521344 sectors\nUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes\nSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\nI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\nDisklabel type: dos\nDisk identifier: 0x718393ba\n\nDevice         Boot   Start      End  Sectors  Size Id Type\n/dev/mmcblk0p1         2048   264191   262144  128M 83 Linux\n/dev/mmcblk0p2       264192  4458495  4194304    2G 83 Linux\n/dev/mmcblk0p3      4458496 62521343 58062848 27.7G 83 Linux\n\nCommand (m for help): a\nPartition number (1-3, default 3): 1\n\nThe bootable flag on partition 1 is enabled now.\n\nCommand (m for help): t\nPartition number (1-3, default 3): 1\nHex code (type L to list all codes): c\n\nChanged type of partition 'Linux' to 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)'.\n\nCommand (m for help): t\nPartition number (1-3, default 3): 2\nHex code (type L to list all codes): 82\n\nChanged type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'.\n\nCommand (m for help): p\nDisk /dev/mmcblk0: 29.8 GiB, 32010928128 bytes, 62521344 sectors\nUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes\nSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\nI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\nDisklabel type: dos\nDisk identifier: 0x718393ba\n\nDevice         Boot   Start      End  Sectors  Size Id Type\n/dev/mmcblk0p1 *       2048   264191   262144  128M  c W95 FAT32 (LBA)\n/dev/mmcblk0p2       264192  4458495  4194304    2G 82 Linux swap / Solaris\n/dev/mmcblk0p3      4458496 62521343 58062848 27.7G 83 Linux\n\nCommand (m for help): w\nThe partition table has been altered.\nCalling ioctl() to re-read partition table.\nSyncing disks.\n\ncyberdream ~ # \n```\n\n Next we format the three partition with the correct `fs` type, using those commands and options:\n\n- `mkfs -t vfat -F 32`: used to create an MS-DOS filesystem under Linux. `-F` Specifies the type of file allocation tables used (*in this case 32 bit*).\n- `mkswap`: sets up a Linux swap area on a device or in a file.\n- `mkfs -i 8192 -t ext4`: \n  - `-i`: Specify  the  bytes/inode  ratio.   `mke2fs`  creates an inode for\n    every bytes-per-inode bytes of space on the  disk.   The  larger\n    the  bytes-per-inode  ratio,  the  fewer inodes will be created.\n  - `-t`: choose between [`ext{2,3,4}`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_file_system)\n\n```sh\ncyberdream ~ # mkfs -t vfat -F 32 /dev/mmcblk0p1 \nmkfs.fat 4.0 (2016-05-06)\ncyberdream ~ # mkswap /dev/mmcblk0p2 \nSetting up swapspace version 1, size = 2 GiB (2147479552 bytes)\nno label, UUID=0ed9f502-c3a4-4821-b646-91a0cda22dc9\ncyberdream ~ # mkfs -i 8192 -t ext4 /dev/mmcblk0p3 \nmke2fs 1.43.6 (29-Aug-2017)\n/dev/mmcblk0p3 contains `ISO-8859 text, with very long lines, with no line terminators' data\nProceed anyway? (y,N) y\nCreating filesystem with 7257856 4k blocks and 3630144 inodes\nFilesystem UUID: fdd18e6c-377b-47e8-9595-46b1f036dd84\nSuperblock backups stored on blocks: \n\t32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, \n\t4096000\n\nAllocating group tables: done                            \nWriting inode tables: done                            \nCreating journal (32768 blocks): done\nWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done   \n\ncyberdream ~ #\n```\n\n### The filesystem\n\nNext we have to populate the `/boot` (*1*) and `/` (*3*) partitions. \n\nGentoo use the concept of *stage tarballs*; they are archives containing files that will be used in the installation process. More in deep we're going to download `stage3` `arm64` tarballs that contains what the gentoo crew call [a system set](https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/System_set_(Portage)); also we're going to verificate that the archive has not been manipulated during the fetch process:\n\n```sh\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/stage3 $ wget http://distfiles.gentoo.org/experimental/arm64/stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2{,.CONTENTS,.DIGESTS}\n--2018-04-18 09:16:19--  http://distfiles.gentoo.org/experimental/arm64/stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2\nResolving distfiles.gentoo.org... 137.226.34.46, 216.165.129.135, 64.50.233.100, ...\nConnecting to distfiles.gentoo.org|137.226.34.46|:80... connected.\nHTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK\nLength: 233168546 (222M) [application/octet-stream]\nSaving to: ‘stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2’\n\nstage3-arm64-201803 100%[===================>] 222.37M  35.4MB/s    in 6.6s    \n\n2018-04-18 09:16:26 (33.8 MB/s) - ‘stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2’ saved [233168546/233168546]\n\n--2018-04-18 09:16:26--  http://distfiles.gentoo.org/experimental/arm64/stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2.CONTENTS\nReusing existing connection to distfiles.gentoo.org:80.\nHTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK\nLength: 5281799 (5.0M) [application/octet-stream]\nSaving to: ‘stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2.CONTENTS’\n\nstage3-arm64-201803 100%[===================>]   5.04M  30.3MB/s    in 0.2s    \n\n2018-04-18 09:16:26 (30.3 MB/s) - ‘stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2.CONTENTS’ saved [5281799/5281799]\n\n--2018-04-18 09:16:26--  http://distfiles.gentoo.org/experimental/arm64/stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2.DIGESTS\nReusing existing connection to distfiles.gentoo.org:80.\nHTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK\nLength: 712 [application/octet-stream]\nSaving to: ‘stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2.DIGESTS’\n\nstage3-arm64-201803 100%[===================>]     712  --.-KB/s    in 0s      \n\n2018-04-18 09:16:26 (298 MB/s) - ‘stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2.DIGESTS’ saved [712/712]\n\nFINISHED --2018-04-18 09:16:26--\nTotal wall clock time: 7.3s\nDownloaded: 3 files, 227M in 6.7s (33.7 MB/s)\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/stage3 $\n```\n\nNext we verify the `sha512sum` of the tarball using this options:\n\n- With `awk` we print in `stdout` only the line containing the `SHA512` hash.\n- The `sed` invocation is necessary to probably correct an *error* from the Gentoo team (reported [here](https://www.reddit.com/r/Gentoo/comments/8d415b/errata/))\n\n```sh\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/stage3 $ awk '/SHA512 HASH/{getline;print}' stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2.DIGESTS | sed s/2008.0/20180305/g | sha512sum --check\nstage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2: OK\nstage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2.CONTENTS: OK\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/stage3 $\n```\n\nLet's begin to move our files in the *microSD* partitions. After creating the mountpoint `/mnt/piboot` and `/mnt/piroot`,  start with the firmware, the kernel and the kernel modules.\n\nSpeaking about the `/boot` partiotion note that we delete all the `.dtb` file after copying the entire directory in the microSD card. This is why we want to use the `64 bit` version of the **device tree binary** file. A good reference that i found in the web is:\n\n[https://events.static.linuxfound.org/sites/events/files/slides/petazzoni-device-tree-dummies.pdf](https://events.static.linuxfound.org/sites/events/files/slides/petazzoni-device-tree-dummies) \n\nYou can evaluate the output of the command `strings` in a `.dtb` file here:\n\n[https://ghostbin.com/paste/gn8wj](https://ghostbin.com/paste/gn8wj)\n\n```sh\ncyberdream /mnt # mkdir -pv /mnt/pi{boot,root}\nmkdir: created directory 'piboot'\nmkdir: created directory 'piroot'\ncyberdream /mnt # mount -v /dev/mmcblk0p1 /mnt/piboot\nmount: /dev/mmcblk0p1 mounted on /mnt/piboot.\ncyberdream /mnt # \ncyberdream /mnt # mount -v /dev/mmcblk0p3 /mnt/piroot\nmount: /dev/mmcblk0p3 mounted on /mnt/piroot.\ncyberdream /mnt # cd /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/firmware\ncyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/firmware # cp -rv boot/* /mnt/piboot/\n'boot/COPYING.linux' -> '/mnt/piboot/COPYING.linux'\n'boot/LICENCE.broadcom' -> '/mnt/piboot/LICENCE.broadcom'\n'boot/bcm2708-rpi-0-w.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2708-rpi-0-w.dtb'\n'boot/bcm2708-rpi-b-plus.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2708-rpi-b-plus.dtb'\n'boot/bcm2708-rpi-b.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2708-rpi-b.dtb'\n'boot/bcm2708-rpi-cm.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2708-rpi-cm.dtb'\n'boot/bcm2709-rpi-2-b.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2709-rpi-2-b.dtb'\n'boot/bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb'\n'boot/bcm2710-rpi-3-b.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2710-rpi-3-b.dtb'\n'boot/bcm2710-rpi-cm3.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2710-rpi-cm3.dtb'\n'boot/bootcode.bin' -> '/mnt/piboot/bootcode.bin'\n'boot/fixup.dat' -> '/mnt/piboot/fixup.dat'\n'boot/fixup_cd.dat' -> '/mnt/piboot/fixup_cd.dat'\n'boot/fixup_db.dat' -> '/mnt/piboot/fixup_db.dat'\n'boot/fixup_x.dat' -> '/mnt/piboot/fixup_x.dat'\n'boot/kernel.img' -> '/mnt/piboot/kernel.img'\n'boot/kernel7.img' -> '/mnt/piboot/kernel7.img'\n'boot/overlays' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays'\n'boot/overlays/README' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/README'\n'boot/overlays/adau1977-adc.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/adau1977-adc.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/adau7002-simple.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/adau7002-simple.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/ads1015.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/ads1015.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/ads1115.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/ads1115.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/ads7846.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/ads7846.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/akkordion-iqdacplus.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/akkordion-iqdacplus.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/allo-boss-dac-pcm512x-audio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/allo-boss-dac-pcm512x-audio.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/allo-digione.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/allo-digione.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/allo-piano-dac-pcm512x-audio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/allo-piano-dac-pcm512x-audio.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/allo-piano-dac-plus-pcm512x-audio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/allo-piano-dac-plus-pcm512x-audio.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/applepi-dac.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/applepi-dac.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/at86rf233.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/at86rf233.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/audioinjector-addons.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/audioinjector-addons.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/audioinjector-wm8731-audio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/audioinjector-wm8731-audio.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/audremap.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/audremap.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/bmp085_i2c-sensor.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/bmp085_i2c-sensor.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/dht11.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/dht11.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/dionaudio-loco-v2.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/dionaudio-loco-v2.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/dionaudio-loco.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/dionaudio-loco.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/dpi18.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/dpi18.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/dpi24.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/dpi24.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/dwc-otg.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/dwc-otg.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/dwc2.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/dwc2.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/enc28j60-spi2.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/enc28j60-spi2.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/enc28j60.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/enc28j60.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/exc3000.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/exc3000.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/fe-pi-audio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/fe-pi-audio.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/goodix.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/goodix.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/googlevoicehat-soundcard.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/googlevoicehat-soundcard.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/gpio-ir-tx.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/gpio-ir-tx.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/gpio-ir.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/gpio-ir.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/gpio-key.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/gpio-key.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/gpio-poweroff.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/gpio-poweroff.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/gpio-shutdown.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/gpio-shutdown.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/hifiberry-amp.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/hifiberry-amp.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/hifiberry-dac.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/hifiberry-dac.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/hifiberry-dacplus.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/hifiberry-dacplus.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/hifiberry-digi-pro.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/hifiberry-digi-pro.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/hifiberry-digi.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/hifiberry-digi.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/hy28a.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/hy28a.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/hy28b.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/hy28b.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/i2c-bcm2708.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c-bcm2708.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/i2c-gpio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c-gpio.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/i2c-mux.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c-mux.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/i2c-pwm-pca9685a.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c-pwm-pca9685a.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/i2c-rtc-gpio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c-rtc-gpio.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/i2c-rtc.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c-rtc.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/i2c-sensor.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c-sensor.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/i2c0-bcm2708.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c0-bcm2708.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/i2c1-bcm2708.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2c1-bcm2708.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/i2s-gpio28-31.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/i2s-gpio28-31.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/iqaudio-dac.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/iqaudio-dac.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/iqaudio-dacplus.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/iqaudio-dacplus.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/iqaudio-digi-wm8804-audio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/iqaudio-digi-wm8804-audio.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/jedec-spi-nor.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/jedec-spi-nor.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/justboom-dac.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/justboom-dac.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/justboom-digi.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/justboom-digi.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/lirc-rpi.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/lirc-rpi.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/mbed-dac.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mbed-dac.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/mcp23017.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mcp23017.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/mcp23s17.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mcp23s17.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/mcp2515-can0.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mcp2515-can0.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/mcp2515-can1.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mcp2515-can1.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/mcp3008.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mcp3008.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/mcp3202.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mcp3202.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/media-center.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/media-center.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/midi-uart0.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/midi-uart0.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/midi-uart1.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/midi-uart1.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/mmc.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mmc.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/mpu6050.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mpu6050.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/mz61581.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/mz61581.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/papirus.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/papirus.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/pi3-act-led.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pi3-act-led.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/pi3-disable-bt.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pi3-disable-bt.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/pi3-disable-wifi.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pi3-disable-wifi.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/pi3-miniuart-bt.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pi3-miniuart-bt.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/pibell.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pibell.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/piscreen.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/piscreen.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/piscreen2r.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/piscreen2r.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/pisound.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pisound.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/pitft22.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pitft22.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/pitft28-capacitive.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pitft28-capacitive.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/pitft28-resistive.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pitft28-resistive.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/pitft35-resistive.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pitft35-resistive.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/pps-gpio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pps-gpio.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/pwm-2chan.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pwm-2chan.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/pwm-ir-tx.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pwm-ir-tx.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/pwm.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/pwm.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/qca7000.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/qca7000.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/rotary-encoder.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rotary-encoder.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/rpi-backlight.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rpi-backlight.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/rpi-cirrus-wm5102.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rpi-cirrus-wm5102.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/rpi-dac.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rpi-dac.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/rpi-display.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rpi-display.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/rpi-ft5406.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rpi-ft5406.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/rpi-proto.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rpi-proto.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/rpi-sense.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rpi-sense.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/rpi-tv.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rpi-tv.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/rra-digidac1-wm8741-audio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/rra-digidac1-wm8741-audio.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/sc16is750-i2c.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/sc16is750-i2c.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/sc16is752-i2c.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/sc16is752-i2c.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/sc16is752-spi1.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/sc16is752-spi1.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/sdhost.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/sdhost.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/sdio-1bit.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/sdio-1bit.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/sdio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/sdio.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/sdtweak.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/sdtweak.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/smi-dev.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/smi-dev.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/smi-nand.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/smi-nand.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/smi.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/smi.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/spi-gpio35-39.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi-gpio35-39.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/spi-rtc.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi-rtc.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/spi0-cs.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi0-cs.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/spi0-hw-cs.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi0-hw-cs.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/spi1-1cs.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi1-1cs.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/spi1-2cs.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi1-2cs.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/spi1-3cs.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi1-3cs.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/spi2-1cs.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi2-1cs.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/spi2-2cs.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi2-2cs.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/spi2-3cs.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/spi2-3cs.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/superaudioboard.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/superaudioboard.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/sx150x.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/sx150x.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/tinylcd35.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/tinylcd35.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/uart0.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/uart0.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/uart1.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/uart1.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/upstream-aux-interrupt.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/upstream-aux-interrupt.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/upstream.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/upstream.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/vc4-fkms-v3d.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/vc4-fkms-v3d.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/vc4-kms-v3d.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/vc4-kms-v3d.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/vga666.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/vga666.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/w1-gpio-pullup.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/w1-gpio-pullup.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/w1-gpio.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/w1-gpio.dtbo'\n'boot/overlays/wittypi.dtbo' -> '/mnt/piboot/overlays/wittypi.dtbo'\n'boot/start.elf' -> '/mnt/piboot/start.elf'\n'boot/start_cd.elf' -> '/mnt/piboot/start_cd.elf'\n'boot/start_db.elf' -> '/mnt/piboot/start_db.elf'\n'boot/start_x.elf' -> '/mnt/piboot/start_x.elf'\ncyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/firmware # cd ../kbuild/linux/\ncyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux # rm /mnt/piboot/*.dtb\ncyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux # cp -v arch/arm64/boot/dts/broadcom/bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb /mnt/piboot/\n'arch/arm64/boot/dts/broadcom/bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb'\ncyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux # cp -v arch/arm64/boot/dts/broadcom/bcm{2710,2837}-rpi-3-b.dtb /mnt/piboot/\n'arch/arm64/boot/dts/broadcom/bcm2710-rpi-3-b.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2710-rpi-3-b.dtb'\n'arch/arm64/boot/dts/broadcom/bcm2837-rpi-3-b.dtb' -> '/mnt/piboot/bcm2837-rpi-3-b.dtb'\ncyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux #\t\n```\n\nGoing ahead with the kernel and its related modules; we can see that we invoque `modules_install` option of `make` declaring three variables:\n\n1. `ARCH=arm64`\n2. `CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-`\n3. `INSTALL_MOD_PATH=\"/mnt/piroot\"`\n\nYou can appreciate the output of the entire command here:\n\n[https://ghostbin.com/paste/okxwe](https://ghostbin.com/paste/okxwe)\n\n```sh\ncyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux # cp -v arch/arm64/boot/Image /mnt/piboot/kernel8.img\n'arch/arm64/boot/Image' -> '/mnt/piboot/kernel8.img'\ncyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux # make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu- modules_install INSTALL_MOD_PATH=\"/mnt/piroot\"\n.\n.\n.\nDEPMOD  4.14.34-v8+\ncyberdream /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/kbuild/linux #\n```\n\nThe result of an `ls` of the `/boot` carpet is:\n\n```sh\ncyberdream /mnt/piboot # ls -al\ntotal 34634\ndrwxr-xr-x 3 root root     2048 Apr 18 15:13 .\ndrwxr-xr-x 7 root root     4096 Apr 18 09:59 ..\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    18693 Apr 18 13:47 COPYING.linux\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     1494 Apr 18 13:47 LICENCE.broadcom\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    24519 Apr 18 15:13 bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    24256 Apr 18 15:13 bcm2710-rpi-3-b.dtb\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    17314 Apr 18 15:13 bcm2837-rpi-3-b.dtb\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    52064 Apr 18 13:47 bootcode.bin\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     6575 Apr 18 13:47 fixup.dat\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     2599 Apr 18 13:47 fixup_cd.dat\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     9726 Apr 18 13:47 fixup_db.dat\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     9730 Apr 18 13:47 fixup_x.dat\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  4676016 Apr 18 13:47 kernel.img\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  4922144 Apr 18 13:47 kernel7.img\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 13300224 Apr 18 17:46 kernel8.img\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 root root    11264 Apr 18 13:47 overlays\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  2825124 Apr 18 13:47 start.elf\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   673444 Apr 18 13:47 start_cd.elf\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  4968292 Apr 18 13:47 start_db.elf\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  3912164 Apr 18 13:47 start_x.elf\ncyberdream /mnt/piboot #\n```\n\nNext we're going to extract the `stage3` tarball in the `/` mounted over `/mnt/piroot`.\n\nWe're going to use `tar` in an advaced mode:\n\n- `-x`: Extract files from an archive.\n- `-v`: Verbosely list files processed.\n- `-j`: Filter the archive through bzip2.\n- `-p`: Extract  information  about file permissions.\n- `-f`: Use archive file or device ARCHIVE (`stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2`)\n- `--xattrs-include`: Specify the include PATTERN for xattr keys. (`*.*`)\n- `--numeric-owner`: Always use numbers for user/group names.\n\nFull output here:\n\n[https://ghostbin.com/paste/yvs2x](https://ghostbin.com/paste/yvs2x)\n\n```sh\ncyberdream /mnt/piroot # tar xvjpf /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/stage3/stage3-arm64-20180305.tar.bz2 --xattrs-include='*.*' --numeric-owner\n.\n.\n.\ncyberdream /mnt/piroot #\n```\n\n### The portage latest snapshot\n\nThe next step is to install a **Portage** snapshot, a set of files updated on a daily basis informing Portage what software is available to install, what profiles are available, and so on.\n\n```sh\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/portage $ wget http://distfiles.gentoo.org/snapshots/portage-latest.tar.bz2{,.gpgsig,.md5sum}\n--2018-04-20 10:15:21--  http://distfiles.gentoo.org/snapshots/portage-latest.tar.bz2\nResolving distfiles.gentoo.org... 64.50.236.52, 140.211.166.134, 137.226.34.46, ...\nConnecting to distfiles.gentoo.org|64.50.236.52|:80... connected.\nHTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK\nLength: 52621953 (50M) [application/x-bzip2]\nSaving to: ‘portage-latest.tar.bz2’\n\nportage-latest.tar. 100%[===================>]  50.18M  6.93MB/s    in 9.5s    \n\n2018-04-20 10:15:31 (5.30 MB/s) - ‘portage-latest.tar.bz2’ saved [52621953/52621953]\n\n--2018-04-20 10:15:31--  http://distfiles.gentoo.org/snapshots/portage-latest.tar.bz2.gpgsig\nReusing existing connection to distfiles.gentoo.org:80.\nHTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK\nLength: 963 [application/x-bzip2]\nSaving to: ‘portage-latest.tar.bz2.gpgsig’\n\nportage-latest.tar. 100%[===================>]     963  --.-KB/s    in 0s      \n\n2018-04-20 10:15:31 (297 MB/s) - ‘portage-latest.tar.bz2.gpgsig’ saved [963/963]\n\n--2018-04-20 10:15:31--  http://distfiles.gentoo.org/snapshots/portage-latest.tar.bz2.md5sum\nReusing existing connection to distfiles.gentoo.org:80.\nHTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK\nLength: 57 [application/x-bzip2]\nSaving to: ‘portage-latest.tar.bz2.md5sum’\n\nportage-latest.tar. 100%[===================>]      57  --.-KB/s    in 0s      \n\n2018-04-20 10:15:31 (21.2 MB/s) - ‘portage-latest.tar.bz2.md5sum’ saved [57/57]\n\nFINISHED --2018-04-20 10:15:31--\nTotal wall clock time: 10s\nDownloaded: 3 files, 50M in 9.5s (5.30 MB/s)\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/portage $ \n```\n\nNext to verify the gpg signature we're going to fetch with `gpg` the latest key from the *Gentoo Portage Snapshot signing Key (Automated signing key)*. We have to find the `Key ID` in the official page de Release Engeneer:\n\n[https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Project:RelEng#Keys](https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Project:RelEng#Keys)\n\nIn our case is `0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D`. \n\nVarious options to launch with `gpg`:\n\n- `--search`: search for keys on a keyserver.\n- `1`: public key imported.\n- `--edit-key`:  Present  a  menu which enables you to do most of the key management related tasks. \n- `fpr`: show key fingerprint.\n- `trust`: change the ownertrust.\n- `5`: ultimate trust.\n- `--verify`: Assume  that  the  first argument is a signed file and verify it\n  without generating any output.  With no arguments, the signature\n  packet  is  read from STDIN.  If only one argument is given, the\n  specified file is expected to include a complete signature.\n\n```sh\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/portage $ gpg --search 0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D\ngpg: data source: http://37.191.226.104:11371\n(1)\tGentoo Portage Snapshot Signing Key (Automated Signing Key)\n\t  4096 bit RSA key 0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D, created: 2011-11-25, expires: 2019-01-01\nKeys 1-1 of 1 for \"0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D\".  Enter number(s), N)ext, or Q)uit > 1\ngpg: key 0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D: 13 signatures not checked due to missing keys\ngpg: key 0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D: public key \"Gentoo Portage Snapshot Signing Key (Automated Signing Key)\" imported\ngpg: marginals needed: 3  completes needed: 1  trust model: pgp\ngpg: depth: 0  valid:   3  signed:   0  trust: 0-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 0f, 3u\ngpg: next trustdb check due at 2019-08-22\ngpg: Total number processed: 1\ngpg:               imported: 1\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/portage \ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/portage $ gpg --edit-key 0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D\ngpg (GnuPG) 2.2.6; Copyright (C) 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\nThis is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.\nThere is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.\n\n\npub  rsa4096/0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D\n     created: 2011-11-25  expires: 2019-01-01  usage: C   \n     trust: unknown       validity: unknown\nsub  rsa4096/0xEC590EEAC9189250\n     created: 2011-11-25  expires: 2019-01-01  usage: S   \n[ unknown] (1). Gentoo Portage Snapshot Signing Key (Automated Signing Key)\ngpg> fpr\npub   rsa4096/0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D 2011-11-25 Gentoo Portage Snapshot Signing Key (Automated Signing Key)\n Primary key fingerprint: DCD0 5B71 EAB9 4199 527F  44AC DB6B 8C1F 96D8 BF6D\n\ngpg> trust\npub  rsa4096/0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D\n     created: 2011-11-25  expires: 2019-01-01  usage: C   \n     trust: unknown       validity: unknown\nsub  rsa4096/0xEC590EEAC9189250\n     created: 2011-11-25  expires: 2019-01-01  usage: S   \n[ unknown] (1). Gentoo Portage Snapshot Signing Key (Automated Signing Key)\n\nPlease decide how far you trust this user to correctly verify other users' keys\n(by looking at passports, checking fingerprints from different sources, etc.)\n\n  1 = I don't know or won't say\n  2 = I do NOT trust\n  3 = I trust marginally\n  4 = I trust fully\n  5 = I trust ultimately\n  m = back to the main menu\n\nYour decision? 5\nDo you really want to set this key to ultimate trust? (y/N) y\n\npub  rsa4096/0xDB6B8C1F96D8BF6D\n     created: 2011-11-25  expires: 2019-01-01  usage: C   \n     trust: ultimate      validity: unknown\nsub  rsa4096/0xEC590EEAC9189250\n     created: 2011-11-25  expires: 2019-01-01  usage: S   \n[unknown] (1). Gentoo Portage Snapshot Signing Key (Automated Signing Key)\nPlease note that the shown key validity is not necessarily correct\nunless you restart the program.\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/portage $ mv portage-latest.tar.bz2.gpgsig portage-latest.tar.bz2.sig\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/portage $ gpg --verify portage-latest.tar.bz2.sig\ngpg: assuming signed data in 'portage-latest.tar.bz2'\ngpg: Signature made Fri 20 Apr 2018 02:51:21 CEST\ngpg:                using RSA key E1D6ABB63BFCFB4BA02FDF1CEC590EEAC9189250\ngpg: Good signature from \"Gentoo Portage Snapshot Signing Key (Automated Signing Key)\" [ultimate]\nPrimary key fingerprint: DCD0 5B71 EAB9 4199 527F  44AC DB6B 8C1F 96D8 BF6D\n     Subkey fingerprint: E1D6 ABB6 3BFC FB4B A02F  DF1C EC59 0EEA C918 9250\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/portage $ \n\n```\n\n`untar` the tarball following the last `tar`  command: \n\n```sh\ncyberdream /mnt/piroot/usr # tar xvjpf /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/portage/portage-latest.tar.bz2 --xattrs-include='*.*' --numeric-owner\n.\n.\n.\ncyberdream /mnt/piroot/usr #\n```\n\n### Wireless and bluetooth closed source firmware\n\nThe chipset of the wi-fi interface that come inside the single-board Raspberry Pi 3 is a **Broadcom BRM43430** and needs two files to be present under `/lib/firmware/brcm`. \n\nThe `.bin` is a [*binary blob*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_blob) closed source piece of software. We can download it from the GitHub.com repository of the [**armbian**](https://www.armbian.com/) linux distribution. `brcmfmac` is a *Full-mac* driver we can read more about it here:\n\n[https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/developers/documentation/glossary](https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/developers/documentation/glossary)\n\n```sh\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware $ wget https://raw.GitHubusercontent.com/armbian/firmware/master/brcm/brcmfmac43430-sdio.txt\n--2018-04-25 02:18:14--  https://raw.GitHubusercontent.com/armbian/firmware/master/brcm/brcmfmac43430-sdio.txt\nResolving raw.GitHubusercontent.com... 151.101.36.133\nConnecting to raw.GitHubusercontent.com|151.101.36.133|:443... connected.\nHTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK\nLength: 902 [text/plain]\nSaving to: ‘brcmfmac43430-sdio.txt’\n\nbrcmfmac43430-sdio. 100%[===================>]     902  --.-KB/s    in 0s      \n\n2018-04-25 02:18:15 (309 MB/s) - ‘brcmfmac43430-sdio.txt’ saved [902/902]\n\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware $ wget https://GitHub.com/armbian/firmware/raw/master/brcm/brcmfmac43430-sdio.bin\n--2018-04-25 02:21:43--  https://GitHub.com/armbian/firmware/raw/master/brcm/brcmfmac43430-sdio.bin\nResolving GitHub.com... 192.30.253.112, 192.30.253.113\nConnecting to GitHub.com|192.30.253.112|:443... connected.\nHTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Found\nLocation: https://raw.GitHubusercontent.com/armbian/firmware/master/brcm/brcmfmac43430-sdio.bin [following]\n--2018-04-25 02:21:44--  https://raw.GitHubusercontent.com/armbian/firmware/master/brcm/brcmfmac43430-sdio.bin\nResolving raw.GitHubusercontent.com... 151.101.36.133\nConnecting to raw.GitHubusercontent.com|151.101.36.133|:443... connected.\nHTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK\nLength: 416477 (407K) [application/octet-stream]\nSaving to: ‘brcmfmac43430-sdio.bin’\n\nbrcmfmac43430-sdio. 100%[===================>] 406.72K  1.61MB/s    in 0.2s    \n\n2018-04-25 02:21:44 (1.61 MB/s) - ‘brcmfmac43430-sdio.bin’ saved [416477/416477]\n\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware $ \ncyberdream /mnt/piroot/lib # mkdir -pv firmware/brcm\nmkdir: created directory 'firmware'\nmkdir: created directory 'firmware/brcm'\ncyberdream /mnt/piroot/lib # cp -v /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware/brcmfmac43430-sdio.* firmware/brcm/\n'/home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware/brcmfmac43430-sdio.bin' -> 'firmware/brcm/brcmfmac43430-sdio.bin'\n'/home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware/brcmfmac43430-sdio.txt' -> 'firmware/brcm/brcmfmac43430-sdio.txt'\ncyberdream /mnt/piroot/lib # \n```\n\nNext we have to fetch another *bynary blob* for the bluetooth chip that is a **BCM2837** and it is connected to the [**hardware UART**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_asynchronous_receiver-transmitter). We can do it from the Raspbian [bluez-firmware](https://GitHub.com/RPi-Distro/bluez-firmware/tree/master/broadcom) GitHub repository.\n\n```sh\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware $ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/RPi-Distro/bluez-firmware/master/broadcom/BCM43430A1.hcd\n--2018-04-25 02:51:22--  https://raw.githubusercontent.com/RPi-Distro/bluez-firmware/master/broadcom/BCM43430A1.hcd\nResolving raw.githubusercontent.com... 151.101.36.133\nConnecting to raw.githubusercontent.com|151.101.36.133|:443... connected.\nHTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK\nLength: 36264 (35K) [application/octet-stream]\nSaving to: ‘BCM43430A1.hcd’\n\nBCM43430A1.hcd      100%[===================>]  35.41K  --.-KB/s    in 0.06s   \n\n2018-04-25 02:51:22 (629 KB/s) - ‘BCM43430A1.hcd’ saved [36264/36264]\n\ntaglio@cyberdream ~/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware $ \ncyberdream /mnt/piroot/lib # cp -v /home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware/BCM43430A1.hcd firmware/brcm/\n'/home/taglio/Sources/Rpi3/wireless_firmware/BCM43430A1.hcd' -> 'firmware/brcm/BCM43430A1.hcd'\ncyberdream /mnt/piroot/lib #\n```\n\n### Custom config files\n\nWe've to change some files under `/mnt/piroot` and `/mnt/piboot` to make the *first run* possible. They are:\n\n- `etc/fstab`: static information about the filesystems.\n- `config.txt`: more information at [https://elinux.org/RPiconfig](https://elinux.org/RPiconfig)\n- `cmdline.txt`: more information at [https://elinux.org/RPi_cmdline.txt](https://elinux.org/RPi_cmdline.txt)\n- `etc/conf.d/keymaps`: keyboard table descriptions for loadkeys and dumpkeys.\n- `etc/shadow`: shadowed password file (set `root` passwod to *raspberry*).\n\n```sh\ncyberdream /mnt/piroot/etc # cat > fstab << EOF\n> /dev/mmcblk0p1          /boot           vfat            noauto,noatime  1 2\n> /dev/mmcblk0p2          none            swap            sw              0 0\n> /dev/mmcblk0p3          /               ext4            noatime         0 1\n> EOF\ncyberdream /mnt/piroot/etc # \n```\n\n```sh\ncyberdream /mnt/piboot # cat > config.txt << EOF\n> # have a properly sized image\n> disable_overscan=1\n> \n> # lets have the VC4 hardware accelerated video\n> dtoverlay=vc4-fkms-v3d\n> \n> # for sound over HDMI\n> hdmi_drive=2\n> \n> # Enable audio (loads snd_bcm2835)\n> dtparam=audioon\n> \n> # gpu_mem is for closed-source driver only; since we are only using the\n> # open-source driver here, set low\n> gpu_mem=16\n> EOF\ncyberdream /mnt/piboot # \n```\n\n```sh\ncyberdream /mnt/piboot # cat > cmdline.txt << EOF\n> root=/dev/mmcblk0p3 rootfstype=ext4 rootwait\n> EOF\ncyberdream /mnt/piboot #\n```\n\n```sh\ncyberdream /mnt/piroot/etc/conf.d # cat > keymaps << EOF\n> # Use keymap to specify the default console keymap.  There is a complete tree\n> # of keymaps in /usr/share/keymaps to choose from.\n> keymap='es'\n> \n> # Should we first load the 'windowkeys' console keymap?  Most x86 users will\n> # say \"yes\" here.  Note that non-x86 users should leave it as \"no\".\n> # Loading this keymap will enable VT switching (like ALT+Left/Right)\n> # using the special windows keys on the linux console.\n> windowkeys=\"YES\"\n> \n> # The maps to load for extended keyboards.  Most users will leave this as is.\n> extended_keymaps=\"\"\n> #extended_keymaps=\"backspace keypad euro2\"\n> \n> # Tell dumpkeys(1) to interpret character action codes to be\n> # from the specified character set.\n> # This only matters if you set unicode=\"yes\" in /etc/rc.conf.\n> # For a list of valid sets, run `dumpkeys --help`\n> dumpkeys_charset=\"\"\n> \n> # Some fonts map AltGr-E to the currency symbol instead of the Euro.\n> # To fix this, set to \"yes\"\n> fix_euro=\"NO\"\n> EOF\ncyberdream /mnt/piroot/etc/conf.d #\n```\n\n```sh\ncyberdream /mnt/piroot/etc # cat > shadow << EOF\n>\nroot:/Td5iP$/7Asdgq0ux2sgNkklnndcG4g3493kUYfrrdenBXjxBxEsoLneJpDAwOyX/kkpFB4pU5dlhHEyN0SK4eh/WpmO0:10770:0:::::\n> halt:*:9797:0:::::\n> operator:*:9797:0:::::\n> shutdown:*:9797:0:::::\n> sync:*:9797:0:::::\n> bin:*:9797:0:::::\n> daemon:*:9797:0:::::\n> adm:*:9797:0:::::\n> lp:*:9797:0:::::\n> news:*:9797:0:::::\n> uucp:*:9797:0:::::\n> portage:*:9797:0:::::\n> nobody:*:9797:0:::::\n> man:!:17595::::::\n> sshd:!:17595::::::\n> EOF\ncyberdream /mnt/piroot/etc #\n```\n\n### First boot\n\n`umount` and `sync` the *microSD* partition and insert it in the **Raspberry pi 3** slot.\n\n```sh\ncyberdream ~ # umount -v /mnt/piroot/\numount: /mnt/piroot/ unmounted\ncyberdream ~ # umount -v /mnt/piboot/\numount: /mnt/piboot/ unmounted\ncyberdream ~ # sync\ncyberdream ~ # \n```\n\nConnect an *HDMI* cable to a monitor and a *USB* mouse and keyboard to the **Raspberry pi 3** ports.",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"gentoo\",\"raspberry\",\"arm\",\"arm64\",\"crosscompile\"],\"image\":[\"https://images6.alphacoders.com/480/thumb-1920-480025.jpg\",\"https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/photos/1560/images/story_full_width/HI_292876WHYMatter1.jpg?1345547525\",\"https://www.urbanseedling.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Raspberry-Festival--600x600.jpg\",\"https://raw.GitHubusercontent.com/sakaki-/resources/master/raspberrypi/pi3/demo-screenshot-small-3.jpg\"],\"links\":[\"https://www.gentoo.org\",\"https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/sys-devel/crossdev\",\"https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Project:Overlays/Overlays_guide\",\"https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Portage\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEC_Alpha\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA-RISC\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperH\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-64\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_68000_series\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z/Architecture\",\"https://www.raspberrypi.org/\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_Foundation\",\"https://xfce.org/\",\"https://GitHub.com/raspberrypi/linux\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_U-Boot\",\"https://ghostbin.com/paste/cg62q\",\"https://ghostbin.com/paste/damwc\",\"https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroSD\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_file_system\",\"https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/System_set_(Portage)\",\"https://www.reddit.com/r/Gentoo/comments/8d415b/errata/\",\"https://events.static.linuxfound.org/sites/events/files/slides/petazzoni-device-tree-dummies\",\"https://ghostbin.com/paste/gn8wj\",\"https://ghostbin.com/paste/okxwe\",\"https://ghostbin.com/paste/yvs2x\",\"https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Project:RelEng#Keys\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_blob\",\"https://www.armbian.com/\",\"https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/developers/documentation/glossary\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_asynchronous_receiver-transmitter\",\"https://GitHub.com/RPi-Distro/bluez-firmware/tree/master/broadcom\",\"https://elinux.org/RPiconfig\",\"https://elinux.org/RPi_cmdline.txt\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}"
    }
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}

scottcbusinesssent 0.001 SBD to @npna- "Hey @npna! You rock! I appreciate you :)"

2018/04/08 08:37:27 UTC

21,382,297|b35e1d8

from	scottcbusiness
to	npna
amount	0.001 SBD
memo	Hey @npna! You rock! I appreciate you :)
Transaction Info	Block #21382297/Trx b35e1d8e40ccd0dc0fee63f40da0a09399a09122

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "b35e1d8e40ccd0dc0fee63f40da0a09399a09122",
  "block": 21382297,
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-04-08T08:37:27",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "scottcbusiness",
      "to": "npna",
      "amount": "0.001 SBD",
      "memo": "Hey @npna! You rock! I appreciate you :)"
    }
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}

scottychamssent 0.001 SBD to @npna- "Hey @npna! You are awesome, special, and unique! :)"

2018/04/08 08:35:57 UTC

21,382,267|4be48eb

from	scottychams
to	npna
amount	0.001 SBD
memo	Hey @npna! You are awesome, special, and unique! :)
Transaction Info	Block #21382267/Trx 4be48ebfd3df2d83a80fa17b63a009c1f601dcf6

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "4be48ebfd3df2d83a80fa17b63a009c1f601dcf6",
  "block": 21382267,
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-04-08T08:35:57",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "scottychams",
      "to": "npna",
      "amount": "0.001 SBD",
      "memo": "Hey @npna! You are awesome, special, and unique! :)"
    }
  ]
}

npnafollowed @abrockman

2018/04/08 02:46:54 UTC

21,375,287|ea5ea2a

required auths	[]
required posting auths	["npna"]
id	follow
json	["follow",{"follower":"npna","following":"abrockman","what":["blog"]}]
Transaction Info	Block #21375287/Trx ea5ea2a68bc638b59956aff083b14a4d816fdf35

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "trx_id": "ea5ea2a68bc638b59956aff083b14a4d816fdf35",
  "block": 21375287,
  "trx_in_block": 25,
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-04-08T02:46:54",
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "npna"
      ],
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"npna\",\"following\":\"abrockman\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]"
    }
  ]
}

Manabar

Voting Power100.00%

Downvote Power100.00%

Resource Credits100.00%

Reputation Progress28.93%

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      "precision": 6,
      "nai": "@@000000037"
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Account Metadata

POSTING JSON METADATA
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JSON METADATA
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Auth Keys

Owner

Single Signature

Public Keys

STM7vyeY6PzJmukEPGR56jm8tTGUnZs99H5x5CGekqMHy38uzV25H1/1

Active

Single Signature

Public Keys

STM6BryaonxN5ePuQrXGjAYUsFE6Fg6MTmgvu5rL5HD3Bz4dPL7yY1/1

Posting

Single Signature

Public Keys

STM6KvCCFTGqv2VHs9ED8den2s2VHt6yvZpkjLfn7q3WC8MZsGHYF1/1

Memo

STM585cVbcj3tEMi1wLPEHyQYn8XGUo8dCzRdYpexehDEirMFFSun

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}

Witness Votes

0 / 30

No active witness votes.

[]