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      "body": "Leading one ICO marketing campaign is a serious job. You will need every hack you can implement and as much target audience on your side as possible. If you are asking yourself, why in the earth would I do something crazy as that, you should read our previous blog post (link). We promised to provide how-to insights for you, so here are a few hacks that proved to be useful.\n\n![andre-francois-557694-unsplash.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcEEyhBFfh6y8vUGjkQ1b3VahAPhph12DzVETSanUbc1w/andre-francois-557694-unsplash.jpg)\n\n# STRONG COMMUNITY\n\nThis is the essence of every ICO, without people that believe in your product you will end nowhere. Your job as a part of a startup or a company starting an ICO is to create believers. If they want you to win, odds are you are going to win. Most of the ICOs create Telegram or Discord channel groups that are providing 24h information flow about the project and ICO that they are running. The best way is to test the most used channels in this communities and figure out which ones give the best results for you. Start with your own network to build a small community that you will, later on, expand to the supergroup.\n\n# CREATE YOUR OWN CHEERLEADING TEAM\n\nEmployee your best fans. Maybe you think it is not a big deal, and you have enough admins leading your Telegram or Discord channel, but you will be surprised. When you see you have believers, and your Telegram user is faster in providing accurate pieces of information about your ICO than your admins, well hire him. It will accelerate your growth. Because you have one more ambassador on your side. Some of them would be happy just to be a part of the team they are cheerleading for, but be sure that if you reward them fairly they will double the investment.\n\n# CONFERENCES\n\nWe all know this are the best places to meet the right people or to lose your time. When it comes to blockchain and cryptocurrencies it is a good place to connect with other people from the field. Here the most important part is to provide the value. Pay for the speaking slot and get exposure to the “wales” investors and influencers that will spread a word about your ICO. Word of mouth and underground recommendation of a believer is much more valuable than trying to trick the Facebook algorithm. There are a lot of “exclusive” private conferences that are not marketing because their specific target group is already in their network. Therefore building a hype on the pear-to-pear way could result in the biggest presales and crowd investment.  \n\n# REVIEWS\n\nPeople are talking. And someone needs to start talking good words about what you do. If you are still bad in spreading a resonate story, then hire someone to do it for you. It is no secret that the YouTube reviewers are paid. It is a good way to create hype around your ICO, because other YouTubers would follow. The key is to map the right one for your story. A lot of scammers would pretend to be someone else, maybe you should research and find out who this people are. Perhaps there is a good reason they are pretending to be them.\n\n# GIFTS\n\nEveryone loves gifts. Promo materials with cool messages that resonate with your mission are a good path. Create hoodies, t shirts, stickers, hats, or flying oysters - just don’t forget to put your logo on it. And send it to your supporters, or potential ones. If you don’t have supporters, or have only a few of “crazy in love” ones you need to bring more people to your army. This is the old-fashioned way, but it works still. Off course they won’t mind to get some crypto. :)\n\n\n\nIn every second have written in stone that you should treat every person in your community with kindness and respect. Yes, marketing an ICO could be a massive job. Still have in mind that one annoying reply to the trolling user on your community channel could go badly. It can result in a viral review on the YouTube or other relevant platforms, if it turns out to be an undercover influencer. Create effortless trust and value, and the hype would be there. Sometimes life is simple, people love to support quality projects.",
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      "body": "![img1.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcDHowuXxezNXLAqr6wmgLkPPnayrM3F4RBuxSw4efzZ7/img1.png)\n\n<tl;dr> In this article we’ll discuss the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) alongside all of its functionalities and components. As we dive deeper into the subject, we are going to shift focus to **DHT** (distributed hash table) and Git’s **MerkleDAG** implementations in IPFS. Feel free to jump on the part you are most interested in.\n\nIt is crucial to understand the importance of these concepts due to the fact that almost all technological solutions in the P2P systems nowadays are relying on these technologies.\n\n## Firstly, let’s take a look at some of the “problems” with the Web 2.0 today:\n&nbsp;\n* __Location-based addressing__\nIt might not seem like a problem, after all, that’s how the web works. Having to access your data on a server from the other part of the world might bring some time complexity to the table.\n\n* __Centralization & single point of failure__\nThis is a well-known problem where if a centralized server goes down, there is no way to access any of the data you might need.\n\n* __Censorship__\nThe whole point of the internet is to share data, but while we have potent entities restricting our access to information, we will not have the data liberation that we seek.\n\n* __Impermanence__\nLots of links are broken, out of 1.8 billion websites in the World, only 200 million is live.\n\n## What is IPFS?\n&nbsp;\nIPFS stands for an Interplanetary file system and it aims to change the way we distribute and work with data today. The InterPlanetary File System is a peer-to-peer distributed file system that seeks to connect all computing devices with the same system of files. It is combining well-tested internet technologies such as DHT (distributed hash tables), Git’s MerkleDAG and BitTorrent’s bit swap protocol. It uses content addressing block storage and data structure in the form of MerkleDAG upon which one can build versioned file system, blockchains, etc..\n\nIPFS has five layers:\n\n* naming — a self-certifying PKI namespace (IPNS)\n* MerkleDAG — data structure format (thin waist)\n* exchange — block transport and replication\n* routing — locating peers and objects\n* network — establishing connections between peers\n\n![IPFSStack.jpeg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYQBfnnapZRPBddHzUnFUeaXHkzWPyGx9iGbBWfYp5zSp/IPFSStack.jpeg)\n\n## Network\n&nbsp;\nThe network provides point-to-point transports (reliable and unreliable) between any two IPFS nodes in the network.\n\n* [NAT traversal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAT_traversal) — hole punching, port mapping, and relay\n* supports multiple transports — TCP, SCTP, UDP, …\n* supports encryption, signing, or clear communications\n* multi-multiplexes -multiplexes connections, streams, protocols, peers\n\n## Routing — DHT\n&nbsp;\nBefore we jump into routing in IPFS let’s take a look at the different ways of finding an object. There are two basic ways, *searching* and *addressing*. Searching is how google works; it finds an object by searching with keywords that match object description, i.e., comparing the actual object to know if they are the same. This makes it hard to be efficient.\n\nAddressing, on the other hand, finds objects by addressing them with their unique name. The best example is URL on the Web. Pros of this approach are that object location can be more efficient and every object is uniquely identifiable.\n\nSearching in P2P networks is not efficient, finding a solution in ether centralized, distributed or even hybrid method does not provide the system with desirable speed efficiency. Creating more efficient search and object location was the original motivation for researching distributed hash tables. One major goal of P2P systems is object lookup: Given a data item X stored in some set of nodes in the system, find it.\n\n## What is DHT\n&nbsp;\nDHT performs the functions of a hash table. You can store a key and value pair, and you can look up a value if you have the key. Let’s take a look at hash tables to get a better understanding of what DHTs are:\n\n\n![Hash tables & Distributed hash tables.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmaLbCExpxZ6HU9onvJYbnA4XWu5JS2QDZwQa3tFBoVo2R/Hash%20tables%20&%20Distributed%20hash%20tables.png) \n\nThe task of maintaining the mapping from keys to values is distributed among the nodes, in such a way that a change in the set of participants causes a minimal amount of disruption.\n\nIn a DHT, each node is responsible for one or more hash buckets. As nodes join and leave, the responsibilities change. Nodes communicate among themselves to find the responsible node, and scalable communications are what makes DHTs efficient. DHTs also support all the normal hash table operations.\n\nLets first take a look at how basic DHT works after which we will take a look at IPFS implementation of Kademlia DHT.\n\nUpon the creation of the DHT, hash buckets are distributed among nodes. The process is starting by dividing buckets over nodes that are already in the network. Nodes are forming an overlay network connected by virtual or logical links. Routing scheme is established. DHT behavior and usage differ for different implementations, but when we talk about the basic concept the procedure is like following:\n\n* *Node knows “object” name and wants to find it*\n* *Node routes a message in an overlay to the responsible node*\n* *Responsible node replies with “object”*\n\nThe characteristics of any implementation of DHT is **autonomy and decentralization** which means nodes collectively form the system without any central coordination. The system is **fault tolerant**, i.e., should be reliable even with nodes continuously joining, leaving, and failing. DHTs are **scalable**, and it should function efficiently even with thousands or millions of nodes.\n\n> Quick tip: check how Cord DHT works.\n\n**How does Kademlia DHT look like**\n\nUnlike other DHT routing systems, Kademlia uses **tree-based routing**. Kademlia binary tree treats nodes as leaves of a binary tree, starting from the root, for any given node, dividing the binary tree into a series of successively lower subtrees that don’t contain the node. Every node keeps touch with at least one node from each of its subtrees. Corresponding to each subtree, there is a k-bucket.\n\nIn this forest, every node needs to keep a list of (**IP-address, Port, Node id**) triples, and (**key, value**) tuples for further exchanging information with others.\n\n![Kademlia binary tree.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQme7X5sc9V3CJD3RxDBRZt5pQEE8DnsyQZPcaP9CruWZ6B/Kademlia%20binary%20tree.png)\n\n\nNodes, files, and keywords, deploy SHA1 hash into a 160-bit space. By each node, information about files and keywords are kept just for the closest nodes.\n\n\n**K-bucket**\n\n![K-bucket.jpeg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVpERpKkEUb4y6GDr1ijrvQ24rNXynWQjxc89t5cTQwaX/K-bucket.jpeg)\n\nFor each i (0 ≤ i < 160) every node keeps a list of nodes of distance between 2^i and 2^(i+1) from itself. Each list is a k-bucket. The list is sorted by the time last seen. The value of k is chosen so that any given set of k nodes is unlikely to fail within an hour. The list is updated whenever a node receives a message.\n\nThe nodes in the k-buckets are the stepping stones of routing. By relying on the oldest nodes, that they will remain online. DoS attack is prevented since the new nodes find it challenging to get into the k-bucket.\n\n**Kademlia RPC** — remote procedure call\n\n* **PING**: to test whether a node is online\n* **STORE**: instruct a node to store a key\n* **FIND_NODE**: takes an ID as an argument, a recipient returns (IP address, UDP port, node id) of the k nodes that it knows from the set of nodes closest to ID (node lookup)\n* **FIND_VALUE**: behaves like FIND_NODE, unless the recipient received a STORE for that key, it just returns the stored value\n\nTo store a (key, value) pair, a participant locates the closest k nodes to the key and sends them STORE RPCs. For Kademlia’s file sharing application, the original publisher of a (key, value) pair is required to republish it every 24 hours. Otherwise, (key, value) pairs expire 24 hours after publication.\n\nFault tolerance and concurrent change are handled well via the use of k-buckets. Proximity routing chooses nodes that have low latency and handles DoS attacks by using nodes that are up for a long time.\n\n\n# Block Exchange\n&nbsp;\nBitswap is the data exchanging model used in IPFS, it manages to request and send blocks to and from other peers in the network. Bitswap serves two main purposes, first is to get blocks which are requested by the network (it have routes because of DHT). The second is to send those block to nodes that want them.\n\nBitswap is a message based protocol, as opposed to response-reply. All messages contain want lists or blocks. Upon receiving a want list, a node should consider sending out wanted blocks if they have them. Upon receiving blocks, the node should send out a notification called a ‘Cancel’ signifying that they no longer want the block. At a protocol level, bitswap is very simple.\n\n# MerkleDAG\n&nbsp;\nIn a **MerkleDAG**, Merkle stands for Merkle Tree and DAG for a direct acyclic graph. Which means this data is similar to Merkle tree but not so strict, so DAG does not need to be balanced, and its non-leaf nodes are allowed to contain data.\n\n> __“Merkle trees make it possible for the web to be built on a small contribution of many rather than concentrated resources of a few.”__\n\n![Merkle tree& direct acyclic graph.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZZHiu5fdpRhTx6MPgPZ3QfowwSH7mEe2Rj8zjEahGL2b/Merkle%20tree&%20direct%20acyclic%20graph.png)\n\nWhen we combine them we get something like this:\n\n![MerkleDAG.jpeg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXUpsisx8f9Xp9CcvoKBE9TiWpAyV4JjT34WKajjmKANY/MerkleDAG.jpeg)\n\nIPFS object is a MerkleDAG data structure which has two fields, data and an array of links, when we do ipfs object get QmfM2r8s.. (__or the middle right object in the picture< 256Kb__) we get something like this:\n\n```\n\"Links\":[{\n\n    \"Name\":\"\",\n\n    \"Hash\":\"QmYSK2Jy...\",\n\n    \"Size\":2621 }]\n\n\"Data\":\"\\u0008\\Hello World!...\"}  - each object data is up to 256Kb`\n```\n&nbsp;\nBut when we have data which is bigger than 256Kb (middle left object) we will have an array of link structures with different hashes pointing to parts of data which was previously fragmented.\n\n``` \n\"Links\":[{\n\n     \"Name\":\"\" ,\n\n     \"Hash\":\"QmYSK2Jy...\",\n\n     \"Size\":2621 }]\n\n\"Links\":[{\n\n     \"Name\":\"\" ,\n\n     \"Hash\":\"QmQeUqdj...\",\n\n     \"Size\":564261 }]\n\n\"Data\":\"\\u0008\\u...\"}\n```\n&nbsp;\nEvery hash is unique because every one of them is produced with a SHA-256 algorithm based on the data content. This content addressing gives IPFS ability to **deduplicate** files automatically. That means if we have two files that contain same data the hash produced by both will be the same and will point to one object place.\n\nMerkle DAG also gives us the ability to have **versioned file system**. There are two main reasons why versioning is essential, first is being able to access history or how the data has been changed over time. Second is being able to link to any one of those versions, forever.\n\nLet’s take a look at how Git versioning system works. Create two files: __test.txt and hello_world.txt__\n\n![test.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZynyVhwHkwxwZdeqgHjTmnPRkY7WbjfShfREBY1ce9Nr/test.png)\n\nIt will add hashes to each file. When we add files to git (git add), it will create a tree object:\n\n![git_add.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmf2KufgXvpp2hYGpihxSrKLfCPJ5iXH1dqP28foFZJKqM/git_add.png)\n\nThis tree1 object (Merkle tree) is dependent on the content of test.txt and hello_world.txt. That means if we change either of our .txt files the hash of tree1 object will change. After a git commit, more data about the owner is added, therefore it is added to a new hash.\n\n![git_commit.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRsLW6g56NgJ4D3qUBvCLXvD18ax4vGpg2FPThbC9cMsp/git_commit.png)\n\nNow we have a Merkle tree with our two files. This is what happens when we edit a test.txt file:\n\n![change_text.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmfTvh7HnuF2aD2E8ZgxShQw6VE2ihjyb29CmGg3wBk2NZ/change_text.png)\n\nThe new tree (tree2) is created, and its commit (commit2) will depend on the first commit with the original files (commit1). This allows us to have versioning.\n\nSo in general, combining these properties together we have MerkleDAG data structure which acts like a “thin-waist” for secure, distributed applications, which by agreeing to follow the common format can then run across any replication, routing, and transport protocols.\n\n## Naming\n\nBecause changing an object would change its hash (content addressing) and thus its address, IPFS needs some way to provide permanent address and even better human-readable name. This is addressed with IPNS (interplanetary naming system) which handles the creation of:\n\n* mutable pointers to objects\n* human-readable names\n\nIPNS is based on [SFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-certifying_File_System). It is a PKI namespace a name is simply the hash of a public key. Records are signed by the private key and distributed anywhere.\n\n## Conclusion\n\nAs we all know, HTTP is one of the most successful file distributed system and being worldwide used. Shifting towards peer-to-peer data distribution systems is not an easy task. While today we have such amazing solution concepts it’s just up to us which direction we are going to take them. Since the world is headed towards peer-to-peer systems, DHT and MerkleDAG is a great place to start. IPFS alongside FileCoin is taking a huge leap towards decentralized storage of personal data in which all of us should take part.",
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