Ecoer Logo
VOTING POWER100.00%
DOWNVOTE POWER100.00%
RESOURCE CREDITS100.00%
REPUTATION PROGRESS71.19%
Net Worth
6.416USD
STEEM
67.772STEEM
SBD
5.593SBD
Own SP
0.051SP

Detailed Balance

STEEM
balance
67.772STEEM
market_balance
0.000STEEM
savings_balance
0.000STEEM
reward_steem_balance
0.000STEEM
STEEM POWER
Own SP
0.051SP
Delegated Out
0.000SP
Delegation In
0.000SP
Effective Power
0.051SP
Reward SP (pending)
0.008SP
SBD
sbd_balance
5.576SBD
sbd_conversions
0.000SBD
sbd_market_balance
0.000SBD
savings_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
reward_sbd_balance
0.017SBD
{
  "balance": "67.772 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "83.374251 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "sbd_balance": "5.576 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.017 SBD",
  "conversions": []
}

Account Info

namemiles2045
id14435
rank1,686,138
reputation-83349188645
created2016-07-04T23:00:51
recovery_accountsteem
proxyNone
post_count20
comment_count0
lifetime_vote_count0
witnesses_voted_for0
last_post2017-06-22T07:41:51
last_root_post2017-06-10T01:43:09
last_vote_time2017-06-10T01:43:09
proxied_vsf_votes0, 0, 0, 0
can_vote1
voting_power9,950
delayed_votes0
balance67.772 STEEM
savings_balance0.000 STEEM
sbd_balance5.576 SBD
savings_sbd_balance0.000 SBD
vesting_shares83.374251 VESTS
delegated_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
received_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
reward_vesting_balance16.563634 VESTS
vesting_balance0.000 STEEM
vesting_withdraw_rate0.000000 VESTS
next_vesting_withdrawal1969-12-31T23:59:59
withdrawn145777785795
to_withdraw145777785795
withdraw_routes0
savings_withdraw_requests0
last_account_recovery1970-01-01T00:00:00
reset_accountnull
last_owner_update1970-01-01T00:00:00
last_account_update1970-01-01T00:00:00
minedNo
sbd_seconds0
sbd_last_interest_payment2018-06-02T10:35:24
savings_sbd_last_interest_payment1970-01-01T00:00:00
{
  "id": 14435,
  "name": "miles2045",
  "owner": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM63JqAi38BUqSmLqG1ZRqGzX2ZatFKP6hUWNHupMkdYMNCN9oKd",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "active": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM7GVmnVpLCxMFxjjgfCCLLGzaSpLLPxBXZzSHvMEhEAPAB6wbGV",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "posting": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM8LibcNTucctqgNPViYBqWKdjdstmGefqbDpZa6uKndiocTCMdo",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "memo_key": "STM8f1Mk21nKXEGuFf9SCH6pWbLQS8wPN2LQZ3gnFdtoEwX8N8reB",
  "json_metadata": "",
  "posting_json_metadata": "",
  "proxy": "",
  "last_owner_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "last_account_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "created": "2016-07-04T23:00:51",
  "mined": false,
  "recovery_account": "steem",
  "last_account_recovery": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "reset_account": "null",
  "comment_count": 0,
  "lifetime_vote_count": 0,
  "post_count": 20,
  "can_vote": true,
  "voting_manabar": {
    "current_mana": 9950,
    "last_update_time": 1497058989
  },
  "downvote_manabar": {
    "current_mana": 0,
    "last_update_time": 1467673251
  },
  "voting_power": 9950,
  "balance": "67.772 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "sbd_balance": "5.576 SBD",
  "sbd_seconds": "0",
  "sbd_seconds_last_update": "2018-06-02T10:35:24",
  "sbd_last_interest_payment": "2018-06-02T10:35:24",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_seconds": "0",
  "savings_sbd_seconds_last_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_sbd_last_interest_payment": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_withdraw_requests": 0,
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.017 SBD",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_vesting_balance": "16.563634 VESTS",
  "reward_vesting_steem": "0.008 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "83.374251 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "vesting_withdraw_rate": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "next_vesting_withdrawal": "1969-12-31T23:59:59",
  "withdrawn": "145777785795",
  "to_withdraw": "145777785795",
  "withdraw_routes": 0,
  "curation_rewards": 3,
  "posting_rewards": 37222,
  "proxied_vsf_votes": [
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0
  ],
  "witnesses_voted_for": 0,
  "last_post": "2017-06-22T07:41:51",
  "last_root_post": "2017-06-10T01:43:09",
  "last_vote_time": "2017-06-10T01:43:09",
  "post_bandwidth": 10000,
  "pending_claimed_accounts": 0,
  "vesting_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reputation": -83349188645,
  "transfer_history": [],
  "market_history": [],
  "post_history": [],
  "vote_history": [],
  "other_history": [],
  "witness_votes": [],
  "tags_usage": [],
  "guest_bloggers": [],
  "rank": 1686138
}

Withdraw Routes

IncomingOutgoing
Empty
Empty
{
  "incoming": [],
  "outgoing": []
}
From Date
To Date
2019/07/04 23:58:21
parent authormiles2045
parent permlinkhow-wars-end
authorsteemitboard
permlinksteemitboard-notify-miles2045-20190704t235821000z
title
bodyCongratulations @miles2045! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@miles2045/birthday3.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 3 years!</td></tr></table> <sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@miles2045) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=miles2045)_</sub> ###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!
json metadata{"image":["https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png"]}
Transaction InfoBlock #34380862/Trx 974fcb857f84d6ebc1ee4e32faff5acf3be913cf
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "974fcb857f84d6ebc1ee4e32faff5acf3be913cf",
  "block": 34380862,
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-07-04T23:58:21",
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "parent_author": "miles2045",
      "parent_permlink": "how-wars-end",
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-miles2045-20190704t235821000z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Congratulations @miles2045! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@miles2045/birthday3.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 3 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@miles2045) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=miles2045)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.000 STEEM from power down installment (0.000 SP)
2018/08/04 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn0.000083 VESTS
deposited0.000 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #24774120/Virtual Operation #14
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 24774120,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 14,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-04T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "0.000083 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.000 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.691 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/07/28 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.691 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #24572748/Virtual Operation #34
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 24572748,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 34,
  "timestamp": "2018-07-28T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.691 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.691 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/07/21 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.691 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #24371607/Virtual Operation #2
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 24371607,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 2,
  "timestamp": "2018-07-21T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.691 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.690 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/07/14 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.690 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #24170126/Virtual Operation #7
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 24170126,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 7,
  "timestamp": "2018-07-14T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.690 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.690 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/07/07 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.690 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #23968593/Virtual Operation #13
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 23968593,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 13,
  "timestamp": "2018-07-07T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.690 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
2018/07/05 00:01:06
parent authormiles2045
parent permlinkhow-wars-end
authorsteemitboard
permlinksteemitboard-notify-miles2045-20180705t000106000z
title
bodyCongratulations @miles2045! You have received a personal award! [![](https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@miles2045/birthday2.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@miles2045) 2 Years on Steemit <sub>_Click on the badge to view your Board of Honor._</sub> **Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:** [SteemitBoard World Cup Contest - Round of 16 - Day 4](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-world-cup-contest-round-of-16-day-4) --- **Participate in the [SteemitBoard World Cup Contest](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-world-cup-contest-collect-badges-and-win-free-sbd)!** Collect World Cup badges and win free SBD Support the Gold Sponsors of the contest: [@good-karma](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=good-karma&approve=1) and [@lukestokes](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=lukestokes.mhth&approve=1) --- > Do you like [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)? Then **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!
json metadata{"image":["https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png"]}
Transaction InfoBlock #23894380/Trx 3a279169388aed293ad128267729ef47d1ebcb10
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "3a279169388aed293ad128267729ef47d1ebcb10",
  "block": 23894380,
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-07-05T00:01:06",
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "parent_author": "miles2045",
      "parent_permlink": "how-wars-end",
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-miles2045-20180705t000106000z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Congratulations @miles2045! You have received a personal award!\n\n[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@miles2045/birthday2.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@miles2045)  2 Years on Steemit\n<sub>_Click on the badge to view your Board of Honor._</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n[SteemitBoard World Cup Contest - Round of 16 - Day 4](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-world-cup-contest-round-of-16-day-4)\n\n---\n**Participate in the [SteemitBoard World Cup Contest](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-world-cup-contest-collect-badges-and-win-free-sbd)!**\nCollect World Cup badges and win free SBD\nSupport the Gold Sponsors of the contest: [@good-karma](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=good-karma&approve=1) and [@lukestokes](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=lukestokes.mhth&approve=1)\n\n---\n\n> Do you like [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)? Then **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.690 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/06/30 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.690 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #23776915/Virtual Operation #12
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 23776915,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 12,
  "timestamp": "2018-06-30T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.690 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.690 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/06/23 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.690 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #23575390/Virtual Operation #8
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 23575390,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 8,
  "timestamp": "2018-06-23T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.690 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.689 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/06/16 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.689 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #23373853/Virtual Operation #13
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 23373853,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 13,
  "timestamp": "2018-06-16T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.689 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.689 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/06/09 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.689 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #23172858/Virtual Operation #8
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 23172858,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 8,
  "timestamp": "2018-06-09T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.689 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.689 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/06/02 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.689 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #22971324/Virtual Operation #10
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 22971324,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 10,
  "timestamp": "2018-06-02T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.689 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
id1sent 0.001 SBD to @miles2045- "☆ Hi! We are creating one of the first Multichain tokens ever working on ETH, EOS and NEO: 3 in 1. Please check out our project 🔥Ducatur.net🔥 •MVP is ready •3 Hackathons won •Softcap Reached 📬 A..."
2018/06/02 10:35:24
fromid1
tomiles2045
amount0.001 SBD
memo☆ Hi! We are creating one of the first Multichain tokens ever working on ETH, EOS and NEO: 3 in 1. Please check out our project 🔥Ducatur.net🔥 •MVP is ready •3 Hackathons won •Softcap Reached 📬 Any questions please feel free to contact me [email protected]
Transaction InfoBlock #22967339/Trx 19ad7c6a08f28db7a576f5d297aa6ab8cf1ba5e8
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "19ad7c6a08f28db7a576f5d297aa6ab8cf1ba5e8",
  "block": 22967339,
  "trx_in_block": 9,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-06-02T10:35:24",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "id1",
      "to": "miles2045",
      "amount": "0.001 SBD",
      "memo": "☆ Hi! We are creating one of the first Multichain tokens ever working on ETH, EOS and NEO: 3 in 1. Please check out our project  🔥Ducatur.net🔥 •MVP is ready  •3 Hackathons won  •Softcap Reached 📬 Any questions please feel free to contact me  [email protected] ☆"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.689 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/05/26 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.689 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #22769776/Virtual Operation #32
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 22769776,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 32,
  "timestamp": "2018-05-26T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.689 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.688 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/05/19 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.688 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #22568582/Virtual Operation #39
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 22568582,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 39,
  "timestamp": "2018-05-19T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.688 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.688 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/05/12 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.688 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #22367009/Virtual Operation #8
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 22367009,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 8,
  "timestamp": "2018-05-12T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.688 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.688 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/05/05 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.688 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #22165450/Virtual Operation #5
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 22165450,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 5,
  "timestamp": "2018-05-05T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.688 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.688 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/04/28 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.688 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #21963904/Virtual Operation #8
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 21963904,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 8,
  "timestamp": "2018-04-28T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.688 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.687 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/04/21 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.687 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #21762985/Virtual Operation #14
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 21762985,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 14,
  "timestamp": "2018-04-21T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.687 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.687 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/04/14 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.687 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #21561415/Virtual Operation #10
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 21561415,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 10,
  "timestamp": "2018-04-14T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.687 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.687 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/04/07 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.687 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #21359844/Virtual Operation #59
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 21359844,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 59,
  "timestamp": "2018-04-07T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.687 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.687 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/03/31 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.687 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #21158275/Virtual Operation #6
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 21158275,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 6,
  "timestamp": "2018-03-31T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.687 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.686 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/03/24 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.686 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #20956743/Virtual Operation #10
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 20956743,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 10,
  "timestamp": "2018-03-24T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.686 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.686 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/03/17 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.686 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #20755994/Virtual Operation #11
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 20755994,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 11,
  "timestamp": "2018-03-17T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.686 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
2018/03/16 08:26:06
parent authormiles2045
parent permlinkhow-wars-end
authordtubix
permlinkre-how-wars-end-409
title
bodyCool! I follow you.
json metadata
Transaction InfoBlock #20720630/Trx da9db7c44e013ab7c07f3a8ddf0d6d9fdcdad649
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "da9db7c44e013ab7c07f3a8ddf0d6d9fdcdad649",
  "block": 20720630,
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-03-16T08:26:06",
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "parent_author": "miles2045",
      "parent_permlink": "how-wars-end",
      "author": "dtubix",
      "permlink": "re-how-wars-end-409",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Cool! I follow you. ",
      "json_metadata": ""
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.686 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/03/10 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.686 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #20554640/Virtual Operation #18
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 20554640,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 18,
  "timestamp": "2018-03-10T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.686 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.686 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/03/03 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.686 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #20353281/Virtual Operation #30
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 20353281,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 30,
  "timestamp": "2018-03-03T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.686 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.685 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/02/24 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.685 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #20151915/Virtual Operation #19
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 20151915,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 19,
  "timestamp": "2018-02-24T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.685 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.685 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/02/17 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.685 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #19950361/Virtual Operation #32
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 19950361,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 32,
  "timestamp": "2018-02-17T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.685 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.685 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/02/10 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.685 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #19748940/Virtual Operation #19
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 19748940,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 19,
  "timestamp": "2018-02-10T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.685 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.685 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/02/03 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.685 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #19547767/Virtual Operation #15
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 19547767,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 15,
  "timestamp": "2018-02-03T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.685 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.684 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/01/27 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.684 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #19346369/Virtual Operation #35
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 19346369,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 35,
  "timestamp": "2018-01-27T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.684 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.684 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/01/20 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.684 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #19144867/Virtual Operation #23
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 19144867,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 23,
  "timestamp": "2018-01-20T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.684 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.684 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/01/13 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.684 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #18943378/Virtual Operation #42
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 18943378,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 42,
  "timestamp": "2018-01-13T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.684 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
2018/01/07 11:50:33
voterdani.tul
authormiles2045
permlinkthe-rise-of-on-chain-governance-protocols
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #18768281/Trx b27398fd724e8e6a323e7012a9fce3876eb055c9
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "b27398fd724e8e6a323e7012a9fce3876eb055c9",
  "block": 18768281,
  "trx_in_block": 10,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-01-07T11:50:33",
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "voter": "dani.tul",
      "author": "miles2045",
      "permlink": "the-rise-of-on-chain-governance-protocols",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.684 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2018/01/06 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.684 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #18742004/Virtual Operation #15
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 18742004,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 15,
  "timestamp": "2018-01-06T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.684 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.683 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/12/30 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.683 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #18540683/Virtual Operation #15
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 18540683,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 15,
  "timestamp": "2017-12-30T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.683 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.683 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/12/23 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.683 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #18339200/Virtual Operation #9
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 18339200,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 9,
  "timestamp": "2017-12-23T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.683 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.683 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/12/16 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.683 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #18137645/Virtual Operation #18
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 18137645,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 18,
  "timestamp": "2017-12-16T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.683 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.683 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/12/09 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.683 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #17936104/Virtual Operation #11
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 17936104,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 11,
  "timestamp": "2017-12-09T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.683 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.683 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/12/02 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.683 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #17734647/Virtual Operation #21
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 17734647,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 21,
  "timestamp": "2017-12-02T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.683 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.682 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/11/25 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.682 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #17533114/Virtual Operation #6
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 17533114,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 6,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-25T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.682 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.682 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/11/18 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.682 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #17331616/Virtual Operation #5
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 17331616,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 5,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-18T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.682 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.682 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/11/11 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.682 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #17130042/Virtual Operation #4
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 17130042,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 4,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-11T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.682 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.682 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/11/04 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.682 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #16928628/Virtual Operation #5
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 16928628,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 5,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-04T13:54:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "miles2045",
      "to_account": "miles2045",
      "withdrawn": "1401.709478 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.682 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
miles2045received 0.681 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/10/28 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.681 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #16727064/Virtual Operation #3
View Raw JSON Data
{
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miles2045received 0.681 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/10/21 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.681 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #16525588/Virtual Operation #13
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miles2045received 0.681 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/10/14 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.681 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #16324470/Virtual Operation #5
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miles2045received 0.681 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/10/07 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.681 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #16122973/Virtual Operation #5
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miles2045received 0.680 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/09/30 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.680 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #15921568/Virtual Operation #7
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}
miles2045received 0.680 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/09/23 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.680 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #15720032/Virtual Operation #19
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miles2045received 0.680 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/09/16 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.680 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #15518505/Virtual Operation #7
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miles2045received 0.680 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/09/09 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.680 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #15317008/Virtual Operation #4
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miles2045received 0.679 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/09/02 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.679 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #15115469/Virtual Operation #13
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miles2045received 0.679 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/08/26 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.679 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #14914029/Virtual Operation #29
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miles2045received 0.679 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/08/19 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.679 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #14712502/Virtual Operation #13
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miles2045received 0.679 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/08/12 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.679 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #14511745/Virtual Operation #4
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miles2045received 0.678 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/08/05 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.678 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #14310354/Virtual Operation #14
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miles2045received 0.678 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/07/29 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.678 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #14109092/Virtual Operation #5
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miles2045received 0.678 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/07/22 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.678 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #13907629/Virtual Operation #12
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miles2045received 0.678 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/07/15 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.678 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #13706158/Virtual Operation #6
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miles2045received 0.677 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/07/08 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.677 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #13504832/Virtual Operation #9
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2017/07/04 23:28:18
parent authormiles2045
parent permlinkhow-wars-end
authorsteemitboard
permlinksteemitboard-notify-miles2045-20170704t232820000z
title
bodyCongratulations @miles2045! You have received a personal award! [![](https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@miles2045/birthday1.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@miles2045) Happy Birthday - 1 Year Click on the badge to view your own Board of Honor on SteemitBoard. For more information about this award, click [here](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-update-8-happy-birthday) > By upvoting this notification, you can help all Steemit users. Learn how [here](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/http-i-cubeupload-com-7ciqeo-png)!
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Transaction InfoBlock #13401614/Trx 14254d964107c8e3f854580992f3739304d9c60d
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      "title": "",
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miles2045received 0.677 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/07/01 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.677 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #13303806/Virtual Operation #26
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miles2045received 0.677 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/06/24 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.677 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #13102591/Virtual Operation #4
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2017/06/22 07:41:51
parent authordana-edwards
parent permlinklet-s-discuss-my-posting-strategy
authormiles2045
permlinkre-dana-edwards-let-s-discuss-my-posting-strategy-20170622t074149880z
title
bodyHi Dana. Do you know when the Tauchain whitepaper will be released? I want to help out the project but I will not fully commit to it until I read the new whitepaper. Frankly, I think the whole "don't release the whitepaper because of potential competitors" argument is foolish. I have serious concerns about the game theoretic soundness of Tau's root chain, given there are no miner incentives, for instance. And lets not pretend that the root chain will be just be secured with app tokens such as Agoras, which Ohad suggested. There's absolutely no way that will work. I think the community needs to see the whitepaper while there is still time to discuss. Please, at least convince Ohad to have someone well-versed in mechanism design to read the new whitepaper so he can receive honest feedback. I'm only writing this because I think Tauchain has too much potential not to. Thanks.
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Transaction InfoBlock #13037557/Trx f46f0181670dc558e591e839fd69d025ee28810d
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{
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      "permlink": "re-dana-edwards-let-s-discuss-my-posting-strategy-20170622t074149880z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Hi Dana. Do you know when the Tauchain whitepaper will be released? I want to help out the project but I will not fully commit to it until I read the new whitepaper. Frankly, I think the whole \"don't release the whitepaper because of potential competitors\" argument is foolish. I have serious concerns about the game theoretic soundness of Tau's root chain, given there are no miner incentives, for instance. And lets not pretend that the root chain will be just be secured with app tokens such as Agoras, which Ohad suggested. There's absolutely no way that will work. I think the community needs to see the whitepaper while there is still time to discuss. Please, at least convince Ohad to have someone well-versed in mechanism design to read the new whitepaper so he can receive honest feedback. I'm only writing this because I think Tauchain has too much potential not to. Thanks.",
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miles2045received 0.677 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/06/17 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.677 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #12901357/Virtual Operation #2
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miles2045received 0.017 SBD, 0.010 SP author reward for @miles2045 / playing-with-food-or-the-story-of-writing-my-first-story
2017/06/16 11:34:45
authormiles2045
permlinkplaying-with-food-or-the-story-of-writing-my-first-story
sbd payout0.017 SBD
steem payout0.000 STEEM
vesting payout16.563634 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #12869772/Virtual Operation #7
View Raw JSON Data
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      "sbd_payout": "0.017 SBD",
      "steem_payout": "0.000 STEEM",
      "vesting_payout": "16.563634 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
2017/06/12 11:17:12
voterinfoseeker
authormiles2045
permlinkhow-wars-end
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #12754312/Trx aaf34735a8baf3ac81994eb8fa3b07f0bc177694
View Raw JSON Data
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  "op": [
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miles2045received 0.676 STEEM from power down installment (0.861 SP)
2017/06/10 13:54:48
from accountmiles2045
to accountmiles2045
withdrawn1401.709478 VESTS
deposited0.676 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #12699868/Virtual Operation #5
View Raw JSON Data
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miles2045published a new post: how-wars-end
2017/06/10 01:45:33
parent author
parent permlinkpolitics
authormiles2045
permlinkhow-wars-end
titleHow Wars End
body@@ -12235,16 +12235,17 @@ e with.%0A +%0A Civil wa
json metadata{"tags":["politics","history","war","peace","bargaining"],"app":"steemit/0.1","format":"markdown"}
Transaction InfoBlock #12685285/Trx eb5d9655a8b09ae510b061216582545d7efd2d19
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      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "politics",
      "author": "miles2045",
      "permlink": "how-wars-end",
      "title": "How Wars End",
      "body": "@@ -12235,16 +12235,17 @@\n e with.%0A\n+%0A\n Civil wa\n",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"politics\",\"history\",\"war\",\"peace\",\"bargaining\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}"
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miles2045upvoted (100.00%) @miles2045 / how-wars-end
2017/06/10 01:43:09
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miles2045published a new post: how-wars-end
2017/06/10 01:43:09
parent author
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authormiles2045
permlinkhow-wars-end
titleHow Wars End
body**Abstract** The bargaining model of war proposes that the initiation, continuation, and termination of war are all part of a single process to reach a negotiated settlement. Military combat, as defined under the bargaining model, serves to reduce uncertainties regarding the true balance of power and the likely outcome of war. A distinction between absolute and real war is made as well as a comparison of the bargaining model to the constructivist notions of war as a social convention. Finally, the paper discusses the enforcement of interstate settlement terms to ensure long-term cooperation and stresses the importance of a third party intermediary to enforce domestic bargains when resolving civil wars. …. **Introduction** The bargaining or rationalist model argues that war is used as a mechanism between states to achieve a better settlement in the case of a dispute (Wittman, p. 743). Therefore, if two states disputing could know the outcome of a war in advance, they would each prefer to simply reach the same settlement without going to war and paying for its associated costs. In other words, two states would always prefer to reach a settlement (or bargain) peacefully rather than reaching the same settlement post-war. However, due to incomplete information pre-war regarding each side’s military capabilities and power, peaceful settlements are often an unfavorable option (Wittman, pg. 744). It is therefore essential to comprehend war in its entirety, including its processes of initiation and continuation, in order to understand the processes of reaching a settlement and ensuring its long-term enforcement. **The Causes of War** Under the bargaining model, there are three primary conditions through which war is likely to occur. First and foremost, war is likely to occur if the two sides do not share the same expectations regarding its outcome (Fearon, p. 381). Therefore, states who perceive themselves to hold equal power are often more likely to go to war than states who perceive themselves to hold a great difference in power. For example, Hitler acknowledged that he had underestimated Soviet power shortly after he ordered Germany’s invasion of the U.S.S.R. in June 1941. Even though Hitler had personally received revealing reports of Soviet capabilities, he failed to seriously consider their implications (Reiter, p. 29). If he had not miscalculated the strength of the Soviet military, he might not have ordered the invasion. Furthermore, the inherent differences in each side’s perceived power may also create the incentive for states to exaggerate their military strength. By doing so, their perceived power would increase and they would likely receive a better settlement. However, it is more probable that states would keep their capabilities secret since it may increase their odds of victory if they were to involve themselves in war. Second, war is likely to occur if one side is unable to not commit to fighting in the future. For instance, it is often advantageous for a state to attack first. The outcome of a war, therefore, may depend on who attacks first, and so it becomes unlikely that both sides can credibly promise not to in a pre-war settlement (Fearon, p. 381). In addition, the balance of power may shift after a settlement such that one side’s relative power significantly increases. This would change the side’s expectations of the outcome of a hypothetical war, and so a real one becomes more likely to occur, especially if the side does not commit to maintaining peace. Moreover, war is likely to continue if one or more sides cannot credibly commit to upholding the terms of a settlement due to the lack of enforcement measures. For instance, civil war adversaries often lack an outside third party to enforce their bargain and ensure their ongoing cooperation, a security risk that will be further explored in a later section. Finally, war is likely to occur if an item desired by two or more states is indivisible (Fearon, p. 382). In this case, bargaining can not result in a negotiated settlement, but rather one that is unconditional or not mutually agreed upon. While most issues are divisible and therefore negotiable, some items may be perceived as indivisible due to certain social factors such as discourse and culture, as emphasized by the theory of constructivism. For instance, the city of Jerusalem, while it is literally divisible like any other territory, is perceived to be indivisible by both the Israeli Jews and the Palestinian Arabs due to its significance in shaping their distinct religions and national identities (Reiter, p. 36). Therefore, constructivism provides an explanation for the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict and is supported by the bargaining model. **Constructivism and the Importance of Social Factors** For the most part, however, the constructivist theory of war contradicts the theory provided by the bargaining model, so it is worth exploring in greater depth to understand how it compares. While the bargaining model examines states as rational actors who weigh the expected costs and benefits of going to war, constructivism understands war as “a social convention determined and shaped by norms and culture” (Reiter, p. 36). One assumption the bargaining model makes is that a state’s consideration of an acceptable settlement with respect to the war’s outcome remains constant throughout the war’s duration. Constructivists may argue that the long and intensive act of violence itself can influence states to demand more extreme terms of settlement. Mixed with a strong degree of nationalistic pride and a collective vilification of the enemy, this argument may explain the demand for unconditional surrender by the Allies during WWII (Reiter, p. 36). Furthermore, constructivists may argue that war forms or strengthens a state’s identity. As a result, it can increase a state’s sense of nationalistic pride and refine the social distinctions found in a nation’s gender roles. Unlike constructivism, the bargaining model does not consider war to serve these important social functions as states act strictly according to an expected cost-benefit analysis. **The Role of Combat in War** Under the bargaining model, war is defined as a collection of military battles between at least two political groups. Combat fundamentally composes war; therefore, the role of combat must be adequately defined in order to understand war. To do so, it is important to first make the distinction between “absolute” and “real” war. Absolute war ends with the utter depletion of one side’s military capacity, whereas real war resolves without the complete destruction of any side’s military force (Wagner, p. 472). In practice, absolute war almost never occurs; rather, it used as a theoretical construct by states to model their cost-benefit analysis of continuing war. States typically do not end wars with the last-man-standing or by unconditional surrenders, although one notable exception is Germany when it surrendered in 1945. Germany’s surrender in 1918, on the other hand, yielded harsh but not unconditional terms (Reiter, p. 30). According to absolute war, combat serves to completely destroy an adversary’s means to resist in order to achieve victory with the absolute authority to define the terms of an unconditional settlement. This is achieved through destroying an adversary’s military forces, destroying civilian assets, and occupying its territory (Reiter, p. 31). Attacking an enemy’s military force through a series of battles is the most direct way to decrease its capacity to resist, and it includes the capture or destruction of both military personnel and equipment. Civilian assets include non combatants as well as material goods responsible for the manufacturing of military supplies. For example, the United States nearly destroyed Japan’s war production capacity when it bombed merchant ships during the WWII Allied air campaign, which ultimately obliterated roughly one-third of Japan’s wealth (Reiter, p. 31). Capturing territory may improve a state’s ability to destroy civilian assets, but the capture of a state’s capital city has the potential to decisively end a war as it often holds significant administrative and economic power. Ultimately, however, the explanation of the role of combat as a means to completely destroy an opponent’s capacity to resist is limited in that it does not encompass a state’s true motives during war. States typically do not expect to actually destroy the other completely; rather, they intend to cause enough destruction such that their opponent’s optimism regarding the outcome of the war is completely crushed. From there, the two sides can reach a settlement. The losing side may be prompted to offer a bargain in order to escape their potential fate of suffering the complete consequences of absolute war, which partially explains why real wars are more common than absolute wars. As the bargaining model argues, military combat is used as a method to advance political goals of a desired settlement. In other words, combat catalyzes the bargaining process if the two sides have competing expectations regarding the outcome of the war. Combat in real war reveals information about the true balance of power and “allows states to test competing hypotheses about the outcome of a war fought to the finish” (Wagner, p. 476). Eventually, the expectations of both sides converge to reflect the same probable outcome of an absolute war, and a bargain is finally made. The failure of both sides to ever reach a negotiated settlement is often due to the continued perceived indivisibility of an item, which may be influenced by social factors as constructivism argues. Interestingly, the amount of combat during a war may determine the longevity of postwar peace. This is because each battle reveals information about the true balance of power; as more information is revealed, the convergence of expectations regarding each side’s capabilities strengthens and will remain relatively stable during a post-war period. **The Enforcement of Settlement Terms in Interstate and Civil Wars** While the bargaining model applies to both civil and interstate wars, a civil war faces a heightened difficulty to reach a negotiated settlement due to the lack of a credible third-party to enforce it (Walter, p. 335). Therefore, civil wars are significantly less likely to end via bargaining than interstate wars. Between the years 1940 and 1990, only twenty percent of civil wars ended with bargaining. On the other hand, fifty-five percent of interstate wars achieved a negotiated settlement during this time. As Walter asserts, most of the civil wars ended with the “extermination, expulsion, or capitulation of the losing side” without third-party intervention (p. 335). The minority of these civil wars that did have outside intermediaries to enforce their bargains always resolved in peaceful negotiations. When no legitimate government or institution yet exists during the aftermath of a civil war, it is necessary for a third party to step in to ensure both sides will abide by the terms of a contract. Civil wars have a high risk of one side defecting after a domestic settlement is reached, whereas interstate settlements do not face this problem to the same extent. Unlike domestic settlements, interstate bargains can be enforced through various military and economic measures that have been established in the international system. States can build or maintain their own military defenses, for instance, whereas both sides after a civil war bargain would be left vulnerable by each other due to the demand of disarming their military forces. States can also form external alliances to strengthen their security. In addition, they can initiate systems of interdependence through various economic and trade activities to ensure cooperation, which is supported by the liberalist perspective on maintaining international peace (Walter, p. 337). While these measures do not guarantee one side will not defect after an interstate settlement, they limit the risk of cheating and the damage it may cause to an extent that both sides can be comfortable with. Civil wars lack the various measures that may be implemented after interstate wars civil wars to ensure continued cooperation. While they lack the ability to become allies or form a system of economic interdependence, civil war adversaries cannot maintain their armed forces if they both reach a settlement (Walter, p. 338). A bargain strips both sides of their military capacity, creating a dilemma where they are both vulnerable to each other and unable to cooperate. In practice, most civil war adversaries recognize these security risks and never reach a bargain even if one is desired. Both sides understand that their opponent would gain by defecting against them in their insecure state, so they can simply not trust each other to reach a settlement whose terms are enforced by mere faith. For example, the Nationalist and Communist parties in China during the late 1940s could not come to an agreement due to their distrust in one another (Walter, p. 339). They both preferred to continue fighting since the risk of one side exploiting the other’s vulnerable state after a settlement was too high. Finally, civil war adversaries also face the risk of emerging malicious actors. Civil wars, without the presence a third party to enforce a domestic settlements and the formation of a recognized government institution, extend their periods of liminality and therefore increase the risk of an illegitimate actor (i.e. a terrorist organization) rising to power. Furthermore, both sides would no longer have the military capacity necessary to suppress an emerging malicious actor. **Conclusion** The process of ending wars begins with their initiation. When a bargain cannot be made under peaceful conditions, combat in war serves to shift or refine a state’s perception of its adversary’s military capacity and true balance of power. When the expectations of the likely outcome of an absolute war converge between adversaries after a series of battles, then a bargain is preferred to enduring the ongoing costs of war. Counterintuitively, a relatively high frequency and intensity of combat during wartime strengthens the convergence of these expectations and may guarantee a longer period of peacetime afterwards. If adversaries cannot come to an agreement despite shared expectations regarding the war’s outcome, it is often because they perceive the item under dispute as being indivisible or they do not trust that the other side will uphold the terms of the contract. In an international setting, the settlement is effectively enforced by military and economic measures via the operation of military defenses, the formation of external alliances, and the creation of a system of interdependence. Civil war settlements do not have access to these measures and require an outside third party to enforce that all sides abide by the negotiated terms. Ultimately, the enforcement measures that all sides set in place during bargaining are essential to maintaining their peace after war. …. **Bibliography** Fearon, J. D. (1995). Rationalist explanations for war. International Organization,49(3), 379-414. Reiter, D. (2003). The Bargaining Model of War. Perspectives on Politics,1(1), 27-43. Wagner, H. (2000). Bargaining and War. American Journal of Political Science,44(3), 469-484. Walter, B. (1997). The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement. International Organization,51(3), 335-364. Wittman, D. (1979). How a War Ends: A Rational Model Approach. Journal of Conflict Resolution,23(4), 743-763.
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      "title": "How Wars End",
      "body": "**Abstract**\n\nThe bargaining model of war proposes that the initiation, continuation, and termination of war are all part of a single process to reach a negotiated settlement. Military combat, as defined under the bargaining model, serves to reduce uncertainties regarding the true balance of power and the likely outcome of war. A distinction between absolute and real war is made as well as a comparison of the bargaining model to the constructivist notions of war as a social convention. Finally, the paper discusses the enforcement of interstate settlement terms to ensure long-term cooperation and stresses the importance of a third party intermediary to enforce domestic bargains when resolving civil wars.\n\n….\n\n**Introduction**\n\nThe bargaining or rationalist model argues that war is used as a mechanism between states to achieve a better settlement in the case of a dispute (Wittman, p. 743). Therefore, if two states disputing could know the outcome of a war in advance, they would each prefer to simply reach the same settlement without going to war and paying for its associated costs. In other words, two states would always prefer to reach a settlement (or bargain) peacefully rather than reaching the same settlement post-war. However, due to incomplete information pre-war regarding each side’s military capabilities and power, peaceful settlements are often an unfavorable option (Wittman, pg. 744). It is therefore essential to comprehend war in its entirety, including its processes of initiation and continuation, in order to understand the processes of reaching a settlement and ensuring its long-term enforcement. \n \n**The Causes of War**\n\nUnder the bargaining model, there are three primary conditions through which war is likely to occur. First and foremost, war is likely to occur if the two sides do not share the same expectations regarding its outcome (Fearon, p. 381). Therefore, states who perceive themselves to hold equal power are often more likely to go to war than states who perceive themselves to hold a great difference in power. For example, Hitler acknowledged that he had underestimated Soviet power shortly after he ordered Germany’s invasion of the U.S.S.R. in June 1941. Even though Hitler had personally received revealing reports of Soviet capabilities, he failed to seriously consider their implications (Reiter, p. 29). If he had not miscalculated the strength of the Soviet military, he might not have ordered the invasion. Furthermore, the inherent differences in each side’s perceived power may also create the incentive for states to exaggerate their military strength. By doing so, their perceived power would increase and they would likely receive a better settlement. However, it is more probable that states would keep their capabilities secret since it may increase their odds of victory if they were to involve themselves in war.\n\nSecond, war is likely to occur if one side is unable to not commit to fighting in the future. For instance, it is often advantageous for a state to attack first. The outcome of a war, therefore, may depend on who attacks first, and so it becomes unlikely that both sides can credibly promise not to in a pre-war settlement (Fearon, p. 381). In addition, the balance of power may shift after a settlement such that one side’s relative power significantly increases. This would change the side’s expectations of the outcome of a hypothetical war, and so a real one becomes more likely to occur, especially if the side does not commit to maintaining peace. Moreover, war is likely to continue if one or more sides cannot credibly commit to upholding the terms of a settlement due to the lack of enforcement measures. For instance, civil war adversaries often lack an outside third party to enforce their bargain and ensure their ongoing cooperation, a security risk that will be further explored in a later section.\n\nFinally, war is likely to occur if an item desired by two or more states is indivisible (Fearon, p. 382). In this case, bargaining can not result in a negotiated settlement, but rather one that is unconditional or not mutually agreed upon. While most issues are divisible and therefore negotiable, some items may be perceived as indivisible due to certain social factors such as discourse and culture, as emphasized by the theory of constructivism. For instance, the city of Jerusalem, while it is literally divisible like any other territory, is perceived to be indivisible by both the Israeli Jews and the Palestinian Arabs due to its significance in shaping their distinct religions and national identities (Reiter, p. 36). Therefore, constructivism provides an explanation for the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict and is supported by the bargaining model.\n \n**Constructivism and the Importance of Social Factors**\n\nFor the most part, however, the constructivist theory of war contradicts the theory provided by the bargaining model, so it is worth exploring in greater depth to understand how it compares. While the bargaining model examines states as rational actors who weigh the expected costs and benefits of going to war, constructivism understands war as “a social convention determined and shaped by norms and culture” (Reiter, p. 36). One assumption the bargaining model makes is that a state’s consideration of an acceptable settlement with respect to the war’s outcome remains constant throughout the war’s duration. Constructivists may argue that the long and intensive act of violence itself can influence states to demand more extreme terms of settlement. Mixed with a strong degree of nationalistic pride and a collective vilification of the enemy, this argument may explain the demand for unconditional surrender by the Allies during WWII (Reiter, p. 36). Furthermore, constructivists may argue that war forms or strengthens a state’s identity. As a result, it can increase a state’s sense of nationalistic pride and refine the social distinctions found in a nation’s gender roles. Unlike constructivism, the bargaining model does not consider war to serve these important social functions as states act strictly according to an expected cost-benefit analysis.\n \n**The Role of Combat in War**\n\nUnder the bargaining model, war is defined as a collection of military battles between at least two political groups. Combat fundamentally composes war; therefore, the role of combat must be adequately defined in order to understand war. To do so, it is important to first make the distinction between “absolute” and “real” war. Absolute war ends with the utter depletion of one side’s military capacity, whereas real war resolves without the complete destruction of any side’s military force (Wagner, p. 472). In practice, absolute war almost never occurs; rather, it used as a theoretical construct by states to model their cost-benefit analysis of continuing war. States typically do not end wars with the last-man-standing or by unconditional surrenders, although one notable exception is Germany when it surrendered in 1945. Germany’s surrender in 1918, on the other hand, yielded harsh but not unconditional terms (Reiter, p. 30). \n\nAccording to absolute war, combat serves to completely destroy an adversary’s means to resist in order to achieve victory with the absolute authority to define the terms of an unconditional settlement. This is achieved through destroying an adversary’s military forces, destroying civilian assets, and occupying its territory (Reiter, p. 31). Attacking an enemy’s military force through a series of battles is the most direct way to decrease its capacity to resist, and it includes the capture or destruction of both military personnel and equipment. Civilian assets include non combatants as well as material goods responsible for the manufacturing of military supplies. For example, the United States nearly destroyed Japan’s war production capacity when it bombed merchant ships during the WWII Allied air campaign, which ultimately obliterated roughly one-third of Japan’s wealth (Reiter, p. 31). Capturing territory may improve a state’s ability to destroy civilian assets, but the capture of a state’s capital city has the potential to decisively end a war as it often holds significant administrative and economic power. \n\nUltimately, however, the explanation of the role of combat as a means to completely destroy an opponent’s capacity to resist is limited in that it does not encompass a state’s true motives during war. States typically do not expect to actually destroy the other completely; rather, they intend to cause enough destruction such that their opponent’s optimism regarding the outcome of the war is completely crushed. From there, the two sides can reach a settlement. The losing side may be prompted to offer a bargain in order to escape their potential fate of suffering the complete consequences of absolute war, which partially explains why real wars are more common than absolute wars. As the bargaining model argues, military combat is used as a method to advance political goals of a desired settlement. In other words, combat catalyzes the bargaining process if the two sides have competing expectations regarding the outcome of the war. \n\nCombat in real war reveals information about the true balance of power and “allows states to test competing hypotheses about the outcome of a war fought to the finish” (Wagner, p. 476). Eventually, the expectations of both sides converge to reflect the same probable outcome of an absolute war, and a bargain is finally made. The failure of both sides to ever reach a negotiated settlement is often due to the continued perceived indivisibility of an item, which may be influenced by social factors as constructivism argues. Interestingly, the amount of combat during a war may determine the longevity of postwar peace. This is because each battle reveals information about the true balance of power; as more information is revealed, the convergence of expectations regarding each side’s capabilities strengthens and will remain relatively stable during a post-war period.\n \n**The Enforcement of Settlement Terms in Interstate and Civil Wars**\n\nWhile the bargaining model applies to both civil and interstate wars, a civil war faces a heightened difficulty to reach a negotiated settlement due to the lack of a credible third-party to enforce it (Walter, p. 335). Therefore, civil wars are significantly less likely to end via bargaining than interstate wars. Between the years 1940 and 1990, only twenty percent of civil wars ended with bargaining. On the other hand, fifty-five percent of interstate wars achieved a negotiated settlement during this time. As Walter asserts, most of the civil wars ended with the “extermination, expulsion, or capitulation of the losing side” without third-party intervention (p. 335). The minority of these civil wars that did have outside intermediaries to enforce their bargains always resolved in peaceful negotiations. When no legitimate government or institution yet exists during the aftermath of a civil war, it is necessary for a third party to step in to ensure both sides will abide by the terms of a contract. Civil wars have a high risk of one side defecting after a domestic settlement is reached, whereas interstate settlements do not face this problem to the same extent. \n\nUnlike domestic settlements, interstate bargains can be enforced through various military and economic measures that have been established in the international system. States can build or maintain their own military defenses, for instance, whereas both sides after a civil war bargain would be left vulnerable by each other due to the demand of disarming their military forces. States can also form external alliances to strengthen their security. In addition, they can initiate systems of interdependence through various economic and trade activities to ensure cooperation, which is supported by the liberalist perspective on maintaining international peace (Walter, p. 337). While these measures do not guarantee one side will not defect after an interstate settlement, they limit the risk of cheating and the damage it may cause to an extent that both sides can be comfortable with.\nCivil wars lack the various measures that may be implemented after interstate wars civil wars to ensure continued cooperation. While they lack the ability to become allies or form a system of economic interdependence, civil war adversaries cannot maintain their armed forces if they both reach a settlement (Walter, p. 338). A bargain strips both sides of their military capacity, creating a dilemma where they are both vulnerable to each other and unable to cooperate. In practice, most civil war adversaries recognize these security risks and never reach a bargain even if one is desired. Both sides understand that their opponent would gain by defecting against them in their insecure state, so they can simply not trust each other to reach a settlement whose terms are enforced by mere faith. For example, the Nationalist and Communist parties in China during the late 1940s could not come to an agreement due to their distrust in one another (Walter, p. 339). They both preferred to continue fighting since the risk of one side exploiting the other’s vulnerable state after a settlement was too high. Finally, civil war adversaries also face the risk of emerging malicious actors. Civil wars, without the presence a third party to enforce a domestic settlements and the formation of a recognized government institution, extend their periods of liminality and therefore increase the risk of an illegitimate actor (i.e. a terrorist organization) rising to power. Furthermore, both sides would no longer have the military capacity necessary to suppress an emerging malicious actor.\n \n**Conclusion**\n\nThe process of ending wars begins with their initiation. When a bargain cannot be made under peaceful conditions, combat in war serves to shift or refine a state’s perception of its adversary’s military capacity and true balance of power. When the expectations of the likely outcome of an absolute war converge between adversaries after a series of battles, then a bargain is preferred to enduring the ongoing costs of war. Counterintuitively, a relatively high frequency and intensity of combat during wartime strengthens the convergence of these expectations and may guarantee a longer period of peacetime afterwards.\n\nIf adversaries cannot come to an agreement despite shared expectations regarding the war’s outcome, it is often because they perceive the item under dispute as being indivisible or they do not trust that the other side will uphold the terms of the contract. In an international setting, the settlement is effectively enforced by military and economic measures via the operation of military defenses, the formation of external alliances, and the creation of a system of interdependence. Civil war settlements do not have access to these measures and require an outside third party to enforce that all sides abide by the negotiated terms. Ultimately, the enforcement measures that all sides set in place during bargaining are essential to maintaining their peace after war.\n \n ….\n\n**Bibliography**\n\nFearon, J. D. (1995). Rationalist explanations for war. International Organization,49(3), 379-414.\nReiter, D. (2003). The Bargaining Model of War. Perspectives on Politics,1(1), 27-43.\nWagner, H. (2000). Bargaining and War. American Journal of Political Science,44(3), 469-484.\nWalter, B. (1997). The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement. International Organization,51(3), 335-364.\nWittman, D. (1979). How a War Ends: A Rational Model Approach. Journal of Conflict Resolution,23(4), 743-763.",
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2017/06/09 12:00:48
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2017/06/09 11:35:48
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