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      "author": "steemitboard",
      "body": "Congratulations @michaelzinn! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@michaelzinn/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Steem Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@michaelzinn) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=michaelzinn)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/downvote-challenge-add-up-to-3-funny-badges-to-your-board\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://steemitimages.com/0x0/![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUuJkZdnSpHVWssxF82ntymqXg4Pvk6K6bYvckUYVRsnj/image.png)\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/downvote-challenge-add-up-to-3-funny-badges-to-your-board\">Downvote challenge - Add up to 3 funny badges to your board</a></td></tr></table>\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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{
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    {
      "author": "michaelzinn",
      "body": "I finally figured out how the serial connection works so here is a DM15 M1B friendly memory dump for SwissMicros users:\n\nDM15_M1B\n04  000000fffff000  00000000000008  0000000000000c  00000000000eae\n08  00000000000000  2faf8befbe2280  00000000000000  00000000000000\n14  00000000000000  1b2d2d2d2d2d2d  000000000006e7  00000000000000\n18  00000000000000  0000000000007f  00000000a00000  00000000000000\ne4  00000000000000  00000000000000  00000000000000  00b2ebfcf0f1a3\ne8  fdc586ccfbc5b1  fcf0f1a397fdf0  f10eb286971e50  ff3000ff1980df\nec  c351fff1b2ec32  a2df75f1fbf720  ff82df75f1fbf6  20ff0931ff42f0\nf0  b2ec8697310819  41ff42f0b27086  973107b29649ff  c239ffa2973106\nf4  b2dc86973105b2  bddff1973104b2  9ddff1973103b2  81dff102b2a1df\nf8  f101c2b400b212  ff9596a251ff31  ffec8602ff97f9  f1f0c0f341ff0c\nfc  11ff80dff18997  20ff01ff42f041  f9f140fc50fff3  c1f0f12c60ff0b\nA: 000000fffff000  B: 000000fffffeae  C: 00000000000eae\nS: 00000000000000\nM: 395033178ff000  N: 00000000000000  G: 04\n\n...and if you want to enter the code by hand here is a debug friendly program listing:\n\n001  LBL B        | 42,21,12\n002  FIX 0        | 42, 7, 0\n003  GSB C        |   32  13\n004  1            |        1\n005  0            |        0\n006  ENTER        |       36\n007  3            |        3\n008  F? 0         | 43, 6, 0\n009  *            |       20\n010  STO 0        |    44  0\n011  1            |        1\n012  9            |        9\n013  STO 1        |    44  1\n014  0            |        0\n015  STO 2        |    44  2\n016  LBL .1       | 42,21,.1\n017  GSB .0       |    32 .0\n018  STO I        |   44  25\n019  GSB I        |   32  25\n020  1            |        1\n021  STO+0        | 44,40, 0\n022  GTO .1       |    22 .1\n023  LBL C        | 42,21,13\n024  CF 1         | 43, 5, 1\n025  3            |        3\n026  .            |       48\n027  0            |        0\n028  1            |        1\n029  9            |        9\n030  STO I        |   44  25\n031  LBL .2       | 42,21,.2\n032  RCL (i)      |   45  24\n033  x=0          |   43  20\n034  SF 1         | 43, 4, 1\n035  F? 1         | 43, 6, 1\n036  CLx          |   43  35\n037  STO (i)      |   44  24\n038  ISG I        | 42, 6,25\n039  GTO .2       |    22 .2\n040  RTN          |   43  32\n041  LBL 0        | 42,21, 0\n042  R_up         |   43  33\n043  R/S          |       31\n044  LBL 1        | 42,21, 1\n045  1            |        1\n046  STO-1        | 44,30, 1\n047  RTN          |   43  32\n048  LBL 2        | 42,21, 2\n049  1            |        1\n050  STO+1        | 44,40, 1\n051  RTN          |   43  32\n052  LBL 3        | 42,21, 3\n053  RCL 1        |    45  1\n054  STO I        |   44  25\n055  1            |        1\n056  STO+(i)      | 44,40,24\n057  RTN          |   43  32\n058  LBL 4        | 42,21, 4\n059  RCL 1        |    45  1\n060  STO I        |   44  25\n061  1            |        1\n062  STO-(i)      | 44,30,24\n063  RTN          |   43  32\n064  LBL 5        | 42,21, 5\n065  RCL 1        |    45  1\n066  STO I        |   44  25\n067  RCL (i)      |   45  24\n068  PSE          |   42  31\n069  RTN          |   43  32\n070  LBL 6        | 42,21, 6\n071  RCL 1        |    45  1\n072  STO I        |   44  25\n073  CLx          |   43  35\n074  SF 9         | 43, 4, 9\n075  R/S          |       31\n076  CF 9         | 43, 5, 9\n077  STO (i)      |   44  24\n078  RTN          |   43  32\n079  LBL 7        | 42,21, 7\n080  RCL 1        |    45  1\n081  STO I        |   44  25\n082  RCL (i)      |   45  24\n083  TEST 0       | 43,30, 0\n084  RTN          |   43  32\n085  0            |        0\n086  STO 2        |    44  2\n087  CF 1         | 43, 5, 1\n088  GTO 9        |    22  9\n089  LBL 8        | 42,21, 8\n090  RCL 1        |    45  1\n091  STO I        |   44  25\n092  RCL (i)      |   45  24\n093  x=0          |   43  20\n094  RTN          |   43  32\n095  0            |        0\n096  STO 2        |    44  2\n097  SF 1         | 43, 4, 1\n098  LBL 9        | 42,21, 9\n099  GSB .0       |    32 .0\n100  6            |        6\n101  -            |       30\n102  1            |        1\n103  TEST 5       | 43,30, 5\n104  STO+2        | 44,40, 2\n105  GSB .0       |    32 .0\n106  7            |        7\n107  -            |       30\n108  1            |        1\n109  TEST 5       | 43,30, 5\n110  STO-2        | 44,30, 2\n111  RCL 2        |    45  2\n112  x=0          |   43  20\n113  RTN          |   43  32\n114  1            |        1\n115  F? 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      "body": "Congratulations @michaelzinn! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@michaelzinn/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@michaelzinn) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](http://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=michaelzinn)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/drugwars/@steemitboard/drugwars-early-adopter\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYGN7R653u4hDFyq1hM7iuhr2bdAP1v2ApACDNtecJAZ5/image.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/drugwars/@steemitboard/drugwars-early-adopter\">Are you a DrugWars early adopter? Benvenuto in famiglia!</a></td></tr></table>\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "body": "tl;dr: The simplicity of this 1982 programmable calculator makes it possible to become a \"guru\" just by reading the manual: Since there are no abstraction layers that can fail you can just write whatever you want without wasting your time with demotivating nonsense like googling error messages or seeking through stackoverflow answers. Just code and it works!\n\n# Brainfuck Difference Engine on HP 15C Calculator Hardware Clone\n\nI was just sitting in a park, listening to some podcast and wondered \"Hey, why not write a Brainfuck interpreter for my calculator?\". So I grabbed my notebook and started scribbling.\n\n![Notebook](https://i.imgur.com/meHHiiD.jpg)\n\n\n## Brainfuck?\n\nIt's a programming language that only has eight instructions. The instructions operate on a tape of numbers.\n\n Instruction | Meaning \n-------------|---------\n     >       | Move tape head to the right\n     <       | Move tape head to the left\n     +       | Increment value at tape head position\n     -       | Decrement value at tape head position\n     .       | Print value at tape head position\n     ,       | Read value from input to tape head position\n     [       | Loop: Jump to after the corresponding ] if the value at the tape head position is 0\n     ]       | Loop: Jump to after the corresponding [ if the value at the tape head position is not 0\n\nFor example, this program prompts the user for two numbers and then adds them together:\n\n  ,>,[-<+>]<.\n\n\nFor more details, you can read the [Wikipedia article on Brainfuck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainfuck).\n\n\n\n## HP 15C\n\nIt's a programmable calculator from 1982 that has 20 registers of storage and the ability to do indirect register addressing and indirect jumping to labels based on register content, which comes in really handy when interpreting numbers as instructions. See [My previous blog post \"Programming like it's 1981\" about this thing](https://steemit.com/tutorial/@michaelzinn/programming-like-it-s-1981) for more details.\n\n\n\n## Implementing the Interpreter\n\nAn interpreter is a program that looks at data and interprets it as a program i.e. executing the instructions encoded in the data. In the case of the 15C calculator this means that there is an interpreter program written in the calculator's unnamed programming language that reads the numbers that are stored in the registers and behaves as if those numbers were Brainfuck instructions. So the first thing we need is a mapping from instructions to numbers:\n\n Instruction | Number \n-------------|--------\n     >       |  1\n     <       |  2\n     +       |  3\n     -       |  4\n     .       |  5\n     ,       |  6\n     [       |  7\n     ]       |  8\n\nFor example, the program \"+[.+]\", which prints all natural numbers, would be [3, 7, 5, 3, 8].\n\n\n### Instruction Pointer\n\nIf we put the instructions into the registers we need to keep track of which instruction to execute next: One register is used as the instruction pointer and contains the number of the register holding the next instruction to be executed; So we fetch the number from that register, execute the instruction, then add 1 to the instruction pointer and repeat.\n\n\n### Tape Pointer\n\nSince Brainfuck uses a tape head that moves across a tape of numbers, we need to store the tape head position in another register. The \">\" command moves the tape head to the right, \"<\" to the left.\n\nHowever, since we only have 20 registers in total, we should place code and tape on opposite ends of the register space, which means that the first tape cell is the last register, the second tape cell is the second to last register etc. and the \">\" command decreases the tape pointer register by 1 to move \"right\".\n\n\n### Loops\n\nBrainfuck loops can be nested to an arbitrary depth. A fast implementation would probably use some sort of look-up table for matching the loop brackets, but this would take too many registers so instead I opted for just one register that contains a \"loop nesting number\".\n\nConsider this program:\n\n  [+++++[++++++]++++++]++\n\nThe first \"[\" skips the block if the cell at the tape head position is zero. One solution for finding the matching \"]\" is to set the loop nesting number to 1, then read the program in the right direction and count each \"[\" as +1 and each \"]\" as -1. So when encountering the second \"[\" in the program, the loop nesting number becomes 2, on the next \"]\" it becomes 1 again and on the final \"]\" it becomes 0, which means we found the end of the current block and the program can now resume normal execution.\n\nJumping from the end of a block to the start works similarly: set the loop nesting number to -1 and seek backwards.\n\n### Memory Layout\n\nSo we need three special purpose registers, followed by Brainfuck code, followed by the tape. We can allocate the registers like this:\n\n| Register | Content                          |\n|:--------:|---------------------------------|\n|     0    | Instruction pointer |\n|     1    | Tape pointer        |\n|     2    | Loop nesting number |\n|     3    | Begin of program code |\n|    ...   | More program code |\n|    ...   | 0 (Signals end of program code) |\n|    ...   | More tape |\n|    19    | Begin of tape |\n\nNote that the tape grows backwards from the end of register space. Note that programs can corrupt themselves since there is no bounds checking.\n\n\n### Compacting code\n\nSince 20 registers are not enough to write any interesting programs at one instruction per register, we need a way to put more than one instruction in each register.\n\nThe HP 15C uses decimal numbers with a 10 digit mantissa, a 2 digit exponent and a sign, which means we can fit one instruction per digit. Consider this program that calculates fibonacci numbers:\n\n  +>+[[->+>+<<]<[->>>+<<<]>>>.]\n\nAt one digit per instruction, this fits into just 3 registers:\n\n  3137741313\n  2282741113\n  2228111580\n\n(Notice that the last number is padded with a 0 on the right side since the code is stored as [big endian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness))\n\nIf we want to keep both the fast \"one instruction per register\"- and the compact \"ten instructions per register\"-mode we could use flag 0 to distinguish which mode to use.\n\n## Compiling code\n\nThe mapping of one instruction per register or digit is simple enough to write code directly on the calculator. However, it would be more convenient if we had a compiler that turns Brainfuck code into numbers.\n\nHere's a ruby script that does exactly that:\n\n```ruby\ninstruction_table = {\n  \">\" => 1,\n  \"<\" => 2,\n  \"+\" => 3,\n  \"-\" => 4,\n  \".\" => 5,\n  \",\" => 6,\n  \"[\" => 7,\n  \"]\" => 8\n}\n\nprogram = ARGV[0]\ninstructions = program.chars\ncodes = instructions.map { |i| instruction_table[i] }\n\n# Fast program (for programs up to 15 commands long)\nif(codes.size <= 15) then\n  registers = codes.map.with_index { |instruction, index|  \"#{instruction} STO #{index + 3}\" }\n\n  puts \n  puts \"Fast\"\n  puts \"====\"\n  puts \"CF 0\"\n  puts registers\nend\n\n# Compact program\nchunks = codes.each_slice(10).to_a.map { |a| a.fill(0, a.size...10) }\nregisters = chunks.map.with_index { |line, index| \"#{line.join} STO #{index + 3}\"}\n\nputs\nputs \"Compact\"\nputs \"=======\"\nputs \"SF 0\"\nputs registers\nputs\n```\n\nJust save this as bf.rb and start it like ```ruby bf.rb \"+[.+]\"``` to get an output like this:\n \n```\nFast\n====\nCF 0\n3 STO 3\n7 STO 4\n5 STO 5\n3 STO 6\n8 STO 7\n\nCompact\n=======\nSF 0\n3753800000 STO 3\n```\n\nFor programs that won't fit in Fast mode, only the Compact version will be shown:\n\n```ruby ../utils/bf_compile.rb \"+>+[[->+>+<<]<[->>>+<<<]>>>.]\"```\n\n```\nCompact\n=======\nSF 0\n3137741313 STO 3\n2282741113 STO 4\n2228111580 STO 5\n```\n\n\n## Charles Babbage's Difference Engine\n\nThe [Difference Engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_engine) was a machine to tabulate polynomials using divided differences. It wasn't programmable, but it ran a program that was parameterizable so you could use it to calculate different functions, e.g. logarithmic tables or sine tables.\n\n![Difference Engine](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/LondonScienceMuseumsReplicaDifferenceEngine.jpg/1920px-LondonScienceMuseumsReplicaDifferenceEngine.jpg)\n\nHere is a simple implementation in Brainfuck: ```,>>,>>,>+[<[-<+<+>>]<[->+<]<[-<+<+>>]<<.>[->+<]>>>>]```\n\nYou can enter it into the calculator like this:\n\n```\nSF 0\n6116116137 STO 3\n2742323118 STO 4\n2741328274 STO 5\n2323118225 STO 6\n1741328111 STO 7\n1800000000 STO 8\n```\n\nWhen you run this program, it will ask you for three numbers corresponding to the initial number column setting of the Difference Engine. Examples:\n\n| Input | Output |\n|--------|----------|\n| 0, 1, 0 | Natural numbers (1, 2, 3 ...)|\n| 1, 1, 2 | Square numbers (1, 4, 9 ...)|\n\nSo there you have it: A running Difference Engine, implemented in Brainfuck, running on a HP 15C calculator from the eighties :)\n\n\n\n## Program\n\nNow all you have to do is enter the following code into your calculator. After you entered your program, run *A* to start the interpreter.\n\n  * Output will be displayed for one second.\n  * When input is required, the display will flash. Simply enter a number and hit *R/S* to continue.\n  * When the program terminates it will try to display the last output.\n\n\n### Registers\n\n| Register | Content                          |\n|:--------:|---------------------------------|\n|     0    | Instruction Pointer |\n|     1    | Tape Pointer        |\n|     2    | Loop nesting number |\n|     3    | Begin of program code |\n|    ...   | More program code |\n|    ...   | 0 (Signals end of program code) |\n|    ...   | More tape |\n|    19    | Begin of tape |\n\n\n### Flags\n\nFlag 0 is meant to be set/cleared by the user.\n\n| Flag | Status | Meaning |\n|:----:|:-------:|:-------:|\n|   0  | clear  | Fast mode (1 instruction per register) |\n|   0  |  set   | Compact mode (10 instructions per register) |\n|   1  | clear  | Seek forward to matching bracket |\n|   1  |  set   | Seek backward to matching bracket | \n\n\n### Labels\n\n| Label | Content |\n|:-----:|---------|\n|   B   | Run Brainfuck program |\n|   C   | Clear tape |\n|   E   | vRCL digit |\n|   0   | End program |\n|  1-8  | Run corresponding Brainfuck instruction |\n|   9   | Seek to matching bracket |\n|  10   | Fetch current instruction |\n|  11   | Execution loop |\n|  12   | Clear tape loop |\n\n\n### Code Listing\n\n```\n; init registers\n001 - LBL B\n  FIX 0\n  GSB C\n  10\n  ENTER\n  3\n  F? 0\n    *\n  STO 0\n  1\n  9\n  STO 1\n  0\n  STO 2\n\n; run program\n012 - LBL 11\n\n  ; fetch instruction\n  GSB 10\n\n  ; execute instruction\n  STO I\n  GSB I\n\n  ; increment instruction pointer\n  1\n  STO + 0\n\n  ; execute next instruction\n  GTO 11\n\n; clear tape\n019 - LBL C\n  CF 1\n  3.019\n  STO I\n  LBL 12\n    RCL (i)\n    x = 0 ?\n      SF 1\n    F? 1\n      CLx\n    STO (i)\n    ISG I\n      GTO 12\n  RTN\n\n; special \"stop program\" instruction\n037 - LBL 0\n  ; display last output for convenience\n  R/\\\n  R/S\n\n; \">\" (Move tape head to the right)\n044 - LBL 1\n  1\n  STO - 1\n  RTN\n\n; \"<\" (Move tape head to the left)\n048 - LBL 2\n  1\n  STO + 1\n  RTN\n\n; \"+\" (Increment value at tape head position)\n052 - LBL 3\n  RCL 1\n  STO I\n  1\n  STO + (i)\n  RTN\n\n; \"-\" (Decrement value at tape head position)\n058 - LBL 4\n  RCL 1\n  STO I\n  1\n  STO - (i)\n  RTN\n\n; \".\" (Output value at tape head position)\n064 - LBL 5\n  RCL 1\n  STO I\n  RCL (i)\n  PSE\n  RTN\n\n; \",\" (Input value to tape head position)\n070 - LBL 6\n  RCL 1\n  STO I\n  CLx\n  SF 9 ; blink\n  R/S\n  CF 9\n  STO (i)\n  RTN\n\n; \"[\" (begin loop)\n079 - LBL 7\n  RCL 1\n  STO I\n  RCL (i)\n  x != 0 ?\n    RTN\n  0\n  STO 2\n  CF 1 ; seek forward\n  GTO 9\n\n; \"]\" (end loop)\n089 - LBL 8\n  RCL 1\n  STO I\n  RCL (i)\n  x = 0 ?\n    RTN\n  0\n  STO 2\n  SF 1\n\n098 - LBL 9 ; seek to matching bracket\n    GSB 10\n    6\n    -\n    1\n    x = y ?\n      STO + 2\n    GSB 10\n    7\n    -\n    1  ; needed because GSB 10 modifies the stack\n    x = y ?\n      STO - 2\n    RCL 2\n    x = 0 ?\n      RTN\n    1\n    F? 1\n      CHS\n    STO + 0\n    GTO 9\n\n; fetch current instruction\n119 - LBL 10\n  RCL 0\n  F? 0\n    GTO E\n  STO I\n  RCL (i)\n  RTN\n\n; vRCL digit\n126 - LBL E\n  ; find correct register\n  1\n  0\n  /\n  STO I\n\n  ; find digit index (reversed)\n  FRAC\n  1\n  0\n  *\n  LSTx\n  x><y\n  -\n  10^x\n  RCL (i)\n  x><y\n  /\n  FRAC\n  1\n  0\n  *\n  INT\n147 - RTN\n```\n\n\n\n## Learnings\n\nIt's insane how simple and productive it is to write something for the calculator: There is absolutely zero nonsense involved, all you need to know is in the manual, you will never have to look something up on stack overflow, there are no nonsensical errors, you won't have to clear the cache of the IDE etc. Surely there must be a middleground between working on a high tower of faulty abstraction layers and writing in this oldschool machine language.\n\nSoftware development should be a lot simpler, it's insane how much time is spent on irrelevant nonsense.",
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      "body": "Thank you very much, those are great suggestions.",
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      "author": "iraniran",
      "body": "#### Hi steemiren \n #### Fallow me then send a massage \n#### I will give you a good upvote\n\n## And\n### I invite you to join us \n\n###  https://c3k93.app.goo.gl/i/J5psE\n\n# 🎋",
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