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In the renewed partnership, JPL is expanding its data science efforts to research and applying technologies for additional NCI-funded programs. Those programs include EDRN, the Consortium for Molecular and Cellular Characterization of Screen-Detected Lesions, and the Informatics Technology for Cancer Research initiative.\n\n\"From a NASA standpoint, there are significant opportunities to develop new data science capabilities that can support both the mission of exploring space and cancer research using common methodological approaches,\" Crichton said. \"We have a great opportunity to perfect those techniques and grow JPL's data science technologies, while serving our nation.\n\nCrichton said JPL has led the way when it comes to taking data from raw observations to scientific conclusions. One example: JPL often deals with measurements from a variety of sensors -- say, cameras and mass spectrometers. Both can be used to study a star, planet or similar target object. 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      "body": "<html>\n<p><img src=\"http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/88000/88749/meranti_amo_2016257.jpg\"/></p>\n<p>&nbsp;Super Typhoon Meranti neared Taiwan on September 13, 2016. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s <a href=\"http://aqua.nasa.gov/\">Aqua</a> satellite acquired this natural-color image the same day. At the time,<a href=\"http://weather.unisys.com/hurricane/w_pacific/2016/MERANTI/track.dat\">Meranti</a> was a category 5 storm with wind speeds of roughly 160 knots (184mph).</p>\n<p>Forecasters expect the storm to skirt the southern tip of Taiwan in the morning hours of September 14. The U.S. Navy’s <a href=\"https://metoc.ndbc.noaa.gov/ProductFeeds-portlet/img/jtwc/products/wp1616.gif\">Joint Typhoon Warning Center</a> (JTWC) predicts maximum open-ocean waves of 48 feet and sustained winds of 150 knots (173 miles per hour), with gusts up to 180 knots (207 mph) as Mernati passes Taiwan. While the eye of the storm won’t hit Taiwan directly, the island will take the brunt of the <a href=\"http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/D6.html\">right side of the storm.</a></p>\n<p>Meranti is expected to lose some momentum by the time it <a href=\"http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/currwx/tc_gis_e.htm\">makes landfall</a> in China’s Guangdong province on September 15, with predicted winds of 80 knots (92 mph) and gusts up to 100 knots (115 mph).</p>\n<p>The Taiwanese government announced that schools and offices in several municipalities in the south would be closed on Wednesday, according to <a href=\"https://weather.com/news/news/super-typhoon-meranti-impacts\">The Weather Channel</a>. The storm has already caused flight and train delays in the region.&nbsp;</p>\n</html>",
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      "permlink": "pluto-paints-its-largest-moon-red",
      "title": "Pluto ‘Paints’ its Largest Moon Red",
      "body": "<html>\n<p><img src=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/full_width/public/thumbnails/image/full-res-charon.jpg?itok=UNrR6map\" width=\"985\" height=\"985\"/></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;In June 2015, when the cameras on NASA’s approaching New Horizons spacecraft first spotted the large reddish polar region on Pluto’s largest moon, Charon, mission scientists knew two things: they’d never seen anything like it elsewhere in our solar system, and they couldn’t wait to get the story behind it.Over the past year, after analyzing the images and other data that New Horizons has sent back from its historic July 2015 flight through the Pluto system, the scientists think they’ve solved the mystery. As they detail this week in the international scientific journal Nature, Charon’s polar coloring comes from Pluto itself – as methane gas that escapes from Pluto’s atmosphere and becomes “trapped” by the moon’s gravity and freezes to the cold, icy surface at Charon’s pole. This is followed by chemical processing by ultraviolet light from the sun that transforms the methane into heavier hydrocarbons and eventually into reddish organic materials called tholins.”Who would have thought that Pluto is a graffiti artist, spray-painting its companion with a reddish stain that covers an area the size of New Mexico?” asked Will Grundy, a New Horizons co-investigator from Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, and lead author of the paper. “Every time we explore, we find surprises. Nature is amazingly inventive in using the basic laws of physics and chemistry to create spectacular landscapes.”&nbsp;The team combined analyses from detailed Charon images obtained by New Horizons with computer models of how ice evolves on Charon’s poles. Mission scientists had previously speculated that methane from Pluto’s atmosphere was trapped in Charon’s north pole and slowly converted into the reddish material, but had no models to support that theory.The New Horizons team dug into the data to determine whether conditions on the Texas-sized moon (with a diameter of 753 miles or 1,212 kilometers) could allow the capture and processing of methane gas. The models using Pluto and Charon’s 248-year orbit around the sun show some extreme weather at Charon’s poles, where 100 years of continuous sunlight alternate with another century of continuous darkness. Surface temperatures during these long winters dip to -430 Fahrenheit (-257 Celsius), cold enough to freeze methane gas into a solid.“The methane molecules bounce around on Charon's surface until they either escape back into space or land on the cold pole, where they freeze solid, forming a thin coating of methane ice that lasts until sunlight comes back in the spring,” Grundy said. But while the methane ice quickly sublimates away, the heavier hydrocarbons created from it remain on the surface.The models also suggested that in Charon’s springtime the returning sunlight triggers conversion of the frozen methane back into gas. But while the methane ice quickly sublimates away, the heavier hydrocarbons created from this evaporative process remain on the surface.Sunlight further irradiates those leftovers into reddish material – called tholins – that has slowly accumulated on Charon’s poles over millions of years. New Horizons’ observations of Charon’s other pole, currently in winter darkness – and seen by New Horizons only by light reflecting from Pluto, or “Pluto-shine” – confirmed that the same activity was occurring at both poles.“This study solves one of the greatest mysteries we found on Charon, Pluto’s giant moon,” said Alan Stern, New Horizons principal investigator from the Southwest Research Institute, and a study co-author. “And it opens up the possibility that other small planets in the Kuiper Belt with moons may create similar, or even more extensive ‘atmospheric transfer’ features on their moons.”&nbsp;</p>\n</html>",
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      "author": "merlinesm",
      "permlink": "antarctica-provides-ice-to-study-behavior-effects-in-astronauts",
      "title": "Antarctica Provides ICE to Study Behavior Effects in Astronauts",
      "body": "<html>\n<p><img src=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/ubernode_alt_horiz/public/thumbnails/image/picture_075.jpg?itok=Ni7kx8-6\" width=\"1041\" height=\"320\"/></p>\n<p>&nbsp;A trip to the Red Planet begins long in advance of liftoff. NASA’s <a href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/journeytomars\">journey to Mars</a> includes preparing astronauts to cope with several months of isolation, confinement, and in an extreme environment (identified with the acronym ICE). One of the best ways to study this on Earth is by observing others who also spend several months on actual ice in Antarctica.</p>\n<p>Training camp set up on the foot hills of Mt. Erebus near McMurdo Station in the Antarctic.<br>\n<em>Credits: NASA</em><br>\n</p>\n<p>NASA and the <a href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/\">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF), which manages the U.S. Antarctic Program, have a new collaborative agreement to study the effects of living in the polar environment.In an initial research collaboration, a study developed and led by Dr. Candice Alfano, a clinical psychologist and associate professor at the University of Houston, will analyze people who work in Antarctica for long periods of time.It’s relatively simple to place subjects in isolation or confinement for the purpose of studying mood and behavior, but the extreme environment element is harder to find.Sometimes called “White Mars,” Antarctica is perfect because “you can’t walk off the ice. That goes for whether you’re having a health, behavioral health or a personal issue, you’re not going anywhere,” said Lisa Spence, project manager for NASA flight analogs in the Human Research Program. “That is very similar to spaceflight. It changes your mindset about how you are going to respond when you know you can’t leave.”Just how extreme is the extreme environment of Antarctica at the South Pole? Not only is 98 percent of the continent covered in ice, but it also has extreme winds and an average temperature range of minus 49 to 26 degrees, making it the coldest place on Earth. At the South Pole, the sun disappears for months at a time. Known as “The Polar Night,” the sun goes behind the horizon in late April and is not seen again until mid-September.</p>\n<p>NASA Astronaut Christina Koch takes a frozen selfie at the South Pole on the continent of Antarctica.<br>\n<em>Credits: Christina Koch</em><br>\n</p>\n<p>Once the sun is down, you could be stuck there. It is unsafe for airplanes or ships to travel to most parts of Antarctica during the winter because of the extremely cold temperatures and sea ice.NASA astronaut Christina Hammock Koch has spent many seasons at various Antarctic and Arctic stations helping scientists conduct research remotely, including a year at the South Pole. “[This] means going months without seeing the sun, with the same crew, and without shipments of mail or fresh food,” she said. “The isolation, absence of family and friends, and lack of new sensory inputs are all conditions that you must find a strategy to thrive within.”While certainly a difficult situation, Koch found ways to cope. She exercised, found hobbies, socialized with others in the station, and saved care packages to open at later times. She also said, “The most helpful strategy I developed was to avoid thinking about all the things I was missing out on and instead focused on the unique things in the moment that I would never get to experience again.\"These factors combine to create an atmosphere suitable for the NASA, NSF and UH study. The study, scheduled to begin in February 2017, will include approximately 110 U.S. Antarctic program volunteers located at the McMurdo and South Pole stations.</p>\n<p>Map showing the locations of McMurdo and South Pole Stations on the continent of Antarctica.<br>\n<br>\n</p>\n<p>“McMurdo is a coastal station with a population of around 250 people during the winter,&nbsp;or the Northern Hemisphere’s summer. Evacuation, though difficult, is possible. In contrast, the South Pole is far inland near the center of the continent and can have temperatures of -100°F. Evacuation is simply not possible in winter,” Dr. Alfano said.By studying volunteers from both stations, researchers hope to more precisely understand the greatest sources of stress. Volunteers will complete periodic computer-based questionnaires, provide saliva samples, and wear a monitor that records sleep and wake cycles. Researchers will use these collective tools to look for signs of stress and changes in psychological health of the volunteers during their time in Antarctica.The plan is to refine and finalize a checklist to be used to “provide an efficient means of monitoring signs and symptoms that a behavioral condition may be developing. Therefore, allowing early detection and early intervention,” Lauren Leveton, Ph.D., of NASA’s Behavioral Performance team said.This checklist will be useful to NASA in relation to future space travel, but Alfano points out it will have other applications as well, such as among deployed military personnel.Simultaneously to Alfano’s study, the NASA and NSF partnership will deploy NASA clinical staff to Antarctica, which will give NASA’s medical personnel (flight surgeons) a unique chance to treat individuals in the extreme environment. Participating flight surgeons will be on rotation during summer or winter-over stays.At the Johnson Space Center, NASA flight surgeons are on call around the clock for remote consultations with astronauts who are on International Space Station missions. Allowing these doctors to work in the Antarctic environment will give them additional training to call upon when consulting with the astronauts during future long duration, deep space missions, including the journey to Mars.“The first-hand experience of living and working at McMurdo and the South Pole will be invaluable for the flight surgeons’ grasp of what astronauts encounter during long duration spaceflight,” Dr. Terrance Taddeo, Johnson Space Center Chief Medical Officer, said.“This is a win-win,” Spence said. “Not only are NASA’s flight surgeons gaining a better understanding of the ICE environment of the astronauts they work with, but NSF’s Antarctic clinics will have additional onsite medical expertise.”Alfano’s project, formally called “Characterizations of Psychological Risk, Overlap with Physical Health, and Associated Performance in Isolated, Confined, and Extreme (ICE) Environments,” will conclude following data collection during the 2017 winter season.As NASA prepares for future human missions to Mars, keeping the astronauts safe on the journey is a top priority. The southernmost continent on Earth will provide researchers with the perfect analog for studying the behavioral health effects of an extreme environment.</p>\n<p>###</p>\n<p>NASA's&nbsp;Human Research Program&nbsp;enables space exploration by reducing the risks to human health and performance through a focused program of basic, applied, and operational research. This leads to the development and delivery of: human health, performance, and habitability standards; countermeasures and risk mitigation solutions; and advanced habitability and medical support technologies.&nbsp;</p>\n</html>",
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      "body": "<html>\n<p>&nbsp;The ethos of being a <em>full stack developer</em> is the ability to deliver and ship a feature end-to-end. That includes testing. Tutorials and books often focus on the plumbing needed to set up full stack development and get testing working (<a href=\"https://pragprog.com/book/dcbang/rails-angular-postgres-and-bootstrap\">mine</a> brings together Angular, Rails, Bootstrap, and Postgres). What’s often missing is guidance on how to approach testing applications across the entire web development stack. Let’s dig into that in this article. We’ll learn how to get the most out of end-to-end tests, including guidance around what to test and how to keep those tests reliable and maintainable. We’ll also touch on unit tests and the role they play in our end-to-end testing strategy. But first, let’s understand the purpose of writing tests at all.At their core, tests make sure your application is doing what you intend it to do. They are an automated script to execute your code and check that it did what you expected. The better they are, the more you can rely on them to gate your deployments. Where your tests are weak, you either need a QA team or you ship buggy software (both mean your users get value at a much slower pace than is ideal). Where your tests are strong, you can ship confidently and quickly, without approvals or slow, manual processes like QA.You must also balance the future maintainability of the tests you write. Your application will change and thus so will your tests. Ideally, your tests only have to change proportionally to the change you are making in your software. If you are making a change in an error message, you don’t want to have to rewrite a lot of your test suite. But, if you are completely changing a user flow, it reasonable to expect to rewrite a lot of tests.<strong>Related Vendor Content</strong></p>\n<h2>Types of Tests</h2>\n<p>There are myriad types of tests, but for our purposes here, let’s talk about two: end-to-end and unit.<em>End-to-End Tests</em> simulate user behavior. In a web application, they will start the server, fire up a browser, click around, and assert that certain things happening in the browser give us confidence our feature is working. These tests give great confidence, but they are slow, brittle, and tightly coupled to the user interface.<em>Unit Tests</em> exercise units of code according to their public API.&nbsp;These tests involve creating an instance of a class and calling methods on it with specific inputs. You assert that the methods you called had the desired effect (typically that they returned expected outputs). These tests are fast, stable, and are not tightly coupled to many other parts of the system. They do not, however, give you confidence the overall system is working—just that the unit of code under test is working.Your job building a feature is to find the right balance between these two tests. If you have too many end-to-end tests, future changes to your application will be painful and slow. If you have too few, subtle bugs will creep through to production, despite a fast test suite with 100% code coverage.</p>\n<h2>Start with the User Experience</h2>\n<p>Your software is in service to some user, so it’s that user who should drive your work. I would not recommend using tests to design a user experience, so figure out how the user will use the software before writing tests (either by experimental coding or working with a designer). Once you have that, start working.Ideally, you’ll create an end-to-end test for some part of the user experience, and write code to make it pass. While writing that code, you’ll create unit tests to flesh out the specifics of the code you need to create or modify (and it’s typically the latter).The problem is that it’s difficult to write a failing end-to-end test with no user interface artifacts (HTML) to reference. The reason is that the form of most end-to-end tests are:</p>\n<ol>\n  <li>Find some element on the page</li>\n  <li>Interact with it in some way</li>\n  <li>Verify that interaction worked</li>\n  <li>Repeat until end of test</li>\n</ol>\n<p>This means you need some specifics around the user interface elements (DOM Objects) you’ll need to interact with. When you factor in interaction design powered by JavaScript, it’s even more difficult to do without actually having the interface at least partially built.To deal with this, get a rough outline of the UI working in the browser. Use canned data, and don’t worry about alternate flows—focus on one thing at a time. When you get that working, write a test.In doing this, there’s two things to consider: should the feature even be tested and, if so, how?</p>\n<h3>Should You Test It?</h3>\n<p>Although there <a href=\"http://multithreaded.stitchfix.com/blog/2016/01/29/no-happy-path-in-programming/\">is no happy path in programming</a>, the user will experience many fewer paths through your code than are possible. For example, when a user purchases a product, we might have different ways of handling fulfillment based on the user’s address, chosen shipping method, or previous purchase history. The user experience is the same in all these cases, so this is only one flow from the user’s perspective.Your goal, then, is to test all user flows. You want a suite of tests that simulate a user doing what you want and expect users to do, and to assert that all the experiences you want the user to have are working properly.Given that you know what to test, how should you go about it?</p>\n<h3>How to End-to-End Test</h3>\n<p>If you are modifying a flow, modify the test of that flow. Since an end-to-end test simulates user activity, you don’t need one test for each thing you want to assert. If the user should see three important pieces of information on a checkout screen, you don’t need three tests—one test that checks all three is sufficient. So, when modifying an existing user experience, look for an existing test you can enhance.Otherwise, you’ll need a new test. Remember, your goal is to simulate what the user would do. Be honest about how you structure the navigation and behavior in your test. Would the user<em>really</em> navigate directly to some deep link? Or would they click around from some common start page to get where they need to go?It’s hard to do this, especially using the typically minimal markup needed to implement the feature. Your test needs to locate particular DOM elements to interact with, and it’s not always easy (or possible) to find the precise one you want. You need signposts.A signpost is something you insert into the DOM specifically to locate elements of interest. As early as possible, decide on how those signposts will work. You <em>should not</em> use CSS classes intended for styling to locate DOM elements. Doing so means your front-end developer will break your tests by changing class names. You should also <em>not</em> use CSS classes or data attributes in use by the JavaScript code (e.g. a js- prefixes class). These fall victim to the same thing.Two common techniques are to use test- prefixed CSS classes or data-test- prefixed attributes:</p>\n<pre><code>&lt;section class=\"component dark test-checkout-confirmation\"&gt;<br>\n &nbsp;&lt;!-- ... --&gt;<br>\n&lt;/section&gt;<br>\n<br>\n&lt;!-- OR --&gt;<br>\n<br>\n&lt;section class=\"component dark\" data-test-checkout-confirmation&gt;<br>\n &nbsp;&lt;!-- ... --&gt;<br>\n&lt;/section&gt;<br>\n</code></pre>\n<p>This might seem icky and…it is. But, it’s less icky than having to couple your tests to the content or presentational classes. You need to strike a balance here—don’t mindlessly tag every element with a data-test attribute. Usually, you need just a little context in which you can find elements. For example, if you want to click a button for purchasing a particular product, you really just need to locate some element that contains that product and its purchase button.</p>\n<pre><code>&lt;article data-test-product=\"1234\"&gt;<br>\n &nbsp;&lt;!-- a ton of markup --&gt;<br>\n &nbsp;&lt;input type=\"submit\" name=\"Purchase\" value=\"Purchase\"&gt;<br>\n&lt;/article&gt;<br>\n&lt;article data-test-product=\"5678\"&gt;<br>\n &nbsp;&lt;!-- a ton of markup --&gt;<br>\n &nbsp;&lt;input type=\"submit\" name=\"Purchase\" value=\"Purchase\"&gt;<br>\n&lt;/article&gt;<br>\n</code></pre>\n<p>With the addition of the data-test-product attribute, you could locate the purchase button for product 1234 by using a CSS selector like <code>[data-test-product='1234'] input[type='submit']</code>.This means you have to make changes to your markup that only exist to afford testing, which means your user is downloading bytes they don’t need to get the user experience you are providing. That’s a trade-off, but it’s better than having poor test coverage (which hurts the user far more than a few extra bytes in the HTML). Just be judicious.This technique is even more important when your page has interactions on it that change things without reloading, namely with JavaScript.</p>\n<h3>Dealing with Interaction</h3>\n<p>When every click reloads the page, end-to-end tests are more reliable, because the underlying tools know to wait for a page to reload. When user interaction simply changes the DOM, it’s harder, because there’s no obvious way to “wait for stuff to be done happening”—the tools don’t know what “stuff” is happening.When your test needs to interact with a page that isn’t getting reloaded on user actions, you need a way to wait for the DOM manipulation to complete before you start asserting what happened. If you don’t wait, the DOM won’t be updated when your test starts asserting and your test will fail unnecessarily.Just like we used signposts in our markup to locate DOM elements to manipulate, we can use them here, too. Any new or changed markup should have some sort of signpost that won’t be present if that interaction failed or didn’t happen. In other words, you should not have to make sleep calls in your tests to wait for DOM events—your DOM should have signposts your tests can wait for explicitly.For example, suppose we want to test that an action generates a success message to the user. Suppose the way it’s implemented is to make an AJAX request and, when the call is completed, insert a message into the DOM. A basic implementation might do something like this:</p>\n<pre><code>function purchase(productId) {<br>\n &nbsp;$.post(<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\"/products/\",<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{ \"id\": productId }<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;).done(function() {<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$(\".header\").html(<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\"&lt;div class='alert-success'&gt;Your order was placed&lt;/div&gt;\");<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}).fail(function() {<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$(\".header\").html(<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\"&lt;div class='alert-failure'&gt;There was a problem&lt;/div&gt;\");<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;});<br>\n</code></pre>\n<p>You could configure your test to wait for an element with the CSS class of alert-success to appear, and then make an assertion about its contents. This means that your test will be flaky or break if any other element should need to be on the page with that class. While you could scope it to header, this just kicks the can down the road.Instead, use a data-test- attribute</p>\n<pre><code>function purchase(productId) {<br>\n &nbsp;$.post(<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\"/products/\",<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{ \"id\": productId }<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;).done(function() {<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$(\".header\").html(<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\"&lt;div data-test-purchase-successful class='alert-success'&gt;Your order was placed&lt;/div&gt;\");<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}).fail(function() {<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$(\".header\").html(<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\"&lt;div data-test-purchase-failed class='alert-failure'&gt;There was a problem&lt;/div&gt;\");<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;});<br>\n</code></pre>\n<p>Although this adds more bytes to your markup, it allows you to write a reliable test that can survive some visual changes. As long as the page’s flow is to display a message after a successful purchase, the visual implementation can change without breaking your test. This is what you want, and it’s a trade-off. You could sacrifice this confidence by creating the smallest most minimal markup possible, but then you either waste time fixing tests when visuals change, have to have manual QA, or you just ship software you haven’t tested thoroughly.Modern end-to-end testing tools like <a href=\"https://github.com/jnicklas/capybara\">Capybara</a> include functions for everything you need. There are methods to wait for DOM elements to appear before proceeding, assert the content of particular parts of the page, and interact with form elements. Most other web application stacks provide similar tools. In any case, you can couple your testing library with a headless browser like <a href=\"http://phantomjs.org/\">PhantomJS</a>, and your end-to-end tests will be surprisingly fast and reliable.It’s also worth mentioning how to do this in a distributed world.</p>\n<h3>When there is more than one “app”</h3>\n<p>When you are working on a single, monolithic system, the above techniques are all you need. If you are working in a more distributed system, however, it’s trickier. Suppose that you are working on a customer-facing application, but it must pull inventory data from another system. How do you write a test for this?First, remember what you are testing. Your end-to-end test is testing a user interaction. This means that your end-to-end test is not responsible for asserting the functionality of the remote services, nor is it responsible for asserting that your application is properly consuming that remote service.The best way to test the consumption of services (and that those services do what they advertise) is to use <a href=\"http://multithreaded.stitchfix.com/blog/2015/11/23/consumer-driven-contracts/\">consumer-driven contracts</a>, which is a form of unit test (at least in the broad definition I’m using for this post).This still leaves open the issue of how to simulate the remote service during an end-to-end test. You could stand up an actual version of that service, but this does not scale. You end up having to manage that service’s internal data store as well as the services <em>it</em> depends on. It’s an explosion of complexity that is difficult to manage.A popular option is to use a mocking system at the HTTP layer. In Ruby, <a href=\"https://github.com/vcr/vcr\">VCR</a> is a tool that does this. You record your interactions with a real service to establish the HTTP protocol going back and forth and, for subsequent test runs, the mocking system plays back the recorded interaction without using the network. Given that you have test coverage in your unit tests of proper consumption of the service, this works well for end-to-end tests.Another option is to stand up simplified mock services that return canned data. Your app will make HTTP calls as it normally would, but against a canned service that just returns static, known data to your app. This requires some up-front configuration, but can work for simple interactions with a service. If your application requires storing state in the service and has a lengthy back-and-forth “conversation”, this technique is harder.My recommendation is to try mocking HTTP first, as that’s simpler and faster.Now that we know what to test in an end-to-end test and how to do it, what about unit tests?</p>\n<h2>Unit Tests</h2>\n<p>Recall that our criteria for what should be tested end-to-end is <em>user</em> flows. The idea is that while there are many possible logical flows through the system, there are many fewer that make a difference to the user experience. Unit tests are where we test the rest of those logical flows.This allows us to assert the correct behavior of large parts of the system quickly and reliably. In other words, while we could assert every possible flow through the system with an end-to-end test, it’s not necessary, and will be slow and brittle.For example, suppose a checkout feature has two user flows: a successful purchase, and a failed purchase, where the user must try again. That would be two end-to-end tests. Suppose further that under the covers, there are these possibilities:</p>\n<ul>\n  <li>The customer’s card was charged properly.</li>\n  <li>There was a problem contacting the customer’s bank, but we want to pretend it was successful and charge later.</li>\n  <li>The customer’s card was declined.</li>\n  <li>The customer’s card is expired.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>That’s four flows, and so we’d want four unit tests to assert that each of these situations is handled correctly. And yes, there will be duplicate coverage. Our end-to-end test would likely set up a successful charge and a decline to handle its two user flows, so when our unit tests are written, we’d have more coverage than we technically need.This is, again, a trade-off, but it’s important that your classes are well-covered by unit tests. This allows them to be moved, re-purposed, and changed much more easily.There are many, many theories on how to write unit tests, far more than we can get into here. My suggestion is that you adopt a technique that makes sense to you, is easy to explain to others, and use it consistently.The hardest part about unit tests is deciding how much of your code’s design should account for testing. This is analogous to how we added attributes and other signposts to our HTML in order to test it—those artifacts exist only because we have to test. You’ll face the same choices writing a unit test.For example, suppose our credit-card-charging code is implemented in a class called<code>Purchaser</code>. Suppose that it will use a third-party-provided <code>AwesomePayments</code> to do the actual charging.</p>\n<pre><code>class Purchaser<br>\n &nbsp;def charge(purchase)<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;AwesomePayments.charge(purchase.customer.id,purchase.amount)<br>\n &nbsp;rescue =&gt; ex<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;try_again_later(purchase.id)<br>\n &nbsp;end<br>\n<br>\n &nbsp;# ...<br>\n<br>\nend<br>\n</code></pre>\n<p>This is clear and makes sense and, in a world without unit tests, might be the most ideal design. In order to more easily test it, however, we may want to control the instance of<code>AwesomePayments</code>:</p>\n<pre><code>class Purchaser<br>\n &nbsp;def initialize(awesome_payments = AwesomePayments)<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;@awesome_payments = awesome_payments<br>\n &nbsp;end<br>\n<br>\n &nbsp;def charge(purchase)<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;@awesome_payments.charge(purchase.customer.id,purchase.amount)<br>\n &nbsp;rescue =&gt; ex<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;try_again_later(purchase.id)<br>\n &nbsp;end<br>\nend<br>\n</code></pre>\n<p>Our tests can now pass in a fake implementation of AwesomePayments to have better control over the test. The tests have affected our design (although in only a small way here). You might even argue that this class is just <a href=\"http://naildrivin5.com/blog/2012/06/27/what-is-better-code.html\">better code</a>. This won’t always be true.I would apply the same criteria you did with end-to-end tests: do what you need to make your life easier, don’t go overboard, and be judicious.</p>\n<h2>In Conclusion</h2>\n<p>Your ability to implement a feature top to bottom hinges on your ability to test it that way, too. The feedback loops where a QA team or the customers are testing your code are terrible. Even if there <em>is</em> a QA team, they shouldn’t find any bugs, and if you want to ship software quickly, you won’t mind writing end-to-end tests of user behavior.&nbsp;</p>\n</html>",
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      "body": "<html>\n<p><img src=\"http://i1.wp.com/i.blogs.es/ad7c89/sunrisecalendar/650_1200.jpg?w=640\" width=\"640\" height=\"347\"/></p>\n<p>Microsoft bought the popular calendar application © Sunrise Calendar in February 2015 and just over a year later was already decided his fate: extinction. reaprovechable everything would disarm and be included in Outlook, the application of office all-in-one email, tasks and calendar Microsoft. The date for the final execution of © Sunrise Calendar, September 1.</p>\n<p>The day came, and © Microsoft bull caught him. In his day they were promised that no one would miss © Sunrise Calendar because it would include much of their functions in Outlook, but these improvements were not ready yet. Sunrise Calendar was reprieved until © Outlook will be updated, but that day has arrived today, and with it the end of © Sunrise Calendar by constantly ever.</p>\n<p>The group © Sunrise Calendar already been fired again-in his blog. The application will stop updating calendars from now and will leave not start session. It finished what it was given, and if it were still clinging to your © Sunrise Calendar it's time to find yourself a choice according to the Outlook itself, Today Calendar or Google Calendar.</p>\n<p>New in Outlook</p>\n<p>It is time to review the old functions © Sunrise who have reached Outlook. The initial of it are additional interesting calendars to follow sporting events. By currently very limited and only on iOS, although the group © Microsoft guarantees that come rushing to Android.</p>\n<p>Another added are automatic icons for events, supported by the text. For example, if you create an event for a coffee, it is automatically decorated with an icon of a cup of coffee, and if you create an event of food with someone, is accompanied by an icon of a knife and fork.</p>\n<p><img src=\"http://i2.wp.com/i.blogs.es/ae450b/iconos/650_1200.jpg?w=640\" width=\"640\" height=\"512\"/></p>\n<p>The events currently have locations with autocomplete looking for easily intergrar inquiry. Of course, the search is based on Bing, as could not be otherwise. This position can be used later to get directions easily.</p>\n<p>Selectors -a floating mini-calendar dates to choose one day have also been simplified, inspired by © Sunrise Calendar and © Outlook for Web and PC. In this case, we expect even © Android to enjoy them, as they will come \"soon.\"</p>\n<p><img src=\"http://i2.wp.com/i.blogs.es/069c31/outlook/650_1200.jpg?w=640\" width=\"640\" height=\"512\"/></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>© Outlook calendar can by end edit recurring events from the mobile and better integrated with © Skype for Business.</p>\n<p>All these improvements are fine although they seem insufficient precipitous as if they were hoping to find a fair excuse to finish by the end with Sunrise. There is also no news several functions © Sunrise Calendar that we missed in Outlook as incorporating more services. I would not dare say that © Outlook \"has charged the batteries,\" but this is most we could aspire, at least for now.</p>\n</html>",
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      "permlink": "nasa-to-be-trialing-a-new-age-engine-that-will-take-us-to-mars-in-just-10-weeks",
      "title": "NASA To Be Trialing A New-Age Engine That Will Take Us To Mars In Just 10 Weeks!",
      "body": "<html>\n<p>&nbsp;<img src=\"http://www.thepositive-spirit.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/nasa-to-be-trialing-a-new-age-engine-that-will-take-us-to-mars-in-just-10-weeks.jpg\"/></p>\n<p>Scientists from NASA have recently reported to have successfully tested an engine in a vacuum space. The results were successful in confirming the wanted results – to be able to take us to Mars in just 70 without using rocket fuel.Now there is always a chance of possible error, since the results haven’t been reviewed and verified by peers, but after so many tests, the engine has been proven to hold up pretty good.&nbsp;</p>\n<p><img src=\"http://www.thepositive-spirit.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/nasa-to-be-trialing-a-new-age-engine-that-will-take-us-to-mars-in-just-10-weeks1.jpg\"/></p>\n<p>&nbsp;<a href=\"http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=37438.0\">NASA truncated cone magnetic field surface distribution. Image: NASA Eaglework</a></p>\n<p>The engine itself is considered controversial for breaking one of the most famous concepts of physics – the conservation of momentum. It is said that for something to be propelled forward, a propellant needs to be pushed out from the opposite direction. However this isn’t the case for the new EM Drive since it doesn’t need any propellent, it simply relies on electromagnetic waves, leaving everyone astonished.In order to be sure of this new breakthrough, NASA engineers have been trying to work out any errors that might have messing around with the results and showing that the engine could work in vacuum and despite all of their efforts to find a mistake, nothing seems to be falsified or wrong.But if this possibly means what we think it means, the possibilities could be endless. Not only will we be able to travel to the planets in our solar system, but we would be able to travel in the systems beyond!And since it wouldn’t require rocket fuel, our payloads would become lighter and it would speed things up incredibly quick.For starters, our payloads would become a whole lot lighter without the need for rocket fuel.The leader of the research group that works on this engine, Harold White, says that a crewed mission to Mars inside a EM drive powered 2 Megawatt nuclear electric propulsion spacecraft would get to mars in an incredible time period of 70 days.And not only that, the NASA researchers predicted that the time it would take to get to our nearest star system “Alpha Centauri” would take 92 years!But for now Shawyer hopes that this engine could be used to send cheap solar energy-harvesting satellites that would beam power back to Earth. This could potentionally change our whole planet towards green, with solar power stations, city lights and flights powered by hydrogen. We could be living in a whole new revolutionized planet in the next few decades.Another unbelievable thing is the warp drive. The warp drive is supposedly predicted to be used to help fire lasers into the resonance chamber of the EM Drive. The lasers would travel faster than the speed of light suggesting that a warp bubble could potentially be created that will allow us to travel faster than light, and faster than what we see in Sci-Fi movies. </p>\n\n</html>",
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      "parent_permlink": "bus",
      "author": "merlinesm",
      "permlink": "twenty-three-people-injured-when-a-bus-overturn-in-barcelona",
      "title": "Twenty-three people injured when a bus overturn in Barcelona",
      "body": "<html>\n<p><img src=\"http://img.kaloo.ga/thumb?url=http%3A%2F%2Fcdn.20m.es%2Fimg2%2Frecortes%2F2014%2F07%2F24%2F183400-944-600.jpg&amp;md5val=66fd7325b5122bbb26479eee71c773d8&amp;key=c6cc894238527649ec3558afb6ca0f3d3f2bcc3f&amp;method=fill&amp;size=1080x686\" width=\"944\" height=\"600\"/></p>\n<p>A bus headed to the airport of El Prat de Barcelona overturned this morning killing at least 23 people injured, some of them seriously, according to Cadena Ser. It was a group of German tourists heading to the airport at a time in which the rain was intense and unknown casusas that the vehicle lost control and overturned. The accident occurred in the Ronda Litoral, south, around kilometer 15.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n</html>",
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      "parent_permlink": "japan",
      "author": "merlinesm",
      "permlink": "why-in-japan-heads-no-congratulate-employees-when-they-do-their-job-well",
      "title": "Why in Japan heads NO congratulate employees when they do their job well",
      "body": "<html>\n<p><img src=\"http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/660/cpsprodpb/15128/production/_91021368_mediaitem91021367.jpg\" width=\"660\" height=\"371\"/></p>\n<p>\"Shut up!\" Shouted the man who presided over the mesa.Todo the world stopped and looked at Keiko Sakurai, who immediately realized the mistake he had cometido.Ocurrió years ago when Sakurai worked as an assistant accountant in a large Japón.El company man (who shouted) was his client, a company executive energy services was around the cuarentena.Y, according to the traditional Japanese protocol -Respect your elders; show more deference to hierarchy-worker she knew he could justify having raised his voice.</p>\n<p>The amazing story of how Japan accepted (finally) the existence of depression</p>\n<p>The man had been criticizing its accounting methods while taking a few drinks after work with their colegas.Sakurai defended himself saying that their practices were adecuadas.Pero man continued to complain. So Sakurai said their methods meet the terms of the contract. \"That's when I screamed,\" recalls Sakurai. \"I broke the rules of hierarchy and contradict my superior. Even though I was right was not in a position to contradict\" .</p>\n<p><img src=\"http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/11956/production/_91022027_mediaitem91022026.jpg\" width=\"624\" height=\"351\"/></p>\n<p>No matter that Sakurai methods were correct or approve this man most of his trabajo.Según Japanese labor hierarchy, a positive feedback is something very raramente.Los business is heard in Japan are handled according to their own standards, different from those of Western countries or even to other nations asiáticas.Y, for those working as managers for the first time in Japan, the proper way to explain to their employees their evolution in the company can be shocking.</p>\n<p>What we can learn from inemuri, the Japanese habit of falling asleep anywhere</p>\n<p>Reinventing the \"feedback\" In traditional Japanese language there was no word to describe the feedback anglicized (used in Spanish as a synonym for answer or opinion that gives us a partner on something we do) .Simply was not done, said Sharon Schweitzer, executive director of Protocol and Etiquette Worldwide and expert in the integration of managers in countries in Japan extranjeros.Si your boss does not tell you anything, it means you're doing well, \"Sharon Schweitzer, an expert in protocoloAl finally had to invent a word: fīdobakku. but not yet practiced. \"If your boss in Japan does not tell you anything, it means you're doing well,\" says Schweitzer. \"And if you ask for a review of the project, then it means that you're not doing so well,\" she adds .The bosses in Japan do not usually ask their employees to put them up on their activities because they are expected to do all the tiempo.Es a process called hou-ren-sou and means that subordinates should send emails to their bosses all day to explain when they are going to eat, the percentage of the project that have finished or when they pause for coffee. Todo.Para foreign managers it can be tempting to respond with praise and congratulations for finishing the project, for example.</p>\n<p><img src=\"http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/CB36/production/_91022025_mediaitem91022024.jpg\" width=\"624\" height=\"351\"/></p>\n<p>&nbsp;But \"do not do it,\" says Schweitzer. \"If you answer and tell them they did a good job, both you and they will be wrong. Just give thanks or no answer\" .Pensar long plazoTal may think that attitude foreign manager is the best for annual reviews in the empresa.Pero personal interviews with the boss to discuss the performance not made, says Taro Fukuyama, executive director of AnyPerk, a startup that offers services to improve happiness at work. call an employee at the office for that kind of meeting will probably generate pánico.La best way to talk about their performance, says Fukuyama, is to go with them copas.Japón has a tradition called nomikai, whereby colleagues and heads go out drinking together, usually in enough quantities and even tarde.En any case, this kind of \"feedback\" with beer and sake tends to focus on what was done mal.La reason, says Fukuyama, it is that employees in Japan do not often changed company.</p>\n<p><img src=\"http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/16776/production/_91022029_mediaitem91022028.jpg\" width=\"624\" height=\"351\"/></p>\n<p>&nbsp;And as develop their career in the same company, the goal is the promotion; therefore, it is preferable head down and avoid mistakes. \"The best way to avoid mistakes is not to take risks, so most workers do what their boss tells them,\" says Fukuyama.</p>\n<p>unstarred</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Foreign managers who are not justan the rules simply do not encajan.Jim Whittle realized this in the most dura.Cuando was the general manager for Japan firm McVities biscuits Digestive Biscuits, had an employee that he suggested giving away samples at metro stations to expose the product to potential clientes.La company saw its sales grow after that. So Whittle decided to congratulate his employee for the excellent idea.Y did before all the equipo.Pero was not a good idea. Although deserved recognition, make it stand made her look like a maverick whom his companions could not be trusted. \"There are rules you need to learn to be effective in Japan. And if you do not learn, you will not be respected by your team,\" explains Whittle.</p>\n<p><img src=\"http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/7D16/production/_91022023_mediaitem91022022.jpg\" width=\"624\" height=\"351\"/></p>\n<p>Now, Whittle works in the office of Tokyo (Japan) RSR Partners, a search firm ejecutivos.A often dealing with foreign managers and prepares them for the world of work in Japan. \"Unlike other places here can not wait come and be accepted based on your past successes, \"says Whittle.\" you have to build trust and, above all, build relationships \".</p>\n<p>\"Good enough\"</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Sakurai now at Aperian Global as a consultant and splits his time between San Francisco (United States) and Tokio.Ayuda executives prepare for life in Japan and also teaches japonenses leaders how to work in other task sends them países.Sakurai . must write 10 positive comments about the work of a subordinate \"They tend to have difficulty with that challenge,\" says Sakurai.</p>\n<p><img src=\"http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/2EF6/production/_91022021_mediaitem91021369.jpg\" width=\"624\" height=\"351\"/></p>\n<p>\"Sometimes only write five or six. And most are something like 'do not bad' or 'good enough'. They do not understand the idea of ​​giving a 'feedback' positive\" However, younger workers , especially in Japan, can appreciate a kind word from his boss when they do things right, Sakurai.Y added, slowly, things are changing in Japón.Algunas companies are adopting collaborative and communicative styles of management, and foreign executives who work in them can experience the positive fīdobakku \"But if you go around telling employees' excellent work 'you may wonder what is wrong will think:..?' what's great about my work is what I'm supposed to do, ' \"says Sakurai.\" instead, what you need to do is understand the nonverbal cues of employees to see if your comments are well received \"and so, as in any else in the world, saying \"good job\" may be simply the motivation that employees need.</p>\n</html>",
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      "title": "What is agile project management?",
      "body": "<html>\n<p><img src=\"https://wac-cdn.atlassian.com/dam/jcr:d0c39697-c2a6-47f8-8a89-25be1151c47f/how-scrum-works.png?cdnVersion=dm\" width=\"1180\" height=\"740\"/></p>\n<p>&nbsp;<strong>Software teams have been embracing agile project management methodologies for nearly a decade, increasing their speed, collaboration, and ability to respond to market trends.</strong>But what is it, and can it help your software team? Here is everything you need to know to get started, or refine, your agile project management practices.&nbsp;</p>\n<h4>History</h4>\n<p>Agile project management&nbsp;is an iterative approach to managing software development projects that focuses on continuous releases and incorporating customer feedback with every iteration.Stemming from Toyota's lean manufacturing concept of the 1940s, software development teams have embraced agile methodologies to reduce waste and increase transparency while quickly addressing their customers' ever-changing needs. A stark change from waterfall project management that focuses on \"big bang\" launches, agile helps&nbsp;software teams collaborate better and innovate faster than ever before.&nbsp;Traditional agile project management can be categorized into two frameworks: scrum and kanban.&nbsp;While scrum is focused on fixed-length project iterations, kanban is focused on continuous releases. Upon completion, the team immediately moves on to the next.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<h2>How scrum works</h2>\n<p>Scrum is a framework for agile project management that uses&nbsp;fixed-length iterations of work, called sprints. There are four&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.atlassian.com/agile/ceremonies\">ceremonies</a>&nbsp;that bring structure to each sprint.It all starts with the&nbsp;backlog, or body of work that needs to be done. In scrum, there are two backlogs: one is the product backlog (owned by the product owner) which is a prioritized list of features, and the other is the sprint backlog which is filled by taking issues from the top of the product backlog until the capacity for the next sprint is reached. Scrum teams have unique roles specific to their stake in the process. Typically there's a scrum master, or champion of the scrum method for the team; the product owner, who's the voice of the product; and the scrum team, who are often cross-functional team members in charge of getting s@#$ done.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<h3>The scrum board</h3>\n<p>A scrum board is used to visualize all the work in a given sprint. During the sprint planning meeting, the team moves items from the product&nbsp;backlog into the sprint backlog. Scrum boards can have multiple steps visible in the workflow, like&nbsp;<em>To Do</em>,&nbsp;<em>In Progress</em>, and&nbsp;<em>Done</em>. Scrum boards are the key component for increasing transparency in agile project management.<br>\n</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.atlassian.com/agile/scrum\">Interested in trying scrum? Here are some helpful tips to get you started.</a>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<h2>How kanban works</h2>\n<p>Kanban&nbsp;is a framework for agile project management that matches the work to the team's capacity.&nbsp;It's focused on getting things done as fast as possible, giving teams the ability to react to change even faster than scrum.Unlike scrum, kanban has no backlogs (usually). Instead, work sits in the <em>To Do</em>column. This enables kanban teams to focus on continuous releases, which can be done at any time. All work is visible, scoped, and ready to execute on so that when something is completed, the team immediately moves on to the next. The amount of work is matched to the team's capacity through <a href=\"https://www.atlassian.com/agile/wip-limits\">WIP limits</a>, which is a predefined limit of work that can be in a single column at one time (except the <em>To Do</em> column).&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<h3>The kanban board</h3>\n<p>A kanban board is used to visualize all the work that's being done. It's also used for planning resources allowing project managers to see the work and develop timelines accordingly. A kanban board is structured into columns and lanes that stories pass through on their way to completion. Stories sit in the <em>To Do</em> column until the WIP limit allows for the next task to be worked on.&nbsp;The list of work should be split into relatively small issues and organized by priority. As you can see in this example, lanes can help keep the higher priority items separated from \"everything else.\"<a href=\"https://www.atlassian.com/agile/kanban\">Interested in trying kanban? Here are some helpful tips to get you started.</a>&nbsp;</p>\n</html>",
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      "body": "<html>\n<p><img src=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1609/JunoCamJupiterNS2panelc.jpg\"/></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-juno-successfully-completes-jupiter-flyby\">A wide, looping orbit</a> brought Juno close to Jupiter on August 27. As the spacecraft swung around the giant planet's poles <a href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam/\">JunoCam</a> acquired these premier direct polar views, a change from the usual nearly equatorial perspective of outbound spacecraft and the telescopes of planet Earth. The sunlit side of Jupiter's <a href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21030\">north polar</a> region (left) was imaged about 125,000 kilometers from the cloud tops, two hours before Juno's closest approach. An hour after close approach the <a href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21032\">south polar</a> region was captured from 94,500 kilometers away. Strikingly different from the alternating light-colored zones and darker belts <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter\">girdling</a> more familiar equatorial regions, the polar region clouds appear more convoluted and <a href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam/processing?id=162\">mottled by many</a> clockwise and counterclockwise rotating storm systems. Another 35 close orbital flybys are planned during the Juno mission.&nbsp;</p>\n</html>",
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      "title": "Proba-3: set the controls for the verge of the Sun",
      "body": "<html>\n<p><img src=\"http://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2016/09/proba-3_satellites_form_artificial_eclipse/16128157-4-eng-GB/Proba-3_satellites_form_artificial_eclipse_large.jpg\" width=\"625\" height=\"442\"/></p>\n<p>By converging in orbit, a pair of small satellites will open a new view on the source of the largest structure in the Solar System: the Sun’s ghostly atmosphere, extending millions of kilometres out into space.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>The two satellites together are called Proba-3, set for launch in late 2019. Through precise formation flying, one will cast a shadow across the second to open up an unimpeded view of the inner area of the ‘corona’, which is a million times fainter than the blindingly brilliant solar disc.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>“When I first heard of the idea I said ‘Wow! That’s just what we need’,” said Andrei Zhukov of the Royal Observatory of Belgium, serving as Principal Investigator for Proba-3’s solar instrument.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>“The best way to observe the corona from the ground is during a solar eclipse, although we still have to cope with stray light – we cannot correct for the influence of Earth’s atmosphere.&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;<img src=\"http://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2008/06/solar_eclipses/9246694-5-eng-GB/Solar_eclipses_medium.jpg\" width=\"305\" height=\"114\"/></p>\n<p>Solar corona seen during terrestrial eclipses</p>\n<p>“The next best method is by using ‘coronagraphs’ to create an articifical eclipse, either on ground telescopes or inside Sun-watching satellites such as SOHO and Stereo.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>“The problem is that stray light bending around the edge of the occulting disc limits our view of the most important inner portion of the corona. SOHO’s coronagraph, for instance, can observe no closer in than 1.1 Sun-diameters. Others can see closer, but with strong stray light making detailed observation impossible.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>“With Proba-3 we aim to see extremely close to the solar surface in visible light, by flying the occulter and coronagraph on separate satellites some 150 m apart.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;<img src=\"http://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2013/09/a_fiery_solar_explosion/13027850-1-eng-GB/A_fiery_solar_explosion_medium.jpg\" width=\"305\" height=\"172\"/></p>\n<p>A fiery solar explosion</p>\n<p>“This should give us a ringside seat on the most interesting segment of the corona, where a lot of interesting physics is going on, where the solar wind is born and ‘coronal mass ejections’ originate – gigantic solar eruptions with the potential to affect our terrestrial infrastructure.”</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>While the Sun’s surface is a comparatively cool 6000ºC, the corona averages a sizzling million degrees. The mystery is how energy travels from the cool Sun to the hot corona, in apparent defiance of the laws of thermodynamics.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>“By mapping the fine structure of the inner corona for a prolonged time – we are targeting around six hours – our hope is that we gain insight into the kind of energy flows that are taking place,” notes Dr Zhukov.&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;<img src=\"http://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2010/11/proba-3_s_pair_of_satellites/10255457-3-eng-GB/Proba-3_s_pair_of_satellites_medium.jpg\" width=\"305\" height=\"172\"/></p>\n<p>Proba-3's pair of satellites</p>\n<p>“Our standard observing mode will be once per minute, but we could speed that up to a few seconds within a selected field of view, for instance when tracing the rapid evolution of a mass ejection.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>“The ultimate goal is to be able to solve the physics of space weather, in order to forecast coronal mass ejections, which are known to have dramatic effects on terrestrial electricity grids and other infrastructure.”</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Proba-3 is first and foremost a technology demonstration, exploring the potential of precise formation flying in orbit, but achieving meaningful scientific results will also help to prove its approach works. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n</html>",
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