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      "author": "marinomarquez",
      "body": "Gracias por su opinión, le invito a visitar la región andina venezolana, donde se puede tener la experiencia encontrarse con lugares extraordinarios por su belleza y  la calidez humana se sus habitantes.",
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      "body": "@@ -2703,20 +2703,16 @@\n as para \n-que \n calmar e\n@@ -2812,19 +2812,21 @@\n ales,  p\n-ara\n+ueden\n  traslad\n",
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      "body": "@@ -190,29 +190,33 @@\n dial\n- greetings to all the\n+es saludos para todos los\n  ste\n@@ -227,930 +227,961 @@\n ns. \n-In this installment, I present stories about the water and lagoons of the Andes of Merida. The lagoons are bodies of water, located between\n+En esta entrega presento, relatos sobre el agua y lagunas de los andes meride%C3%B1os. Las Lagunas son cuerpos de agua, ubicadas entre\n  mo\n-u\n nta\n-ins in contained basins, are supported by rain by springs and wetlands, come down from the mountains through underground cu\n+%C3%B1as en cuencas contenidas, son sustentadas por la lluvia por manantiales y humedales, bajan de las serran%C3%ADas a trav%C3%A9s de co\n rr\n+i\n ent\n+e\n s \n-and forming streams. Walking through the Andean moors and approaching a lagoon can be an extraordinary experience, having the\n+subterr%C3%A1neas y formando arroyos. Caminando por los p%C3%A1ramos andinos y acercarse a una laguna puede ser una experiencia extraordinaria, al tener la\n  pos\n-s\n ibili\n-ty of entering a haven of peace and tranquility. Before these masses of water what you can do is keep\n+dad de entrar en un remanso de paz y tranquilidad. Ante estas masas de agua lo que puedes hacer es guardar\n  silenc\n-e, in these places th\n+io, en estos lugares s\n e ma\n-gic of the p%C3%A1ramos is manifes\n+nifiesta la magia de los p%C3%A1ramos, y si estas consien\n te\n-d\n , \n-and if you are aware, you can contemplate its charm and live a few unique moments; the texture of the water that mo\n+puedes contemplar su encanto y vivir unos momentos %C3%BAnicos; la textura del agua que se mue\n ve\n-s\n  s\n-moothly, feel the breeze caressing you, spot a flash of sun reflected in a small wave that moves peacefully on the surface of the lagoon, are\n+uavemente, sentir la brisa acarici%C3%A1ndote, divisar un destello de sol reflejado en una peque%C3%B1a ola que se desplaza apaciblemente sobre la superficie de la laguna, son\n  moment\n+o\n s \n-that ar\n+que s\n e ap\n-p\n recia\n-ted, being\n+n, estando\n  at\n-t\n ent\n-ive and keep them in your memory in imag\n+o y los guardas en tu memoria en im%C3%A1gen\n es. \n@@ -1227,17 +1227,16 @@\n reetings\n-,\n  to all \n@@ -1341,17 +1341,16 @@\n Merida. \n-%0A\n The lago\n@@ -1442,17 +1442,16 @@\n  by rain\n-,\n  by spri\n@@ -1470,35 +1470,9 @@\n ands\n- that form the streams that\n+,\n  com\n@@ -1501,14 +1501,15 @@\n ins \n-and by\n+through\n  und\n@@ -1517,16 +1517,37 @@\n rground \n+currents and forming \n streams.\n",
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      "body": "@@ -190,33 +190,29 @@\n dial\n-es saludos para todos los\n+ greetings to all the\n  ste\n@@ -223,970 +223,930 @@\n ns. \n-En esta entrega presento, relatos sobre el agua y lagunas de los andes meride%C3%B1os. Las Lagunas son  cuerpos de agua, ubicadas entre\n+In this installment, I present stories about the water and lagoons of the Andes of Merida. The lagoons are bodies of water, located between\n  mo\n+u\n nta\n-%C3%B1as en  cuencas contenidas, son sustentadas por la lluvia   por manantiales  y humedales,  bajan  de las serran%C3%ADas a trav%C3%A9s de corrientes subterr%C3%A1neas y formando  arroyos. Caminando por los p%C3%A1ramos andinos y acercarse a una laguna puede ser una experiencia extraordinaria, al tener la\n+ins in contained basins, are supported by rain by springs and wetlands, come down from the mountains through underground currents and forming streams. Walking through the Andean moors and approaching a lagoon can be an extraordinary experience, having the\n  pos\n+s\n ibili\n-dad de entrar en un remanso de paz y tranquilidad. Ante estas masas de agua lo que puedes hacer es guardar\n+ty of entering a haven of peace and tranquility. Before these masses of water what you can do is keep\n  silenc\n-io, en estos lugares se manifiesta la magia de los p%C3%A1ramos, y si estas consien\n+e, in these places the magic of the p%C3%A1ramos is manifes\n te\n+d\n , \n-puedes contemplar su encanto y vivir unos momentos %C3%BAnicos;  la textura del agua que se mue\n+and if you are aware, you can contemplate its charm and live a few unique moments; the texture of the water that mo\n ve\n+s\n  s\n-uavemente, sentir la brisa acarici%C3%A1ndote, divisar un destello de sol reflejado en una peque%C3%B1a ola que se desplaza apaciblemente sobre la superficie de la laguna, son\n+moothly, feel the breeze caressing you, spot a flash of sun reflected in a small wave that moves peacefully on the surface of the lagoon, are\n  moment\n-o\n s \n-que s\n+that ar\n e ap\n+p\n recia\n-n, estando\n+ted, being\n  at\n+t\n ent\n-o y los guardas en tu memoria en im%C3%A1gen\n+ive and keep them in your memory in imag\n es. \n",
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      "body": "<h3><center>Relato sobre paramos y  lagunas de los Andes Merideños.</center></h3>\n<h3><center>Story about paramos and lagoons of the Andes Merideños.</center></h3>\n\n<div class=pull-left>Cordiales saludos para todos los steemians. En esta entrega presento, relatos sobre el agua y lagunas de los andes merideños. Las Lagunas son  cuerpos de agua, ubicadas entre montañas en  cuencas contenidas, son sustentadas por la lluvia,   por manantiales  y humedales que forman los arroyos que bajan  de las serranías y por corrientes subterráneas. Caminando por los páramos andinos y acercarse a una laguna puede ser una experiencia extraordinaria, al tener la posibilidad de entrar en un remanso de paz y tranquilidad. Ante estas masas de agua lo que puedes hacer es guardar silencio, en estos lugares se manifiesta la magia de los páramos, y si estas consiente, puedes contemplar su encanto y vivir unos momentos únicos;  la textura del agua que se mueve suavemente, sentir la brisa acariciándote, divisar un destello de sol reflejado en una pequeña ola que se desplaza apaciblemente sobre la superficie de la laguna, son momentos que se aprecian, estando atento y los guardas en tu memoria en imágenes. </div>\n\n<div class=pull-right>Cordial greetings, to all the steemians. In this installment, I present stories about the water and lagoons of the Andes of Merida. \nThe lagoons are bodies of water, located between mountains in contained basins, are supported by rain, by springs and wetlands that form the streams that come down from the mountains and by underground streams. Walking through the Andean moors and approaching a lagoon can be an extraordinary experience, having the possibility of entering a haven of peace and tranquility. Before these masses of water what you can do is keep silence, in these places the magic of the páramos is manifested, and if you are aware, you can contemplate its charm and live a few unique moments; the texture of the water that moves smoothly, feel the breeze caressing you, spot a flash of sun reflected in a small wave that moves peacefully on the surface of the lagoon, are moments that are appreciated, being attentive and keep them in your memory in images.</div>\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmfQPNapBrr9NF3U6bGcSodjwUMwm9qXjCE5DWyY1JPFWm/1%20laguna.jpg</center>\n\n<div class=pull-left>Los relatos sobre estos remansos de agua, están presentes en muchas leyendas de los andes, hay historias que hablan de su origen en la penumbra del  tiempo, en  algunos cuentos los mohanes les colocan ofrendas con las primicias de los  cultivos, pidiendo tiempo favorable para la cosecha. Algunas veces la laguna se molesta,  dicen que ‘brama’,  entonces el mohán le ofrece ofrendas para que calmar el encanto. Para algunas personas que las visitan las lagunas son como unos portales dimensionales,  para trasladarse a mundos fantásticos, y encontrarse con la  simplicidad de la vida, interactuando con estos cuerpos de agua,  brillantes, abiertos, misteriosos, iluminados por fulgores de la luna. Para el habitante de los andes, las lagunas son  expresiones de la vida en los páramos, sostén de sus animales, apoyo para sus cultivos, garantía que la vida continuará,  aun en tiempos de sequía.  </div>\n\n<div class=pull-right>The stories about these pools of water, are present in many legends of the Andes, there are stories that speak of their origin in the penumbra of time, in some stories the mohans place offerings with the first fruits of the crops, asking favorable time for the harvest. Sometimes the lagoon gets annoyed, they say 'bellow', and then the mohan offers offerings to calm the charm. For some people who visit the lagoons are like a dimensional portal, to move to fantastic worlds, and meet the simplicity of life, interacting with these bodies of water, bright, open, mysterious, and illuminated by glares of the moon. For the inhabitant of the Andes, the lagoons are expressions of life in the páramos, support of their animals, support for their crops, guarantee that life will continue, even in times of drought.</div>\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmdc6GACseFmn6UGsNNFHEpkAL5PbdGMV5ximicTtFnSy9/2%20laguna.jpg</center>\n\n<div class=pull-left>Los Mojanes refieren un mito sobre el origen de las lagunas andinas, en donde destaca la dualidad Arco-Arca que inicialmente formaba parte de la vía láctea, pero hubo una gran batalla en el universo,  Arco-Arca fueron contenidos y enviados a la tierra,   con su llegada hubo un enorme diluvio donde todo pereció, finalizada la gran inundación, la tierra retomo  sus ciclos naturales, renaciendo, avivando los humedales, emergiendo los riachuelos, formándose ojos de agua, pozos, y lagunas con sus encantos protectores. La vida en las montañas está interconectada a través de una delicada filigrana, donde teje  su existencia el aliento vital. Las aguas provenientes de nubes que se condensan en lluvia, baja de las cumbres, se distribuye en el subsuelo y emerge a la superficie.  Arco-Arca aflora, inunda de colores la sierra, sus laderas y valles.  Los mojanes ofrecen ofrendas a las lagunas, las primicias de las cosechas;  las primeras ñemas, la primera leche, la primera mazorca, el primer miche, el primer chimo. Hay días en que Arco-Arca se exhibe en sus múltiples colores, recuerdan los espíritus protectores del agua,  establecidos  para mantener la vida en las montañas, como los principios  preservadores de la fortaleza de la cordillera.  Arco-Arca  enseñaron a los indígenas como curar con platas medicinales, los instruyeron en técnicas de alfarería, les enseñaron a cómo hacer ‘acequias’, para distribuir el agua en laderas y terrazas de cultivo. Por eso, las lagunas  son hijas de  Arco-Arca, son pacientes, les gusta el silencio, detestan el ruido, cuando la laguna se pone brava se agita, se encrespa produce oleaje y  brama.</div>\n\n<div class=pull-right>The Mojanes refer a myth about the origin of the Andean lagoons, where the Arca-Arca duality that initially was part of the Milky Way stands out, but there was a great battle in the universe, Arc-Ark were contained and sent to earth, with its arrival there was a huge flood where everything perished, the great flood ended, the earth returned to its natural cycles, reborn, fanning the wetlands, emerging the streams, forming eyes of water, wells, and lagoons with their protective charms. Life in the mountains is interconnected through delicate filigree, where vital life weaves its existence. The waters coming from clouds that are condensed in rain, down from the summits, are distributed in the subsoil and emerge to the surface. Arco-Arca emerges, floods the mountains, its slopes and valleys with colors. The mojanes offer offerings to the lagoons, the first fruits of the harvests; the first ñemas, the first milk, the first ear, the first miche, the first chimo. There are days when Arco-Arca is exhibited in its multiple colors, remembering the protective spirits of water, established to maintain life in the mountains, as the preservative principles of the strength of the mountain range. Arco-Arca taught the natives how to cure with medicinal silvers, instructed them in pottery techniques, taught them how to make 'acequias', to distribute the water on hillsides and cultivation terraces. That is why the lagoons are daughters of Arco-Arca, they are patient, they like silence, they hate the noise, when the lagoon gets wild it is agitated, it curls produces waves and bellows.</div>\n\n<center>![3 laguna.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmR15ejrpDGe97dbWd81xH1ZmhkaWkvTv7KDxWgeqyMruT/3%20laguna.jpg)</center>\n\n<div class=pull-left>Los cuerpos acuáticos que forman las lagunas de los páramos, son ecosistemas entrelazados en una vasta red de vasos comunicantes con las biósferas de las montañas, su propósito es mantener los ciclos vida en las altiplanicies, donde las lagunas  son alimentadas por los riachuelos formados por el deshielo de  los glaciares de las cumbres, agua que alimenta lagunas, arroyos y quebradas, desciende por declives, formando afluentes  torrentosos, que  vierten sus aguas en tres ollas hidrográficas: Las aguas  que nacen en el Páramo Cendé en Trujillo  forma  con sus afluentes, el rio Tocuyo, que desemboca en el Mar Caribe. Las aguas, que vienen de los ríos  Albarregas, Motatán,  Torondoy desembocan en el rio Chama que confluye en Lago de Maracaibo. Las aguas de la vertiente sur de la cordillera, fluyen hacia el Orinoco a través del Apure, llegan a través de los ríos Santo Domingo,  Maparro,  Ticoporo,  Caparo,  Capurí, Uribante, alcanzando a través del Apure al Orinoco, que desemboca a través del delta en el Océano Atlántico. Los  páramos de los Andes son un ecosistema primordial por sus peculiaridades ecológicas y geográficas. Los páramos vistos desde gran altura, se asemejan a un archipiélago, de hecho, desde un punto de vista biogeográfico se podrían percibir a los páramos como islas continentales, debido a sus marcadas condiciones de aislamiento y singularidad biológica.</div>\n\n<div class=pull-right>The aquatic bodies that form the lagoons of the páramos, are ecosystems intertwined in a vast network of communicating vessels with the biospheres of the mountains, their purpose is to maintain the life cycles in the high plateaus, where the lagoons are fed by the streams formed by the thawing of the glaciers of the summits, water that feeds lagoons, streams and streams, descends by slopes, forming torrential tributaries, which pour their waters into three hydrographic pots: The waters that are born in the Páramo Cendé in Trujillo form with its tributaries, the Tocuyo River, which empties into the Caribbean Sea. The waters, which come from the Albarregas, Motatán and Torondoy rivers, flow into the Chama river that flows into Lake Maracaibo. The waters of the south slope of the mountain range, flow towards the Orinoco through the Apure, arrive through the rivers Santo Domingo, Maparro, Ticoporo, Caparo, Capurí, Uribante, reaching through the Apure to the Orinoco, that flows through of the delta in the Atlantic Ocean. The páramos of the Andes are a primordial ecosystem due to their ecological and geographical peculiarities. The páramos seen from high altitude, resemble an archipelago, in fact, from a bio geographical point of view you could perceive the páramos as continental islands, due to their marked conditions of isolation and biological uniqueness.</div>\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmPuLmQiRn6WZPRwUy1ma9u6UFtS3ce3qWsANtSBB7t4uA/4%20laguna.jpg</center>\n\n<div class=pull-left>Por eso, las lagunas de los páramos andinos, son una de las expresiones más hermosas en la montaña, se muestran con mucha fuerza, son soporte esencial de la vida en estos lugares. Para los habitantes de los andes, el agua de los páramos tiene múltiples semblantes, desde el tenue roció de las mañanas, pasando por las lluvias, hasta feroces tormentas con rayos y centellas,  si en esos momentos el campesino está en la montaña, invoca la protección de Santa Barbara, al darse cuenta que la montaña está viva, agitándose en sus cuatro elementos, conformándose en  un solo ser expresándose en su esplendor.  Los páramos andinos contribuye al clima global, sus  humedales contienen materia orgánica que se descompone  lentamente, dadas sus condiciones bioclimáticas. Esta particularidad permite que el páramo almacene más carbono atmosférico contribuyendo a mantener el clima planetario. </div>\n\n<div class=pull-right>Therefore, the lagoons of the Andean páramos are one of the most beautiful expressions in the mountain, they are shown with great force, and they are an essential support of life in these places. For the inhabitants of the Andes, the water of the páramos has multiple faces, from the light sprinkling of the mornings, passing through the rains, to ferocious storms with lightning and sparks, if in those moments the peasant is in the mountain, he invokes the protection of Santa Barbara, realizing that the mountain is alive, shaking in its four elements, conforming into a single being expressing itself in its splendor. The Andean páramos contributes to the global climate; its wetlands contain organic matter that decomposes slowly, given its bioclimatic conditions. This peculiarity allows the páramo to store more atmospheric carbon contributing to maintain the planetary climate.</div>\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmdxpPUGTYw6sctX1X5L6uoCSvduuThTAMrebLALDJYbpg/5%20laguna.jpg\n</center>\n\n<div class=pull-left>Si se está consciente al caminar por los páramos, se puede tener la experiencia de apreciar la montaña como un ser viviente, donde se siente la magnificencia de la vida  de distintos modos, se puede percibir su belleza exuberante, a través de un caleidoscopio de colores, observar atardeceres apacibles, prestar atención al destello de un rayo de sol, que ilumina una hoja de yagrumo,  vislumbrar a los lejos una cascada de nubes que se desparrama sobre los valles, no perder de vista un crepúsculo, con los rayos del sol expandiéndose en los cielos,  inundando de resplandores las nubes, y justo en ese momento,  dibujarse un arcoíris, que pinta  nubes, cubriendo  los grises, los blancos,  los verdes  y el azul celeste. </div>\n\n<div class=pull-right>If you are conscious when walking through the moors, you can have the experience of appreciating the mountain as a living being, where you feel the magnificence of life in different ways, you can perceive its exuberant beauty, through a kaleidoscope of colors , observe peaceful sunsets, pay attention to the flash of a sunbeam, illuminate a leaf of yagrumo, glimpse in the distance a cascade of clouds that spreads over the valleys, not lose sight of a twilight, with the rays of the sun expanding in the skies, flooding with clouds the clouds, and just then, draw a rainbow, which paints clouds, covering the grays, whites, greens and sky blue.</div>\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmbaczyetjEtCDK8TNnvWebsa8uaSS8BHoV3ueahoWyuWB/6%20laguna.jpg</center>\n\n<div class=pull-left>Al llegar el atardecer, poco a poco el color de los páramos  disminuye su intensidad,  todo se vuelve melancólico, al  llegar la noche, todos los gatos son pardos, pero  ingresa la luna, con la luz de Selene,  la montaña cambia completamente, emerge su ser espectral, expresándose a través de tenues sonidos, ruidos secos, destellos de luminiscencias, el murmullo del riachuelo que juguetea deslizándose por las pendientes de piedra cubiertas  de tierno musgo, y en caída libre golpea los pedruscos junto a la laguna, que se expande como un espejo reflejando una esplendorosa luna llena. La vegetación paramera captura la humedad de la neblina, esta capacidad de almacenar fácilmente el agua y de liberarla muy lentamente, permite mantener el caudal de los humedales, de las nacientes y quebradas que drenan hacia las zonas bajas de la montaña.</div>\n\n<div class=pull-right>When dusk comes, little by little the color of the páramos diminishes its intensity, everything becomes melancholy, when the night comes, all the cats are brown, but the moon enters, with the light of Selene, the mountain changes completely, emerges its spectral being, expressing itself through faint sounds, dry noises, flashes of luminescence, the murmur of the rivulet that plays sliding down the stone slopes covered with tender moss, and in free fall hits the boulders next to the lagoon, which expands like a mirror reflecting a splendid full moon. The Moorish vegetation captures the humidity of the mist, this ability to easily store the water and to release it very slowly, it allows maintaining the flow of the wetlands, of the springs and streams that drain towards the low areas of the mountain</div>\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUopQfFtAA2UWyk1Qb3fDftdE9FPg1zAvVfcm3bBrz7Zr/7%20laguna.jpg</center>\n\n<div class=pull-left>Pero la montaña andina tiene un gran antagonista: los seres humanos, estos la agreden por ignorancia, por afanes egoístas, no les importa destruir ecosistemas completos, si es para obtener ganancias materiales.  Al contaminar los páramos, se secan las nacientes de agua, se alteran los ciclos de  vida de la montaña,  se muere la fauna, desaparecen los frailejones,  se secan  las lagunas y  ponen en riesgo la existencia misma de especies animales y vegetales. La huella humana empieza por los desperdicios arrojados indiscriminadamente en cualquier lugar, es una de las dificultades que llega con los visitantes foráneos,  traen consigo la mala costumbre citadina, de arrojar residuos sólidos donde sea. \nOtro flagelo de las montañas andinas es la tala indiscriminada  para disponer de potreros, desde la llegada de conquistador español los páramos se vieron como espacios propicios para el desarrollo agropecuario, este  uso se inició hace mucho tiempo y se extiende hasta el presente. Los cultivos de  trigo, ajo, apio y  hortalizas, están asociadas al uso desmedido de tóxicos agroquímicos, las quemas periódicas. La ganadería extensiva ha terminado con parte del equilibrio ecológico, contaminado las fuentes de agua y acabado con la biodiversidad de los páramos. \nOtro peligro es la minería ilegal que se inició con la extracción de arena, carbón, en los páramos colombianos la situación es crítica, se inició la minería a cielo abierto con consecuencias impredecibles. Un flagelo reciente, es la apertura de vías para el tránsito vehicular en zonas de alta fragilidad, los cual genera destrucción de los frailejones, la extracción de la flora y la fauna autóctona. Particularmente grave son los efectos que la actividad humana tiene sobre los frágiles suelos mermando su capacidad para retener agua, los cuales se ven afectados por el pisoteo del ganado, las quemas para crear potreros y la eliminación de la vegetación leñosa, toda esta actividad ha causado erosión y compactación de los suelos, la desaparición del frailejón, de los colchones de musgo de los humedales, con estos desaparece la capacidad que tiene el páramo de actuar como una gran esponja natural que acumula el agua y la distribuye gradualmente montaña abajo.</div>\n\n<div class=pull-right>But the Andean mountain has a great antagonist: human beings, these attack her out of ignorance, selfish desires, do not mind destroying entire ecosystems, if it is to obtain material gains. By polluting the wastelands, the springs of water are dried, the life cycles of the mountain are altered, the fauna dies, the frailejones disappear, the lagoons dry up and put at risk the very existence of animal and plant species. The human footprint begins with waste thrown indiscriminately anywhere, is one of the difficulties that comes with foreign visitors, bring with them the bad habit of city, to throw solid waste anywhere.\nAnother scourge of the Andean mountains is the indiscriminate felling of pastures, since the arrival of the Spanish conquistador the páramos were seen as favorable spaces for agricultural development, this use began a long time ago and extends to the present. The crops of wheat, garlic, celery and vegetables are associated with the excessive use of toxic agrochemicals, the periodic burning. Extensive cattle ranching has ended part of the ecological balance, contaminated the water sources and finished with the biodiversity of the páramos.\nAnother danger is the illegal mining that began with the extraction of sand, coal, in the Colombian páramos the situation is critical, open-pit mining began with unpredictable consequences. A recent scourge is the opening of roads for vehicular traffic in areas of high fragility, which generates destruction of the frailejones, the extraction of native flora and fauna. Particularly serious are the effects that the human activity has on the fragile soils diminishing their capacity to retain water, which are affected by the trampling of livestock, the burning to create paddocks and the elimination of woody vegetation, all this activity has caused soil erosion and compaction, the disappearance of the frailejón, of the moss mattresses of the wetlands, with these disappears the capacity of the páramo to act as a great natural sponge that accumulates the water and gradually distributes it down the mountain.</div>\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQmtJz2rhV8V6gsF7jLkaCcd7XZJxBAQj9YuRcwDpjge3/8%20laguna.jpg</center>\n\nJacqueline Clarac de Briceño. Dioses en Exilio. Fundarte. Caracas. Venezuela. 1981\n\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/profile/Luis_Llambi/publication/263280481_Ecologia_Hidrologia_y_Suelos_del_Paramo/links/0f31753a7ac4d83a03000000/Ecologia-Hidrologia-y-Suelos-del-Paramo.pdf\nParamos Andinos. Ecologia Hidrologia y Suelos de Paramos. Proyecto paramo andino\nLuis Daniel Llambí - Alejandra Soto-W - Rolando Célleri - Bert De Bievre - Boris Ochoa\n\nhttps://www.ciens.ula.ve/icae/publicaciones/paramo/pdf/monasterio2003b.pdf\nMonasterio, M., Molinillo, M. 2003. La integración del Desarrollo agrícola y la conservación de áreas frágiles en los páramos de la Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuela. Congreso Mundial de páramos, Tomo II. Paipa, 2002. 734-749 pp.\n\nhttps://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2014-025.pdf\nLos Paramos Andinos ¿Qué sabemos?\nEstado de conocimiento sobre el impacto del cambio climático en el ecosistema páramo\n\nFotos\nGoogle imágenes\nInfografía & Fotografías: \nMarino Márquez Pineda _mmp_",
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      "body": "<h5>Cordial greetings to all the steemians. In this issue I will discuss an aspect of the religiosity of the inhabitants of the Andean region of Merida, in this case I will relate a semblance of Santa Barbara, a saint of the Catholic tradition.\n\nSanta Barbara arrived during the colony with the faith of the Spaniards and soon was syncretized in the spiritual imaginary of the Andean population, staying forever in the hearts of the inhabitants of the new world. From ancestral times, the mountain people, faced with the duality of telluric elements and human frailty, request protection from pre-Hispanic deities and Christian saints. </h5>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"pull-right\">\nhttps://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmaifLpf2GL593UBbuXjqmZPcak9x12tQC3zszWS1wC9pU/1%20Campo.jpg \n<h6>Reinaldo and Nicanor Close to Fat Stone - Aldea El Moral.</h6>\n</div>\n\n<h6>The wild environments that are experienced in the mountains of southern Mérida, allow its inhabitants the opportunity to lead a peaceful life, living a daily life that revolves around field work, family affairs and their religiosity.\n\nIts existence is sometimes marked by the plea for divine protection, in the face of unexpected events and events, caused by natural phenomena that occur in the mountains.\n\nWithin the popular religiosity, the Andean stories allude to protective spirits that animate diverse expressions in the mountains; arch, lagoons, water eyes, rain, haze, wetlands, wind and sun.\n\nThe Andean peasant in his imagination interprets its existence in the territory through the facts, in the face of adversity calls for help to the deity through the saints of their faith, which fulfill specific relationships in their worldview, received through the orality and the indoctrination of the Catholic Church.\n\n<hr>\n\nThe locals observe and interpret these telluric phenomena, seeking the reason for their existence, and supplicate through promises to the saints, the mediation and protection of God before the imminent dangers they represent; the storms, the lightning, the hail, the landslides, the avalanches, the floods of rivers and streams with the arrival of the rains. </h6>\n\nThe numerous pictorial representations of Santa Barbara in European and Near Eastern regions verify the historical existence of this oriental martyr, venerated in the Christian churches of East and West since the fourth century, knowing chronicles about her, derived from her extensive iconography and patronages expressed through surprising narrations.\n\nIts origin dates back to the third century after Christ. He was born in Asia Minor in Nicomedia, a place near the Black Sea. She was the only child, her mother was called Repé, who died leaving her an orphan at an early age. His father called Dioscorus was an official of the Roman Empire. Barbara stood out for her beauty and intelligence, and for Dioscurus it was her golden opportunity to increase her fortune, achieving a prosperous family alliance, espousing her with a man of wealth.\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUzthD7DHVRxpJ9wFpKT9oPb6mZHCwkaJcqzYKyVvaHZT/2%20Nicomedia.jpg</center>\n<center>Map of Asia Minor – Nicomedia</center>\n\nOne day, an order from the Roman Emperor came to Dioscorus to carry out a military operation, which meant leaving his home for a long time. Dioscorus had a tower built with two windows and in that place he locked Barbara in to protect her from the outside world, preventing them from admiring her beauty and seducing her in his absence, as well as confinement in the tower, preventing her from approaching them, subversive ideas of Christianity very much in vogue at that time.\n\nThe tower in its interior, had the necessary comforts so that Barbara could lead a pleasant life and allow her to receive a first quality education, through famous contracted pedagogues, of them she knew the philosophical and historical thought of her time.\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRnXkZqrqf4tC7oqwLZbVEY1oDrPDnFm9EWw2CZuTC8fJ/3%20Constorre.jpg</center>\n<center>Dioscorus had a tower built to lock Barbara</center>\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\">\n<img \nsrc=\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTbFPC9n5d9vxXTXLN5yZdtvxCXHqHnhxWnG15dMvtb6H/4%20BarbaraTorre.jpg\" /> <h6>  \nKnow Christianity and question the pagan gods\n.</h6>\n</div>\n\nDuring her confinement in Barbara's life, two notable events occur. She knows the Christian ideas which question her beliefs in the pagan gods and Barbara decides to break with these ideas. Send a message to Origen, a Christian scholar, to initiate him into faith in Christ. Origen could not attend to his request and instead sent Valentine his disciple, he was received by Barbara and immediately began teaching about the Christian faith being baptized. The oral tradition tells that this circumstance was involved in amazing events, it is related, that two luminous beings appeared; John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth. John baptized her and Jesus gave her a palm and a ring after her baptism.\n\nHis decision to convert to Christianity involved a great danger for Barbara, because the Imperial Laws established violent penalties for the followers of Christian ideas, but in Barbara, she could further her faith in Christ that calmed her soul.\n\nAt that time in the absence of her father, Barbara ordered to build a third window to the two that had the tower, to symbolize the Holy Trinity.\n\n<hr>\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\">\n<img \nsrc=\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVaDyzFGP33UUWVqwgd1XLpdHoRZZYZKdvYSBMdoiCysS/4%20Torre.jpg\" /> <h6>Barbara declared her Christian faith</h6>\n</div>\n\nWhen returning Dióscuro of the military operation by the Roman provinces, it arrived with the decision to deliver to Barbara in marriage to one of the princes who tried it, which arrived attracted by their beauty and the mystery that surrounded the maid enclosed in the tower , but she rejected those proposals of marriage, because Barbara perceived that if she agreed to the marriage proposals she would move away from her goal, Barbara thought to lead a perfect life immersed in her encounter with the true God in her heart.\n\nDióscuro asked the workers, why there were three windows in the tower, instead of two as he had ordered, they said that his daughter had it built. Dioscorus asked Barbara and she confessed her Christian faith, saying that she had chosen Christ as her heavenly spouse, that the three windows symbolize the light to the world and all its creatures, representing the three manifestations of God: Father, Son and Holy Spirit, in which she believes and the only one she adores.\n\nDioscurus became violent and warned him that if Caesar got to know he could lose everything he had accumulated in his life. But despite his attempts to get Barbara to abandon her beliefs, these were vain, there came a time when Dioscurus unleashed his fury against Barbara, drew his sword and rammed it to murder her.\n\n<hr>\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\">\n<img \nsrc=\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmU4zLbddr3DcqPc6p26yKDNbE1ZpU8AK67gGnEt33aEE8/5%20Torre.jpg\" />\n<h6>Santa Barbara surrendered to God</h6>\n</div>\n\nAt that moment, Santa Barbara surrendered to God entering the realm of deity, where only extraordinary beings enter by divine help. Santa Barbara miraculously levitated through the air and flew towards some nearby mountains, some shepherds were witnesses of this prodigy when seeing it sail through the air. Barbara takes refuge in the mountains, where a cliff miraculously opened for her to enter.\n\n<br>\nDioscorus went out in search of soldiers until they found her, she was captured so she could be judged by the Roman Justice. Dioscorus caught her by the hair and dragged her before a Praetor named Martian, who was said to be animated by the darkest evil.\n<hr>\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\">\n<img src=\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQ18sMpkG8QJBV6qSUKNr6Fi4GorWEPkdW3rfN3LAkqM2/Martirio%206.jpg\" /> <h6>Santa Barbara received all kinds of torture</h6>\n</div>\n\nMarciano ordered that the torments begin, the executioners tied Santa Barbara on a colt, they flagellated her and dislocated her. They placed her in a bed of broken glass while her tormentors walked on her body material to cause deeper wounds.\n\nThey put her on a torture contraption called a bed of spears, made of a rectangular wood with hundreds of sharp-pointed picks, but Santa Barbara was still alive. In view of this prodigious and incredible fact, Marciano ordered that the young woman was beaten on the head with a mandrills used to demolish stone walls to cause her death, but surprisingly I endure the punishment.\n\nBut the sadism of the treacherous praetor did not come to an end, the malignant official ordered one of the executioners to cut off the breasts of the saint with a sword, and the bloody torturer of rennet tore off her breasts, but Santa Barbara was still smiling.\n\nThey raised her bleeding body to a cart that carried her down the streets of the city, showing her completely naked, the tradition tells that a new miracle occurred, under the skies an angel and a cloak covered her nakedness, while the beastly individuals whipped her and kicked\n\n<hr>\n<div class=\"pull-left\">\n<img src=\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVwmhu68oTgq563YAViUnzq4S6MesWCRvSUWCKGnqig4a/Martirio%207.jpg\" /> <h6>Santa Barbara only asked God for mercy for his executioners</h6>\n</div>\n\nThere is no doubt that anyone who was not assisted by a superior force would have endured the tortures that were applied to Santa Barbara. The oral tradition tells that someone among those present assured that he only asked God for mercy for those who made her suffer.\n\nWhen the cart that transported it, arrives with the prisoner to the central square, the legend says that there is again a divine manifestation in the form of light, as bright as a thousand suns together, which temporarily left no vision to all who observed the martyrdom of the saint.\n\n<br>\nTotally unconscious, Santa Barbara was dragged into a dark dungeon where she remained three days without water or food. Legend has it that in the dungeon Jesus of Nazareth visited him, cleaned his wounds, took care of her and fed her. Santa Barbara miraculously recovers and when the soldiers open the prison door they are surprised, instead of finding a corpse, the prisoner receives them standing and smiling, several soldiers flee in terror, their commander forces them to return and bring her before her the Martian Praetor.\n\n<hr>\n\nConsumed the feast of blood, barbarism and hatred, Santa Barbara was questioned by Marciano, who asks him to choose between, worship the pagan gods and save his life or die. Santa Barbara answered him with a firm voice: Because of my faith in my God, creator of heaven, earth and all things, I offer myself as a sacrifice. Seeing the Pretor Romano that Barbara, despite the tortures, was full, of infinite strength, physical, mental and spiritual, she decreed the death penalty by beheading. At that moment his father Dioscoro intervened telling those present: I am his father, I do not want him to die in other hands than mine he took his sword and approached with a single blow, cut the head of his daughter.\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmav3o1j8MoA6vi9Sj1iMRwG9ejemWCfzmY5R3c2BCfDr1/8%20Martirio.jpg</center>\n<center>Dioscorus took out his sword and in one fell swoop he cut off his daughter's head.</center>\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmT8cud2fwKCH1CQ69Zap4pTqf66SsLhxZPV5y35BfJWSF/9%20Rayo.jpg<center>\n\n<center>One ray fulminated Dioscorus and another annihilated the Praetor Romano</center>\n\n\nThis unusual event shocked the inhabitants of the city, while growing in their hearts a wave of panic, all felt guilty for the murder of Santa Barbara, which should never have happened, but nobody did anything at the time to avoid it.\n\nThe martyrdom of the body of Santa Barbara did not end with his death, according to Roman laws his body could not receive burial, he should be thrown into the sea or left abandoned in the field to be eaten by birds of prey. Then, a Christian called Valenciano comes into action, a nobleman posing as a high official of the Roman government recovers the body and takes it to the town of Gelasio, where he received a Christian burial.\n\nAn ancient tradition points out that the last thing that Santa Barbara asked of God before dying, was that he blessed and helped all those who remembered his martyrdom, which happened in the second century of our era, in Nicomedia, Asia Minor, in the time of Emperor Maximinus the Thracian.\n\nShe is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek Orthodox Church and her feast is celebrated on December 4th. She remained buried in Gelasio with Saint Juliana who also suffered martyrdom. Later at the end of the 9th century his remains were moved to Constantinople and deposited in a church erected in his name in that city, it was one of the most important pilgrimage centers of Christianity. The cures of the patients who came to venerate these relics were very numerous.\n\nSanta Bárbara in his iconography is represented with blue, white, green dresses and a red cloak. In his images are present various symbols; A palm between his hands, symbol of his martyrdom for his faith. Peacock feathers, symbol of his immortality. A tower with three windows, the three manifestations of a single God. A crown with different variations, in some it is a princess, in others, the crown is formed by several towers. The sword is the symbol of your unwavering faith. A chalice with the Eucharist \nmeans his conversion to Christianity. The energetic discharge of lightning is a symbol related to his martyrdom and his faith.\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYQYWHeAnB2Ysfd1bRQmyoRJshcU7BEhijUXThJR848yM/10%20Iconos.jpg<center>\n</center>In his images are present various symbols</center>\n\nFor the ray that annihilates its executioners is the Patron Saint in high-risk jobs; the miners who manipulate dynamite cartridges. The stonemasons, with explosives, destroy stones. The artillerymen of many armies, is also the patron saint of electricians and metal smelters.\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSarhtQVuyWW3Mdxbp1QzqmBVkBMRv9dBRKs6K2BK2LqL/11%20Iconos.jpg<center>\n<center>Santa Bárbara, patron of artillery, stonemasons, miners, electricians and smelters.<center>\n\nSanta Barbara came in the faith of the Spanish colonizer, there are in all of America diverse populations that bear the name of Santa Barbara, various cities have her as their Patron Saint. In Venezuela, several towns are named after him. She is the Santa Patron of Guaraque, in the south of Mérida and de Rubio, in the Táchira State. The cities of Santa Bárbara de Barinas and Santa Bárbara del Zulia are named after him, near the Catatumbo Lightning of Lake Maracaibo, as well as other towns in the national geography.\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmPU6RQBQcWp9L3UJF384aMTLKSxFwti4JJbCCG4VHtTUf/12%20catatumbo%20ing.jpg<center>\n\nIn June of 1884 Guaraque a small town in southern Mérida State was erected as an Ecclesiastical parish under the patronage of Santa Bárbara, in this town they gather during the celebration, hundreds of people come from different parts of Venezuela and Colombia to honor and venerate it in his house, the Church that bears his name in Guaraque.\n\nFrom November 20 to December 6, there are held annually Fairs dedicated in his honor, within these celebrations, December 4 is the central day of his Patron Saint, devotees according to the faith they profess to attend the Mass , offer them offerings, display pyrotechnics and pay promises in gratitude for the favors granted. These festivities have great appeal, the church glorifies their devotion through masses and baptisms, the attendees express their joy and gratitude with music, dances and fireworks.\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmWZ5U9XyP1TzU8DbMmXknwDHraBPhqw8fPhmfdd6TutfK/13%20SantaGuaraque.jpg<center>\n<center>Santa Bárbara, patron saint of Guaraque<center>\n\nThe inhabitants of this region of the Venezuelan Andes have a great devotion. There are innumerable stories about the miracles of Santa Barbara, protecting them from stormy storms and the electrical storms that occur in the region during the rainy season.\n\nSome stories I heard from my great-grandmother Froilana Contreras who lived in the village El Moral near Guaraque, she said that when the image of Santa Barbara arrived at the Church of the People, her image was in a tiny picture, and that every year there was changing the frame because the canvas was loosened, she had blue ribbons of different sizes in a reliquary, due to the changes that had taken place on the canvas for several years. Another story told by my great-grandmother Froilana was that sometimes, during her parties it is customary to walk to Santa Bárbara through the town, there are people who invite her to their homes, but there are places where she does not want to enter and the platform becomes so heavy that they have to desist from the attempt. It is also said that on some occasions the image of the church disappeared because he was visiting another Saint in a village near Pregonero.\n\nFrom the imaginary of the Andean peasant we met with prayers to ask Santa Barbara, protection against the storm and turbulence, because she calms the fierce storm and protects from the spark, the calm of the deafening thunder from his solium embroidered with stars.\n\n\"Santa Barbara, blessed virgin, great of immense power, may God be with you, and lead me on the path of good. With your winning sword, save me from evil, injustice, envy and evil eye. With the power of lightning protect me from my enemies, glorify the muzzle of my gun and allow it to emerge victorious. With the cup of your cup and the wine keep the strength of my body and spirit for the hard struggle and combat. To my fruits and flowers, receive them as an offering that I always keep in mind in my thoughts and in my home, and I beg you never to leave me and come to me every time I claim you to defend my faith, my land, my family, my fight, and that at the end of my days you take me to the glory of the Lord. Amen.\"\n\n<hr>\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\">\n<img src=\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVM6TLtvjvJzjkoTJftZCfj4f7w1VaGfkqdBmfb443BAQ/14%20protectores.jpg\" /> <h6>The fourteen Holy Protectors and the Virgin Mary</h6>\n</div>\n\nThe Catholic Church instituted the cult of Santa Barbara placing it among the 14 protector saints, beings extolled by their faith and being particularly efficient to respond to the invocations directed by their devotees on specific problems.\n\nSanta Barbara resolves the impossible causes and is called by believers of the Christian world. His cult is adorned with a large number of improbable, contradictory and theologically surprising elements.\n\nSanta Bárbara is invoked requesting protection of people and their property against the ravages of the storm and the sparks of the Rays. In moments of grave social confusion, it gives protection to the innocent, it grants the liberation of the oppressed, it shows us the way to defend our principles and ideals over any oppression.\n\n<hr>\nThrough judgments and proverbial phrases the meteorological content is present, \"remembers Santa Bárbara when it thunders\". Normally it is used figuratively, evidencing a habitual behavior of human beings, who leave for tomorrow what they can do today, postponing and postponing any action.\n\nWhen Santa Barbara is implored, it allows her children to hear the voice of nature and protects them from any adversity. According to popular beliefs, storms are triggered by various causes; by reason of the natural cycles, nature seeking equilibrium before the depredation caused by human beings. When the gale is very strong the bells of the churches are ringing, and the priest, by means of prayers, asks for the intermediation of the saints to calm the storm.\n\nFearing that lightning could affect the ammunition shells, explosive deposits are called 'Santa Barbara' in many armies and armies of the world. Santa Barbara is the patron saint of the artillery, by the analogy of the cannon boom with lightning and thunder, as well as the miners, stonemasons, electricians.\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSQ7JfXzXPdHuXVx3uSqQ7KeW3r9bLYjr7TA6PHGVFa2Z/15%20Iconos.jpg<center>\n<center>Santa Bárbara, Santa Patron of Artillerist, Stonemasons, Miners, Electricians and Smelters<center>\n\nThere is another legend about Santa Barbara totally different from lesser diffusion where she is a warrior. He says that Barbara's father dedicated his life to the knowledge of chemistry and the manufacture of explosives. She provided Barbara with a careful education that allowed her to participate in her research and understanding of several languages. The young woman endowed with exceptional beauty, rejected many suitors and entered the convent of Santa Perpetua. In the year 430 the region suffered an invasion of barbarous peoples. His father led the defense of the city but died in combat. Then, the besieged called Barbara from the convent, because she knew how to make the explosives and defend the population by throwing them at the invaders with catapults. After fourteen months of siege, the city capitulated, the assailants tried to take revenge on Barbara, attacking the convent to which she had returned. She, foreseeing what was going to happen, accumulated a large amount of explosives in the basement of the convent and caused a great explosion, where conquerors and losers were crushed under the rubble. Thus Barbara died, escaping with her companions from the convent to the subsequent derision and outrage by the invading hosts.\n\nIn religious syncretism, beliefs about Santa Barbara come into harmony between cultural traits of different origin. Santa Bárbara arrived with the Spaniards and attracted the attention of the indigenous inhabitants, because of its relationship with lightning and thunder. Lightning is an Andean divinity that has the capacity to transform the one who touches, it is related to the rain, the productivity of the fields and the fertility, Santa Bárbara captivated by its determination in front of the death, by its human quality like woman, giving like result an interaction in the religious imaginary of the Andean settlers and the Castilians, mixing itself with rites and ancestral beliefs.\n\nIn Venezuela Santa Barbara's relationship with Santeria is a late belief that was established in the mid-twentieth century, came from the Caribbean particularly from Cuba in a parallel between the Christian saints and Yoruba deities. Santa Bárbara identified himself with Changó, a Yoruba orisha deity, a warrior of strong temperament and personification of firmness, governor of lightning, lightning, thunder, fire, and dance.\n\nAnother analogy with Santa Barbara is related to an archetype of the major arcana, the 16th card of the Tarot 'La Torre'.  Where they are observed, almost all the elements of the iconography of Santa Bárbara, like the lightning, the tower with three windows, and two characters that collapse. The Tarot originated in the sixteenth century, but its sources are lost in the beginning of time, connecting the tarot, the Kabbalah, and the Egyptian symbolism. Traditionally card 16 of the Tarot 'La Torre', is associated with the release of certainties, the fall of lovers, the punishment of arrogance, announces chaos, accidents, catastrophes and ruin. It represents the divine wrath with its devastating beam, symbolizing the punishment of those who want to climb above their possibilities, by arrogance that is linked to the biblical episode of the Tower of Babel.\n\n<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmX1m61hqThyHsESyyuMmL1wTFuPcnXMUkkK5rqD4fTt13/16%20TorreB.jpg<center>\n<center>Santa Bárbara and the card 16 of the Tarot, 'La Torre'<center>\n\nReferences: texts and images\nhttp://www.larecolusademar.com/2015/12/santa-barbara-bendita_3.html\nSanta Bárbara Bendita. December 4th: an evocation\nhttps://carlossantostefano.blogspot.com/2016/12/santa-barbara-siglo-iii-patrona-de-la.html\nSanta Bárbara (3rd Century) Patron of the artillery, stonemasons, miners, and of, any profession related to the handling of explosives.\nhttps://www.tiempo.com/ram/725/meteorologia-popular-%E2%80%9Cacordarse-de-santa-barbara-cuando-truena%E2%80%9D/\nPopular Meteorology: \"Remembering Santa Bárbara when it thunders\"\nhttp://hablemosdereligion.com/historia-de-santa-barbara-bendita/\nHistory of Saint Bárbara blessed: everything that is unknown to her\nhttps://www.pinterest.es/gbrinon/barbe-ou-barbara/\nBarbe ou Barbara. Pinterest\nhttp://www.diplox.com/post-20730-santa-barbara-historia-y-pelicula.html\nSaint Barbara. History and Film.\nhttps://www.pinterest.com/pin/536702480576563661/\nLa Maison-Dieu XVI. The Tower (St. Barbara) - Tarot of the Saints by Robert M. Place\nInfografia por : @marinomarquez",
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      "title": "Chronicles of the Venezuelan Andes - Santa Bárbara, Patroness of Guaraque."
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      "body": "<h5> Cordiales saludos para todos los steemians. En esta entrega trataré un aspecto de la religiosidad de los habitantes de los andes merideños, en este caso relatare una semblanza de Santa Bárbara, una santa de la tradición católica. \n\nSanta Bárbara llegó durante la colonia con la fe de los españoles y pronto se sincretizó  en el imaginario espiritual de la población andina,  quedándose para siempre en el corazón de los habitantes del nuevo mundo.  Desde tiempos ancestrales los pobladores de las montañas ante la dualidad de los elementos telúricos y la fragilidad humana solicitan protección   a  deidades prehispánicas y a los  santos  cristianos.</h5>  \n<hr>\n<div class=\"pull-right\">\n<img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmSLRTJPeoAtp69ZUpZdyUdNKN956ujktaAsuGgFxXGUQo/imagen.png\" /> <h6>Reinaldo  y Nicanor Cerca de piedra gorda -  Aldea El Moral.</h6>\n</div>\n\n<h6>Los ambientes silvestres que se experimentan en las montañas del sur de Mérida, les permiten a sus habitantes la oportunidad de llevar una vida  apacible, viviendo  una cotidianidad que gira en torno al trabajo  del campo, asuntos familiares y su religiosidad. \n\nSu existencia está marcada a veces por la súplica de protección divina, ante eventos y sucesos inesperados, causados por fenómenos naturales que ocurren en las montañas.  \n \nDentro de la religiosidad popular, los  relatos andinos aluden a espíritus protectores que animan diversas expresiones en las montañas;   arco,   lagunas,  ojos de agua, lluvia,  neblina,  humedales,   viento y sol.\n \nEl campesino andino en su imaginario, interpreta su existencia en el territorio a través de los hechos,  ante la adversidad pide ayuda a la divinidad  a través de los santos de su fe, los cuales cumplen relaciones específicas en su cosmovisión, recibida a través de la oralidad y el adoctrinamiento de la Iglesia Católica. \n\n <hr>\n\nLos lugareños observan e interpretan estos fenómenos telúricos, buscándoles la razón de  su existencia,    y suplican a través de  promesas a los santos, la mediación  y protección de Dios ante los peligros inminentes que representan; las tormentas, los rayos y centellas, el granizo,  los derrumbes, los aludes, las crecientes de ríos y quebradas con la llegada de las lluvias.</h6>   \n\nSus numerosas las representaciones pictóricas de Santa Bárbara en regiones  Europeas y del Cercano Oriente, verifican la existencia histórica de ésta mártir oriental, venerada en las iglesias cristianas de Oriente y Occidente desde el siglo IV, conociéndose crónicas sobre ella, derivadas de su extensa iconografía y patronazgos expresados a través de narraciones sorprendentes.  \n\nSu origen se remonta al siglo III después de Cristo.  Nació en el Asia Menor en Nicomedia, un lugar  cercano al Mar Negro. Fue hija única, su mama se llamaba Repé la cual murió dejándola  huérfana a muy temprana edad. Su padre llamado Dióscoro, era funcionario del Imperio Romano. Bárbara destacaba por su belleza e inteligencia, y para Dióscoro era su oportunidad dorada para incrementar su fortuna, logrando  una alianza familiar prospera, desposándola con un varón de linaje acaudalado.   \n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmVZ7FRMt14c6SdcAtZdZrJvCyzQoFaA8E4TsCLDoUQzwp/imagen.png</center>\n<center>Mapa del Asia Menor – Nicomedia</center>\n\nUn día, le llegó a Dióscoro una  orden del Emperador Romano para que efectuase una operación militar, lo que  significaba  alejarse de su casa por un largo tiempo. Dióscoro mandó construir una torre con dos ventanas y en ese lugar encerró a Bárbara para protegerla del mundo exterior, evitando que en su ausencia, los hombres admiraran su belleza y la pudieran seducir,  además el encierro en la torre, la prevenía del acercamiento a las ideas subversivas del cristianísimo muy en boga en esa época. \n\nLa torre en su interior, disponía de las  comodidades necesarias para que Bárbara llevase una vida placentera y le permitiese  recibir una educación de primera calidad, a través de afamados pedagogos contratados, de ellos conoció el pensamiento filosófico e histórico de su tiempo.   \n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmZvLuwjgzNQYEa95aTDS8xz4zAFq5CXreeWisMWm3fJ3a/imagen.png</center>\n<center>Dióscoro mandó construir una torre  para encerrar a Babara</center>\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\">\n<img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmfK4J61gTJEsV9ekfVXR714zJqrqvsUbTfAisPjhNfjEA/imagen.png\" /> <h6>  Bárbara recibe  una educación de calidad .</h6>\n</div> \n\nDurante su encierro en la vida de Bárbara ocurren dos hechos notables, conoce las ideas cristianas las cuales cuestionan  sus creencias en los dioses paganos y  Bárbara decide romper con estas ideas. Envía  un mensaje a Orígenes, un erudito Cristiano, para que la inicie en la fe en Cristo. Orígenes no  pudo atender su pedimento y en su lugar envió a Valentín su discípulo, este fue recibido por Bárbara y de inmediato inició su enseñanza sobre la fe cristiana siendo bautizada. La tradición oral cuenta que ésta circunstancia estuvo envuelta en sucesos asombrosos, se relata, que  se presentaron dos seres luminosos; Juan el Bautista y Jesús de Nazaret. Juan la bautizo y  Jesús le entregó una palma y un anillo después de su bautizo. \nSu decisión de convertirse al cristianismo involucraba un gran peligro para Bárbara, porque las Leyes Imperiales establecían violentas penas para los seguidores de las  ideas cristianas, pero en Bárbara, pudo más su fe en Cristo que serenaba su alma. \n\n En ese tiempo en ausencia de su padre, Bárbara ordenó construir una tercera ventana a las dos que ya tenía la torre, para simbolizar a la Santísima Trinidad.  \n\n<hr>\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\">\n<img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmevHAVEyJ1A72yR5VWzyCVvD828vNMQaUgsErpFrADrmu/4%20Torre.jpg\" /> <h6>Bárbara declaró su fe cristiana</h6>\n</div>\n\n\nAl regreso Dióscuro de la operación militar por las provincias romanas,  llegó con la decisión de entregar a Bárbara en matrimonio a uno de los príncipes que la pretendían, los cuales llegaban atraídos por su belleza y el misterio que rodeaba a la doncella encerrada en la torre, pero ella rechazó esas propuestas de matrimonio, pues Bárbara percibía que si accedía a las proposiciones matrimoniales se alejaría de su meta, Bárbara pensaba llevar una vida perfecta sumida en  su encuentro con el Dios verdadero en su corazón. \nDióscuro preguntó a los trabajadores,  por qué había tres ventanas en la torre, en vez de dos como él había ordenado,  ellos dijeron que su hija  la mandó a construir.  Dióscoro inquirió a Bárbara y ella le confesó su fe cristiana, diciéndole que había elegido a Cristo como su esposo celestial,  que las  tres ventanas simbolizan la luz al mundo y a todas sus criaturas, representando las tres manifestaciones de  Dios: Padre, Hijo y  Espíritu Santo,  en el que ella cree y al único que adora. \n\nDióscuro se violentó y le advirtió, que si el Cesar se llegaba a enterar podía perder todo lo que había acumulado en su vida. Pero a pesar de sus intentos para que Bárbara abandonara sus  creencias, estos fueron vanos, llegó un momento en que Dióscoro desató su furia contra Bárbara, desenvainó su espada y la embistió  para asesinarla. \n\n<hr>\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\">\n<img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmXdeZS6ug4Wc2YR3tDKec2WhUMsGGuDi5y7kUqAscwSuG/5%20Torre.jpg\" /> <h6>Santa Bárbara se entregó a Dios</h6>\n</div>\n\nEn ese instante, Santa Bárbara se entregó a la gloria espiritual ingresando a una dimensión de la deidad, donde ingresan los seres extraordinarios solo por auxilio divino.  Santa Bárbara milagrosamente levitó por los aires y voló hacia unas montañas cercanas, unos pastores fueron testigos de este prodigio al verla surcar por los aires. Bárbara se refugia en las montañas, donde un risco se abrió milagrosamente para que ella entrara.   \n\n<br> \nDióscoro salió en su búsqueda con unos soldados hasta que la localizaron,  fue capturada para que fuera juzgada por la Justicia Romana. Dióscoro la atrapó   por los cabellos y la arrastró ante  un Pretor llamado Marciano, de quien se decía estaba animado por la más oscura maldad.  \n<hr>\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\">\n<img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmZU9EG6DNAyVWLXCxixqJxVWnCxgL4hwaxgA8nwLTdm8a/Martirio%206.jpg\" /> <h6>Santa Bárbara recibió todo tipo de torturas</h6>\n</div>\n\nMarciano ordeno que empezaran los tormentos, los verdugos ataron a Santa Bárbara en un potro, la flagelaron y descoyuntaron. La colocaron en un lecho de vidrios rotos mientras sus torturadores caminaban sobre su materia corporal para provocarle heridas más profundas. \nLa subieron a un artilugio de tortura llamado cama de lanzas, compuesto por una madera rectangular con centenares de picas con puntas afiladas, pero Santa Bárbara seguía con vida. En vista de este hecho prodigioso e increíble, Marciano ordenó que la joven fuera golpeada en la cabeza con una mandarria utilizada para demoler paredes de piedra para causarle la muerte,  pero sorprendentemente soporto el castigo.   \nPero el sadismo del pérfido pretor no llegó a su final, el maligno funcionario mandó a uno de los verdugos que  cercenara los pechos de la santa con una espada, y el sanguinario torturador de un cuajo le arrancó sus senos, pero Santa Bárbara seguía sonriendo. \n\nSubieron su cuerpo sangrante a una carreta que la acarreó por las calzadas de la ciudad, exhibiéndola completamente desnuda, la tradición cuenta que ocurrió un nuevo milagro, bajo de los cielos un ángel y con un manto tapó su desnudez, mientras los bestiales individuos la azotaban y pateaban. \n\n<hr>\n<div class=\"pull-left\">\n<img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmZGXSRnQigwRnHzZrXZY5hfpSqCNHE7TC9ZE72knNxfP3/Martirio%207.jpg\" /> <h6>Santa Bárbara solo pedía a Dios misericordia por sus verdugos</h6>\n</div>\n\nNo hay duda que nadie que no estuviese asistido por una fuerza superior, hubiese soportado las torturas que le aplicaron a Santa Bárbara. La tradición oral cuenta, que alguien entre los presentes  aseguraba, que solo pedía a Dios misericordia por los que la hacían  sufrir.  Cuando la carreta que la transportaba, llega con la prisionera a la plaza central,  la leyenda refiere que se produce de nuevo una  manifestación divina en forma de luz, tan brillante como mil soles juntos, que dejo temporalmente sin visión a todos los que observaban el  martirio de la santa. Totalmente inconsciente, Santa Bárbara fue arrastrada a un oscuro calabozo donde permaneció tres días sin agua ni comida. Cuenta la leyenda, que en la mazmorra la visitaba Jesús de Nazaret, le limpiaba sus heridas, la cuidaba y alimentaba. \n\n<br>\nSanta Bárbara  se recupera milagrosamente y cuando los soldados abren la puerta de  la prisión se llevan una sorpresa, en vez de encontrar un cadáver, la prisionera los recibe de pie y sonriente, varios soldados huyen despavoridos, su comandante los obliga a regresar y llevarla ante el Pretor Marciano.  \n\n<hr>\n\nConsumado el festín de sangre, barbarie y odio, Santa Bárbara fue interrogada por Marciano, quien le pide que eligiera entre, adorar a los dioses paganos y salvar su vida o morir. Santa Bárbara le respondió con voz firme: Por mi fe en mi Dios creador del cielo, de la tierra y de todas las cosas, me ofrezco en sacrificio.  Viendo el Pretor Romano que Bárbara a pesar de  las torturas, estaba llena, de infinita fortaleza, física, mental  y espiritual, decretó pena de muerte por decapitación. En ese momento intervino su padre  Dioscoro diciéndoles  a los presentes: Soy su padre, no quiero que muera en otras manos que no sean las mías, tomo su espada se acercó y de un solo golpe,  corto la cabeza de su hija.   \n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmVnzNj8gjLBH5W7gF8nG9KP2d5FQ6ESGBthvidxD7LC58/8%20Martirio.jpg</center>\n<center>Dióscoro saco su espada  y de un solo golpe  corto la cabeza de su hija.</center>\n\nCumplida la macabra tarea,  Dióscoro se disponía  a marcharse  a su castillo, mientras el Pretor Marciano se encontraba aun en el tribunal de la justicia romana.  Desde un cielo totalmente despejado con un azul extremadamente intenso,  surge una brillante nube de donde emergió un rayo que fulmino súbitamente a Dióscoro, otro rayo aniquilo instantáneamente al Pretor Romano  Marciano, mientras se escuchaba un ensordecedor trueno.\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmVeZqaf1w7SEN3tZuGLgU3YjYyuCLgmyJSfGPQ67ybqP6/9%20Rayo.jpg\nUn rayo fulmino  Dióscoro y otro aniquilo al Pretor Romano</center>\n\nEste acontecimiento insólito estremeció a los habitantes de la ciudad, mientras crecía en sus corazones una ola de pánico, todos se sentían culpables por el asesinato de Santa Bárbara, el cual nunca debió haber ocurrido, pero nadie hizo nada en su momento para evitarlo. \n\nEl  martirio del cuerpo de Santa Bárbara no terminaba  con su muerte, según las leyes romanas su cuerpo no podía recibir sepultura,  lo debían lanzar al mar o dejarlo abandonado en el campo para que se lo comieran las aves de rapiña. Entonces, entra en acción un cristiano llamado Valenciano, un  noble que se hace pasar por un alto funcionario del gobierno romano, recupera el cuerpo y lo lleva a la población de Gelasio, donde recibió una cristiana sepultura.  \n   \nUna antigua tradición señala que lo último que Santa Bárbara pidió a Dios antes de morir,  fue que bendijera y ayudara a todos los que recordaran su  martirio, el cual sucedió en el siglo II de nuestra era, en Nicomedia, Asia Menor, en tiempos del emperador Maximino el Tracio. \n\nEs una santa de la iglesia Católica Romana y de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Griega y su fiesta se celebra el 04 de Diciembre. Permaneció sepultada en Gelasio junto a Santa Juliana quien igualmente sufrió martirio.  Posteriormente a fines del siglo IX sus restos fueron trasladados a Constantinopla y depositados en una iglesia erigida en su nombre en esa ciudad, fue uno de los más importantes centros de peregrinación de la cristiandad. Las curaciones de los enfermos que acudían a venerar estas reliquias fueron numerosísimas.  \n\nSanta Bárbara en su iconografía  es representada con vestidos azules, blancos, verdes y un manto rojo.  En sus imágenes están presentes diversos símbolos;  Una palma entre sus manos,  símbolo de su martirio por su fe.  Plumas de pavo real, símbolo de su inmortalidad. Una torre con tres ventanas, las tres manifestaciones de un solo Dios. Una corona con  diversas variaciones, en algunas es una princesa, en otras, la corona la forman varias torres. La espada es el símbolo de su  fe inquebrantable. Un cáliz  con la eucaristía, significa su conversión al cristianismo. La descarga energética del rayo es un  símbolo relacionados con su martirio y su fe.    \n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmQP5kdngW3S72fdsPE6Bc2KiDnfVb2h9SbF9UtM5RKk7Z/10%20Iconos.jpg\nEn sus imágenes están presentes varios símbolos</center>\n\nPor el rayo que aniquilo a sus verdugos  es la Santa  Patrona en los oficios de alto riesgo;  los mineros que manipulan cartuchos de dinamita.  Los canteros que destrozan piedras con explosivos. Los artilleros  de muchos ejércitos, igualmente es la santa patrona de electricistas y fundidores de metales.  \n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmUr9QKksBkLWQU35cgPCzPXvFyLVnAo74dGoL4JEFP4nc/11%20Iconos.jpg\nSanta Bárbara, patrona de artilleros, canteros, mineros, electricistas y fundidores.</center>\n\nSanta Bárbara llego en la fe del colonizador español, existen en toda América diversas poblaciones  que llevan el nombre de Santa Bárbara,  diversas ciudades la tienen como su Santa Patrona.   En  Venezuela  varias poblaciones llevan su nombre. Es la Santa Patrona de Guaraque, en el sur de Mérida  y de Rubio, en el Estado Táchira.  Llevan su nombre las ciudades  de Santa Bárbara de  Barinas y Santa Bárbara del Zulia, cercana al Relámpago del Catatumbo del lago de Maracaibo, al igual que otros pueblos de la geografía nacional.\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmcfRFAg4fmywd9o47ZwGdDht91J1L3zAb2H5r58qBFLyr/12%20catatumbo.jpg</center>\n\nEn junio de 1884 Guaraque un pequeño poblado del sur del Estado Mérida se erigió como  parroquia Eclesiástica bajo la advocación de Santa Bárbara, en este pueblo se reúnen  durante la celebración, cientos de personas llegan de distintas partes de Venezuela y Colombia para honrarla y venerarla en su casa, la Iglesia que lleva su nombre en Guaraque.  \n\nDesde el 20 de noviembre al 6 de diciembre, se celebran anualmente unas Ferias dedicadas en su honor,  dentro de estas celebraciones,  el 4 de diciembre es el día central de  su Santa Patrona, los devotos  según la fe que le profesan acuden a la misa,  le brindan ofrendas, despliegan pirotecnia  y le pagan promesas en agradecimiento por los favores concedidos. Estas festividades tienen un  gran atractivo, la iglesia glorifica su devoción a través de misas y bautizos, los asistentes expresan su alegría y agradecimiento con música, bailes y fuegos artificiales.   \n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmPH5hJ3oJLHCjY1YZSKoPBfkEeBXs1WyznaePXaroMpiu/13%20SantaGuaraque.jpg\nSanta Bárbara, patrona de Guaraque</center>\n\nLos habitantes de esta región de los andes venezolanos, le tienen una gran devoción. Hay innumerables relatos sobre los milagros de  Santa Bárbara, protegiéndolos de temporales borrascosos y las tormentas eléctricas que se producen en la comarca en época de lluvias. \n \nUnos relatos que escuche de mi bisabuela Froilana Contreras que vivió en la aldea El Moral cerca de Guaraque, ella  contaba que cuando llegó la imagen de Santa Bárbara a la Iglesia del Pueblo, su imagen estaba en  un cuadro pequeñito, y  que cada año había que cambiarle el marco porque el lienzo se aflojaba, ella tenía en un relicario unos cintas azules  de distintos tamaños, por los cambios ocurridos en el lienzo durante varios años.  Otra historia que contaba mi bisabuela Froilana  era que a veces, durante sus fiestas se acostumbra pasear a Santa Bárbara por el pueblo, hay personas que la invitan a sus casas, pero existen lugares donde no quiere entrar y la plataforma se pone tan pesada  que tienen que desistir del intento. Igualmente se cuenta que en algunas oportunidades desaparecía la imagen de la iglesia porque visitaba a otra Santa en un poblado cerca de Pregonero.  \n\nDesde el imaginario del campesino andino  nos topamos con plegarias  para solicitar a Santa Bárbara, amparo ante la tempestad y la turbulencia, porque ella  aplaca la fiera borrasca y protege de la centella, calma del  ensordecedor trueno desde  su solio bordado de estrellas. \n\n“Santa Bárbara, virgen bendita, grandiosa de inmenso poder, Dios te acompañe, y me lleves  por el camino del bien. Con tu espada vencedora líbrame del mal, de la injusticia, de la envidia y del  mal de  ojo. Con el poder del rayo protégeme de mis enemigos, glorifica la boca de fuego de mi cañón y permite que salga victorioso. Con el cáliz de tu copa y el vino mantén la fuerza de mi cuerpo y espíritu para la dura lucha y el combate. A mis frutas y flores recíbelas como ofrenda de que te tengo siempre presente en mi pensamiento y en mi hogar, y te ruego no me abandones nunca y acudas a mi cada vez que te reclame para defender mi fe, mi tierra, mi familia,  mis luchas, y que al final de mis días me lleves  a la gloria del Señor.  Amén.”\n\n<hr>\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\">\n<img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQma9uTE9A8nYPUewgwYiR31WdqPb7HH8p7MHuZ69uvL4mC/14%20protectores.jpg\" /> <h6>Los catorce Santos Protectores y la Virgen María.</h6>\n</div>\n\nLa Iglesia Católica instituyo el culto a Santa Bárbara colocándola  entre los 14 santos protectores, seres enaltecidos por su fe y ser particularmente eficientes para responder a las invocaciones que les dirigen sus devotos  sobre problemas específicos. \nSanta Bárbara, resuelve las causas imposibles y es clamada  por creyentes del mundo Cristiano. Su culto está adornado de gran cantidad de elementos inverosímiles, contradictorios y teológicamente sorprendentes.  \nSe invoca a Santa Bárbara  solicitando protección de las personas a  y sus bienes frente a  los estragos de la tempestad y las  centellas de los Rayos. En momentos de grave confusión social da protección a los inocentes, concede la liberación de los oprimidos, nos muestra el camino para defender nuestros principios e ideales por encima de cualquier opresión.   \n\n<hr>\n\nA través de sentencias y frases proverbiales  el  contenido  meteorológico está presente, “acordarse de Santa Bárbara cuando truena”.  Normalmente se emplea en sentido figurado,  poniendo en evidencia,  un comportamiento habitual de los seres humanos, que dejan para mañana lo que pueden hacer hoy,  posponiendo y aplazando  cualquier acción.\n\nCuando se implora a Santa Bárbara, ésta les permite a sus hijos escuchar la voz de la naturaleza y los protege de cualquier adversidad.  Según  las creencias populares, las tormentas se desatan por diversas causas; por razón de los ciclos naturales, la naturaleza buscando  equilibrio ante la depredación causada por los seres humanos. Cuando el vendaval es muy fuerte se repican las campanas de las iglesias, y el sacerdote mediante oraciones pide intermediación de los santos para calmar la tormenta.  \n \nAnte el temor de que un rayo pudiera afectar a los polvorines de municiones, los depósitos de explosivos son llamados 'Santa Bárbara' en muchas armadas y ejércitos del mundo. Santa Bárbara es la santa patrona de los artilleros,  por la analogía del estampido del cañón con el rayo y el  trueno, al igual que de los mineros, canteros,  electricistas.\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmYYX4TyhWQGZWUvfnsj5vJKphMaB9CVdz4gMsP3T8Yyjr/15%20Iconos.jpg\nSanta Bárbara, Santa Patrona de Artilleros, Canteros, Mineros, Electricistas y Fundidores.</center>\n\nExiste otra leyenda sobre Santa Bárbara totalmente diferente de menor difusión donde es una guerrera. Refiere que el padre de Bárbara  dedico su vida al conocimiento  de la química y a la fabricación de explosivos. Le proporcionó a Bárbara una esmerada educación que le permitió  participar en sus investigaciones y la comprensión de varias lenguas. La joven dotada de una belleza excepcional, rechazó numerosos pretendientes e ingreso en el convento de Santa Perpetua. En el año 430 la región sufrió una invasión de pueblos barbaros. Su padre dirigió la defensa de la ciudad pero murió en el combate. Entonces, los sitiados llamaron a Bárbara del convento, porque ella sabía  cómo elaborar los explosivos y defender a la población arrojándolos a los invasores con catapultas. Después de catorce meses de sitio, la ciudad capituló,  los asaltantes pretendieron vengarse de Bárbara, atacando el convento al que había regresado. Ella, previendo lo que iba a ocurrir, acumuló una gran cantidad de explosivos en los sótanos del convento y provocó una gran  estallido, donde conquistadores y vencidos fueron aplastados bajo los escombros. Así murió Bárbara, escapando con sus compañeras del convento al consiguiente escarnio y ultraje por las huestes invasoras.  \n \nEn el sincretismo religioso las creencias sobre Santa Bárbara entran en armonía  entre rasgos culturales de origen diferente. Santa Bárbara llegó con los españoles y atrajo la atención de los habitantes indígenas, por su relación con el rayo y el trueno el rayo es una divinidad andina que  tiene la capacidad de poder transformar al quien toca, se relaciona con la lluvia,  la productividad de los campos y la fertilidad, Santa Bárbara cautivó por su determinación frente a la muerte, por su calidad humana  como mujer,  dándose como resultado una interacción en el imaginario religioso de los pobladores andinos y los castellanos,  mezclándose  con ritos y creencias ancestrales.\n\nEn Venezuela la relación de Santa Bárbara con la  santería es una creencia tardía que se estableció a mediados del Siglo XX,  llego del caribe particularmente desde Cuba en un paralelismo entre los santos cristianos y deidades yorubas.  Santa Bárbara se identificó con Changó, una divinidad orisha yoruba, un guerrero de fuerte temperamento y personificación de la firmeza, gobernador de los  rayos, relámpagos, los truenos, el fuego, y la danza.   \n\nOtra analogía con Santa Bárbara, se relaciona  con un arquetipo del  arcano mayor, la carta 16 del  Tarot ‘La Torre’. Donde se observan,  casi todos los elementos, de la iconografía de Santa Bárbara, como el rayo,  la torre con tres ventanas y dos personajes que se desploman.  El Tarot se originó en el siglo XVI, pero sus fuentes se pierden en el inicio de los tiempos, conectando  el tarot, la cábala, y el simbolismo egipcio. Tradicionalmente la carta 16 del  Tarot ‘La Torre’, se asocia con la liberación de certezas,  la caída de los amantes, el castigo a la arrogancia, anuncia caos, accidentes, catástrofes y ruina.  Representa la ira divina con su rayo demoledor, simbolizando el castigo de los que quieren subir por encima de sus posibilidades, por arrogancia  que se  enlaza con el episodio bíblico de la Torre de Babel. \n\n\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmQRRwvwaVj9FXa6ua1yD7aXpNHZeUrVkqXP1zF6ZXRxft/16%20Torre.jpg\nSanta Bárbara y la carta 16 del  Tarot,  ‘La Torre’</center>\n\n<center><h4>Hasta una próxima vez donde estaremos relatando más historias de los pueblos del sur.</h4></center>\n\n- Referencias: textos e imágenes \nhttp://www.larecolusademar.com/2015/12/santa-barbara-bendita_3.html\n- Santa Bárbara Bendita. Cuatro de diciembre: una evocación\nhttps://carlossantostefano.blogspot.com/2016/12/santa-barbara-siglo-iii-patrona-de-la.html\n- Santa Bárbara (Siglo III) Patrona de la artillería,  canteros, mineros, y de, cualquier profesión relacionada con el manejo de explosivos. \nhttps://www.tiempo.com/ram/725/meteorologia-popular-%E2%80%9Cacordarse-de-santa-barbara-cuando-truena%E2%80%9D/\n- Meteorología popular: “Acordarse de Santa Bárbara cuando truena”\nhttp://hablemosdereligion.com/historia-de-santa-barbara-bendita/\n- Historia de Santa Bárbara bendita: todo lo que desconoce de ella\nhttps://www.pinterest.es/gbrinon/barbe-ou-barbara/\n- Barbe ou Barbara.  Pinterest\nhttp://www.diplox.com/post-20730-santa-barbara-historia-y-pelicula.html\n- Santa Barbara. Historia y Película.\nhttps://www.pinterest.com/pin/536702480576563661/\nLA MAISON-DIEU XVI. The Tower (St. Barbara) - Tarot of the Saints by Robert M. Place\n- Infografia por : @marinomarquez",
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      "author": "neri0x",
      "body": "@@ -585,26 +585,21 @@\n iva \n-hermosa que linda,\n+linda, que es\n  ina\n",
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      "body": "@@ -629,8 +629,126 @@\n to real.\n+%0A%0AQue bueno (que aunque pocos) lo que se salva es su gente maravillosa, donde sea que voy hay un Venezolano talentoso.\n",
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      "body": "Estoy de acuerdo contigo en cuando los bandos divergen, se atacan y defienden, sin embargo yo hablo mas de porcentajes de exito, de realidades y hechos.\n\nDe acuerdo contigo en, que muchos están sin alma, y los que tienen alma, se escondieron para proteger a los suyos y a los que aman, o se fueron para proteger sus almas de la corrupción mental que hay en el país.\n\nEl tema es que en Venezuela los capitalistas eran corruptos y seas del bando que seas, si eres corrupto no sirves y los comunistas, eran comunistas, por defecto el comunismo no sirve mas allá de los libros y la narrativa hermosa que linda, inaplicable al contexto real.",
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      "author": "marinomarquez",
      "body": "Desde el punto de vista de las ideologías políticas estamos fritos, los bandos divergentes se atrincheran y la lógica de la trinchera es plomo contra el enemigo que está al frente, el responsable de todo lo malo que me pasa. Lamentablemente es una conducta que en el venezolano se inició desde la conquista, colonia, independencia, republica,  guerras civiles,  dictaduras, hasta que los intereses de la elite y la clase política por el control de la riqueza petrolera convirtieron a Venezuela en una economía de puertos. Cuando se disparó el barril de petróleo a más de 100 dólares y llego la época de las vacas gordas, el gobierno repartió, pero despilfarro y se robaron millardos, ‘lo que nada nos cuesta hagámoslo fiesta’ y entra a jugar ‘la viveza criolla: no me den pónganme donde hay’. \nVenezuela es una ‘anomalía’ geográfica, 30 millones de habitantes concentrados en la línea costera, miles de kilómetros sin un alma, y según la jactancia de los gobernantes, tenemos toda la riqueza del mundo en petróleo, oro, diamantes, coltan etc. etc., pero el país quedo limpio porque nos metieron de nuevo en la segunda guerra fría –ya Venezuela fue parte geoestratégica en la primera guerra fría-  la ideología es la excusa para tener el control y apropiarse del botín y éste, no tiene ideología solo son intereses económicos, donde Venezuela es una pieza importante del juego geopolítico de los imperios.\nSaludos",
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    {
      "author": "neri0x",
      "body": "@@ -1019,16 +1019,459 @@\n lanos.%0A%0A\n+Las acciones se estan tomando ahora, muchos Venezolanos han dedidido emigrar a lugares donde se valore su capacidad y sus vidas, %22en venezuela la vida no vale ni un tiro%22, (expresion que reconocen solo los que somos y vivimos en venezuela), el exodo actual ya asciende a mas de 4 millones de Venezolanos, y eso es una accion, es una expresion. Lo bueno es que el Venezolanos es talentoso y la mayoria de lugares donde llega es bien recibido.%0A%0A\n Por eso \n",
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      "title": ""
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  "timestamp": "2018-04-14T13:32:06",
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      "author": "neri0x",
      "body": "Gracias por comentar.\n\nQuerer volver o no, no se trata de lo que se quiere o se aprecia, seria muy limitado determinar algo asi, se trata de oportunidades y evaluaciones de daño, al igual que un desastre natural, el desastre causado en casi 2 decadas en venezuela por el comunismo, tomara varias decadas en sanar.\n\nAhora bien, lamento siempre que la gente de opiniones sin saber como mencionas tu, porque lo ven en una red social, creo que siempre se debe analizar o mas alla aun evaluar los hechos personales, asi como yo lo hice, ya que lo que conte no fue una opinion, fue un hecho de lo que vivi.\n\nCon respecto a que todo pasara, si obviamente, inclusive el imperio romano se acabo, lamentablemente Venezuela tuvo y esta viviendo un desastre y van mas de 15 años.\n\nEstoy de acuerdo contigo en que quejarse no sirve de nada, hay que ir a la accion. Lamentablemente los Venezolanos no tomamos las acciones correctas para derrocar a un gobierno (como muchos otros paises han hecho) que destruia dia a dia a los Venezolanos.\n\nPor eso en vez de una queja o lamentacion, lo que hago es informar la verdad de lo sucedido a traves de la experiencia que vivi. Hacer una comparativa, un analisis, explicar con hechos porque el comunismo no sirve y nunca servira y como este destruyo un pais. Analisis de hechos en contraste con una realidad vivida.\n\nSaludos.",
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      "author": "marinomarquez",
      "body": "@@ -47,24 +47,22 @@\n cho,\n- que\n  alguno\n+s\n  di\n-ga\n+cen\n   qu\n@@ -69,16 +69,20 @@\n e se fue\n+ronj\n  para si\n@@ -90,23 +90,8 @@\n mpre\n- es otro cantar\n , si\n@@ -114,19 +114,8 @@\n lver\n-, es porque\n  no \n@@ -217,20 +217,16 @@\n %C3%ADs, por \n-las \n opinione\n@@ -284,16 +284,17 @@\n bre todo\n+,\n  de  alg\n@@ -314,18 +314,37 @@\n era \n-la\n  conocen\n+ la patria de Bolivar\n . Ve\n@@ -621,12 +621,8 @@\n %C3%ADs, \n-pero\n  tam\n",
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      "author": "marinomarquez",
      "body": "Los venezolanos que se fueron están en su derecho, que alguno diga  que se fue para siempre es otro cantar, si no se quiere volver, es porque no le importa el lugar de donde salió. Lo que no está  bien, es despotricar gratuitamente de un país, por las opiniones de otros o porque lo vi en las redes sociales, sobre todo de  algunos ni siquiera la conocen. Venezuela como cualquier lugar del mundo, dependen del trabajo de su gente, de la dedicación y  el amor por lo que hacen. Todo lo demás pasara, nada es permanente, no hay mal que dure para siempre. Es a las nuevas generaciones de venezolanos que les toca reconstruir el país, pero también es parte de nuestra responsabilidad, quejándose y lamentándose no se llega a ningún lugar.",
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      "author": "marinomarquez",
      "body": "Un trabajo excelente, felicitaciones",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"spanish\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\"}",
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      "author": "marinomarquez",
      "body": "Thanks for the info",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"spanish\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\"}",
      "parent_author": "darkcentinel",
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      "author": "marinomarquez",
      "body": "@@ -571,12 +571,17 @@\n  twisted use\n+. MMP\n",
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      "author": "marinomarquez",
      "body": "639/5000\nPeople who use the social network Facebook are part of a communicational scenario, considered by scholars of human communication, as the most sophisticated collective surveillance project in history. Users of this social network are monitored through their likes and emoticons, using AI applications as part of a social experiment, producing an abusive intrusion into the private lives of citizens, observing their trends in their social behavior to influence them. and economically without users knowing on the basis of their good faith in this technology with twisted use",
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      "author": "marinomarquez",
      "body": "Thanks for your opinion. It really is impressive the paths of the people who inhabited these lands and those who came to the American continent, are stories of human beings who have no other way to adapt to continue living. \nMMP",
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      "author": "agmoore",
      "body": "This is a wonderful piece.  It deserves attention. I will resteem. Not sure that will help, but I hope it does.  Also, if I resteem, the article will be in my blog and I can read later, more carefully, when I am less pressed for time.",
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      "author": "marinomarquez",
      "body": "## <center>Welcome steemians to this space of stories about the Venezuelan Andean moors, below is a story about Guaraque, a village in the south of the Venezuelan Andes.</center>\n\n<center>**GUARAQUE, A PEOPLE OF THE SOUTH OF THE MERIDA STATE.**</center>\n\n<center>![Guaraque 1.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZXyTYBTNmCbaMpnURwByCYPVmoWuB6m1KmN8f9oYzNT8/Guaraque%201.jpg)</center>\n\n<center>**Guaraque**</center>\nHistorical references indicate that the word 'Guaraque' comes from an autochthonous word that means; \"people hardened\", by the energetic character of the natives who lived in the surrounding mountains and valleys at the time of the arrival of the Spanish conqueror.\n\nThe population of Guaraque was founded by Salvador Fernández de Rojas in the year 1653, as a town of encomiendas. With the arrival of the new Iberian settlers in the land of the Guaraques and the entire Andean region, there was a turn in the history of the Venezuelan Andes.\n\n<center>![Guaraque 2 enco.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmQuzp9JBJHWL8jCux3WJXMsSH4rTAgmkKiBkVsTd5nbHx/Guaraque%202%20enco.jpg)</center> \n> _**Engraving 15th Century. Parcels.**_\n\nThe encomiendas were established in America according to a custom brought from Spain, it was something like a fief received by a Spanish subject. The distribution of encomiendas to Hispanics, in theory, was to favor the Indians of their internal wars with other tribes, to teach them Spanish and to catechize them in the Catholic faith. With the encomienda, the kingdom of Spain gave to a Spaniard called encomendero, a certain number of Indians who were under their responsibility, in return for that favor, the Indians had to deliver tribute to the encomendero in gold, brilliants, precious metals and labor, but, in this region of the Venezuelan Andes, the conquistadors did not find all the expected riches and were considered poor regions, the Indians paid with servitude, working in the ranches of the encomenderos.\n\nThe regime of the encomienda generated a series of abuses, the system derived in many cases in forced labor, the indigenous were forced to perform rough jobs, if they opposed, they were subjected to punishment until death- In practice, the difference between the encomienda and slavery was minimal. Initially it was established, that the encomienda lasted for two generations, soon the encomenderos became accustomed to the land of the natives who were under their protection, and they took over them in time.\n\nThe friar Bartolomé de las Casas dedicated his life to writing and exerting pressure, to abolish the system of colonial encomienda that enslaved the natives of the New World. Bartolomé de las Casas intervened in the debate that prompted the enactment by King Carlos I, on November 20, 1542 the New Laws, which prohibited the slavery of the Indians and ordered them to be freed from the encomenderos and placed under direct protection of the Crown, but only two hundred years later, in 1720, the end of the encomienda system in America and the end of the seventeenth century, was replaced throughout the Spanish America by repartimientos.\n \n\n<center>![PE ING3.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmXAA3tMm56ofe9ifnnnqJHYEKVuLonFwXBFHbQFYLSD8a/PE%20ING3.jpg)</center>\n\n<center>**Agricultural products brought by the Spanish colonizer for America**</center> \n\nFrom the sixteenth century, this region of the Andes was reached from the Viceroyalty of New Granada, beginning the founding of the southern peoples; Guaraque, Canaguá, Guimaral, El Rincon, Acarigua, Acequias, Chacantá, El Molino, El Morro, Mesa Quintero, Mucuchachi, Mucutuy. In this process, the colonizer introduced agricultural products brought from Europe, such as wheat, sugar cane, lemons, oranges, pea, cambur, garlic, onion, increasing the exchange of goods with the Viceroyalty of New Granada and the Caribbean.\n\nAlso the Castilians in the colonizing process implemented the use of swords, knives, machetes, yuntas of oxen, farming implements: plow, hoe, hoe, scythe, sickle, shovel, rake, to work the land and moved from the Iberian Peninsula animals domestic like; cows, chickens, horses, mules, donkeys, sheep, dogs and cats.\n\nHorseshoe roads were built according to Spanish custom, these roads were made based on the old indigenous trails, were narrow roads through the mountain, made by pick and shovel, they advanced harassed by the screams and whistles of the muleteers the beasts of load, rows of mules carrying bales, through dirt roads and paved, climbing hills, sometimes, the paths were hindered by landslides of earth and stone, forcing travelers to stop and clear them. Through these paths sculpted in living rock, arrieros, baqueanos and travelers made their journey walking through the Andean mountains, accompanied by the cold breeze of the haze of the moors caressing their faces, noticing from the heights, deep chasms, waterfalls, lagoons , streams, cloud falls, all forming spectacular landscapes, which were recorded in the memory of travelers who contemplated them.\n \n\n<center>![PA ing4.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmQcCTswmhU9jSvnhh7a7v5UP7wcp8iq8vAzsj3XnGBpe8/PA%20ing4.jpg)</center>\n\n<center>**Agricultural products from America**</center>\n\nThe natives traditionally planted in conucos according to the different climatic floors, in the regions where the southern towns were founded. They used manual tools such as: wooden shovels, axes and stone shovels. They cultivated corn, beans, potatoes, sweet and sour yucca, peas, wheat, chayota, tobacco, priests or avocado, arracacha or celery, sweet potato, chili, cocoa, fruits soursop, peanuts, the pineapple, the merey, the peanut, the pineapple, the milky, and others today almost unknown as the amaranth, the quinoa, the ruba, the michiruy, the quiba, the istú, the cuyre, the navilla, the chuba. Community work predominated among the indigenous peoples, for the gathering of the crops a call called cayapa was organized, a type of community work organization. To cook they had firewood stoves and containers made of baked clay such as: muráis, chorotes, jícaras, chirguas, moyas, and diverse utensils made of totuma or tapara.\n\nTraditionally the natives cultivated the mountains on terraces and platforms, they channeled the waters of the Serrano rivers for irrigation, using systems of ditches through which they drove the water to their fallows and conucos. They used ponds or quimquets to accumulate and use intakes for consumption and irrigation of crops. They also built stone walls with the purpose of protecting the mountain slopes of erosive processes. They had shelter in caves for rituals, to preserve their food and to bury their dead.\n \n\n<center>![ruinas5.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmfA5gdwP5drLFjGJoPgMT7LapX2nXMxUvRoeSZjnfU4zx/ruinas5.jpg)</center>\n> _**Ruins of old coffee house near Guaraque.**_\n\nIn the last part of the 19th century, from the 1870s, due to the climate of the region, its geographical conditions, with heights of more than one thousand meters above sea level, increased the coffee crop in the Andes for its growing international demand. The inhabitants of the region of Guaraque and of the Peoples of the South are dedicated to the cultivation of this plant, which would contribute to many of its inhabitants, prosperity for the next 60 years. The coffee grew very well on the mountainous slopes of the Andes of Merida, which made it an ideal space for this crop, producing abundant harvests.\n\nGuaraque was part of this reality, due to its boundary border with Táchira and the North of Colombia. Due to the coffee boom of those years, Guaraque registered a growth of its population. At that time the llaneros arrived from the southern towns escaped from the civil war, both oligarchs and laborers. Also settled in these lands, Italian, French, and German families of which remain descendants. Likewise, Colombians from Norte de Santander arrived, accustomed to the rude tasks of the land and known for their commercial ability. Once the processed and dried coffee in the haciendas was transported in bales by mule trains, along the roads of the time, to Tovar and Santa Cruz de Mora, it was transported to Lake Maracaibo, where it was transported to Colombia and the Caribbean.\n\n<center>![via guaraque6.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmVXULRGGgALQPX5P7CghQDe4jsQVUvwFwcQ6EB3mgKKLQ/via%20guaraque6.jpg)</center>\n> _**Map of the roads to get to Guaraque from Mérida**_\n\nAt present there are two routes coming from the City of Mérida to reach Guaraque by land. One entering through Tovar, passing through the town of San Francisco, up the hill and crossing the National Park of the Páramos de Batallón and La Negra. Going down we reach the town of Guaraque, located on a branch of the Andes mountain range. Another way is, coming from Santa Cruz de Mora, going up by Estanques, going through El Molino, Capurí, entering by Quintero Mesa until arriving at Guaraque.\n\nWith the territorial political law of 1992, it was established that the Guaraque Municipality will have an extension that covers the five hundred and forty-six square kilometers, by that time it had a population of nearly ten thousand inhabitants. The municipality was conformed by three parishes: Guaraque, Río Negro and Mesa de Quintero. This region is located in lands of the Capurí basin. The inhabitants live on agriculture as their main activity which allows them to sustain themselves by cultivating; coffee, celery, banana, sugar cane, potatoes, vegetables, and a livestock sector.\n\n\n<center>![fiesta6.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmQ73ExjYBd3cXPqyUmp6HAWMT9zNjFryHcPr8gFZJ9Cpr/fiesta6.jpg)</center>\n> _**Festivities of Santa Bárbara in Guaraque**_\n\nThe Christian religion is determinant in the encomiendas and in the towns of doctrine. The priests sought to educate the Indians in the principles of the Catholic faith. This task is assumed by religious congregations such as the Augustinians and the Dominicans, who settled in the mountainous area of the Andes and the foothills of southern Mérida towards hot lands of the plains.\n\nCatholic evangelization establishes a new religious imaginary, a syncretic conformation of the Catholic beliefs and the traditions of the indigenous settlers. In time, beliefs are mimicked in a dual cosmogony, which lasts among the inhabitants of the Andean highlands. For the descendants of the indigenous population, the new symbolism and the Catholic priest, somehow replace the piache, although they do not disappear, they blend with different names: healers, midwives, curacas, yerbateros, but, by persecution and prejudice religious taxes, not all are what they claim to be and remain reserved in the Andean mountains.\n \nIn these villages the work of the priests is marked during the year, to attend to the parishioners according to the distance and available mobility, but the brotherhoods in towns, hamlets and villages, fulfill their organizing function in the various religious celebrations which throughout of the year corresponds to moments of sowing, harvesting, harvesting and enjoyment among family and neighbors. The Christmas holidays continue with the new year and the child's paradura, so called, because the child stops from his cradle and visits the houses of the neighborhood, is commemorated in all the Andean towns to culminate with the celebration of the feast of the candelaria on February 2, these celebrations are accompanied with processions, prayers, songs, rockets, meals, Andean sweets and the Andean miche.\n\nThe Carnival precedes Easter, has symbolic agricultural elements in relation to sexuality by the warmth and warmth of the earth where plants are germinated. For the peasant Easter Week has a symbolism related to agriculture, the representation of the death, burial and resurrection of Christ, has a representation linked to the fertility of the earth, the commemoration ends with Easter, the good news, the life won death corresponds to the arrival of the first rains and the rebirth of life in the crops.\n  \n\n<center>![SB y SI 7.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmVtP8tiPMhsF8oeNQsgymmjoxPLmoBED9Sv731wfFUY7C/SB%20y%20SI%207.jpg)</center>\n> _**Santa Bárbara and San Isidro Labrador.**_\n\nA festival of deep roots among the inhabitants of Guaraque and nearby villages. Hundreds of devotees arrive from different parts to honor and venerate her. They are the festivities in honor of the Blessed Virgin Santa Barbara. With these festivities the Andean cosmovision is expressed over water, fire, air and earth. The tradition in honor of Santa Barbara is celebrated in Guaraque with much emotion, music, popular dances, cultural and sports days. Santa Bárbara is a mediator before nature for beneficial rains and is invoked to calm storms, overflowing rivers, thunder, lightning and sparks. The story of Santa Barbara came to Guaraque with the Spanish conqueror and has many stories, which I will tell you in a future post.\n\nSan Isidro is a celebration of the peasants that was implanted from the colony. The first rains soak the earth, germinate the seeds and the field becomes green again. The brotherhoods in the different towns promote the rituals to San Isidro is the protective saint. During the celebration the peasants, make a clean oxen yokes, tractors, work tools and vehicles for the transport of crops, this consists of passing bunches of herbs on top, the intention of this symbolic gesture is that agricultural instruments purge yourself of all adversity and receive blessings from the saint in the new cycle that begins. In the festivities of San Isidro the oxen are dressed in color, squares and churches are adorned with arcades of flowers and fruits. The peasants come down from the fields and villages to celebrate, all wear their best clothes. That day there will be commemoration with mortars, music, hullabaloo, food stalls, there will be plenty, chicha, chimo, miche, cakes, chicken sancocho and typical Andean sweets.\n\nThere are times when it rains too much, the excess water that causes mudslides, floods of streams and rivers, roads are damaged, the plains are flooded and the peasants go to San Isidro to mediate before the uncontrolled elements and let it rain singing, San Isidro Labrador, remove the water and put the Sun.\n\n\n<center>![Cave 8.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmUQVwi3xxbBnAwnNXUDT8susScVL5dnThch2SiiJHgabu/Cave%208.jpg)</center>\n> _**Cueva Benito, Google Earth location: 8.1139, -71.7432**_\n\nNear Guaraque is the Benito cave, located within the Juan Pablo Peñaloza National Park, to which the Páramos de Batallón and La Negra belong. It is considered the largest in the Venezuelan Andes and the second largest in Venezuela, inside presents galleries with rock formations, stalagmites, and different colorations of rocks. The speleologists explored a stretch of 2Km, without finding the end of the cave. Its interior runs a stream that forms a waterfall. So far this cave has not been explored in its entirety, it is possible that telluric movements have closed galleries and not explored their length, the deep galleries make it a labyrinth, and it is recommended not to venture because the inexperienced have a chance to get lost.\n\nThe Cueva de Benito at 2,200 m altitude, is framed in a landscape of great tourist interest made up rock formations, mountain savannahs, and fruit growing areas. From its location you can see panoramic views of Guaraque, Negro River, Quebrada Seca and Huesca. It is about 4 kilometers from, you can by double-traction vehicle and then up a trail on foot. The road is only walkable in summer time and access to the interior of the cave becomes difficult during the winter due to the abundant vegetation.\n\nThe Cava Benito is a reference on what is respected for the inhabitants of the region. It is commented among the taitas, that in another time, the cave was a place of worship of the indigenous ancestors, it is a place of respect that connects the memories of yesterday and today, and requires an adequate conservation environment. In the cave you can see traces that corroborate that in its interior various rites were performed, confirmed through visualization of the stage that define spaces marked by traces of past cults. Inside the cave there is a place for rituals dedicated to water. They tell stories of farmers who practice this tradition of planting water during Good Friday and December 24.\n\nThere is another large cave near the town of Pregónero in the Táchira State, in the Quebrada la Escalera, which is connected to the Cave Benito. The oral tradition tells that the Indians exchanged for salt the salt that the missionaries brought, in these stories it is said that this cave communicates with the Cave Benito near Guaraque. It is said that the Indians used these caves for years as a way to trade for barter with the Guaraques. It is also said that these caves are enchanted and those who try to pass can die.\n \n\n<center>![Uribante9.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmXM8Tz6RHctxNon19dzeycWM7HaDvt3HRiTYFrrGxMAvj/Uribante9.jpg)</center>\n> _**Uribante-Caparo basin and dam**_\n\nIn the moors, the Black and the Battalion are the springs of the river basin: Mill, Guaraque, Negro River, Capurí, due to the slope of the mountains, the drainage of the waters is torrentoso, along this river basin there are the populations of Guaraque, Rio Negro, Mesa de Quintero, El Molino and Capurí. Water is available throughout the year, coming together in the Uribante-Caparo dam located in Táchira State for the generation of hydroelectricity. Paradoxically the electricity generated from the Uribante-Caparo dam, benefit to the residents of Guaraque and other towns in the south, ten years after its entry into operation. Sometimes the territorial political division is an impediment to the harmonious development of the regions, for years the territorial division between Mérida, Barinas and Táchira, disturbed the development of the southern peoples, limiting the communication routes to the plains of Barinas and Crier. Farmers have to take their products to the Chama basin by mountain roads which are affected in periods of rain.\n\nUntil next time where we will be telling more stories of the southern peoples.\n\n\n- **References** \n- http://www.nuevatribuna.es/articulo/historia/encomienda-explotacion-indios/20161014095646132715.html\n- The encomienda: the exploitation of the Indians\n- http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/index.php/revistaagraria/article/download/10014/9942.\n- Guaraque in Three Times: Prehispanic, Colonial and Modernization in its Historical-Agrarian Development by Luis Alfonso Rodríguez Carrero. Right Magazine and Agrarian Reform Environment and Society Nº 41, 2015: 47-58 ULA-Venezuela. December 2015\n- **Infographics and photo montage MMP**",
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