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      "title": "World First Artificial kidney to Replace dialysis",
      "body": "Kidney dialysis is a procedure that is a substitute for many of the normal functions of the kidneys.\nDialysis allows people with kidney failure (renal failure) a chance to live productive lives.\nWhen kidney function decreases to a critical level or complications arise, a person may need to start dialysis.\nThere are two main types of dialysis, hemodialysis and\nperitoneal dialysis.\nHemodialysis uses a machine and a filter to remove waste products and water from the blood.\nPeritoneal dialysis uses a fluid (dialysate) that is placed into the patient's abdominal cavity to remove waste products and fluid from the body.\nEach type of dialysis has advantages and disadvantages.\nPeople often can choose which type of long term dialysis that best matches their needs.\n\nUS scientists design an artificial kidney with Nano filters that could replace dialysis\nThe artificial kidney, about to enter its testing phase in humans, will combine electronic and organic elements, and will be similar in size to organs whose function it will assume. This will be a huge improvement for the lives of those who need to connect several times a week to an external hemodialysis device because their kidneys fail.\n\nAt hemodialysis, the patient’s blood flows through a filter that removes harmful waste, minerals and unnecessary liquids, and the blood thus treated is returned to his body, which helps to control blood pressure and maintain the balance of substances Such as potassium and sodium.\n\nThe new device being developed by a group of US universities within the Kidney Project will filter the blood of the person with kidney deficiency continuously and from within the body as it will be implanted in the patient.\n\nThis small bio-artificial kidney, intended to treat end-stage renal disease (ESRD), will offer new hope to those whose kidneys are no longer able to meet their body’s needs and are waiting for Receive a transplant, according to the proponents of this project.\n\nA researcher at Vanderbilt University in the United States has been able to create a prototype of an implantable artificial kidney that includes a microchip with nanofilters and living cells that could replace the dialysis process of patients with kidney problems.\n\n“We are creating a bio-hybrid device, using silicon nanotechnology, which can mimic a kidney to remove enough waste products, and keep patients away from dialysis,” says scientist William H. Fissell.\n\nThe key to the device is a microchip, which is introduced into the artificial kidney, and is composed of a series of holes responsible for performing the proper filtering of kidney function. Each device, according to the researcher, will have a total of 15 layers of these microchips placed one above the other. In addition, that same chip contains live kidney cells, which helps to function similarly to the human organ.\n\nOn the other hand, the dynamics of fluids are essential for its operation. Thus, through a complex process, the artificial kidney functions naturally with the patient’s blood flow. “Our challenge is to take blood from a blood vessel and push it through the device,” says the researcher.\n\nAnother challenge for the device, whose creator hopes to start testing in patients starting in 2017, is to prevent rejection by the immune system of the same, although Fissell ensures that the system will have no problem to operate within the human body.\n\nThe Vanderbilt nephrologist who constructs the implantable artificial kidney with the microchip filters\n\nNephrologist Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Adjunct Professor Dr. William H. Fissell IV of the remedy, is making major progress in a first-of-its-kind device to free patients from the dialysis kidney. He is creating an implantable artificial kidney with microchip filters and live kidney cells that will be motor-driven by a patient’s own heart.\n\n“We are creating a bio-hybrid device that can mimic a kidney to remove enough waste, salt and water to store a dialysis patient,” we told Fissell.\n\nFissell says the goal is to make it quite small, roughly the size of a soda can, to be implanted into a patient’s body.\n\nNANOTECHNOLOGY BEHIND ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY\n\n\nThe key to the device is a microchip.\n\n“It’s called silicon nanotechnology. It uses the same processes that were developed by the microelectronics industry for computers, “told Fissell.\n\nChips are affordable, accurate and make ideal filters. Fissell and his people are designing each hole in the filter one by one based on what they want hole to do. Each device layered on top of each other that will hold roughly fifteen microchip.\n\nBut microchips have another essential role beyond filtration.\n\n“They are also the scaffold on which live kidney cells will rest,” said Fissell.\n\nLIVER KIDNEY CELLS\nFissell and its people use live kidney cells in which it will grow and around the microchip filters. The goal is for these cells to mimic the natural actions of the kidney.\n\n“We can leverage Mother Nature’s 60 million years of research and development and use kidney cells that fortunately for us grow well in the laboratory dish, and grow them in a bioreactor of living cells that will be the only” dad’s membrane Noel “in the world: the only membrane that will know which chemicals have been naughty and which have been pleasant. Then they can reabsorb the food their body needs and discard the waste that their body desperately wants to get rid of, “he told Fissell.\n\nREAD  NASA wants to create the coldest place in the Universe\nAVOID THE REJECTION OF THE ORGAN\nBecause this bio-hybrid device sits outside the scope of the body’s immune response, it is protected against rejection.\n\n“The issue is not one of immune matching, to correspond with, as he is with an organ transplant,” he told Fissell.\n\nHOW THE DEVICE WORKS\nThe operative device naturally with the flow of blood of a patient.\n\n“Our challenge is to take blood into a blood vessel and activate it through the device. We must transform that unstable pulsating blood flow into the arteries and move it through an artificial device without clotting or damaging it. ”\n\nDYNAMICS OF FLUIDS\nAnd this is where the biomedical Amanda Dollar comes from the Vanderbilt Technical Rep in. The Dollar is using fluid dynamics to see if there are certain regions in the device that could cause clotting.\n\n“It’s fun to come in and work in a field that I love, the fluid mechanics, and get to see him help someone,” said the Dollar.\n\nShe uses computer models to refine the shape of the channels for smoother blood flow. Then quickly prototype the new design using three-dimensional printing and test it to make blood flow as smooth as possible.\n\nFUTURE HUMAN JUDGMENTS\nFissell says he has a long filet of dialysis patients eager to join a future human judgment. Pilot studies of silicon filters could begin in patients at the end of 2017.\n\n“My patients are absolutely my heroes,” he told Fissell. “They come back again and again and validate a crushing burden of the disease because they want to live. And they are willing to put all that at risk of another patient’s motive. ”\n\nFEDERAL INVESTMENT\nThe National Institutes of Health awarded a four-year, $ 6 million grant to Fissell and his research partner Scientist Shuvo Roy, of the University of California at San Francisco. The two researchers are long-term collaborators in this research. In 2003, the kidney project attracted its first NIH funding, and in 2012 the Food and Drug Administration selected the project for a fast-track approval program.\n\nThey will use live kidney cells\nThe microchips are affordable, precise and allow to make ideal filters, according to Fissell and his team, who are currently designing the pores of the filter, one by one, according to the function they want to meet each of these holes.\n\n“Each device will have approximately 15 layers of filtering microchips, one on top of the other, which will also be the scaffold in which live kidney cells will be housed,” says Fissell.\n\nFissell and his group will use live kidney cells that will grow on and around microchip filters, with the aim of emulating the natural actions of the kidneys, according to Vanderbilt University. “These cells will grow and form a membrane that will be able to distinguish which chemicals are harmful and which are beneficial, to filter them and then the body can reabsorb the nutrients it needs and dispose of the waste that needs to be disposed of,” explains the doctor Fissell.\n\nAccording to its creators, this device is beyond the reach of the immune response, i.e. the body’s own defenses, which the body does not reject.\n\nIt will work naturally with the patient’s own blood flow, so one of the researchers’ biggest challenges is to take blood from a blood vessel and push it effectively through the device.\n\nVanderbilt researchers explain that they must handle and transform the usually pulsatile and unstable bloodstream of the arteries, so that it can move through an artificial device without clots or damage.\n\nDr. Fissell says he has a long list of dialysis people eager to participate in the first trial, which according to the Kidney Project could begin in late 2017 and be completed by 2020.\n\nFor the time being, researchers continue to fine tune the details for its operation.",
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