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      "title": "用几篇文章搞定Altium Designer的使用之Altium Template",
      "body": "<html>\n<p>在电子设计中，PCB设计是相当重要的一环。设计PCB的软件相当多，其中Altium可以说是佼佼者。这篇文章用来总结Altium的一些使用和操作技巧，希望能够对电子开发或电子爱好者有一小点的帮助。      </p>\n<p>这篇文章主要涉及Altium模板的使用。      </p>\n<p>有时候，我们的开发工作可能会有一定的格式规范，比如固定的页面大小，固定的格点设置，固定的标题栏等。我们不应该每进行一次设计工作，就要重新设置这些，这会很浪费时间。如果在模板里将这些格式设置好，每当建立工程时，工程会根据相应的模板建立相应的格式，那么我们就省事多了。      </p>\n<p>这里我们以Altium 18进行演示。       </p>\n<h1><strong>如何使用原理图模板？</strong></h1>\n<p>使用模板前，我们会首先创建一个PCB工程，如图所示</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://cdn.steemitdevimages.com/DQmeb4vjgYnKom7DWD95qYKHqaoEogaRanDSuwSLz5WEer5/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/></p>\n<p>然后在当前工程下，创建新的原理图，如图所示</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://cdn.steemitdevimages.com/DQmSXxZS1My6SRnimCAJzdzoEbA2sFiTPTUJmsgoaSQ1C4u/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/></p>\n<p>为创建的页面添加模板的方式为</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://cdn.steemitdevimages.com/DQmSb26zKWK6kRBhdMjGE9GmSsQv2n6frnJdVGdEH8vBh42/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/></p>\n<p>然后在打开的对话框中选择合适的模板</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://cdn.steemitdevimages.com/DQmcRHeH79oPAvNh2soaDop7TJtzMxFZrMajjsDpyCZnfCr/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/></p>\n<p>也可以在通用的模板中直接选择</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://cdn.steemitdevimages.com/DQmb7JgzF2ZZQgwE1eBAda6LdbEYr5KhJcMaQBmtJwMouU1/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/></p>\n<p>模板被默认放置一个路径下，可以通过下面的方式查看</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://cdn.steemitdevimages.com/DQmQRv8sQKtX2TnskhVWrpd71Bc6YEMLD4z6KtoWRriba39/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://cdn.steemitdevimages.com/DQmemC876vtrpfsgozedXQ5dQYenjs987JEjLKPxqLPApah/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/></p>\n<p>上面添加的文件格式为&quot;.schdot&quot;。</p>\n<p>也可以为工程添加默认的模板，这样每次创建工程时，就可以根据此模板创建所需格式的原理图和PCB，如下图所示</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://cdn.steemitdevimages.com/DQmfVjWHfXs8u4zgofyF4f417ptmfqSwsaL6SA4STShDGCb/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://cdn.steemitdevimages.com/DQmR7PCnYMiRsYZ3cfyM5Li1DyGfFZgHnX9r8cDxyUYMMHR/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/></p>\n<p>就在上图标黄的地方填入相应的模板即可。这儿添加的文件是真正的原理图文件样式的模板，扩展名为&quot;.schdoc&quot;。</p>\n<p>如果我们需要自建模板，往往需要修改页面下的“Title Block”。这时我们可以隐藏原先的“Title Block”（取消勾选“Title Block”复选框），然后自己手动画，如下图所示</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://cdn.steemitdevimages.com/DQmbo58gBxzxZfpJSFUj9CKBd5hhvoiqtLHo6TFfK6vCsxu/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/></p>\n<p>通常画“Block”时，会用到一些文档参数，如下图所示</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://cdn.steemitdevimages.com/DQmZaLcy5wcTdmrmUVB9A5C31P3KiHYd24iPrt33MLgBgTW/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/></p>\n<h1>如何使用PCB模板？</h1>\n<p>上面添加默认模板时包含了PCB模板，这里不再赘述。</p>\n<p>值得一提的是，PCB有时也需要使用用户自定义的变量，用来表示图纸名称、代号等信息。和原理图不同的是，PCB中没有Document Parameter，也就是变量的信息无法存储在PCB文件内。只能通过工程变量对这些信息进行存储、管理。如下图所示</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://cdn.steemitdevimages.com/DQmRRHP29WuRk86DXUguEN3QNPztxchUb6Y5vEbcNoLbNFb/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://cdn.steemitdevimages.com/DQmUU249CFwBzNy5d4PLDLxfG9yDmJuxPhuB4hnF6NME7sG/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/></p>\n<h1>怎样使用BOM模板？</h1>\n<p>BOM模板使用比较简单，只需要在生成BOM时，选择合适的模板就行了。如图所示</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://cdn.steemitdevimages.com/DQmcoEUiW2cYUfJEx2pcYxggCEaSPLwcaonMdMNzrzxjyje/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://cdn.steemitdevimages.com/DQmYiZnE2ZKQi71LSDd7XMUkcu9t44YLCBTYVpS5b7SgMyv/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/></p>\n<h1>总结</h1>\n<p>本文讲述了Altium的3种模板使用方法，更多内容请关注后续文章。</p>\n</html>",
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      "body": "Congratulations @lucienyoung! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@lucienyoung/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@lucienyoung) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=lucienyoung)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "body": "@@ -372,39 +372,16 @@\n https://\n-4o4.click/-----https://\n steemit.\n@@ -436,39 +436,16 @@\n https://\n-4o4.click/-----https://\n steemit.\n@@ -526,31 +526,8 @@\n s://\n-4o4.click/-----https://\n stee\n@@ -582,8 +582,84 @@\n sh-tips)\n+%0A* %5B%E6%97%85%E8%A1%8C%E6%97%B6%E7%9A%84%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9B%E5%9D%91.....%5D(https://steemit.com/life/@lucienyoung/whats-this-owxehacr)\n",
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      "title": "旅行时的那些坑......",
      "body": "**住酒店说 live 很危险！**\n\nlive = 定居\nlive in a hotel\n= 你要在酒店...定居？？？\n（脑补海关小哥警惕的眼神）\n\n正解是\nstay at a hotel\n在酒店暂住\n\nI will stay at the Hilton hotel during my trip.\n旅行期间我会住希尔顿酒店。\n****\n**Who do you fly with**\n**是谁和你一起飞吗？**\n\n你要理解错了，还回答 \"I fly alone\"\n自己开飞机去？\n\n其实是在问\n你搭哪家航班？\n\n\"谁和你一起？\"这么说 \nIs anyone going with you?\n****\n**\"我来找朋友\"别说 find！**\nfind 有寻找失踪人口的含义\n\n正解是\nvisit my friend/relative \n= 拜访朋友/亲戚\n\nI came here to visit my friend.\n我来这里拜访我的朋友。\n****\n**\"找行李\" 也要小心！**\n\nWould you help me look for my luggage?\nWould you help me search for my luggage？\n能帮我找找行李吗？\n\n但，千万别说成\nsearch my luggage！\n\nsearch=搜查\n工作人员会听成\n\"我行李有危险品，快开箱搜查！\"",
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      "author": "lucienyoung",
      "permlink": "4lfnuhok",
      "title": "什么是PCB的“立碑”现象？",
      "body": "**什么是立碑现象？**\n立碑现象指元器件一端贴在了焊盘上，另一端立起的现象，从而造成了开路。这个有点像墓地的“立碑”，所以称为“立碑现象”。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmWi6hqwpTcTwwwjjCY4ZNYiYoHp5m16LFy5285J3SkvCV/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n无论元器件是直立还是倾斜都是一回事。所以生产商还需要补焊，为此设计者还要掏腰包。在PCB早期，立碑现象源于气相回流焊技术（vapor phase reflow technologies）。后来这项技术被拒绝使用，以至于生产者和设计者认为立碑现象不会再出现，但是他们错了。\n立碑现象为什么还会发生呢？\n一句话来说明此问题即元器件尺寸的更小化和RoHS新标准的产生致使焊接温度更高导致了这个问题。\n****\n**产生的原因**\n在此之前，需要先理解一下贴片的过程。也就是将元器件贴在带有锡膏的裸板上需要一个“浸润”的过程。理想的状态就是锡膏是适当的流动的状态，正好可以恰当的将元器件的引脚或焊盘贴在PCB上。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmaPBg4HrsFGkXBeExKSnC4HTLH72b3b2Un797vrFYYZnG/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n以有两个焊盘的贴片电阻为例，理想过程就是锡膏能够同时施加在两端焊盘并完成浸润过程。但实际上，浸润过程并不是平衡的，从而导致向首先浸润完成的一方倾斜，从而产生了立碑现象。导致浸润不均衡的原因有很多，包括下面几点：\n* 回流炉的温度不均衡；\n* 锡膏施加在焊盘的过程不是同步一致的；\n* 焊盘尺寸的公差也会影响焊接的精度。\n\n下面来举一个实例。图中有两个焊盘，焊盘1连接的细线，焊盘2连接的粗线到地，从而焊盘2产生更多的热，进而首先完成浸润过程，有可能使焊盘1产生立碑。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQtpZKMSbxw6VFbdJufXWwh7eLXUGAJuuucQ3UVhDo8g2/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n****\n**如何避免立碑现象？**\n虽然立碑现象一部分来源于制造工艺，但是从设计者的角度，避免错误的焊盘尺寸以及有利于立碑的PCB构成，将会大大减少立碑的发生。\n* 再次确认你的焊盘尺寸。自己做封装时，不要将焊盘做得过大或者过小，或者一边大而一边小。要参照数据手册的说明，或者参考IPC-7351B 标准。\n* PCB工艺的考虑。如果使用小尺寸的器件，比如0402或者0201，就容易产生立碑问题。比如使用其他工艺来取代喷锡工艺（HASL，Hot Air Solder Leveling）。喷锡工艺是一种工业标准，它廉价并被广泛使用。但它也会产生表面不均衡，而影响焊接。根据设计的约束条件，也可选择浸锡，化学镍金，有机保护膜等工艺。\n* 注意元器件的放置和布线。焊盘两边不同的走线宽度也许没什么问题，但对于小器件就不同了，它容易造成立碑现象。所以此时要确保两边的走线宽度相等，方向一置。\n* 检查PCB板的内层覆盖率。不仅仅顶层和底层能够导致立碑，内层也有可能导致立碑。如果内层有一大片铜箔与元器件一个焊盘相连，而另一个焊盘并没有。这就有可能导致焊接时受热不均，所以尽可能铜箔能够同时包含连个焊盘。\n* 使阻焊厚度小于焊盘图形。阻焊层保护了PCB但也限制了锡膏的流动，因而建议如此。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSrjSrUTEcZvBsB1HUUTj7zABsUtFDH6Zx7x2HwMdKjeF/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n****\n**参考文章**\n[What Is PCB Tombstoning? ](https://www.autodesk.com/products/eagle/blog/what-is-pcb-tombstoning/)",
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      "title": "什么是差分信号？",
      "body": "在这之前，先看一下什么是**单端信号**。\n顾名思义，单端信号就是只用一根线来发送或接受电信号。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXUTYExiyQdQS48ojdAW581EhevJyXhdqAeNfxnPcNJkB/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n也就是这根线将信号从开始传输到目的地。然后通过地回到信号源。\n但是由于电磁干扰（EMI）的存在，单端信号的质量有时会受到很大的影响。\n举个例子，如果需要将数据存储到DDR存储器，信号从A点到B点。如果遭受到了电磁干扰，信号也许从完美的方波变成一团糟。因而发送的数据将不能被识别。为了避免这种情况的存在，就需要**差分信号**了。\n****\n**什么是差分信号？**\n差分信号不是通过一条线来传输信号，而是通过两条线一起来传输信号。一条线为信号正，另一条为信号负。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmfGxYgc41qdcd7QeK6Gim5cAD5tGYbNF9bCnA4ewNCaxN/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n信号通过差分线传输到目的地，接收器会根据二者的差值来判断信号的正负。进而得知接收的是0或低电平，还是1或高电平。\n****\n差分走线增加了1倍的走线，为什么还要使用呢？原因是对于高速信号，它确实有其好处。\n* 避免了电源系统的影响。差分信号是大小相等相位相反的信号，所以无需经过地来回流。这就有一个好处就是没有了数字地和模拟地的区分，所以模拟信号就可以直接进入数字设备而无需关心电源边界的问题。这也有利于电源系统的隔离。但是有一点，对于USB或者RS-485，仍需要一个公共地以保证差分信号在规定的电压范围之内。\n* 差分信号有利于抑制电磁干扰。差分信号降低了来自其它噪音信号的电磁干扰或串扰。因为差分信号受到的都是同幅度同相位的干扰，对于接收端来说，它的幅度并未产生多大变化。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXgLb6g3ngYaEveFMwaKui26HFrQTSLiq5jWLC1EPgo3o/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n* 抑制对外的电磁干扰。差分信号本身也会产生电磁辐射干扰，但是差分信号的正负信号所产生的干扰是同极性，等距离的，会相互抵消。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZLjcQF1C839Tip3Z6kCY6YcRT9wZEcFpM2L17pE6z7sr/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n* 较低的工作电压。差分信号在保证其信噪比的同时所需的电源电压比单端信号要低。因而有利于低电压供电，因而降低了功耗，降低了EMI干扰。\n* 时序更精准。对于单端信号需要考虑当前所处的逻辑状态，因而就涉及到了电源电压，参考电压等等。但对差分信号就比较简单了，如果负信号的电平高于正信号，则为高，否则为低。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQBU5gZCv8sdcEeoshoxarBvNrTKLsEyCsj2hbWM51mE1/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n****\n**在设计中使用差分信号**\n差分信号在设计中有上述诸多优点都是基于等长和其间距。因而设计时需考虑：\n* 等长。否则破坏了差分信号的耦合关系，破坏了上述优点的基础。\n* 尽量靠近。有利于降低EMI。\n* 保持阻抗一置。阻抗取决于很多东西，线宽，铜厚，叠层材料等。通过这些变量来计算所需的阻抗。\n****\n**参考文章**\n[What Is Differential Signaling? ](https://www.autodesk.com/products/eagle/blog/what-is-differential-signaling/)",
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      "body": "在这之前，先看一下什么是**单端信号**。\n顾名思义，单端信号就是只用一根线来发送或接受电信号。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXUTYExiyQdQS48ojdAW581EhevJyXhdqAeNfxnPcNJkB/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n也就是这根线将信号从开始传输到目的地。然后通过地回到信号源。\n但是由于电磁干扰（EMI）的存在，单端信号的质量有时会受到很大的影响。\n举个例子，如果需要将数据存储到DDR存储器，信号从A点到B点。如果遭受到了电磁干扰，信号也许从完美的方波变成一团糟。因而发送的数据将不能被识别。为了避免这种情况的存在，就需要**差分信号**了。\n****\n**什么是差分信号？**\n差分信号不是通过一条线来传输信号，而是通过两条线一起来传输信号。一条线为信号正，另一条为信号负。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmfGxYgc41qdcd7QeK6Gim5cAD5tGYbNF9bCnA4ewNCaxN/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n信号通过差分线传输到目的地，接收器会根据二者的差值来判断信号的正负。进而得知接收的是0或低电平，还是1或高电平。\n****\n差分走线增加了1倍的走线，为什么还要使用呢？原因是对于高速信号，它确实有其好处。\n* 避免了电源系统的影响。",
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      "body": "@@ -6623,8 +6623,411 @@\n %E4%BF%9D%E5%AD%98%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E3%80%82\n+%0A****%0A**%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0**%0A* %5BGerber & NC Drill: PCB Manufacturing Basics 1%5D(https://www.autodesk.com/products/eagle/blog/gerber-nc-drill-pcb-manufacturing-basics-1/)%0A* %5BCreating a BOM: PCB Manufacturing Basics 2%5D(https://www.autodesk.com/products/eagle/blog/creating-bom-pcb-manufacturing-basics-2/)%0A* %5BDFM: PCB Manufacturing Basics 3 %5D(https://www.autodesk.com/products/eagle/blog/dfm-pcb-manufacturing-basics-3/)\n",
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  "trx_id": "041ebd1875104b2b1ed62ea050a2d40a26335e93",
  "block": 33434368,
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      "parent_permlink": "life",
      "author": "lucienyoung",
      "permlink": "9sv1rwzn",
      "title": "什么是高速PCB设计？",
      "body": "简而言之，高速PCB设计是指电路板相关的物理尺寸（比如布局，封装，叠层，走线等）能够影响到信号的完整性。因而所设计的电路板信号会遭到延迟，衰减，串扰，反射或者辐射等问题。在高速PCB设计中往往需要注意的是怎样走线，走线宽度，走线间距，元件特性等\n****\n**信号及信号完整性**\n信号通常涉及到两种信号，一种是数字信号，一种是模拟信号。\n**数字信号**通常只有两种状态0或1或者on或off。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmPJm4aTJR36kifsLBCDrjdznAaLBNgXpubSz4b1rmDuJ3/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n**模拟信号**则是具有一系列连续变化的值，通常有信号长度与频率。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmbLqVmgsmkZSsbvbC25hZdJAtdzcAUqF1y7rukVkMqkaD/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n无论是数字信号还是模拟信号，它们都有一个接口，这也是信号完整性（SI）的主要来源。当信号受环境影响时，问题就来了。举个例子，信号在A和B之间传输时，有可能发生以下情形影响了传输，产生信号完整性问题。\n* 反射。信号还未到达目的地，就有一部分被反射了回来。\n* 振铃。电压或电流的抖动，进而增加电流消耗或者增加信号延迟。\n![1280px-High_accuracy_settling_time_measurements_figure_1.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZRVuNe892iJqErDoQPoiETupiRzBQHEGjiM2e79cgmpo/1280px-High_accuracy_settling_time_measurements_figure_1.png)\n* 噪声。由于其它信号的干扰，破坏了现有信号的完整性。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXgLb6g3ngYaEveFMwaKui26HFrQTSLiq5jWLC1EPgo3o/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n* 串扰。由于走线过近，导致相邻信号发生了串扰。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNfedFJvA6YyXQGecPWrpkLR28SgX2jKX4mQ2TP4EVWsr/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n* 时序问题。不能与时钟同步，从而本来需要被传输0，结果传输了1。\n\n所以信号完整性就是解决信号在传输过程中产生上述完整性的问题。\n****\n**高速PCB设计中三大问题**\n* 时序。\n* 完整性。\n* 噪声。\n\n而同时对应着**三条解决方案**。\n* 阻抗匹配。对信号完整性有很大的帮助。\n* 等长。有利于时钟同步，在DDR, SATA, PCI Express, HDMI, 和USB应用中很是关键。\n* 走线间距。尽量拉开走线间距，以减小信号噪声的问题。\n****\n**如何区分是否是高速PCB设计呢？**\n通常看是什么设备。比如母板，移动电话板，DSL路由器板就肯定是。再一个是看接口，比如HDMI, PCI Express, USB或者SATA也是高速设计。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmW35VxRZaqjSWyjc6HYeP8r6y6HtFQW3DsU626kaMavU9/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n还有一点就是，相关的设计是集总电路系统还是分布式电路系统。它们有什么区别呢？如果信号长度相对于电路系统来说很大，就是集总电路系统，集总电路系统即为非高速系统，否则就是分布式电路系统，也就是高速系统。\n**因而走线长度是高速信号的重要需要考虑的地方。**\n也就是如果PCB设计的很大，并且走线很长，即使是低速系统也需要以高速设计来对待。\n****\n**参考文章**\n[What Is High Speed PCB Design?](https://www.autodesk.com/products/eagle/blog/high-speed-pcb-design/)",
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{
  "trx_id": "18a3569c9673ee391a48dd8826b14d0a8639207e",
  "block": 33422100,
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    {
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "life",
      "author": "lucienyoung",
      "permlink": "0a9ynw6y",
      "title": "PCB制造基础——设计的可制造性",
      "body": "**什么是Geber文件？**\n\nGerber是PCB设计工具所支持的一种用于生产制造的文件格式CAM（computer-aided manufacturing）。文件包含了PCB各层铜的描述。目前，Geber主要用来控制光绘机制作PCB layout关于走线，固定孔和过孔的图像。Geber文件每一个特定扩展名的文件对应PCB中的一层。\n|扩展名|PCB对应的层|\n|:---:|:---:|\n|.cmp|Top copper|\n|.sol|bottom copper|\n|.stc|Top Soldermask|\n|.sts|Bottom Soldermask| \t\n|.plc|Top Silkscreen| \t\n|.pls|Bottom Silkscreen|\n\n另外，Geber通常支持Gerber RS-274D和Gerber RS-274X两种格式。前一种是较老的格式，每一层对应两个文件，后一种是较新的格式，每一层对应一个文件，当然，现在一般都用最新的。\n****\n**什么是Drill文件？**\n\nDrill文件就是钻孔文件。Geber文件除上述所说还需提供一种附加的钻孔文件，就是所谓的NC (Numeric Controlled) Drill。钻孔文件通常用来确定钻孔放置的位置和尺寸。我们或许听说过Excellon文件，其实就是Excellon公司设备支持的钻孔文件。\n****\n**利用Eagle生成Geber文件**\n\n* 在Eagle控制面板打开PCB layout (.brd)文件；\n* 在工具栏选择CAM Processor工具或者选择File » CAM Processor打开CAM Processor对话框；\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmc78fj4SVtivWMdVKsjCyCKrcAv2FBGvCJjAmTaKF6RTK/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n* 选择File » Open » Job浏览到EAGLE cam文件夹。选择gerb274x.cam并点击Open；\n* 如下图，点击Process Job按钮生成Geber文件。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZ8TVFBN99NrWhX8LENkPt9iHyYaKNtzQwSL9RJun7PF1/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png) \t\n嗯，好了，Geber文件已生成。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmPEib29o1ZUPrc183WgqKSh6LVcrtYhvvq8Uz2Qc1QsVr/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n****\n**生成钻孔文件**\n\n* 在工具栏选择CAM Processor工具或者选择File » CAM Processor打开CAM Processor对话框；\n* 选择File » Open » Job浏览到EAGLE cam文件夹。选择excellon.cam并点击Open；\n* 软件会自动抓取 44 Drills和45 Holes的相关信息，只需点击Process Job按钮生成钻孔文件即可。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZnA3Mu1EcmF8h9iaLjUwRivASSntuNdw7f9pNvYzexjp/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n在工程目录下，扩展名为.drd的文件即为所生成的文件。\n****\n**物料清单需要包含什么信息？**\n\n* 参考编号（Reference Designator）\n* 元件值（Component Values）\n* 订购码（Manufacturer’s Part Number，由元件分销商提供的元件唯一的识别码）\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmetH5QeRMSC7WzR6Lm9bCnPpXkV6WdAm1fYd4ELDVVx6b/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n* 数量（Quantity）\n* 描述（Description，有利于精确查找）\n* 生产商（Manufacturer Name）\n* 封装类型（Package Type）\n* 放置方式（Placement Method，通孔安装还是表贴安装？）\n* 元器件在顶层还是底层？（Top/Bottom）\n****\n**去哪里买元器件**\n\n这里给出几个参考网站。\n* [Digikey](https://www.digikey.com/)\n* [Farnell](https://www.newark.com/?pffref=http://www.google.com/&pfftid=flag&_ga=1.195529836.1588014265.1490043338)\n* [Mouser](https://www.mouser.com/)\n* [Arrow](https://www.arrow.com/en/divisions/electronic-components)\n* [Avnet](https://www.avnet.com/wps/portal/us/)\n\n至于选择那个分销商网站，完全取决于个人的喜好了。但是建议尽量在同一家分销商购买，理由就是便捷，及时，便宜。\n****\n**创建物料清单的几点建议**\n\n* 尽可能的详细；\n* 确保元器件可以获得；\n* 对改动进行追踪。能够使文件更精确和具有时效性。\n\n****\n**使用ULP创建BOM清单**\n\n* 从控制面板打开原理图文件；\n* 在工具栏选择ULP工具，并选择bom.ulp文件；\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQQXbcBvM46QXrL4fjkuvVoGm5x3XP9aMdznHAjJaCyxi/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n* 会弹出EAGLE: Bill of Material对话框，里面列出了原理图中所有原器件及其相关数据，选择好输出格式，点击Save…按钮。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQZJ4KdVRowBoyLFcQMCx91Kv1q2DPXWu2y5A9h5HayXQ/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n重要的事情，越详细越好，精准是非常重要的。\n****\n**利用Make功能创建BOM**\n\n在Eagle较高的版本Autodesk EAGLE Version 8.0含有Make功能。Make功能能够更方便的将所有的生产文件放在一个地方。当你使用这个功能时，设计文件会被上传到[Circuits.io](circuits.io),可以用浏览器访问Geber，PDF和BOM。下面说一下如何上传和下载BOM。\n* 在控制面板中打开PCB layout文件；\n* 点击Make按钮打开EAGLE: Autodesk Export to Manufacturing对话框；\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXNwAPivh9BKVtT8q3YkdS15gmnkt2xDZPHuYxcZRZ1sp/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n* 输入工程名并勾选.brd和.sch文件前Upload复选框，并勾选同意服务条款。然后点击Upload Design按钮；\n* 上传过程中会打开一个浏览器窗口，会显示Circuits.io接口中完成的设计。这里在右上角选择Bill of Materials图标；\n* 然后会看到BOM被显示在了浏览器窗口中，点击Download CSV下载即可。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcae5i8joXktsSgN6pdmT5St88i1s9M1coyXCbsFWf2fw/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n****\n**设计文件的审查**\n\n* Geber文件的验证。检查Geber与设计文件里是否存在错误。\n    * 对各个文件单独检查。对文件的数量和其扩展名进行检查。然后对各个文件的内容打开看一下。\n    * Geber文件并没有说明每层的顺序，所以需要对此向工厂说明。\n    * Geber并没有包含电气连接的信息，只是铜箔形状定义的一些数据。如果需要在制造过程中进行裸板测试，就需要提供网表文件。\n    * Geber文件没有包含钻孔尺寸及位置信息。钻孔尺寸和位置信息被定义在了NC Drill文件里。但这个文件的比例和Geber并不是一样的，所以生成时要注意。否则，会乱掉。\n    * Geber不包含元件信息。元件信息被包含在BOM表里。所以Geber和BOM都很重要的，任何问题都会带来制造上的麻烦。\n    * Geber分辨率的问题。当前Geber的标准(RS-274-X)能够达到的分辨率是0.01mil，虽然很小了，但在布线拐角或铺铜时仍有可能超过这些限制。实际铜箔或走线的制造是带有间隙的。\n****\nGeber虽然有限制，但仍就是工业标准。若何进行大致的检查？这里使用了Circuits.io里的Geber Viewer。具体步骤为：\n* 在控制面板里打开PCB layout文件；\n* 在工具栏点击Make按钮，打开Eagle: Autodesk Export to Manufacturing对话框；\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXNwAPivh9BKVtT8q3YkdS15gmnkt2xDZPHuYxcZRZ1sp/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n* 在浏览器中会打开Circuits.io接口。选择右上角的Layer Stack来访问Geber层；\n* 同样，勾选在.sch和.brd文件浅的Upload复选框，并同意服务条款。然后选择Upload Design按钮。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRVx3PDoNw8gQkBGP8DPg3jCsfXPPy57Hs1wf8QVBDq1J/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n现在就可以在Circuits.io里打开Gerber文件了。也可以同时和Eagle里的PCB进行对比。\n* 在Eagle PCB里选择层设置图标。\n* 会打开Display对话框。选择None按钮关闭所有层。然后选择与Circuits.io里对应的层，比如丝印层是你想比照的层，就可以选择21层和25层。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmf6xGkuady9z9dHH9jmxCB5xYeRk8vvLnbfBcDdVWFUDE/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n* 层选择完成后，点击Apply按钮，PCB里就只会显示当前层。\n\n完成上面的操作后，就是比对了。比如丝印一致吗？铜箔样式一样吗？阻焊层呢？如果有不一致，就需要修改PCB并重新上传比较。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXxed4qBZz3BQuHQmbA7218vw99dNzLdKefY4b4ZgpF4q/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n****\n当然，如果不想上传，也可以使用Gerber Viewer软件。既有收费版本也有免费版本，这里给出一些参考：\n* Windows – [Viewplot Gerber Viewer](http://www.viewplot.com/)\n* Mac – [MCN Gerber Viewer](http://www.mcn-audio.com/sharewares/)\n* Linux –[Gerbv Gerber Viewer](http://gerbv.sourceforge.net/)\n****\n**DFM问题的检查。**这里主要检查设计的可制造性的问题，比如丝印放在焊盘上或者开路的问题。\n\nDFM又叫Design for Manufacturing，即设计的可制造性。它基于PCB的设计理论，即使PCB能够被制造。不同的生产商有不同的标准，基于设备和处理工艺的不同。但是还是有一些通用的DFM准则的，包括：\n* 元器件方向（Component Orientation）。相似的元器件方向要一致，有利于进入焊接炉焊接，从而避免了虚焊和短路。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmStCo1RDy1nZkZsXvzZub4ff4Bz8WTT9uttiRGA3StfeQ/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n* 丝印放在了焊盘上（Silkscreen On Pads）。这样会使元器件焊接变的困难，所以需要仔细检查。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNq1Nra7sZuwRVLUHhJpBd9fbipGSAkqikEV6bWCi7Rnz/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n* 环路（Open Loops）。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZ7UQCwX3E9FRjkBPDAznkD62y1k8a57Ppu7L515eWxim/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n* 酸角（Acid Traps）。酸角指的是PCB上小于90度的尖锐的走线。酸角容易在PCB被清理时携带化学物质，从而导致后期铜线与基板的脱离。现如今这不是一个大问题，可以和厂商确认一下是否有走线角度的指南。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNhVxP2xgiqDUiDJPTjytZ2SuBPdf13iwJLj6ZnsmWXUM/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n* 桥接（Solder Bridges）。检查并确保焊盘和阻焊间有足够的间距，否则很容易造成焊盘的桥接。为了防止桥接的产生，需要再次确认焊盘是否依据数据手册使用了正确的尺寸以及焊盘和阻焊间是否留有足够的间距。\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRFZvfuq46y6f64VzFq1zSGdykVgoBEYvVTbe6iqrVC9p/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87.png)\n\nDFM（Design for Manufacturing）是PCB设计与制造领域的单独的分支，这里只是简单地做了一下描述。现在大多数厂商都会免费的提供DFM检查。比如Advanced Circuits公司，就提供了[ FreeDFM™ File Check](http://www.4pcb.com/free-pcb-file-check/index.html)服务来检查PCB设计数据的制造性问题。\n****\n**将设计文件打包成ZIP文件发给加工厂。**\n首先，说一下邮件。对于成千上百个设计都用邮件来传递消息，包含反复的更新，版本跟踪，恐怕邮件是无穷无尽的。所以现如今都采用将所需文件压缩成zip压缩包并上传的方式。通常压缩包里包括：\n* Geber文件。PCB各层的铜皮样式。\n* 钻孔文件。钻孔的样式与尺寸。\n* 说明文件（readme.txt）。包含的文件及其描述，联系方式等。\n\n当然，这是最基础的。强烈建议检查一下是否还需要其它附加信息。若果厂商既进行裸板制造，又进行器件安装，还需要为其提供BOM清单。最好的办法就是将设计文件上传到类似于Google Drive或者Dropbox这样的存储系统以共享你的设计文件。这样只需向厂商提供下载链接，由其自行下载需要的文件。对于设计者和制造者，这样的方式有利于文件保存组织与管理。",
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      "body": "**这里的xx指的是feel，see，hear，ask等词**\n****\n**I feel you!**\n\n——I'm so hurt after the break up.\n分手真的很伤人。\n——I feel you babe.\n我超懂你的宝贝。\n\n用 I feel you 安慰人\n比 I understand you 更贴心！\n****\n**I see you**\n\nYou see people = 你懂人们\nI see you = 我懂你\n****\n**I hear you**\n\nBrad Pitt is the most handsome man in the world.\n布拉德皮特是世界上最帅的男人。\nI hear you, but Johnny Depp is better.\n哎呀我知道，但乔尼德普更棒。\n****\n**I ask you**\n\nBrad Pitt is the most handsome man in the world.\n布拉德皮特是世界上最帅的男人。\nI hear you, but Johnny Depp is better.\n哎呀我知道，但乔尼德普更棒。",
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      "body": "![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSTSVSvjQcHTS53FTfMkM2re2NW8YkaxWVr37mTCHm6wd/image.png)\n\n这里主要包括三部分内容：**组成，特点以及应用。**\n****\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZGQadAQSAGPvTvw6cU3LqgSR6WfpWs7S6kDPaSeoru6e/image.png)\n\nLIN主要由**协议控制器，总线收发器，LIN总线**三部分构成。LIN总线介质主要为<b>铜线</b>。\n****\n4.2 LIN 的硬件特点\n* 单线通信 LIN+GND+PWR\n* 从机节点无需高精度时钟源 WHY\n* EMI 低而且可控 HOW\n* 最高通信速率 20kbps\n****\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmW4uCHY2KzDomND5Jr1qFjBmtHANNxZZn6nq1FBLejroQ/image.png)\n\n* 协议控制器基于UART/SCI，半双工。发送时，并行数据转串行数据。接收时，串行数据转并行数据（**内部含有串并转换模块**）\n* 产生和识别同步间隔段（长度至少为13位的同步脉冲，把同步间隔段与普通的数据字节区别开，确保了同步信息的特殊性，WHAT）\n* 协议控制器能够识别和发出唤醒信号，识别唤醒信号后进入规定的通信状态\n\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXyXWJ7p8m4BTNAxMZaBGyVDDdhKP1qka8K1X8QdaDLfA/image.png)",
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      "body": "**结束正在聊的电话——hang up**\n\nHe started shouting so I hung up.\n他开始在电话那头大喊大叫，所以我挂了。\n****\n**看到来电的人，不想接，直接切掉——screen**\n\nI always screen my calls when I'm eating dinner.\n吃饭的时候，我都不会接电话。\nI can't get ahold of her, she must be screening my calls.\n我联系不上她，她肯定总挂我电话。",
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      "body": "**原理图生成PDF文件**\n![Capture1.PNG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmaTbRj15gQcSuHZzU2KzdEwMAf2CgUXjRtu6YMEKpcpd3/Capture1.PNG)\n* 点击打印机；\n* 设置打印参数，主要是方向，比例因子和限制页数；\n****\n**PCB生成PDF文件**![Capture2.PNG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmbuZd7DfeetK3KnrsRbgEMobRG2nNc7zBt1Wqx3Le6Gn2/Capture2.PNG)\n* 选择需要打印的层；\n* 选择PDF打印机；\n* 设置打印参数，主要是方向，比例因子和限制页数；\n\n完成之后点击OK，保存即可。",
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