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      "title": "DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN 1791-1807",
      "body": "Introduction\n\tDiplomatic relations between the Ottoman Empire and the France, had been intense until the reign of Selim III. İn the course of first serious diplomatic contacts in the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, these states defined each other as a good partner and they signed a military treaty including economic privileges for French. Later, the treaty had been maintained for long years by renewal. \nSince France did not fight with Ottomans, they had an acceptance in the Ottoman Empire. This caused in the Ottoman Empire’s reforms the France was taking example by the Ottomans. Because other major states such as Russia and Austria, was a natural enemy for the Ottoman Empire and therefore, the France was a role model for the Ottoman Empire at its reform activities. Throughout 18th century, so many French officers had served in Ottoman army and they have influenced to Ottoman reforms at a certain level. This situation has continued until the reign of Selim III and it has determined reforms of the Selim III. Because Selim III was tended to make great changes at structure of the empire. \nWhen he became the Sultan(1789), he ordered that establishing the permanent embassies in some of European countries especially the France. On the other hand, the Ottoman Empire was struggling against ideas of French Revolution nonetheless the French model still was preferred. Besides, Napoleon’s campaign against Egypt, has become another trauma for the Ottoman Empire. In this study, the Ottoman Empire - the France diplomatic relations has been examined surround of these developments.    \n\n![1800.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTTt2LbdxbnmocGZ5K7ksmCse6puJGRanT6iXwC3CCbnq/1800.jpg)\n\n1.\tOverview to Diplomatic Relations Between the France and the Ottoman Empire\nPreviously, The Ottoman Empire, in its foreign policy, had contacted with Genoese and Venetians especially as a trade partner. Particularly Venice’s had certain privileges and they were conducting intense trade activities in Ottoman ports. But, when it comes to 16th century, an incidence was started to change this situation. Emperor of France has wanted to help from Ottomans. It was golden opportunity for Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent who wants to devastate possible alliance against himself in Europe. This incident has started a new process in the European diplomacy that included to the Ottoman Empire, too. \nFirst Ottoman-French diplomatic relations was established in 1525 in the time of Suleiman Ⅰ. When Emperor of France François I in difficulties towards the Charles V, he has demanded for Ottoman’s help. Suleiman has accepted the demand and so a treaty was signed between the Ottoman Empire and the France in 1526.  According to that treaty the Ottoman Empire and the France would move together against their enemies. This agreement has begun a turning point in bilateral relations. \n\tLater, during the Suleiman’s campaign towards to Hungary, the France contacted with Ottomans again. After the expedition Suleiman sent a letter with Barbarossa Hayrettin Pasha to the France in 1534. François Ⅰ also sent Jean de La Forrest as ambassador to Istanbul. End of the negotiations, the France and the Ottoman Empire agreed and signed a Peace, Friendship and Trade Treaty.   With this agreement the Ottoman Empire gave some special economic rights known as capitulations for French merchants. The agreement has provided big facilities to the France in the Ottoman Empire’s lands including whole East Mediterranean and so the France raised in these regions amongst other European countries. In years of 1569, 1581 and 1597 the agreement was renewed and extended. In 1604, Ottomans gave to France the rights to protect the Christians and holy places with the right of the flag. \n\tSince the 16th century, the relationship of the two states was peaceful despite some tensions occurred such as aid of France to Venice in the Cretan War. Many Frenchmen had resided and traded freely due to the capitulations given by the Ottoman Empire to the France.\nThe France was raising in Ottoman trade with other countries such as Holland, England. But they started to regression in the early 17th century because of their domestic affairs. Especially, due to religion wars they neglected to foreign affairs.  But still, the France’s campaign against Habsburgs was a good thing for Ottomans.  However, this situation has been started to change in a short time. In this period, they supported to Venetians in course of the Crete Expedition(1645-1699) against Ottomans. Moreover, France made military aid to western army which defending the Vienna against the Ottoman Empire. Later, because of the France’s expedition to pirates who living in the North Africa, Sultan angered. At last, the first serious cooling between the Ottoman Empire and the France has experienced. Throughout the next 5 years, the France has not represented in Ottoman capital city Istanbul.  \n\tBritish Empire was rapidly filling the gap which created by France. Upon this, France has started to seek a cure in order to repair relations with the Ottoman Empire. As a result of the seeking, the France has sent an ambassador to Istanbul again. In addition, the new ambassador was chosen amongst important persons carefully. Besides, thanks to the France’s diplomatic support the Ottoman Empire has become protector of the Polish throne. These efforts worked and the Ottoman Empire’s sent Yirmi sekiz Çelebi Mehmet Efendi to Paris as an ambassador in 1720. He stated that French sovereignty in Jerusalem and holy places was confirmed by the Sultan.  The visit of the Ottoman’s ambassador Yirmi Sekiz Çelebi Mehmet Efendi has made great repercussions in the France and the friendship more improved between the two countries. The stories which told by Yirmi Sekiz Mehmet Çelebi, has made good effect on Ottoman statesmen.   Aftermath, in 1739, France helped for the Ottoman Empire to signing of Agreement of Belgrade, with Habsburgs. In response to, commercial privileges of France, has been extended by the Ottoman Empire. Besides, according to the agreement, it would have been assumed that all bishops who living in Ottoman lands under the protection of French king.   \nWhen started to the Ottoman Empire and Russia war in 1768, France did some helps to Ottomans, for protect its interests in Mediterranean and Black sea. When arrived the Russian fleet to Mediterranean with support of English sailors, the France has perceived it as a danger for its influence in Mediterranean and they have informed to Ottoman authorities so that take precaution.  \n\tAfter these developments, the France has gained great prestige on the Sublime Porte. Envoys of the other countries was applying to French ambassador for help about the affairs at the Ottoman government.  By the way some French officers came to Istanbul and they served for improvement of the Ottoman army. In light of these developments when started to Sultan Selim’s reign, circumstances were proper for his radical reforms.    \n\n2.\tThe Ottoman Empire and the France Diplomatic Relations in the Reign of the Selim Ⅲ\nThe France was a role model for the Selim Ⅲ and he just before becoming the sultan Selim was corresponding with Louis XVI. He had also sent İshak Bey a convert to İslam to study French Ways of life with the permission of Sultan Hamid Ⅰ.  Selim had radical plans for refreshing the empire and France had great importance for him. However, firstly, he needed solve some problems. When he came the throne, the war was continuing with Russia and Austria. He had to end the war. He tried using the balance diplomacy and have ended the war by agreeing with Prussia and Sweden. \nLater, Selim Ⅲ ordered that establishing new permanent embassy in some of Europe’s capital cities.  Had it not been for the revolution in 1789, the  France would have been the first destination for the newly established Ottoman resident ambassadors. But, due to the French Revolution Selim has approached cautiously to France and he sent Yusuf Agah Efendi as an ambassador to London. Because he had realized that the Ottoman Empire cannot survive without any alliance anymore. Due to the factors such as the French Revolution, the emergence of the eastern question, the adoption of balance politics by changing the Ottoman foreign policy understanding, and the lack of channels to follow developments in the international system was requiring new movements.  For these reasons, the diplomacy reform consisted of the most important part of Selim’s westernization program and the France has great importance in this diplomacy.\n2.1.\t Influence of the French Revolution to the Ottoman Empire-France Relations and Change of Attitude of French\nAlthough the views of the revolution are described as heresy by the Ottomans, in early times of the French Revolution, the Ottoman Empire assumed it that as domestic affair of the France. Despite all protests of the British and Austrians, Ottomans has stayed silent towards France. Even, according to the Sublime Porte, interference of the other countries was nonsense.  The France has benefited from this situation for providing recognize of the new regime. Besides, the French diplomats who were sent to Istanbul, has initiated to promoting the Ottomans to join the war against Austria and Russia. In years of 1792, 1795 and 1797, France has sent envoys for that purpose. Especially, Descorches was sent with two important tasks:\n1-\tThe official introducing of the French Republic(Revolutionary Government).\n2-\tProviding that the Ottoman Empire entered the war with the France as a friend. \n  However, the Ottoman Empire had remained impartial because these demands were exceeding the Ottoman Empire’s power, but nonetheless they welcomed to French envoys.  Because, the Ottoman Empire had needed to help for its reforms. \n\tWhen many European countries declared war against the France, despite the Ottoman Empire has remained impartial, France have started to change its attitude against the Ottoman Empire. When France shared the Venice with Austria and occupied Preveza, Parga and some of Aegean islands, and was bordered with the Ottoman Empire. The France had started to provoke Greeks against Ottomans and started to dangerous provocations in Mora Peninsula. For this reason, the Ottoman Empire changed its stance towards France, too. \n\tAt the same time, news of Napoleon preparing the navy at the Toulon Port caused concern in the Ottoman Empire. Ottomans was suspecting that France would attack the Albania but there was some news that they would attack to Egypt, too. Indeed, French statesmen was ambitious about the expedition of the Egypt. The original French plan was undoubtedly to seize Egypt as a colony. The France had traditionally been allied with the Ottoman Empire, and at least for the moment there was no intention of disrupting this. The French plan relied heavily on the Ottomans staying at least neutral, counting on their hostility to the Mamluks (demonstrated in 1786) overweighing their anger at the French invasion of what was still officially an Ottoman province.  The role of Islam had been considered, if not very realistically. Because this project has been thought for a long time. France’s interest in Egypt was particularly related to the Seven Years War (1756-1763), which lured many colonies in America and the Far East to England. It was important to find new dominions to compensate for these losses, and especially the benefits of having new colonies in the Post-Revolutionary Government were being discussed. Napoleon’s success in Egypt would provide France with a great advantage, particularly in the fight against England, as well as the opportunity to have a region with significant commercial potential.  An important supporter of Napoleon in this project was Foreign Affairs minister Talleyrand who thinking the Egyptian would be an ideal colony for France. \nOttoman ambassador Esseyid Ali Efendi of Mora who being in Paris, had asked that what was the purpose of preparation for. As a response, French authorities has stated that the target of preparations never against the Ottomans.   When ended of the preparing, Napoleon sailed to Malta and captured the island in spring of 1798. According to news which was heard by Ottomans, Napoleon had released all Muslim prisoners in Malta. Napoleon was aiming to increase his reputation in the eyes of the Muslims so, when he conquered the Egypt he would have welcomed by the Egyptians. The French arrived to Alexandria on 1 July, and on July 22, they captured Cairo with the Battle of Pyramids. Napoleon has published an announcement as soon as captured the city. This manifesto starts with Allah’s name and continues with that Allah is single and he has not a son. So, he could be good welcomed by the Egyptians.  \nFrench strategy was basing on that taking of Egypt by the France was good thing for Ottomans because they will have ended to sovereignty of Mamluk masters. These men who did not recognize the Ottoman authority also attacked the French merchants in Egypt by cooperating with the British and were harming the French trade. For these reasons, defeating the Mamluk masters would be useful both the Ottoman Empire and the France. Besides, the France has explained the occupation to European public opinion and Egyptians, as if the Ottoman Empire wanted it.  Napoleon have printed the money on behalf of Selim Ⅲ to strengthen his claims. Besides, he discharged all Mamluks from offices and appointed the Turks instead of them.  However, Ottomans has so raged because of this occupation, justifiably. \nOttomans has started to negotiations immediately with the Britain and the Russia who enemies of the France. The British admiral Nelson had in there already and he was seeking to Napoleon’s fleet.  On the other hand, Napoleon’s position in Egypt was precarious. The French controlled only the Delta and Cairo; Upper Egypt was the preserve of the Mamluks and the Bedouins. In addition, the Britain and the Ottoman government joined forces to defeat Napoleon and drive him out of Egypt. On August 1, 1798, the British fleet under command of Lord Nelson destroyed the French ships by they lay at anchor at Abu Qir, thus isolating Napoleon's forces in Egypt. On September 11, Sultan Selim III declared war on France.\nNapoleon invaded Syria before a possible Ottoman invasion but, he could not to take Acre. His forces retreated on May 20, 1799. On August 22, Napoleon went to France with a very small company, secretly left Egypt by leaving his troops behind and General Jean-Baptiste Kleber as his successor. Kleber found himself the unwilling commander in chief of a dispirited army with a bankrupt treasury. His main preoccupation was to secure the evacuation of his troops to France. When Britain rejected the evacuation plan, Kleber was forced to fight. When Ottomans captured Al-Arish France wanted to peace. According to agreement, all French prisoners would have been released and French army would have been left from Egypt within 3 months. \nHowever, the agreement could not have applied due to the British denials. Because they had captured the letter containing agreement conditions which had been sent to France by the French army in Egypt. According the British, the conditions was favourable for the French. Thus, the war started again. British-Ottoman army driven the French until Cairo. The French army had completely weakened and they wanted to peace again. In 1801, Ottoman Empire and France signed a new evacuation agreement. In 1802, two sides signed the peace agreement. According to the agreement, the hostility between the two countries would have ended and capitulations would have carry on the effect again. \n3.\tProgressing Diplomatic Relations Between the Ottomans and the French After the War\nAfter the Egypt adventure which a disaster for himself, Napoleon Bonaparte has tried to approach the Ottoman Empire. Ottomans were struggling a lot of problems such as domestic affairs, Wahhabism riots which threatening the holy cities and hajj ways, and Janissary responds against the new reforms. Ottomans had announced that their impartiality. But, the new developments in the Europe did not to leave Ottomans in peace. But still, Ottomans needed the good relations with the Europeans because of their reform movements. \nIn this period, Napoleon Bonaparte announced that himself as an emperor. In response to, big countries had established an alliance against him. Napoleon was wanting from Ottomans recognition his legality. In his goal to rebuild and strengthen Franco-Turkish relations. Napoleon benefited from two things: The first factor, riding in his favour was the long history of diplomatic and economic relations that had existed between the France and the Ottoman Empire, since the 16th Century. A second factor which benefited Napoleon, was that the Ottoman sultan Selim III had, been quite disposed towards the French, for most of his life.  British and Russians was attempting to provide participation of the Ottoman Empire to the alliance. \nThe Russia has started to promote Christians who living in Georgia, Aegean Islands and the Balkans, for rebellion. British ambassador was making an effort intensively on the Sublime Porte. So, the Ottomans was forced to join to alliance with the Britain and the Russia as a result of their pressures. The agreement was signed secretly and it would have been valid for 9 years.  \nWhen France won the great success in the war, it began border with the Ottoman Empire. Austria and Russia had defeated. Thereupon, Selim Ⅲ sent as an ambassador Muhib Efendi which very well received in there, to Paris in 1805. He recognized that Napoleon as an emperor on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.  Next year, French ambassador arrived Istanbul with the task of calling the Ottoman Empire to establishing alliance against the Russia. The Ottomans started to removing servants who being pro-Russia. They were appointed again after the Russian threats. Thereupon, Napoleon has announced that his new victory against Russia in Lena, to Selim Ⅲ and stated that himself will save his empire. Besides, Napoleon was encouraging Selim Ⅲ for attacking to Russia. Meanwhile, Russia had attacked to Ottoman Empire.",
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      "body": "Of course  you can use this article in your study. If you can contact with me I will send you this article in pdf format which shows the cites.",
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      "body": "This article is important to understanding that how is started to trade between the Anglosaxon world and the Orient. This is so useful for me and if author allow me to use this in my thesis I will be so glad.",
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      "title": "DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN THE 16TH. CENTURY",
      "body": "Introduction\n\tThe geographical discoveries that beginning in the 15th century have started a process in which the world trade centers are shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. However, the Mediterranean trade has maintained its importance and it became a big opportunity for countries which delayed such as England and France, in the race to dominance over new trade centers of the Atlantic. East Mediterranean or in other words “Levant” has kept a crucial place in the trade of the Mediterranean and in that period (16th century) a country which wants to trade in that region had to establish diplomatic relation with the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, the British Empire has attempted so as to establish diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire. At the same time, this trade request became the beginning of diplomatic relations between Ottoman Empire and British Empire. \n\tFirst negotiations have started in 1578. The negotiations with the Ottoman authorities has been conducted by a merchant- William Harborne on behalf of the Queen. Aftermath, definitive arrangement was signed by the merchant. Besides, a company was established under the name of “The Levant Company” as a result of that agreement and also that company’s delegate has become envoy of the British Empire in the İstanbul. This means, commercial concerns have initiated and shaped to diplomatic relations between these two countries. Due to all these developments, The Levant Company has a great importance in the subject of this study. In addition to this, in this study, the questions of what was the force majeure for British in order to trade in Levant, how did they begin the diplomatic relations and how they were carried out the diplomatic relation, has been researched. Essential purpose of the study, by examining those questions, is to reveal basic properties and dynamics of Ottoman-British diplomatic relations in 16th century. \n\n\n1.\tThe Obligation of the British to Participate in the Levant Trade\nThe British Empire was planning to start to trade in the Levant (East Mediterranean) under necessity of many obligations. Firstly, they had late to colonization of the lands where has been discovered newly. Because, Atlantic trade had been kept by the Spanish who coming there earlier than British. On the other hand, Portuguese was keeping the route which reaching to India from South Africa. This situation was obliged to other countries for searching another way reaching India. British were needing to compensate the gap. Under these circumstances, British has searched a new way to the India from the Northeast Europe. They arrived from northern Scandinavia to the White Sea and then through Arkhangelsk to Moscow. But, this way did not provide any other benefit than the establishing of the Moscow Company.  Because, establishing commercial relations with India through the Moscow, the Caucasia and the Hermit was an expensive way. Moreover, thef Ottoman Empire’s movements around Azerbaijan has disappointed those plans.  Besides, in the city of Antwerp where the Dutch made the warehouse of the Indian goods, the trade of the British was exposed to the barriers of the Danish.  For these reasons, to trade in Levant was so important for the British and this issue was requiring that contacting with the Ottoman Empire.\n\tOn the other hand, there were some factors which reducing the attractiveness of trade in Levant for British merchants. Spanish, Genoese and Venetians were attempting to block British trade in the Mediterranean. However, by force of circumstances which is cited above, the British who want to trade in Levant directly, had started to follow Ottoman-France relations. The capitulations which has been given to France by the Ottoman Empire, has affected to the British in order to trade in Ottoman lands.  The British merchants were able to obtain the goods which trading in Levant, by way of Italian merchants. To direct trade in Levant for the British merchants was possible only under the French flag. However, starting to collapse power of the Venice in the Mediterranean in second half of the 16th century, was an encouraging factor for British in order to trade in the Levant. \n\n\nThe British who comprehending that the Ottoman Empire is a permanent power in the Mediterranean, benefited from French-Spanish conflicts.  Because, the French had come under the influence of the Spanish and there was a distrusting in Ottoman authorities against France because of this situation. The British Empire has utilized that opportunity and started an enterprise to obtain commercial interest.\n2.\tBeginning of the Diplomatic Relations Between the Ottomans and the British\nA report which has been created in England in1578, states that some European nations such as the Venetians and the French has embassy in Ottoman capital. The report explains trading in Ottoman lands as important necessity for the British Empire. Hence, according to the report, to establishing diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire is important for the British Empire. The report advises that to send an envoy to Ottomans on behalf of the queen and for this it proposes name of William Harborne.  In that time, the conjuncture was proper to approaching to Ottomans. \n\tThe British queen Elizabeth was excommunicated by the Papacy in 1570.  Traditionally, the Ottoman Empire were supporting the Protestants against the Catholics. To illustrate, they had supported the Dutch and Germans before. The Protestant states were natural ally for the Ottoman Empire against the Hapsburgs who joining the invite of the Crusade.  The Papacy had prohibited that sell of the strategic goods such as gunpowder, bronze, weapon which using at the war technology, to the Ottomans. In this case, the rapprochement with the British was a good opportunity for the Ottomans. \n2.1.\t The First Negotiations\nAnthony Jenkinson is the British trader who received commercial privilege for the first time from the Ottomans.  However, he found the trade that he conducted at the Moscow Company, was more profitable and he did not use that privilege because in his opinion, the privileges which has been given by the Russian Tsar was more confidential.  Aftermath the process which cited above, The British has started to venture for trading in Ottoman lands. Edward Osborne and Richard Staper has taken initiative for this issue. These two merchants have sent Joseph Clement and John Wright who being their representatives, just about taking safe conduct  and researching trade conditions in Ottoman lands.  These men returned by getting what they wanted. Later, Edward Osborne and Richard Staper has sent William Harborne who being their agent, to contact with the Sultan. The formal beginning of the British-the Ottoman relations dates from the correspondence between Elizabeth I and Murad III in 1579. Before William Harborne arrive to the Ottoman capital city, the British Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ who supporting them, has sent a letter which mentioning of the Harborne’s identity and intention to the Sultan.  \nOrhan Burian states that Harborne’s travel was made by land way, by attributing to Richard Hakluyt’s  chronicle which cannot using in this study because of fail to reach. During the travel, William Harborne has worked for establishing the friendship connections where in his passing places.  Having participated in the delegation of Ahmet Çavuş, who served as ambassador in Poland, Harborne reached Istanbul in 1578. The French who do not want to lose their superiority, worked to fail Harborne’s efforts via envoy of the France in Istanbul. But, politic conditions of the time made ease Harborne’s work. The Ottomans was struggling against the Holy Liga so they approached with the British who leaving from the Catholic church.  On the other side, an opportunity of reaching the valuable mines such as tin which using in producing artillery, was more important for the Ottoman Empire.  Under these conditions, the Ottomans did not care the French protests by maintaining their claims of “we are friend with everybody who being friend with us”.  As a result, William Harborne succeeded to sign an agreement including trade privileges as useful as that of the French, in 1578.  Entering into force of the agreement was depended on condition of appointing a British envoy to Istanbul.  William Harborne was appointed as envoy. Therefore, at conclusion of the first diplomatic negotiations, the first direct trade has started between the Ottoman Empire and the British Empire. \n\nA map which showing the British Trade Routes. www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/sailingtimes.htm, (09.12.2017).\n![elizabethanworldmap.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXeVWjpoZuvwUqtUgB6nFvnpycWPoZQzzivhJVYSTZezn/elizabethanworldmap.jpg)\n\n2.2.\t Establishing of the Levant Company and Trade Diplomacy\nIn the course of the 16th century, traders were coming together to form a corporation to share profit and loss because the overseas trade still had many risks. Another important goal of establishing a company was to prevent everyone from entering the business and create a monopoly. In accordance with the understanding of that time, Edward Osborne and Richard Staper, who initiated the first attempts to trade with the Ottomans, provided the support of the British authorities and the queen at the end, and gave the appointment of William Harborne, the representative of the Ottoman Empire, as ambassador. \nLater, Edward Osborne and Richard Staper established a company under the name of “The Turkey Company (Chief Merchants all Turkish Company)” by coming together Thomas Smith, William Garret and a few more people who being their partner. They received a charter from the Queen that allowed the company to be sole authority in the trade with the Ottoman Empire, for 7 years.  Thus, the company could regulate the trade in line with its interests. According the agreement which made with the Queen, if the company’s rights are to be raped by another British, his ship will be seized and shared between the government and the company. In return, the company will cover the costs of dragoman, consul and the envoy who appointed to Istanbul. In addition, the cost of any dispute that may arise with the Ottoman government will be covered by the company.  Furthermore, the company committed that taking cannons to vessels before started to expedition and have check the vessels to relevant commandership. Besides, the company accepted to lose all privileges if they pirated in the open sea. The company, based on these principles, would be able to renew the charter for a further seven years, if both sides were willing.  Carrying of the British state emblem and the flag with cross of the vessels which belong to the Levant Company, was decided. Edward Osborne was elected the first governor to the company which establishing under these circumstances.  \nThe Turkey Company was converted to “The Levant Company” by uniting with the merchants who trading under the name of Venice Company, in 1592.  Therefore, The Levant Company monopolised the British trade in the whole East Mediterranean. So, The Levant Company started to open new consulates in some trade centres of East Mediterranean. The consulates were opened respectively in Aleppo in 1580, in Alexandria in 1583, in Patras in 1589 and in Izmir in 1611. Consulate of Izmir began the most important centre over time.  \nThe Levant Company has done considerably profitable trade from beginning. He made profits of up to 300% under the form given to him by his first form, the 1581 patent. There were 15 vessels and 790 sailors in command of the company, in 1595. The company was traveling to Alexandria, Cyprus, Chios, Zante and less frequently Venice and Algeria. The Levant Company had 20 boats only Italian waters, in 1599 and were added 16 new boat more to the fleet, in 1600. \nThe most important export product of the British was woollen fabrics. The products of the British woollen weaving industry began to flow into the Levant market. One of the most important effects of Levant’s trade to England is that the dyeing materials required for the production of these fabrics begin to be imported. In this way, the colourless fabrics of the British woollen industry began to be painted and thus the finishing of the production was completed in England. At the same time, it saved the British from the dependence on Flemish and Italians.  In this way, the British woollen industry passed from the rough London fabric called the black leather to the painted fine wool. In a short time, it replaced Venice. In 1598, 750 balls of fine wool and 18,031 balls of rough wool were sent to the trade points of the Levant in London.  British exports included strategic mines such as English tin, lead and bronze, as well as wool. These mines were using in artillery production as well as general using fields. In those years, Papacy had prohibited the export of these mines to the Ottoman Empire.  Due to the Ottomans being in war with Iran, the need for these items has increased even more.\nThanks to the new diplomatic balances, Ottoman Empire could reach those mines. The British had been exporting these kinds of mines since they did not know the Papacy, in those years. They even sold the church bells, which had been removed during the reforms, to the Ottomans to be used for artillery production.  Besides, those mines were constituting one of the most important export products of the Levant Company.   Against the possibility that the trade would be hurt by French, Venetian and Pirate ships, the British state secretary Walsingham proposed and accepted the trade to be carried out in convoy with well-equipped vessels.  This convoy system has played an important role in sustaining this trade steadily. The cheapness of the fabrics is another effect that gives continuity in the trade.  \nAs mentioned above, defraying the costs of the ambassador who being in Istanbul by the Levant Company. In this case, it can be considered that this reality encumbers the responsibility to the ambassador for the commercial interests of the company. The first ambassador who appointing to Istanbul, was the representative of the company, at the same time.  Because, to protect this trade was so important for the British Empire and for this reason, they cared mind diplomatic relations with the Empire. The process has continued with difficult struggles against the Barbarian pirates. Fernand Braudel expresses in his book The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World that “the piracy in the Mediterranean is as old as the history,”. This issue has affect the relations in subsequent process. \nConclusion\nThe diplomatic relations between the British Empire and the Ottoman Empire, started with commercial concerns. The Mediterranean was meaning of a departure point for the British who being late in spreading of territories which has been discovered newly. On the other hand, establishing the connection with the British Empire, was a new trump against the Catholic Alliance for the Ottoman Empire.  The Ottomans has always supported the Protestants who being in rivalry against Papacy and other Catholic countries. Therefore, they agreed with the British, easily, as a continuation of their traditional policy. The Levant Company has kept a crucial place in this diplomacy. The diplomatic missions of the British, has been conducted through this company.\n\nArms of the Levant Company. www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/armsoflevantcompany.htm, (09.12.2017).\n![armsoflevantcompany.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmefy7ZFk3mxv5QKSa6MgfrCrRm4qDNUDqj1aboLhPMXpE/armsoflevantcompany.jpg)",
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