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      "body": "<html> <p>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTNWS5eK8VzzJvxAFsZLcpTV8WWbeMfNFmMahaN1JXkmk/image.png<em>University of Calgary researchers have developed a brain imaging system that may one day be used in concussion treatment clinics and sports facilities to detect and monitor damage in the brain from concussion. From left: Ibukunoluwa Oni, graduate student with the Experimental Imaging Center; Carter Randall, undergraduate research assistant; and Jeff Dunn, Ph.D., director of the Experiment Imaging Centre at the Cumming School of Medicine.</em></p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>It's one of the most talked about injuries in sport today, concussion. Yet, there is no accepted way to image a concussion. University of Calgary scientist Jeff Dunn, PhD, hopes to change that. He and his team have developed a portable brain imaging system that uses light to detect and monitor damage in the brain from concussion. Researchers and doctors will be using the technology in an upcoming study at the Alberta Children's Hospital.</strong></p> <p><br></p> <p>The device, a Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), measures communication in the brain by measuring oxygen levels. When the brain is working well, major regions on each side of the brain are communicating and so have similar patterns of blood flow and oxygen levels in blood. Researchers measure the changes in blood oxygen levels as a marker of brain function. Results show these patterns change after concussion.</p> <p><br></p> <blockquote>The one thing we know is that there can be physiological changes in the brain that last for months to years after a brain injury due to concussion. We discovered a new technology that is portable to measure those changes,' says Dunn, director of the Experimental Imaging Centre at the Cumming School of Medicine (CSM). 'We will now apply this new technology to see how important these changes are, as we try to understand how concussion evolves over time.</blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>Dunn became interested in finding a way to image concussion after his children became involved in ski racing.</p> <blockquote>'A lot of kids on the ski hill were getting head hits and it was really very apparent that there wasn't an imaging method that could help them,' says Dunn who is also a member of the Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute at the CSM. 'Currently, concussion is often measured by the symptoms someone experiences, but we really don't know what's happening in the brain in any one person.'</blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>Symptoms can vary greatly between individuals, and can include headaches, nausea, loss of memory and lack of coordination (to name a few), making it even more difficult to find treatment options for each person. Through his research, Dunn hopes the images will show a connection between symptoms and abnormalities in the brain that could help doctors identify treatment protocols and recovery timelines.</p> <p>In partnership with Alberta Health Services and with the support of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Dunn will be teaming up with physicians at the Alberta Children's Hospital, and other UCalgary researchers at the CSM and in the faculties of Kinesiology and Arts to use the imaging device to study concussion in children.</p> <p><br></p> <p>'We will be able to follow young patients over time to establish whether this new technology can help us determine the extent of the injury and how the brain is recovering,' says Dunn.</p> <p>Keith Yeates, PhD, lead for the university's Integrated Concussion Research Program (ICRP) and a co-investigator on the study, says the technology has important practical benefits, 'The fNIRS device has the potential to provide a convenient method for helping detect concussion.'</p> <p>To image the brain, the researchers place a cap, similar to a swim or bathing cap, on the top of the head. The cap contains small lights that have sensors connected to a computer. When researchers turn on the lights, they can monitor and measure brain activity. The device is non-invasive and portable.</p> <p>While most often associated with sports, concussion affects thousands of Canadians a year who experience a fall, or a car accident. While most people recover, some experience long-term effects and disabilities.</p> <p>A recent study, by Dunn and colleagues, showed promising results of the device's ability to detect changes in brain activity in adults with long-term symptoms post-concussion. The findings are published in the Journal of Neurotrauma. This research is still ongoing at the Foothills Medical Centre.</p> </html>",
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      "body": "<html> <p>Inverse problem solving isn't a new technique in classical physics, but this algorithm represents one of the first successful examples of an inverse problem solving method with quantum materials. And it could make searching for interesting physics a more streamlined and deliberate process for many scientists. More physicists are working in condensed matter than any other subfield of physics -- the rich diversity of condensed matter systems and phenomena provide ample unsolved problems to explore, from superconductivity and superfluidity to magnetism and topology. Experimentalists probe the macro-and microscopic properties of materials to observe the behavior and interactions of particles in materials under a strict set of controls. 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Now, if you know the desired type of physics you would like to study, you can represent that in a wave function, and the algorithm will generate all of the Hamiltonians -- or the specific models -- for which we would get that set of properties. To be more exact, the algorithm gives us Hamiltonians with that wave function as an energy eigenstate.'</p> <p><br></p> <p><em>Clark says the algorithm gives a new way to study physical phenomena such as superconductivity.</em></p> <p>'Typically, you would guess Hamiltonians that are likely to be superconducting and then try to solve them. What this algorithm -- in theory -- will allow us to do is to write down a wave function that we know superconducts and then automatically generate all of the Hamiltonians or the specific models that give that wave function as their solution. Once you have the Hamiltonians, in some sense, that gives you all the other properties of the system -- the excitation spectrum, all the finite temperature properties.</p> <p>That requires some more steps once you have the Hamiltonian, so we didn't improve that part of the research process. But what we did, we found a way to find interesting models, interesting Hamiltonians.'</p> <p>Chertkov adds, 'There are lots of wave functions people have written down for which there are no known Hamiltonians -- maybe 50 years worth. Now we can take any of these wave functions and ask if any Hamiltonians give those as eigenstates and you may end up with one model, no models, or many. For example, we are interested in spin-liquid wave functions, highly entangled quantum states with interesting topological properties.</p> <p><br></p> <p><em>Theorists have constructed many spin-liquid wave functions, but don't know which Hamiltonians give them.</em></p> <p><br></p> <p><code>In the future, our algorithm should let us find these Hamiltonians.'</code></p> <p><br></p> <p>Clark and Chertkov tested the algorithm on wave functions related to frustrated magnetism, a topic that presents interesting physics with many open questions. Frustrated magnetism occurs in a class of materials that is insulating, so the electrons don't move around, but their spins interact. Clark explains one such wave function they tested, 'The electron spins in a frustrated magnet want to be anti-aligned, like the north and south on a magnet, but can't because they live on triangles. So we make a wave function out of a linear-superposition of all of these frustrated states and we turn the crank of this algorithm, and ask, given this wavefunction, which is an interesting quantum state on a frustrated magnet, are there</p> <p><br></p> <p><code>Hamiltonians that would give it. And we found some.'</code></p> <p><br></p> <p>Chertkov says the results of the algorithm could point experimentalists in the right direction to find interesting new physics: 'That would hopefully be one way it would be used. You pick a wave function that has some kind of physics that you care about and you see what sort of interactions can give you that sort of physics, and hopefully then the models you find through this method can be looked for in experiments. And it turns out you find many models with our method.'</p> <p>Clark sums up, 'This has inverted the part of the process where we were sort of hunting in the dark. 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