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    {
      "author": "lawup",
      "body": "中国《宪法》规定，检察机关的职责是法律监督。这种监督是广泛而具体的，涵盖了社会和司法实践中的方方面面。包括刑事诉讼过程中通过批准逮捕、审查起诉、出庭公诉、抗诉和支持抗诉、派驻监管场所和临场监督等工作环节，实现对公安等侦查机关的立案监督（应当立案而不立案，或者不应当立案而立案侦查的）、侦查监督（侦查过程中不规范和违法行为，对非法证据进行排除），对法院等审判机关的刑事审判监督（纠正裁判偏差、瑕疵和错误），对法院、监管机构和场所的刑罚执行的监督（例如减刑、假释、保外就医等过程中发生的违法）；也包括对民事诉讼和行政诉讼的监督（法院审判程序错误、裁判不公等）；还包括对社会公益的监督（2017年6月修改的《民事诉讼法》和《行政诉讼法》正式赋予检察机关提起民事公益诉讼和行政公益诉讼的权力）。\n\n![01 检察机关提起公益诉讼的案件领域.JPG](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZtTtHc7u9Ctoa4Tg9sdZdiEehEcSy9XmzJq8qN9d42ks/01%20%E6%A3%80%E5%AF%9F%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3%E6%8F%90%E8%B5%B7%E5%85%AC%E7%9B%8A%E8%AF%89%E8%AE%BC%E7%9A%84%E6%A1%88%E4%BB%B6%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F.JPG)\n\n众所周知，在这个大数据的时代，数据就是资源，数据驱动智能，数据铸造权力。对于检察机关来说，数据是开展法律监督工作的基础，掌握被监督机关和行业的数据，是实现检察监督的必由之路。\n\n“两法衔接”平台是检察机关试图掌握外部数据的一次普遍尝试。“两法”指的是“行政执法”与“刑事司法”，行政机关在执法过程中，可能存在“以罚代刑”等应当追究刑事责任却只做行政处罚的情况（例如，普通“酒驾”属于行政处罚范畴，而“醉驾”则应追究刑事责任，实践中有可能出现“醉驾”却只做行政处罚的情况），因此需要“衔接”，只有在检察机关掌握行政机关执法数据的情况下，才有可能监督立案、要求移交刑事司法。\n\n![02 “两法衔接”平台.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmRWjYHzTLYiqsTrR8hCCW9GvCSWp51euEsqbCFn1zvRGt/02%20%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%A4%E6%B3%95%E8%A1%94%E6%8E%A5%E2%80%9D%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0.jpg)\n\n“两法衔接”平台确实给检察工作带来了便利，为监督职能赋予了能量，实践中大量的“以罚代刑”、“有案不立”案件得到了正确的依法处置。但是，随着工作的不断深入，该平台进一步的应用却受到了不小的阻力：作为被监督对象，数据提供单位天然抵触被监督，缺乏把数据分享给检察机关的动力；行政机关与检察机关分属不同系统，分享数据往往只是“友好协商”的结果，缺乏强制力，基础脆弱，导致数据源不稳定、甚至可能有名无实；行政机关有数据隐私泄露的担忧，有些单位认为，大部分业务数据内容与检察工作并无关联，但是因为技术上整体不可分，便全部提供给检察机关，增加了数据隐私泄露的风险。\n\n“两法衔接”平台建立的初衷是为加强侦查监督工作，它现在也成为了整个检察机关各项工作均离不开的外部信息集散地，就连提起公益诉讼这项刚刚被立法确认的检察职能，也需要从“两法衔接”平台中广泛寻找案件线索。不过，有所不同的是，公益诉讼的线索来源是比刑事立案监督更加广泛的，行政机关的数据只占很小一部分比例，更多的线索要从广泛的社会行业数据中来。那么同样的难题也摆在了公益诉讼的线索挖掘工作面前：数据来源机关、企业、事业单位、团体、机构等，他们并没有把数据分享给检察机关的天然动力，这样做对他们没有任何的增益，甚至还存在数据隐私泄露的风险。对此，我们不想再次陷入类似的困境。幸运的是，借助区块链等新技术，我们找到了一条解决问题的出路。\n\n让我们仔细想一想传统的做法，拆分一下数据获取到开展监督过程中的各个环节：①我们从其他单位提供的查询界面或者技术接口拿到数据，②把数据拿来后进行处理和分析，得出是否存在需要监督的判断，如果不需要监督，这些数据及其处理和分析就都可以丢弃了，③而如果需要监督，我们则开展后续的监督工作。虽然对单条数据的这一过程有时进行得很快，快到我们都并没有意识到当中存在这诸多的环节，但是，无可否认的是，这些环节一个也不能少。那么现在，我们认为可以对这些环节的实现方式和排列顺序做一些改进，从而解决前述罗列的难题，我们认为有必要重新构造一套流程，为此将引导性地问两个问题：第一个问题，第②个环节中，对数据的处理和分析可否用智能的算法自动的实施？答案当然是肯定的，简单的分析，检察人员一眼就能看出来（比如，一般情况下，非法经营烟草专卖品数额达到五万元以上的，需要追究刑事责任），这些交给机器程序则会更加胜任，而相对复杂的情形，检察人员本来就已经在借助一些程序和工具进行处理和分析了，把它们做得更自动化、更智能一些，当属水到渠成；第二个问题，当第②个环节的智能处理和分析完全自动化，我们能否将这个环节挪到第①个环节之前？也就是说，在数据提供给检察机关之前，在数据提供方的服务器里，就经过自动化的处理和分析得出判断，如果不需要检察机关监督，则不必告诉检察机关，而如果是需要监督的事项，则应当向检察机关提供对应的数据。这样是否可行？我们认为，这实际上是一种全新的数据共享观念，值得一试。现在，每当讲到“大数据”，我们往往会说，自己拥有多少G多少T乃至P级的数据，在传统的观念中，需要把数据先“拿”过来、占有了，才会去想怎么用、怎么分析，可是，我们真的需要把这么多数据先“拿”过来再用吗？都说大数据是“沙里淘金”，其实我们要的并不是“沙”，而是“金”，占有大量的“沙”不但消耗了过多的成本，而且也不符合客观规律——谁都知道数据就是财富、就是资源和权力，数据源单位凭什么要让检察机关“拿”到数据呢？所以，让其他单位向检察机关分享数据的行为，其实质上只是想得到他们数据中的“金”，即对检察机关开展法律监督工作有意义的分析结论。\n\n如今，藉由人工智能实现各种自动化的智能分析算法，部署在数据源的服务器里，数据提供方不再有数据隐私泄露之担忧，检察机关也不再需要被大数据之“大”所困扰，只需要等待着智能算法发现与检察工作相关的内容并推送而至，即可开展工作。数据分析流程的重构，可谓是各个方面统筹兼顾，然而这种“新的数据共享观念”也只有在大数据和人工智能等新技术的应用工具都已经成熟的现在，才具备了实施的可能性。此外，我们的理想与现实之间，其实，还缺少一个重要的环节——信任。数据提供方如果不相信检察机关提供的智能算法怎么办？这所谓的智能算法会不会是安全隐患，会不会把约定范围之外的数据也发送给检察院？同样，检察机关也会有疑虑，怎么很长时间没有收到系统发来的相关情况推送了，是不是数据提供方对其服务器上的程序做了手脚？如果互相之间缺乏信任，我们的理想与现实落地之间依然将隔着一条巨大的鸿沟，所幸的是，区块链技术能够让天堑变通途。\n\n![03 基于”一种全新的数据共享观念“的系统架构图.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZ42NtVfYHrQEFzSq6Jh13JFpKzDj1iFvAwCSByo3L8ox/03%20%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E2%80%9D%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E5%85%A8%E6%96%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%A7%82%E5%BF%B5%E2%80%9C%E7%9A%84%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%9E%B6%E6%9E%84%E5%9B%BE.png)\n\n区块链是一种运用密码学算法能够实现数据节点之间互相信任的先进技术，是打造下一代互联网可信任机制的一种基础性协议。最知名的区块链应用恐怕非比特币莫属，一种纯粹代码构建的数字货币，基于分布式架构，能够使陌生人之间建立起最牢固的相互信任，虽然我们并不关注区块链的数字货币功能，但比特币从2009年初上线至今一直稳定运行，其兑换法定货币的价格近年来飚飞猛涨，这些都从一个侧面说明了区块链技术的可靠性。除数字货币以外，区块链技术还广泛应用于存在性证明、智能合约等应用场景。所谓“存在性证明（Proof of Existence）”，通常的做法就是把待证明文件进行哈希计算，生成哈希值（待证明文件的“指纹”，具有唯一性），将该哈希值存入区块链之中，由于区块链网络一旦生效不可篡改（相对的，篡改可能发生在集体作弊、密码学算法被破解等极端情况下，但是因为这些是极小概率事件，小到不可能发生，所以一般的表述就直接说区块链是不可篡改的），且具有时间性，所以事后可以基于区块链上的记录用于证实该文件在那一时刻之前存在。“存在性证明”目前在银行支付、金融保险、商业合同订立等场景中有广泛的应用。所谓“智能合约（Smart Contract）”可以算是比“存在性证明”更高级的应用，“存在性证明”只是存证静态的数据，“智能合约”则是把动态的程序也一并依托区块链的可靠性进行执行。很早以前，人们就有IFTTT（if this, then that）的想法，如果发生了条件，就触发后果（比如货物收到了就把钱打过去），“智能合约”只是把IFTTT从中心化的服务器搬到了去中心化的区块链网络中了，这样的好处就是，相互之间缺乏信任基础的主体，比如陌生人之间，也可以进行价值的传输，而不用担心被骗。所以，“智能合约”目前在小额的国际贸易领域有比较广泛的应用，在小额的保险领域也有应用，比如此次给了我们极大灵感的由北京欧链科技公司与中国农科院合作的“农业保险”项目，通过区块链“智能合约”，可根据卫星遥感数据发现特定地区是否受灾，如果受灾则对农民进行自动赔付。\n\n![04 2009年1月3日，中本聪在比特币创世区块中留下了一段话，成为基于区块链的第一个“存在性证明”.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZoW46PWRxFZeDNPuHC1wPF2kjjNR5mrhookdiux84JaJ/04%202009%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%883%E6%97%A5%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%AC%E8%81%AA%E5%9C%A8%E6%AF%94%E7%89%B9%E5%B8%81%E5%88%9B%E4%B8%96%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E4%B8%AD%E7%95%99%E4%B8%8B%E4%BA%86%E4%B8%80%E6%AE%B5%E8%AF%9D%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%90%E4%B8%BA%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%E7%9A%84%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E2%80%9C%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E6%80%A7%E8%AF%81%E6%98%8E%E2%80%9D.jpg)\n\n回到我们的主题，如果数据源单位并不信任检察机关部署在其服务器上的智能分析算法，同时检察机关也不信任脱离了直接管理的智能算法可以如预期的运行，那么，这恰恰是区块链技术一展身手的时机：我们可以与相关单位共同建立一个区块链网络，然后把这套智能算法做成“智能合约”部署在区块链网络中，相关单位和检察机关之间也许缺乏互信，但是，因为区块链技术是可靠的，我们都信任它，于是区块链技术便让我们之间建立起了基本的信任。运用区块链技术，可以对数据的生成、数据的存储、数据分析的过程、发现与检察工作相关信息之后进行通知的环节均进行技术性背书，让它不多一分、不少一厘，精确按照既定的方案执行。\n\n![05 智慧检务创新研究院由最高人民检察院发起于今年9月21日成立.jpeg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmRn8D4PsC2PUs3vZeEYVvhJDDt5hMMDg51FqAycafmmte/05%20%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E6%A3%80%E5%8A%A1%E5%88%9B%E6%96%B0%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2%E7%94%B1%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%A3%80%E5%AF%9F%E9%99%A2%E5%8F%91%E8%B5%B7%E4%BA%8E%E4%BB%8A%E5%B9%B49%E6%9C%8821%E6%97%A5%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.jpeg)\n\n按照这样的思路，我们基于“智慧检务创新研究院”这一平台，在最高人民检察院检察技术信息中心的指导下，由湖北省武汉市检察院牵头，联合山东省烟台市、甘肃省陇南市、浙江省诸暨市等试点地区的检察院，在浙江数秦科技公司、北京信任度科技公司、北京欧链科技公司、武汉大学计算机学院等企业和科研单位的帮助下，正在搭建一条联盟区块链网络，并基于该网络对前述数据共享的想法进行实践探索，尝试研发一个旨在帮助检察机关更多更快发现公益诉讼案件线索、做好案发前取证的实验性项目（在公益诉讼中，检察机关要承担举证责任，但由于检察机关不是涉事的当事方，难以在案发同时就收集证据，因此事后的证据调取是公益诉讼取证的一个难点问题，该问题亦可以通过区块链存证方式解决），名字初定为“公益诉讼线索挖掘和区块链存证平台”。\n\n该平台目前接入了某科研单位的卫星遥感图像数据和若干家食品企业的业务数据流，通过在数据提供方的服务器端部署算法和智能合约，一旦探测到有发生在辖区内的林地面积变小、耕地用途变更、水域被填埋或污染、过期或问题食品进入销售流通渠道等侵害公益的情形发生，检察人员即可收到区块链网络发来的推送提醒。与直接连通数据源、共享原始数据的传统方式相比，运用区块链让数据的获取、存储、分析、推送等整个技术流程都真实可信，既最大程度上保障数据提供方的隐私，又能保证检察机关不遗漏与业务相关的重要信息，同时一并解决了公益诉讼案件调取案发前证据难的问题。目前通过该实验平台已经发现了一些公益诉讼的案件线索，下图就是目前检察机关正在办理的一起林木被伐案件所涉数据在“公益诉讼线索挖掘和区块链存证平台”中接收推送时的截图，对比上下两张图片，会发现中间区域有明显的林地被砍伐之后的秃迹。\n\n![06 实验中的”公益诉讼线索挖掘和区块链存证平台“.JPG](https://steemitimages.com/DQmUH6cf6ZnJzwLQp79KS8ppYhBPAR3quKVdfy64jPAxKr1/06%20%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E2%80%9D%E5%85%AC%E7%9B%8A%E8%AF%89%E8%AE%BC%E7%BA%BF%E7%B4%A2%E6%8C%96%E6%8E%98%E5%92%8C%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%E5%AD%98%E8%AF%81%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0%E2%80%9C.JPG)\n\n先不要欢呼叫好，其实问题只解决了一半。运用“新的数据共享观念”我们打通了数据提供方与检察机关之间的信任通道，但是仍然没有解决数据提供方分享数据动力不足的问题。公益诉讼比侦查监督工作需要的数据范围更广，涉及环境保护、食品药品安全等社会生活的方方面面，需要的不仅仅是行政机关的数据，甚至主要不是行政机关的数据，更为迫切需要的是社会中各行各业的行业数据，这些行业数据往往是归一些企业和事业单位所有。那么，如何说服和吸引这些企业和单位接入检察机关主导的区块链网络呢？纯粹的社会责任和为公益事业做贡献是一个理由，但不足以让人动心；有人说，在链上进行积分甚至发行数字货币，通过经济激励的方式吸引企业将数据接入区块链网络，我们认为这是非常不妥的，任何事物一旦掺杂了利益驱动，就有可能莫名躺枪，就有可能被各种玩坏，何况货币的发行权也不在检察机关。\n\n看似问题又回到了原点，实则离成功只隔一层窗户纸了，我们要做的，只是争取帮这些企业、单位转变观念，告诉他们，将数据接入检察机关的区块链网络，能给企业、单位带来两项独特的优势：第一，相关的数据因为拥有了技术背书和检察机关的国家权威加持，区块链存证的同时相当于实时进行了司法取证，一旦遇到诉讼或仲裁，其上的数据将可直接具备证据的效力，为企业和单位节约成本（当然，这只是法理上的推论，区块链证据的效力最终还需要审判机关的认定，这是我们工作努力的方向，包括推动立法）；第二，这是一个能够自证公信的平台，特别是对于涉及民生的食品、药品企业来说，当他们将生产、存储、销售、流通的数据接入检察机关主导的区块链网络，如果通过检察机关提供的一系列智能算法检测，没有发生需要检察监督的事项，意味着公共利益得到了更好的保护，对于提供数据的企业和单位来说，公信力势必加强，美誉度必然提升。检察机关虽然不能提供有形的经济价值，但是对于遵纪守法的企业和单位，却无形中能为其注入无穷的独特发展力量，这一点，与检察机关一直以来服务大局、保障和促进社会经济发展的职责完美契合！\n\n路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索，未来的路注定不会是一条坦途，还有很多的未知等待着我们的探索。当我们运用区块链，将可靠的技术与正义的担当融合，催生出新时代检察机关的法律监督能力，锻造出检察机关与社会各界共同保障公共利益的坚固锁链，我们相信，环境会更加美好、资源会更加丰裕、社会会更加安全……当未来某天检察机关无案可办时，那就说明，我们检察机关的法律监督职责是真真正正履行到位了。\n\n![ 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