Ecoer Logo
VOTING POWER100.00%
DOWNVOTE POWER100.00%
RESOURCE CREDITS100.00%
REPUTATION PROGRESS70.88%
Net Worth
238.726USD
STEEM
0.034STEEM
SBD
474.142SBD
Own SP
89.042SP

Detailed Balance

STEEM
balance
0.001STEEM
market_balance
0.000STEEM
savings_balance
0.000STEEM
reward_steem_balance
0.033STEEM
STEEM POWER
Own SP
89.042SP
Delegated Out
0.000SP
Delegation In
0.000SP
Effective Power
89.042SP
Reward SP (pending)
41.373SP
SBD
sbd_balance
343.380SBD
sbd_conversions
0.000SBD
sbd_market_balance
0.000SBD
savings_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
reward_sbd_balance
130.762SBD
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  "conversions": []
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Account Info

namekaydee
id531937
rank18,858
reputation2582812116723
created2017-12-27T06:28:12
recovery_accountsteem
proxyNone
post_count193
comment_count0
lifetime_vote_count0
witnesses_voted_for0
last_post2018-03-26T18:54:21
last_root_post2018-03-13T01:59:54
last_vote_time2018-03-25T13:31:51
proxied_vsf_votes0, 0, 0, 0
can_vote1
voting_power9,800
delayed_votes0
balance0.001 STEEM
savings_balance0.000 STEEM
sbd_balance343.380 SBD
savings_sbd_balance0.000 SBD
vesting_shares144996.783331 VESTS
delegated_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
received_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
reward_vesting_balance84517.478487 VESTS
vesting_balance0.000 STEEM
vesting_withdraw_rate0.000000 VESTS
next_vesting_withdrawal1969-12-31T23:59:59
withdrawn0
to_withdraw0
withdraw_routes0
savings_withdraw_requests0
last_account_recovery1970-01-01T00:00:00
reset_accountnull
last_owner_update1970-01-01T00:00:00
last_account_update2018-01-04T16:19:45
minedNo
sbd_seconds0
sbd_last_interest_payment2018-02-16T10:42:09
savings_sbd_last_interest_payment1970-01-01T00:00:00
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}

Withdraw Routes

IncomingOutgoing
Empty
Empty
{
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}
From Date
To Date
2023/10/20 09:53:54
parent authorkaydee
parent permlinkpower-system-planning-for-reliable-power-supply
authordavidosik
permlinks2tnhu
title
bodyHey there! Water is an essential component of our daily lives as it plays a vital role in maintaining our overall health and well-being. However, the quality of tap water can sometimes be a concern, with contaminants such as chlorine, heavy metals, and organic contaminants potentially compromising its safety and taste. This is where <a href="https://brita.pissedconsumer.com/review.html">brita</a> comes in, offering households a convenient and reliable solution to improve the quality of their drinking water.
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Transaction InfoBlock #79155966/Trx 34210ccfaa6570182664b85c11fccf2e7121ecdc
View Raw JSON Data
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-10-20T09:53:54",
  "op": [
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    {
      "parent_author": "kaydee",
      "parent_permlink": "power-system-planning-for-reliable-power-supply",
      "author": "davidosik",
      "permlink": "s2tnhu",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Hey there! Water is an essential component of our daily lives as it plays a vital role in maintaining our overall health and well-being. However, the quality of tap water can sometimes be a concern, with contaminants such as chlorine, heavy metals, and organic contaminants potentially compromising its safety and taste. This is where <a href=\"https://brita.pissedconsumer.com/review.html\">brita</a> comes in, offering households a convenient and reliable solution to improve the quality of their drinking water.",
      "json_metadata": "{\"links\":[\"https://brita.pissedconsumer.com/review.html\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.2\"}"
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2023/10/17 10:23:18
parent authorkaydee
parent permlinkexamining-electrical-energy-derivable-from-wind-force
authordavidosik
permlinks2o4uu
title
bodyHello there! Alabama Power is notably committed to offering its customers cost-effective electricity solutions. They https://alabama-power.pissedconsumer.com/customer-service.html consistently works towards maintaining competitive prices while delivering top-notch service quality. This dedication to affordability is particularly advantageous for the residents of Alabama, especially those with constrained financial means. Alabama Power's commitment to balancing profitability with service excellence is commendable and underscores its dedication to the welfare of the community.
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Transaction InfoBlock #79071914/Trx 928c5c347560e9d4b3be9bb99b23979e2112a14b
View Raw JSON Data
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-10-17T10:23:18",
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "parent_author": "kaydee",
      "parent_permlink": "examining-electrical-energy-derivable-from-wind-force",
      "author": "davidosik",
      "permlink": "s2o4uu",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Hello there! Alabama Power is notably committed to offering its customers cost-effective electricity solutions. They https://alabama-power.pissedconsumer.com/customer-service.html consistently works towards maintaining competitive prices while delivering top-notch service quality. This dedication to affordability is particularly advantageous for the residents of Alabama, especially those with constrained financial means. Alabama Power's commitment to balancing profitability with service excellence is commendable and underscores its dedication to the welfare of the community.",
      "json_metadata": "{\"links\":[\"https://alabama-power.pissedconsumer.com/customer-service.html\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.2\"}"
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2019/12/27 06:47:48
parent authorkaydee
parent permlinkalignment-and-reorientation-of-magnetic-domains-and-its-contribution-to-energy-losses-in-electric-machines-and-transformers
authorsteemitboard
permlinksteemitboard-notify-kaydee-20191227t064748000z
title
bodyCongratulations @kaydee! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@kaydee/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table> <sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@kaydee) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=kaydee)_</sub> ###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!
json metadata{"image":["https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png"]}
Transaction InfoBlock #39396725/Trx 4fcf2e4f4b7b7743db32e4349927d2457ecc67d3
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2019-12-27T06:47:48",
  "op": [
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      "parent_author": "kaydee",
      "parent_permlink": "alignment-and-reorientation-of-magnetic-domains-and-its-contribution-to-energy-losses-in-electric-machines-and-transformers",
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-kaydee-20191227t064748000z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Congratulations @kaydee! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@kaydee/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@kaydee) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=kaydee)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}"
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2018/12/27 07:59:09
parent authorkaydee
parent permlinkalignment-and-reorientation-of-magnetic-domains-and-its-contribution-to-energy-losses-in-electric-machines-and-transformers
authorsteemitboard
permlinksteemitboard-notify-kaydee-20181227t075908000z
title
bodyCongratulations @kaydee! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@kaydee/birthday1.png</td><td>1 Year on Steemit</td></tr></table> <sub>_[Click here to view your Board](https://steemitboard.com/@kaydee)_</sub> **Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:** <table><tr><td><a href="https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends-the-party-continues"><img src="https://steemitimages.com/64x128/http://i.cubeupload.com/kf4SJb.png"></a></td><td><a href="https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends-the-party-continues">Christmas Challenge - The party continues</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends"><img src="https://steemitimages.com/64x128/http://i.cubeupload.com/kf4SJb.png"></a></td><td><a href="https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends">Christmas Challenge - Send a gift to to your friends</a></td></tr></table> > Support [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)! **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!
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Transaction InfoBlock #28924845/Trx 3f7d6a716548a3abd5514b304d7ad950dd36e3fb
View Raw JSON Data
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  "timestamp": "2018-12-27T07:59:09",
  "op": [
    "comment",
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      "parent_author": "kaydee",
      "parent_permlink": "alignment-and-reorientation-of-magnetic-domains-and-its-contribution-to-energy-losses-in-electric-machines-and-transformers",
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-kaydee-20181227t075908000z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Congratulations @kaydee! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@kaydee/birthday1.png</td><td>1 Year on Steemit</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_[Click here to view your Board](https://steemitboard.com/@kaydee)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends-the-party-continues\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/http://i.cubeupload.com/kf4SJb.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends-the-party-continues\">Christmas Challenge - The party continues</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/http://i.cubeupload.com/kf4SJb.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends\">Christmas Challenge - Send a gift to to your friends</a></td></tr></table>\n\n> Support [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)! **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!",
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2018/04/02 18:54:21
authorkaydee
permlinkre-churchboy-fusion-of-twins-and-the-effects-of-blood-transfusion-20180326t185423218z
sbd payout0.008 SBD
steem payout0.002 STEEM
vesting payout16.316241 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #21221853/Virtual Operation #21
View Raw JSON Data
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  "virtual_op": 21,
  "timestamp": "2018-04-02T18:54:21",
  "op": [
    "author_reward",
    {
      "author": "kaydee",
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      "sbd_payout": "0.008 SBD",
      "steem_payout": "0.002 STEEM",
      "vesting_payout": "16.316241 VESTS"
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  ]
}
kaydeereceived 0.006 SP curation reward for @bitfairy / why-some-men-do-not-grow-beards
2018/04/01 13:06:24
curatorkaydee
reward10.198321 VESTS
comment authorbitfairy
comment permlinkwhy-some-men-do-not-grow-beards
Transaction InfoBlock #21186099/Virtual Operation #35
View Raw JSON Data
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  "timestamp": "2018-04-01T13:06:24",
  "op": [
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      "comment_author": "bitfairy",
      "comment_permlink": "why-some-men-do-not-grow-beards"
    }
  ]
}
2018/03/27 08:07:45
parent authorkaydee
parent permlinkre-churchboy-fusion-of-twins-and-the-effects-of-blood-transfusion-20180326t185423218z
authorfada.emma
permlinkre-kaydee-re-churchboy-fusion-of-twins-and-the-effects-of-blood-transfusion-20180327t080736878z
title
bodyThere are so many questions Science haven't answered, so many problems science hasn't solved...yet. Lets hope this (chimera) is not one of them. Cheers 🍻 @kaydee *** @churchboy, me and you dey beef o. Shebi u know. In fact, na me dey beef you. Anyways, your post is aptly written as usual. Highly informative! Worth reading
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Transaction InfoBlock #21036178/Trx 260d968c9f87e0cbdcb26b16b5fffb36dcc23335
View Raw JSON Data
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-03-27T08:07:45",
  "op": [
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      "permlink": "re-kaydee-re-churchboy-fusion-of-twins-and-the-effects-of-blood-transfusion-20180327t080736878z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "There are so many questions Science haven't answered, so many problems science  hasn't solved...yet.\n\nLets hope this (chimera) is not one of them.\n\nCheers 🍻 @kaydee\n***\n\n@churchboy, me and you dey beef o. Shebi u know. In fact, na me dey beef you.\n\nAnyways, your post is aptly written as usual. Highly informative! Worth reading",
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2018/03/27 08:07:42
voterfada.emma
authorkaydee
permlinkre-churchboy-fusion-of-twins-and-the-effects-of-blood-transfusion-20180326t185423218z
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #21036177/Trx 0889504ba336e121a3270b90a25591f6baabad29
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2018/03/26 20:32:36
voterchurchboy
authorkaydee
permlinkre-churchboy-fusion-of-twins-and-the-effects-of-blood-transfusion-20180326t185423218z
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #21022276/Trx d5e254cf951ddfd0931df04c60d7d32e98e61640
View Raw JSON Data
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  "timestamp": "2018-03-26T20:32:36",
  "op": [
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      "voter": "churchboy",
      "author": "kaydee",
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2018/03/26 20:01:36
parent authorkaydee
parent permlinkre-churchboy-fusion-of-twins-and-the-effects-of-blood-transfusion-20180326t185423218z
authorchurchboy
permlinkre-kaydee-re-churchboy-fusion-of-twins-and-the-effects-of-blood-transfusion-20180326t200137883z
title
bodyYes, I find it interesting too. I read an interesting post here on Steemit where @alexander.alexis wrote how [sex is not something that can be classified as **an either or**](https://steemit.com/steemstem/@alexander.alexis/sex-differences-check-out-the-gonads-on-that-one). On the surface, existence looks easy and simple. It turns out that there is a lot going on behind the curtain. Thank you for your comment.
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      "body": "Yes, I find it interesting too. I read an interesting post here on Steemit where @alexander.alexis wrote how [sex is not something that can be classified as **an either or**](https://steemit.com/steemstem/@alexander.alexis/sex-differences-check-out-the-gonads-on-that-one). \n\nOn the surface, existence looks easy and simple. It turns out that there is a lot going on behind the curtain. \n\nThank you for your comment.",
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2018/03/26 18:54:21
parent authorchurchboy
parent permlinkfusion-of-twins-and-the-effects-of-blood-transfusion
authorkaydee
permlinkre-churchboy-fusion-of-twins-and-the-effects-of-blood-transfusion-20180326t185423218z
title
bodyThis is a pretty interesting condition. One would never have guessed that having two sets of DNA could cause autoimmune problems. Perhaps science can discover how to make the two sets cohabit a single body without issues. Well detailed and explained. Many thanks.
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      "title": "",
      "body": "This is a pretty interesting condition. One would never have guessed that having two sets of DNA could cause autoimmune problems. Perhaps science can discover how to make the two sets cohabit a single body without issues. \n\nWell detailed and explained. Many thanks.",
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2018/03/25 15:03:24
voterbitfairy
authorkaydee
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2018/03/25 15:02:00
parent authorkaydee
parent permlinkre-bitfairy-why-some-men-do-not-grow-beards-20180325t133228497z
authorbitfairy
permlinkre-kaydee-re-bitfairy-why-some-men-do-not-grow-beards-20180325t150159605z
title
bodyLucky you, some of us ain't that lucky. We have to make do with the little hair that agreed to grace our face.
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      "body": "Lucky you, some of us ain't that lucky. We have to make do with the little hair that agreed to grace our face.",
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2018/03/25 13:32:33
parent authorbitfairy
parent permlinkwhy-some-men-do-not-grow-beards
authorkaydee
permlinkre-bitfairy-why-some-men-do-not-grow-beards-20180325t133228497z
title
bodyI am thinking of ways to reduce my facial hair :) I think I have enough AR to last me a lifetime. Good read.
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      "body": "I am thinking of ways to reduce my facial hair :)\nI think I have enough AR to last me a lifetime. Good read.",
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2018/03/25 13:31:51
voterkaydee
authorbitfairy
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2018/03/24 18:12:27
parent authorgreenrun
parent permlinkphysics-of-the-impossible-see-around-that-corner
authorkaydee
permlinkre-greenrun-physics-of-the-impossible-see-around-that-corner-20180324t181206947z
title
bodyCan the short runway be complimented by making it circular? I always wonder if we could beat the short runway problem
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2018/03/20 01:59:54
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2018/03/18 00:24:00
authorkaydee
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2018/03/16 23:09:42
authorkaydee
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2018/03/15 08:02:21
parent authorkaydee
parent permlinkre-greenrun-re-kaydee-alignment-and-reorientation-of-magnetic-domains-and-its-contribution-to-energy-losses-in-electric-machines-and-transformers-20180315t065438294z
authorgreenrun
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title
bodyYou are very much welcome.
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      "body": "You are very much welcome.",
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2018/03/15 06:58:06
parent authorhenrychidiebere
parent permlinkre-kaydee-alignment-and-reorientation-of-magnetic-domains-and-its-contribution-to-energy-losses-in-electric-machines-and-transformers-20180313t190354123z
authorkaydee
permlinkre-henrychidiebere-re-kaydee-alignment-and-reorientation-of-magnetic-domains-and-its-contribution-to-energy-losses-in-electric-machines-and-transformers-20180315t065802911z
title
bodyThanks for the observation. I assure you it is my target to make it as simple as possible for everyone. But you must appreciate that some backgrounds are better suited for some understanding of certain works. But I will definitely do another post to water it down. I love you all. I promise to carry you all along next time.
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      "title": "",
      "body": "Thanks for the observation. I assure you it is my target to make it as simple as possible for everyone. But you must appreciate that some backgrounds are better suited for some understanding of certain works. But I will definitely do another post to water it down. I love you all. I promise to carry you all along next time.",
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2018/03/15 06:54:42
parent authorgreenrun
parent permlinkre-kaydee-alignment-and-reorientation-of-magnetic-domains-and-its-contribution-to-energy-losses-in-electric-machines-and-transformers-20180313t181934718z
authorkaydee
permlinkre-greenrun-re-kaydee-alignment-and-reorientation-of-magnetic-domains-and-its-contribution-to-energy-losses-in-electric-machines-and-transformers-20180315t065438294z
title
bodyThanks for your input, It is a pleasure to have people of your quality here. I appreciate the time you invested in reading through.
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2018/03/15 01:30:30
voterabigail-dantes
authorkaydee
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2018/03/13 19:04:12
parent authorkaydee
parent permlinkalignment-and-reorientation-of-magnetic-domains-and-its-contribution-to-energy-losses-in-electric-machines-and-transformers
authorhenrychidiebere
permlinkre-kaydee-alignment-and-reorientation-of-magnetic-domains-and-its-contribution-to-energy-losses-in-electric-machines-and-transformers-20180313t190354123z
title
body@kaydee you wrote with the full authority in electrical engineering but I think you should keep it down a bit or pause once in a while to explain the point an average scientist might find difficult to understand. The whole point is to communicate but trust me few will understand the real message passed here. Thanks for throwing more light on hysteresis loss. I didn't really understand how serious this is until the first two phase transformer i wond for my little project blew up in heat after making noise for several hours
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      "body": "@kaydee you wrote with the full authority in electrical engineering but I think you should keep it down a bit or pause once in a while to explain the point an average scientist might find difficult to understand. The whole point is to communicate but trust me few will understand the real message passed here. \n\nThanks for throwing more light on hysteresis loss. I didn't really understand how serious this is until the first two phase transformer i wond for my little project blew up in heat after making noise for several hours",
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2018/03/13 18:44:18
voterhenrychidiebere
authorkaydee
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2018/03/13 18:19:36
parent authorkaydee
parent permlinkalignment-and-reorientation-of-magnetic-domains-and-its-contribution-to-energy-losses-in-electric-machines-and-transformers
authorgreenrun
permlinkre-kaydee-alignment-and-reorientation-of-magnetic-domains-and-its-contribution-to-energy-losses-in-electric-machines-and-transformers-20180313t181934718z
title
bodyThere is no perfect machine that does not experience a certain type of loss. Hysteresis loss is unavoidable in electrical machines and transformers owing to the energy expended in alignment and reorientation of the magnetic domain. The study of magnetic behaviour of iron gives insight to the hysteresis loss and how a permanent or temporary magnet can be formed. Those materials Tha can easily be magnetised are called ferromagnetic materials. In-between ferromagnetic and diamagnetic material is paramagnetic material whose ability to be magnetized lies inbetween that of ferromagnetic and diamagnetic materials. Keep up the good work. The quality of your posts speaks for itself.
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      "body": "There is no perfect machine that does not experience a certain type of loss. Hysteresis loss is unavoidable in electrical machines and transformers owing to the energy expended in alignment and reorientation of the magnetic domain. The study of magnetic behaviour of iron gives insight to the hysteresis loss and how a permanent or temporary magnet can be formed. Those materials Tha can easily be magnetised are called ferromagnetic materials. In-between ferromagnetic and diamagnetic material is paramagnetic material whose ability to be magnetized lies inbetween that of ferromagnetic and diamagnetic materials. Keep up the good work. The quality of your posts speaks for itself.",
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2018/03/13 12:32:57
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2018/03/13 09:17:21
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2018/03/13 08:21:36
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2018/03/13 07:28:48
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2018/03/13 07:03:09
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bodyYou're welcomed sire. You're really putting alot of efforts here. Keep writing sire.
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2018/03/13 02:34:03
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2018/03/13 02:30:48
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2018/03/13 02:24:09
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2018/03/13 02:23:03
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2018/03/13 02:10:51
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2018/03/13 02:07:48
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2018/03/13 02:05:18
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2018/03/13 02:04:36
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2018/03/13 02:04:24
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authorkaydee
permlinkre-mrbreeziewrites-re-kaydee-technical-criteria-for-classifying-a-power-plant-as-either-a-peak-or-base-load-power-plant-20180313t020420524z
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bodyMany thanks for making out time to visit my blog despite your busy schedules. I appreciate your input and time immensely.
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2018/03/13 02:00:33
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2018/03/13 01:59:54
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2018/03/13 01:59:54
parent author
parent permlinkstemng
authorkaydee
permlinkalignment-and-reorientation-of-magnetic-domains-and-its-contribution-to-energy-losses-in-electric-machines-and-transformers
titleAlignment and Reorientation of Magnetic Domains and its Contribution to Energy Losses in Electric Machines and Transformers
bodyThe permeability of ferromagnetic materials is considerably high as compared to that of free space, which is calculated to be up to 6000 times that of free space. The permeability of free space is constant while that cannot be said of iron and other ferromagnetic materials. <center>![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmc3o6rDAHGsLUhmQDE9s2WVcCvbxwWCE9Qu4tCyWAx1NE/image.png)</center> <center><sup>[Wikimedia Creative Commons: Magnetic Core](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/C_core.png)</sup></center> To analyse the behaviour of magnetic permeability in a ferromagnetic material, it is imperative we apply a direct current to an iron core and study the relationship between the magnetomotive force, permeability and the resulting flux. Magnetomotive force is the counterpart of electromotive force in an electric circuit. Flux in the magnetic circuit is the counterpart of current in an electrical circuit, while permeability is the counterpart of conductivity in an electric circuit. Consider the core of a magnetic material shown below: <center>![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTbjytYskt3H7bZc4HqzavRkxSNRT7Jq3tJHznitE6C7m/image.png)</center> <center><sup>[Wikimedia Creative Commons: Transformer Core](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer)</sup></center> When you subject the core shown above in fig 1 to a direct current and increase it slowly from zero amperes until the maximum permissible voltage is reached, the current will produce a flux and this flux is made possible by the pressure of the magnetomotive force in a similar fashion as would a voltage provide the driving force in electric circuit. If the flux produced in the core is plotted against the magnetomotive force producing it, the plot that will result will take the form as shown below: <center>![MAGNETISATION CURVE.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmRDmxTXPL9JvLP4Hvm6hA7KYZSbJJCGJGxgQ7zAa85TWB/MAGNETISATION%20CURVE.png)</center> <center><sup>[Image by Author: DC Magnetisation Curve for a Ferromagnetic Core]()</sup></center> This plot is known as the saturation curve or a magnetization curve. At the onset, a small increase in the magnetomotive force generated a massive increase in the accompanying flux. This direct relation will continue until a certain point is reached where further increases in the magnetomotive force will not produce a commensurate increase in flux but will tend to produce relatively smaller flux. It will culminate at a point where an increase in the magnetomotive force results in no change in the flux at all. This threshold is called the saturation point of the core. Notice from fig 2 that the saturation point is depicted by the region of the curve that is flat On the other hand, the core is said to be unsaturated at the region where the flux varies very rapidly, and this region is the unsaturated region of the curve. The point that separates the saturated area and the unsaturation region is called the transition region is sometimes called the knee of the curve. Note that there is a linear relation between flux produced in the core and magnetomotive force is linearly related to the applied magnetomotive force in the unsaturated region and tends to a constant value irrespective of magnetomotive force in the saturated region. When you scrutinise the curve, you will notice that the permeability is massive and relatively constant in the unsaturated region and then gradually reduces to a very low value as the core becomes overly saturated. The Ferromagnetic core is utilised in the construction of cores of electric machines and transformers because we can get a much more significant flux for a given magnetomotive force with iron as compared to what is obtainable with air. This advantage of higher flux with using iron core is sustainable as long as the core is operated in its unsaturated region which is situated below the knee of the curve of the magnetisation curve. Almost all real electric machine such as generators and motor relies on magnetic flux to produce voltage and torque and as such must be operated near the knee of the curve where the core is unsaturated and can provide a flux proportional to the applied magnetomotive force. This non-linearity can be used to explain hysteresis losses, coercive forces, remnant magnetism and the alignment of the magnetic domain. ## Energy Losses in a Ferromagnetic Core <br> To examine the energy losses in a ferromagnetic core, we can decide to apply the alternating current in place of direct current and watch what the outcome. <center>![alternating current.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTHMRqjqcLTEkS5ruPjrJkimoMcCvKt3pRW7TCedn43Az/alternating%20current.png)</center> <center><sup>[Image by Author: Alternating Current]()</sup></center> We will assume that the flux in the core is initially zero. With the initial increase in current, the flux in the core traces out path ab as shown in Fig 3 below. With the fall in the current as is customary with AC that has maximum value in the positive half cycle before it drops to zero before increasing to the maximum in the negative half cycle, the flux marks out a different part from the one it traced when the current increased in the positive half cycle. <center>![hysteresis loop.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmUDigt6txs3fZMXHf8pM7nwyxpy5WSnvnUg6EUmRGEvAg/hysteresis%20loop.png)</center> <center><sup>[Image by Author: Hysteresi Loop traced by Flux with the Application of AC]()</sup></center> As the current decreases, the flux in the core follows path bcd, afterwards when the current increases again, the flux goes through path deb. It is important to note that the amount of flux that is in the core does not only depend on the amount of current applied to the windings of the core, but also the history of the flux in the core has to be taken into consideration. When you look at the flux pattern, you will notice that it has the shape of a loop. This loop is a result of the previous history of flux in the material and the inability of the flux to maintain a specific path in its movement. This loop is known as the hysteresis loop. From the diagram of the hysteresis loop, it is easy to see that if a huge magnetomotive force is applied to the core and consequently removed, the flux path that will be traced is abc, and with the removal, the flux will not go down to zero with the current. Instead, there is a magnetic field that will linger in the core. This magnetic field is known as remnant magnetic field or the residual magnetic field in the core. It is precisely in this manner that permanent magnets are formed. For the flux to drop to zero, there will be a need to apply a force in the form of magnetomotive force applied in the direction opposite to the direction of the initial magnetomotive force. This magnetomotive force is known as the coercive magnetomotive force. One may wonder the reason for the occurrence of hysteresis, but the reason is revealed with a little knowledge of the behaviour ferromagnetic materials and understanding of their structure. A study of atoms of iron and like metals such as cobalt nickel, and their alloys shows that they have their magnetic fields closely aligned with each other. If we can look inside the metal, we will be able to see many small regions called domains. Atoms in each domain are aligned with their magnetic field pointing in the same direction, and as a result, one can describe each domain within the material as a small permanent magnet. These domains within the material are randomised and as a whole has no specific direction in which it is pointing, and for this reason, it would seem that a whole block of iron has no flux. We can visualise the domain structure within a piece of iron by studying the diagram below: <center>![magnetic domain.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmPFbCr6quhBMcP6HU1GXqRm6H6mh9MTGjT9qbc32dwyAb/magnetic%20domain.png)</center> <center><sup>[Image by Author: (a) Magnetic Domain Randomised;(b) Magnetic Domain aligned Due to External Magnetic Field]()</sup></center> If we are to apply an external magnetic field to a block of iron, we will notice that domains that have direction similar to that of the external magnetic field will grow ahead of the other domains that were aligned maybe opposite to that of the external magnetic field. This growth in the domains pointing in the same direction as that of the magnetic field is due to atoms in these domains physically alter their orientation to align themselves with the applied magnetic field. Whenever an extra atom is aligned to be in the direction of magnetic field, the magnetic flux in the atom is increased which causes more atom to switch orientation thereby increasing the strength of the magnetic field. The superior permeability of iron as compared to air is as a result of this positive feedback effect due to the realignment of magnetic domains of the atom within the domain. With the reorientation of the magnetic domains, the strength of the external magnetic field continues to build up, until the whole domains that are aligned in the wrong direction finally reorient themselves as a unit to line up with the external magnetic field. In the end, when virtually all the atoms and domains in the iron are lined up with the external field, any further increase in the magnetomotive force will only result in the same flux increase as is obtainable in free space. We can describe the period of reorientation and aligning of the magnetic field of the iron with the external magnetic field as the part below the knee of the curve in the plot of flux against magnetomotive force. Remember we described this region below the knee of the curve as the unsaturated region where the increase in flux is proportional to the increase in the magnetomotive force. We can further consider the state of the iron when all the magnetic domains have been aligned to be the saturated region which is above the knee of the curve in the plot of flux against magnetomotive force. The exciting part of hysteresis is that with the removal of the external magnetic field the domains remain intact without undergoing randomisation. What could be the reason behind this behaviour of the domains for lining up irrespective of the removal of the external magnetic field? The reason is that we must expend energy in scattering the atoms. Initially, energy was expended by the external magnetic field to achieve the alignment; but with the removal of the energy, there is no source of energy to cause all the domains to rotate back. The piece of iron has been converted to a magnet by the process. With the alignment of the domains, some of them will remain aligned until a source of external energy is supplied to change them. Some example of these sources of external energy that can alter the boundaries between domains or the alignment of domains is the magnetomotive force applied in the reverse direction, heating and a huge mechanical shock. Any of these events can impart energy to the domains and enable them to change alignment. This reorientation of domains is the reason why a permanent magnet can lose its magnetism if it is dropped, hit with a hammer, or heated. ## Conclusion <br> The energy needed to align and randomise the magnetic domains in the iron core results in a common type of energy loss in all machines and transformers. In each cycle of the alternating current, say positive half cycle, there is an alignment of the domain in a specific direction, but in the negative half cycle, there is a realignment in the opposite direction. Thus, the energy needed to achieve the reorientation of domains during each cycle of the alternating current applied to the core is known as hysteresis loss. It can be proved that the area encapsulated by the hysteresis loop established by applying an alternating current to the core is directly related to the energy lost in a given AC cycle. The area of the hysteresis loop has a direct relationship with the level of magnetomotive force applied to the core. ## References <br> 1) [Magnetic Domains]( http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/semester2/d16_ferromagnetism.html) 2) [How To Minimise Iron Losses in Transformers]( http://www.ijsret.org/pdf/transformer.pdf) 3) [Electrical Installation and Energy Efficiency]( http://engineering.electrical-equipment.org/electrical-distribution/losses-in-a-transformer.html) 4) [Difference Between Magnetic and Electric Circuit]( https://circuitglobe.com/difference-between-magnetic-and-electric-circuit.html)
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      "author": "kaydee",
      "permlink": "alignment-and-reorientation-of-magnetic-domains-and-its-contribution-to-energy-losses-in-electric-machines-and-transformers",
      "title": "Alignment and Reorientation of Magnetic Domains and its Contribution to Energy Losses in Electric Machines and Transformers",
      "body": "The permeability of ferromagnetic materials is considerably high as compared to that of free space, which is calculated to be up to 6000 times that of free space. The permeability of free space is constant while that cannot be said of iron and other ferromagnetic materials.\n\n<center>![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmc3o6rDAHGsLUhmQDE9s2WVcCvbxwWCE9Qu4tCyWAx1NE/image.png)</center>\n<center><sup>[Wikimedia Creative Commons: Magnetic Core](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/C_core.png)</sup></center>\n\n\nTo analyse the behaviour of magnetic permeability in a ferromagnetic material, it is imperative we apply a direct current to an iron core and study the relationship between the magnetomotive force, permeability and the resulting flux. \n\n\nMagnetomotive force is the counterpart of electromotive force in an electric circuit. Flux in the magnetic circuit is the counterpart of current in an electrical circuit, while permeability is the counterpart of conductivity in an electric circuit.\n\nConsider the core of a magnetic material shown below:\n\n<center>![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTbjytYskt3H7bZc4HqzavRkxSNRT7Jq3tJHznitE6C7m/image.png)</center>\n<center><sup>[Wikimedia Creative Commons: Transformer Core](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer)</sup></center>\n\n\nWhen you subject the core shown above in fig 1 to a direct current and increase it slowly from zero amperes until the maximum permissible voltage is reached, the current will produce a flux and this flux is made possible by the pressure of the magnetomotive force in a similar fashion as would a voltage provide the driving force in electric circuit.\n\n\nIf the flux produced in the core is plotted against the magnetomotive force producing it, the plot that will result will take the form as shown below:\n\n\n<center>![MAGNETISATION CURVE.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmRDmxTXPL9JvLP4Hvm6hA7KYZSbJJCGJGxgQ7zAa85TWB/MAGNETISATION%20CURVE.png)</center>\n<center><sup>[Image by Author: DC Magnetisation Curve for a Ferromagnetic Core]()</sup></center>\n\n\nThis plot is known as the saturation curve or a magnetization curve. At the onset, a small increase in the magnetomotive force generated a massive increase in the accompanying flux. This direct relation will continue until a certain point is reached where further increases in the magnetomotive force will not produce a commensurate increase in flux but will tend to produce relatively smaller flux. It will culminate at a point where an increase in the magnetomotive force results in no change in the flux at all.\n\n\nThis threshold is called the saturation point of the core. Notice from fig 2 that the saturation point is depicted by the region of the curve that is flat\n \nOn the other hand, the core is said to be unsaturated at the region where the flux varies very rapidly, and this region is the unsaturated region of the curve. The point that separates the saturated area and the unsaturation region is called the transition region is sometimes called the knee of the curve. \n\nNote that there is a linear relation between flux produced in the core and magnetomotive force is linearly related to the applied magnetomotive force in the unsaturated region and tends to a constant value irrespective of magnetomotive force in the saturated region.\n\n\nWhen you scrutinise the curve, you will notice that the permeability is massive and relatively constant in the unsaturated region and then gradually reduces to a very low value as the core becomes overly saturated.\n\n\nThe Ferromagnetic core is utilised in the construction of cores of electric machines and transformers because we can get a much more significant flux for a given magnetomotive force with iron as compared to what is obtainable with air. This advantage of higher flux with using iron core is sustainable as long as the core is operated in its unsaturated region which is situated below the knee of the curve of the magnetisation curve. \n\n\nAlmost all real electric machine such as generators and motor relies on magnetic flux to produce voltage and torque and as such must be operated near the knee of the curve where the core is unsaturated and can provide a flux proportional to the applied magnetomotive force.\n\n\nThis non-linearity can be used to explain hysteresis losses, coercive forces, remnant magnetism and the alignment of the magnetic domain.\n\n\n## Energy Losses in a Ferromagnetic Core\n<br> \nTo examine the energy losses in a ferromagnetic core, we can decide to apply the alternating current in place of direct current and watch what the outcome.\n\n<center>![alternating current.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTHMRqjqcLTEkS5ruPjrJkimoMcCvKt3pRW7TCedn43Az/alternating%20current.png)</center>\n<center><sup>[Image by Author: Alternating Current]()</sup></center>\n\nWe will assume that the flux in the core is initially zero. With the initial increase in current, the flux in the core traces out path ab as shown in Fig 3 below. With the fall in the current as is customary with AC that has maximum value in the positive half cycle before it drops to zero before increasing to the maximum in the negative half cycle, the flux marks out a different part from the one it traced when the current increased in the positive half cycle.\n\n<center>![hysteresis loop.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmUDigt6txs3fZMXHf8pM7nwyxpy5WSnvnUg6EUmRGEvAg/hysteresis%20loop.png)</center>\n<center><sup>[Image by Author: Hysteresi Loop traced by Flux with the Application of AC]()</sup></center>\n\nAs the current decreases, the flux in the core follows path bcd, afterwards when the current increases again, the flux goes through path deb. It is important to note that the amount of flux that is in the core does not only depend on the amount of current applied to the windings of the core, but also the history of the flux in the core has to be taken into consideration. \n\n\nWhen you look at the flux pattern, you will notice that it has the shape of a loop. This loop is a result of the previous history of flux in the material and the inability of the flux to maintain a specific path in its movement. This loop is known as the hysteresis loop.\n\n\nFrom the diagram of the hysteresis loop, it is easy to see that if a huge magnetomotive force is applied to the core and consequently removed, the flux path that will be traced is abc, and with the removal, the flux will not go down to zero with the current. Instead, there is a magnetic field that will linger in the core. This magnetic field is known as remnant magnetic field or the residual magnetic field in the core.\n\n\nIt is precisely in this manner that permanent magnets are formed. For the flux to drop to zero, there will be a need to apply a force in the form of magnetomotive force applied in the direction opposite to the direction of the initial magnetomotive force. This magnetomotive force is known as the coercive magnetomotive force.\n\nOne may wonder the reason for the occurrence of hysteresis, but the reason is revealed with a little knowledge of the behaviour ferromagnetic materials and understanding of their structure.\n\nA study of atoms of iron and like metals such as cobalt nickel, and their alloys shows that they have their magnetic fields closely aligned with each other.  If we can look inside the metal, we will be able to see many small regions called domains. \n\nAtoms in each domain are aligned with their magnetic field pointing in the same direction, and as a result, one can describe each domain within the material as a small permanent magnet. \n\nThese domains within the material are randomised and as a whole has no specific direction in which it is pointing, and for this reason, it would seem that a whole block of iron has no flux.\n\n \nWe can visualise the domain structure within a piece of iron by studying the diagram below:\n\n<center>![magnetic domain.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmPFbCr6quhBMcP6HU1GXqRm6H6mh9MTGjT9qbc32dwyAb/magnetic%20domain.png)</center>\n<center><sup>[Image by Author: (a) Magnetic Domain Randomised;(b) Magnetic Domain aligned Due to External Magnetic Field]()</sup></center>\n\nIf we are to apply an external magnetic field to a block of iron, we will notice that domains that have direction similar to that of the external magnetic field will grow ahead of the other domains that were aligned maybe opposite to that of the external magnetic field. \n\n\nThis growth in the domains pointing in the same direction as that of the magnetic field is due to atoms in these domains physically alter their orientation to align themselves with the applied magnetic field. Whenever an extra atom is aligned to be in the direction of magnetic field, the magnetic flux in the atom is increased which causes more atom to switch orientation thereby increasing the strength of the magnetic field.\n\n\nThe superior permeability of iron as compared to air is as a result of this positive feedback effect due to the realignment of magnetic domains of the atom within the domain. \n\n\nWith the reorientation of the magnetic domains, the strength of the external magnetic field continues to build up, until the whole domains that are aligned in the wrong direction finally reorient themselves as a unit to line up with the external magnetic field. \n\nIn the end, when virtually all the atoms and domains in the iron are lined up with the external field, any further increase in the magnetomotive force will only result in the same flux increase as is obtainable in free space.\n\n\nWe can describe the period of reorientation and aligning of the magnetic field of the iron with the external magnetic field as the part below the knee of the curve in the plot of flux against magnetomotive force. Remember we described this region below the knee of the curve as the unsaturated region where the increase in flux is proportional to the increase in the magnetomotive force.\n \n\nWe can further consider the state of the iron when all the magnetic domains have been aligned to be the saturated region which is above the knee of the curve in the plot of flux against magnetomotive force. \n\nThe exciting part of hysteresis is that with the removal of the external magnetic field\nthe domains remain intact without undergoing randomisation. \n\nWhat could be the reason behind this behaviour of the domains for lining up irrespective of the removal of the external magnetic field? \n\nThe reason is that we must expend energy in scattering the atoms. Initially, energy was expended by the external magnetic field to achieve the alignment; but with the removal of the energy, there is no source of energy to cause all the domains to rotate back. The piece of iron has been converted to a magnet by the process. \n\n\nWith the alignment of the domains, some of them will remain aligned until a source of external energy is supplied to change them. Some example of these sources of external energy that can alter the boundaries between domains or the alignment of domains is the magnetomotive force applied in the reverse direction,  heating and a huge mechanical shock. \n\nAny of these events can impart energy to the domains and enable them to change alignment. This reorientation of domains is the reason why a permanent magnet can lose its magnetism if it is dropped, hit with a hammer, or heated.\n\n## Conclusion\n<br>\nThe energy needed to align and randomise the magnetic domains in the iron core results in a common type of energy loss in all machines and transformers. In each cycle of the alternating current, say positive half cycle, there is an alignment of the domain in a specific direction, but in the negative half cycle, there is a realignment in the opposite direction. Thus, the energy needed to achieve the reorientation of domains during each cycle of the alternating current applied to the core is known as hysteresis loss.\n\n\nIt can be proved that the area encapsulated by the hysteresis loop established by applying an alternating current to the core is directly related to the energy lost in a given AC cycle. The area of the hysteresis loop has a direct relationship with the level of magnetomotive force applied to the core. \n\n\n\n\n## References\n<br>\n1)\t[Magnetic Domains]( http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/semester2/d16_ferromagnetism.html)\n2)\t[How To Minimise Iron Losses in Transformers]( http://www.ijsret.org/pdf/transformer.pdf)\n3)\t[Electrical Installation and Energy Efficiency]( http://engineering.electrical-equipment.org/electrical-distribution/losses-in-a-transformer.html)\n4)\t[Difference Between Magnetic and Electric Circuit]( https://circuitglobe.com/difference-between-magnetic-and-electric-circuit.html)\n\n",
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2018/03/12 19:17:09
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2018/03/12 19:16:27
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2018/03/12 14:14:48
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2018/03/12 08:20:39
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permlinkre-kaydee-technical-criteria-for-classifying-a-power-plant-as-either-a-peak-or-base-load-power-plant-20180312t082035287z
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bodyThis is so a detailed effort from the boss. This got me > Electricity is produced and is consumed at the same time without efficient means of storage, and this is a massive challenge to the operator as it gives the operator limited control over the load. This has been a problem in most power generating system. Efficient storage hasn't been well done and most times we would have to run emergency systems to cater for high load requirements. Nice compilation boss @kaydee StemngFamily #KeepTheTrend #KeepUsGrowing
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2018/03/12 06:56:24
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2018/03/12 06:55:51
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2018/03/11 15:46:12
voterhendrikdegrote
authorkaydee
permlinktechnical-criteria-for-classifying-a-power-plant-as-either-a-peak-or-base-load-power-plant
weight594 (5.94%)
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