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      "title": "Physics explains: The maxwell's equations",
      "body": "<div class = text-justify>\n\nOnce upon a time, there was a world where sparks, sticky papers, and magnets were fascinating to scientists.\n\nThese phenomena were used to build great things, but it wasn't until the 19th century that people began to understand how they were related, thanks to the work of lots of physicists determined to put the pieces together, a task to which Maxwell gave the blow, synthesizing all these electrical and magnetic phenomena into the equations we write today.\n\n## These are the Maxwell Equations.\n<hr>\n\nLet's start with the basics: \n\nSpace is filled with a thing called **[The electromagnetic field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_field)**. Only our protagonists can \"feel it\": __The charges and the magnets.__\n\nThe field is the medium through which charges and magnets can be influenced; by attracting, repelling, turning, etc. This intermediation has some rules; how charges and magnets disturb the field and how the field disturbs itself is condensed in the Maxwell Equations.\n\nNow, how this field affects loads is given by another equation, **[the Lorentz Force equation.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_force)**\n\nSo Maxwell's equations are not about how the charges move, but about how the field is how it changes.\n\nThe way we wrote them has changed a lot over time: at first, there were eight, but then it became clear that they could be reduced to four.\n\nThanks to our current knowledge, we know that the most natural way is to express them in two, but today I will not go into detail and speak in the traditional way that we all learn.\n\nIn this format, we separate the electromagnetic field into two different fields, the electric field, which tells you where and how strong a positive charge is going to be pushed into it, and the magnetic field, which tells you where and how strong a magnet is going to be directed.\n\n# First equation: Gauss' law.\n<hr>\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://i.imgur.com/vwEBKXQ.jpg\"><br><em><sub><sub></a></sub></sub></em> <br><em><sub><sub>Self made it</a></sub></sub></em></center></div>\n\nThis describes how charges affect the electric field.\n\nSpecifically, it tells you that electric charges are sources of the electric field, if they are positive or sinks of electric field if they are negative, that it is nothing more than to say in terms of a _fancy_ field that charges of the same sign repel and attract differently.\n\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://i.imgur.com/Z7lvPhD.jpg\"><br><em><sub><sub></a></sub></sub></em> <br><em><sub><sub>Self made it</a></sub></sub></em></center></div>\n\nGauss' law also captures that the electric field decays with distance and does so in a very precise way: **with the square of the distance**.\n\nThis gives the electric field some very funny and useful geometric properties. \n<hr> \n\n# Second Equation:  Gauss' law for magnetism \n\n<hr>\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://i.imgur.com/A5Zf4WE.jpg\"><br><em><sub><sub></a></sub></sub></em> <br><em><sub><sub>Self made it</a></sub></sub></em></center></div>\n\nThe reality is that this law does not have an exact name, possibly because what it says is simple: The sources and sinks of the magnetic field do not exist.\n\nThat is not to say that there are no objects that can create magnetic fields; that is what magnets do; that is what magnets do since there are neither sources nor sinks, the magnetic field must always \"close\" on itself.\n\nFor example, if you try to split a magnet in two by wanting to split it into two monopoles, the field closes in the area you have cut, returning two magnets with two poles each.\n\nIn short: In our world, **monopoles are not possible.**\n\nEven though, it is not unimaginable that in the crazy primitive universe these monopoles might have existed.\n\nIn this hypothetical case, the Gauss law of magnetism would be very similar to the Gauss law of the electric field and, using the appropriate mathematics, we could synthesize all Maxwell's equations not to two but to just one equation.\n\n# Third Equation: Faraday's law \n<hr>\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://i.imgur.com/wfh7zk5.jpg\"><br><em><sub><sub></a></sub></sub></em> <br><em><sub><sub>Self made it</a></sub></sub></em></center></div>\n\nBehind this law is the basic principle behind almost every power plant on the planet, it tells us that if a magnetic field changes over time it activates the electric field in a precise way: by closing.\n\nSpecifically, if the magnetic field increases, the electric field is oriented clockwise, if it decreases it is oriented the other way round.\n\nIn short, we are told that not only can loads and magnets influence the fields, they can also influence each other. Yeah, in both directions.\n\n\n# Fourth equation: Ampere's law \n<hr>\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://i.imgur.com/eLhKTfg.jpg\"><br><em><sub><sub></a></sub></sub></em> <br><em><sub><sub>Self made it</a></sub></sub></em></center></div>\n\n\nAmpere's Law: This one talks about an electric field changing in time or moving charges, that is to say, an electric current, activating the magnetic field (closing, as it should be).\n\nThis new element, the electric current element, is very useful in applications, as it allows the generation of artificial magnets.\n\nIt is enough to pass an electric current through a coil with the appropriate shape and you have a magnetic field, the more intense the current, the more intense the magnetic field.\n\nThis is an electromagnet and most of the world's magnetic fields are generated by it, including the one that protects us from the solar wind.\n\n\n# References \n<hr>\n\n* http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/maxeq.html\n* https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/22-9-magnetic-fields-produced-by-currents-amperes-law/\n* http://www.maxwells-equations.com/ampere/amperes-law.php\n* http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/109N/more_stuff/Maxwell_Eq.html\n* http://www.who.int/peh-emf/about/WhatisEMF/en/\n\n</div>",
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      "permlink": "it-s-not-uncertainty-it-s-indeterminacy-heisenberg-s-principle",
      "title": "It's not uncertainty, it's indeterminacy: Heisenberg's principle",
      "body": "<center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Neutron_star_illustrated.jpg/500px-Neutron_star_illustrated.jpg\n[Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neutron_star_illustrated.jpg)\n[Public Domain]()\n</center>\n\n\n<div class = text-justify>\n<hr>\n\nHeisenberg's Uncertainty Principle. Uncertainty. The most painful choice of vocabulary in whole history. It's awful. The word is very close to reality but at the same time has connotations that are definitely anti-quantum.\n\n\nLet's start from the beginning: \n\nThe Uncertainty Principle is telling you that in the quantum world you can't know everything exactly. If you have, for example, an electron traveling around and you want to know where it is and how fast it is moving, you will be left with the desire. You have to stay in a situation of ignorance, in which you know more or less the region where the electron can be and in which you know more or less the range of speeds to which it can be moving. The more precise you are in the position (the smaller the region where you can find it) the larger the range of possible speeds becomes. and the opposite is also true: the smaller the range of possible speeds (the safer you are when you move) the larger the region where you can find the electron. \n\n## How was Heisenberg after all?\n<hr>\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Heisenberg%2CWerner_1924_G%C3%B6ttingen_-_adjusted.jpeg\"><br><em><sub><sub><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg#/media/File:Heisenberg,Werner_1924_G%C3%B6ttingen_-_adjusted.jpeg\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"This link will take you away from steemit.com\">Source</a></sub></sub></em> <br><em><sub><sub><a href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"This link will take you away from steemit.com\">CC BY 3.0</a></sub></sub></em></center></div>\n\n> Werner Karl Heisenberg was born in Würzburg, Germany, to Kaspar Ernst August Heisenberg (de), a secondary school teacher of classical languages who became Germany's only ordentlicher Professor (ordinarius professor) of medieval and modern Greek studies in the university system, and his wife, Annie Wecklein.\n\n> He studied physics and mathematics from 1920 to 1923 at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. At Munich, he studied under Arnold Sommerfeld and Wilhelm Wien. At Göttingen, he studied physics with Max Born and James Franck, and he studied mathematics with David Hilbert. He received his doctorate in 1923, at Munich under Sommerfeld. He completed his Habilitation in 1924, at Göttingen under Born. [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg)\n\n\nNow, you know how was Heisenberg let's continue.\n\nTo gain accuracy in one amount is to lose it in the other. Think of the uncertainty principle as a scale: if the pan of ignorance in the low position then, the pan of ignorance in the speed rises and the opposite. There's no way to keep both saucers down. They always have to be balanced.\n\nThe problem arises when you ask yourself \n\n## Why is this happening?\n<hr>\n\nThen we come across the name given to these quantities: uncertainties. In Spanish it's a word that has a strong subjective smell; it's giving you the feeling that the problem is you. That the electron is in a particular place and moves at a particular speed, but that we apes of the microscopic world are unable to reach those hidden numbers.\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://www.maxpixel.net/static/photo/1x/Atom-Nuclear-Power-Atomic-Nucleus-Neutron-Electron-1222513.jpg\"><br><em><sub><sub><a href=\"https://www.maxpixel.net/Atom-Nuclear-Power-Atomic-Nucleus-Neutron-Electron-1222513\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"This link will take you away from steemit.com\">Source</a></sub></sub></em> <br><em><sub><sub><a href=\"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"This link will take you away from steemit.com\">CC0 1.0</a></sub></sub></em></center></div>\n\n\nThis word is suggesting that because of the way our devices and methodologies work we are unable to know both numbers at the same time. We disturb the delicate quantum world; uncertainties exist because of us. \n\nThis is a way of justifying the principle of uncertainty that I have heard several times around.... And let it be known that it is already false:\n\nIt is not that we have problems knowing where an electron is or how it moves, the point is that not even nature itself knows.\n\nAs we know, the quantum world does not have to have its properties defined. It is not mandatory that they are located in a precise location or that they move at an exact speed. These ranges are not really our ignorance of these quantities, it is the electron itself with its position and speed undetermined: delocalized in space and indefinite in speed. \n\n## It is not uncertainty, what is happening here is indeterminacy.\n<hr>\n\nWhy does the indeterminacy of position influence the indeterminacy of speed and vice versa? Why? \n\nThe response is the quantum nature, for example, an electron traveling at a specific speed: its wave function takes on a very peculiar form.\n\nI give you the: \n\n\n## The plane wave\n<hr>\n\nSpeed is encoded in its vibration: the faster it vibrates, the faster it is. What's wrong with this wave function?\n\nIt takes up all the space, it doesn't \"end\" anywhere! This means that, although it represents a very specific speed, its position is totally indeterminate.\n\nIt can literally be anywhere in space! The scale is completely tilted in favor of speed. But we can twist it. As I said before, the electron does not have to travel at a specific speed, it can have an indeterminate speed. \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Plane_Wave_3D_Animation_300x216_255Colors.gif\"><br><em><sub><sub><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_wave#/media/File:Plane_Wave_3D_Animation_300x216_255Colors.gif\" title=\"This link will take you away from steemit.com\">Source</a></sub></sub></em> <br><em><sub><sub><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"This link will take you away from steemit.com\">Public Domain</a></sub></sub></em></center></div>\n\n\n\n\nThis is done by adding to this plane wave another plane wave but with a different coded speed, i.e. one that vibrates differently. If I add these two waves together we are going to have interferences: in a certain place, the two waves will be very synchronized in their \"turns\" so that both oscillations will be amplified. However, in the other places, the two waves do not go at the same rate, which will cause them to cancel each other out, resulting in a decrease in the value of the wave. by the simple fact of indeterminate the value of the velocity I have caused that there is already an area where there is a greater probability of finding the electron.\n\n**This effect may be compounded:**\n\nThe more different velocities are superimposed, the more different flat waves we will add, and the stronger the interferences will become, greatly amplifying the value of that region and turning off the rest. I'm saying we'd be determining the position and indeterminate the speed.\n\nIn fact, if we get to the extreme of having an electron with a totally undetermined speed the cancellation is such that in all the points of the space of the wave function they will be worth zero except a single point: we have the electron totally located. We've tipped the scales to the max. That's why it shouldn't be called \"uncertainty.\"\n\n## References\n<hr>\n\n* **[Plane waves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_wave)**\n* **[Werner Heisenberg - Biographical](https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/heisenberg-bio.html)**\n* **[Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle](https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/10/what-is-heisenbergs-uncertainty-principle)**\n\n<hr>\n\n**STEEMSTEM**\n\nSteemSTEM is a community-driven project that now runs on Steem for more than 1.5 year. We seek to build a community of science lovers and to make the Steem blockchain a better place for Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM).\n\nMore information can be found on the @steemstem blog, on our discord server and in our last project report. Please also have a look on this post for what concerns the building of our community.\n\n\n\n\n\n</div>",
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      "title": "Have you heard about the dark DNA?",
      "body": "<div class = text-justify>\n\n<center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cadena_de_ADN.jpg/1024px-Cadena_de_ADN.jpg [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cadena_de_ADN.jpg)\n[CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en)\n</center>\n\n\nCouples of day ago,  I was reading an article of Richard Dawkins, He was talking about of evolution and genetics.\n\nbut there was something that caught my eye. briefly, mentioned the existence of dark DNA. But,\n\n##  What's this?\n<hr>\n\nLet's take it one step at a time let's take it one step at a time \n\n> There is a technology that is very useful for biology, this is DNA sequencing technology. Through this technology, scientists are clarifying some of the questions that humans have been asking about animals for decades. mapping animal genomes. \n\nGenome sequencing allows us to compare and contrast the [DNA](https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/dna) of different animals and humans, this is a discovery of how they evolved in different ways and how some evolved in such a unique way. \n\n> In some cases scientists are faced with a great mystery, it seems that some animal genomes do not have certain genes that other similar species have, and these genes are necessary for this animal to be alive, which is why they have decided to call it dark DNA. \n\n## Why?  \n<hr>\n\nSomehow,  this reminds us of Dark Matter. We know the dark matter is there, we just can't detect it. \n\nThe discovery of the dark DNA is a recent development and is still being researched to determine how widespread it is and whether the species that possess it may have some benefits over the others.\n\nFor example: \n\n## **The Fat sand rat**\n<hr>\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Fat_Sand_Rat.jpg/320px-Fat_Sand_Rat.jpg\"><br><em><sub><sub><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fat_Sand_Rat.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"This link will take you away from steemit.com\">Source</a></sub></sub></em> <br><em><sub><sub><a href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"This link will take you away from steemit.com\">CC BY-SA 3.0</a></sub></sub></em></center></div>\n\n\nThis animal lives in burrows, eat about the 80 percent of its body mass in leaves each day and does not drink water but the really rare thing is that part of its DNA seems to be lost. When further studying its genome has been discovered from one part of it, in particular, had many more mutations than those found in other rodent genomes and have mutated to such a degree that they are difficult to detect.\n\nUsing standard methods is well-known that an excessive mutation prevents a gene from functioning, but this does not seem to be the case with this rodent which, regardless of the excessive number of mutations, continues to function normally. \n\nLet's take a closer look at this.\n<hr>\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Protein_PDX1_PDB_2h1k.png\"><br><em><sub><sub><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fat_Sand_Rat.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"This link will take you away from steemit.com\">Source</a></sub></sub></em> <br><em><sub><sub><a href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"This link will take you away from steemit.com\">CC BY-SA 3.0</a></sub></sub></em></center></div>\n\nIn the 1960s it was discovered that when these rodents were fed the normal ration for laboratory rodents, they tended to be obese and developed type 2 diabetes, making them the focus of study for biologists interested in understanding diabetes in humans. However, in all this time the mystery of why these animals are so susceptible to the disease has not been solved, some scientists thought they would find an answer in the protein **[PDX1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDX1)** which has many roles including the development of the pancreas and the switching on and off of the insulin gene.\n\nThis gene is so important because it is found in all vertebrates, but genetic studies could not detect it in the fat sand rat, however, they have a normal pancreas and can secrete insulin which makes no sense. \n\nWhen scientists saw this, of course, they said, **\"What's going on here?\"** So they decided to sequence the entire genome of this animal and discovered something even more puzzling. \n\n## What did they find?\n<hr>\n\nThe **PDX1** was not the only gene that was actually missing, a large part of the DNA containing almost 90 genes found on the same chromosome in other animals was nowhere to be seen, many of these genes such as pdx1 are essential for survival. \n\n## Then, where are they?\n<hr>\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/DNA_transcription.svg/320px-DNA_transcription.svg.png\"><br><em><sub><sub><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_transcription.svg\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"This link will take you away from steemit.com\">Source</a></sub></sub></em> <br><em><sub><sub><a href=\"\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" title=\"This link will take you away from steemit.com\">Public Domain</a></sub></sub></em></center></div>\n\nWhen scientists realized that this was also missing they said: _\"Wait a minute\"._ \n\nThe great clue was obtained by examining RNA transcripts, the genetic code is composed of four bases **A**,**C**,**G**,**T** which made the sequences so strange was the very high level of 2 of them **G** and **C**.\n \nThis had not been seen before, a mutation access point was also found in a DNA region with an extraordinarily large number of mutations, many of which change from **A** to **T** or **T** or **G** or base **C**, it is also extremely rare for vertebrates to have mutations in that region, Mutations usually compromise the function of a gene and the genes in that hard-to-detect piece of dark dna are so essential to survival that they have barely changed over the course of evolution yet, somehow,  the **PDX1** gene in the fat sand rat, along with others, are succeeding in functioning despite dramatic levels of mutation. \n\nThis discovery is forcing scientists to review some ideas they have about evolution, how a gene can tolerate such a sudden change and still work? \n\nGenetics is one of the main reasons why we are sure that evolution is a fact. Evolution occurs in two stages of mutation followed by natural selection, mutation creates variation in the DNA of an organism and a natural selection decides whether it is maintained or whether it goes away and so,  gives a direction to evolution but high mutation regions within a genome means that genes in certain places are more likely to mutate than others. This means that these access points could be a mechanism that could also influence evolution, so natural selection may not be the only driving force after all.\n\n\n## Scientist conclude \n<hr>\n\n> So far, dark DNA seems to be present in two very diverse and distinct types of animal. But it’s still not clear how widespread it could be. Could all animal genomes contain dark DNA and, if not, what makes gerbils and birds so unique? The most exciting puzzle to solve will be working out what effect dark DNA has had on animal evolution.\n\n## References\n<hr>\n\n * [(1)](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-00920-x)\n * [(2)](http://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2018/03/what-is-dark-dna.html)\n * [(3)](https://www.arkive.org/fat-sand-rat/psammomys-obesus/)\n * [(4)](https://www.genome.gov/10000715/genetic-mapping-fact-sheet/)\n * [(5)](http://www.genomics.cn/communication_newsletter/2017-July-PC-E/page-en/detail-en-shashu.html)\n * [(6)](http://bigthink.com/articles/dark-dna-is-changing-the-way-we-see-evolution) \n\n</div>",
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