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      "author": "steemitboard",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-jennamarbles-20190716t100229000z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Congratulations @jennamarbles! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@jennamarbles/birthday3.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 3 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@jennamarbles) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=jennamarbles)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "title": "Economist Guide: 3 Lessons Adam Smith Teaches Us",
      "body": "For all the attention Adam Smith receives as the father of modern economics, most of his lasting influences are best classified as moral and social – maybe even anthropological. Smith was a Scottish professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow, and most of his economic insights were byproducts of this pursuit. Smith championed self-interest as enlightening and beneficial, and he viewed political or business power with contempt.\n\nSmith was wrong on many of the details of his economic theory; like Karl Marx after him, Smith operated under the assumption of the now-defunct labor theory of value, for example. Smith either ignored or never fully addressed other aspects; he lacked a full-bodied theory of prices and made virtually no mention of time factors. Still, there are some valuable economic lessons left to be learned from his classic book, “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.”\n\n1.  The Main Causes of Economic Growth Are Division of Labor and Accumulation of Capital\n\n“Each individual becomes more expert in his own peculiar branch, more work is done upon the whole, and the quantity of science is considerably increased by it.”\n\nAdam Smith begins “The Wealth of Nations” with a simple discussion of the division of labor within a pin factory. From that point forward, his focus never really deviates; in some ways, “The Wealth of Nations” is a tribute to the nearly endless applications of this fundamental economic concept.\n\nThe division of labor increases productivity for three reasons: it saves time and reduces setup costs, repetition and specialized education lead to increased dexterity and productivity, and it encourages the invention of machines or automation in the specialized areas. Smith didn’t discover these truths, but he did bring them together.\n\nSmith also makes frequent reference to the stock of an economy, meaning savings and accumulated capital. Without pre-existing capital, businesses and entrepreneurs can’t hire workers, build factories or begin production. Smith understood that an economy requires savings to grow, for savings fuel investment and credit.\n\n2.  Voluntary Exchange Will Not Take Place Unless Both Parties Believe They Will Benefit\n\n“Give me that which I want, and you shall this which you want, is the meaning of every such offer; and it is in this manner that we obtain from one another the far greater part of those good offices which we stand in need of.”\n\nIt’s inaccurate to think of economics as a science about market gains and losses. What economics really studies is how separate individuals benefit each other; namely that they do so unintentionally. Smith’s crucial insight is that markets and society improve naturally when people are allowed to trade freely.\n\nBasic deductive logic proves that people do not enter into a trades voluntarily when they don’t expect to gain; otherwise they would not make the trade and would be better off staying put. Each successful trade sends a signal in the market that a certain good or service has value; if this happens enough, greater forces will be mobilized to bring about that good or service in greater abundance.\n\nNobel-winning economist Milton Friedman once said, “Most economic fallacies derive from the neglect of this simple insight, that market participants trade to benefit themselves.” Friedman and Smith also knew that interfering with voluntary exchanges has the opposite effect.\n\n3.  Government Intervention Disrupts the Efficient Distribution of Resources on the Market\n\n“But though the law cannot hinder people of the same trade from sometimes assembling together, it ought to do nothing to facilitate such assemblies, much less to render them necessary.”\n\nThough Smith believed in a functional, limited government, he didn’t want governments interfering with trade. Smith most famously used this argument against the prevailing economic theory of his time, something he labeled as “mercantilism,” because it favored subsidies and tariffs. Smith showed that free moving markets maximize the efficient flow of resources, which maximized the public good. Overreach by bureaucrats only hinders this process because it interrupts with crucial market signals.\n\nEven though two trading partners accidentally create greater value by voluntarily exchanging, no third party can create additional value by forcing an exchange to take place – nor can a third party create additional value by forcefully interfering with the exchange of two separate parties. Rather, Smith felt that politicians and crony businessmen would likely use power to enrich themselves at the expense of the poor.\n\nSource: Investopedia",
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      "title": "How to make French toast",
      "body": "Eggy bread with raspberries and cottage cheese\nWeekend mornings were made for French Toast – the best thing since sliced bread! What better way to start the day after a lie-in. You may also know it as eggy bread, pain perdu, or the 'poor knights of Windsor'. In essence, it’s bread, often slightly stale, soaked in a mixture of milk and eggs then fried before being topped with something sweet. A glug of maple syrup is always popular and for the classic American breakfast, a bit savoury is thrown in, too – usually bacon.\n\nFor the ultimate breakfast or brunch spread, you may also want to learn how to make American pancakes as well as traditional English crumpets.\n \n\nFrench toast recipe\nServes 2\n\n1 large egg, beaten\n300ml milk\n1 tsp vanilla extract or ½ tsp cinnamon\n4 thick slices white bread\n2 tbsp butter\nToppings of your choice (such as 2 tbsp maple syrup or honey, or 2 tsp caster sugar)\nHow to make French toast\nIn a wide dish, whisk the egg, milk and vanilla or cinnamon together. Coat one side of the bread slices in the liquid, then carefully flip them over and leave them to soak for 1-2 mins. If the bread isn’t very fresh you can leave for a few mins more. You want the eggy milk mixture to be absorbed into the bread but not so much that it falls apart.\nMelt 1 tbsp of the butter in a large non-stick pan over a medium heat and add two slices of the soaked bread. Cook for 5 mins or until golden, then turn to cook the other side for another 5 mins. Transfer to a plate and cook the other two slices in the rest of the butter.\nCut the bread on the diagonal and divide between 2 plates, then add your toppings. A drizzle of honey or maple syrup works really well, or a sprinkling of cinnamon mixed with sugar. Add some jam, fruit compote or a few slices of fresh fruit or berries if you like. You can even turn it into dessert with the addition of crème fraiche or ice cream.\nFrench toast toppings\nRicotta & strawberry French toast\n\nRicotta French toast with strawberries and honey\nMake this recipe using the classic French toast method, then heap sliced strawberries, ricotta and honey over the top. Strawberries are available all year round in supermarkets these days, so you can have a taste of summer whenever you feel like it. So simple to make and yet, it looks like a restaurant dish.\n\nCrunchy almond panettone French toast\n\nPanettone French toast with Greek yogurt and pomegranate seeds\nPanettone isn't just for Christmas anymore, but this panettone perdu makes fantastic use of it if you do have leftovers during the holiday season. The combination of brioche-like bread, rich dried fruit, cinnamon and fresh clementines will make you feel festive. Greek yogurt cuts through the richness.\n\nChallah grapefruit French toast\n\nChallah french toast with syrup\nAnother traditional bread similar to brioche is Jewish challah and if you leave it for a day or two, it has the perfect texture for a fluffy French toast. In our recipe, the sharp bitterness from the grapefruit segments cuts through the sweet, buttery richness of the toasted challah. If you can’t find it in shops, try using bagels or thickly cut brioche.\n\nFrench toast bacon butties\n\nFrench toast with slices of bacon\nAmericans love to mix up sweet and savoury when it comes to breakfast and the combination really does work very nicely. With this recipe, the British bacon sarnie meets French toast. Or think of it as another twist on eggs and bacon. Make sure you bring out those flavours with a sprinkle of sugar, or a drizzle of maple syrup.  \n\nTorrijas with sherry\n\nTorrijas with ice cream and blackberries\nRaid the drinks cabinet to make this Spanish version of French toast laced with sherry. You would be less likely to have this for breakfast, instead try it as a dessert for a casual dinner with friends. Serve with fruit and ice cream alongside, or leave out the sherry and top with honey and yogurt for a less intoxicating start to the day!",
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      "permlink": "steemit-video-lesson-in-drawing-lesson-2-how-to-draw-pikachu-step-by-step",
      "title": "How to draw a dog",
      "body": "Today I am going to show you how to draw a dog. Even though the skeletons of dogs and cats are quite similar, especially in the simplified version I'll be drawing, it is good to remember that these animals move and look very different from each other. \n\nIn this tutorial I will guide you through the whole process of how to draw a dog. We’ll be sketching an anatomically correct portrait of a German Shepherd, starting with sketches and moving on to drawing the skeleton, muscles and fur. If you follow all the steps you should be able to draw any dog in no time. For more advice, take a look at our roundup of tutorials exploring how to draw animals.\n\n01. Observe in quick sketches\nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nMany people – especially those who are new to art – disregard the sketching phase and consider it a waste of time. Often they will draw one or two sketches and call it a day. It's very easy to be tempted to speed up this stage. After all, details are much more fun to draw, aren't they? \n\nThe problem is, if we’re too eager to get to the details, it's easy to ignore the overall anatomy. And trust me on this: beautifully rendered fur on a creature that only partially resembles a dog will impress no one. \n\nРЕКЛАМА\n\ninRead invented by Teads\nIf you own a dog yourself, observe how they walk, run, jump, sit or lie down. You may think you know how they move, but you really won't until you consciously observe the animal. You can also google some photos of dogs and use them as reference to quickly sketch different poses. Try not to spend time on details – the sketching phase is not about that. \n\n02. Find the skeleton\nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nFocusing on the skeleton is a key part of mastering how to draw a dog. Even though in the end no one is going to see it, it's essential to understand the skeleton and be able to draw it in proportion. As you become more proficient you may start drawing the skeleton more loosely or perhaps even be able to skip this step altogether because by then the proportions will be engraved in your memory. \n\nBefore you move on to drawing the skeleton in your chosen pose, a good exercise would be to draw the structure on top of your previous quick sketches. This will help you become more familiar with the idea of a skeleton underneath all that cute fur that dogs are covered in.\n\n03. Draw the skeleton\nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nAs you sketch dogs in different positions you will soon realise which one appeals to you the most. Perhaps you'll choose to draw a dog napping, or sitting. For this tutorial, I’m going to use a walking pose as this shows the animal and its anatomy in the best possible way. \n\nLoosely draw the skeleton of a dog in your chosen pose. I tend to draw the skull, ribcage and pelvis bone, and use single lines to indicate the spine, tail and limbs. \n\nDogs’ skeletons have many similarities with human skeletons. You can clearly see the equivalent of human knees, elbows, feet and hands. Dogs’ legs are not that different from our arms and legs – the only real difference is in the proportions of the bones. \n\nIf you look closely you'll see that dogs walk on the balls and toes of their feet, sort of like a woman in high heels. Notice how opposing front and back legs carrying most of the weight of the dog. They are firmly placed on the ground, while the other two barely touch the floor.\n\nIf you work in traditional media, use very light strokes for the skeleton, so that you can erase it later. If you work digitally, draw each step on a separate layer.\n\n04. Draw in the muscles \nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nAdvertisement\n\nThe point of this step is to establish the anatomy beneath all the fur. German Shepherds are not particularly fluffy, so the muscles will be visible through the outer coat. However, if you choose a breed such as an Afghan Hound or Bernese Mountain Dog you'll face a slightly bigger challenge finding the muscles under all the fur. \n\nIt is important to understand how the muscles sit under the skin. Understanding the general rules will give you the tools you need to draw any dog, regardless of the hair length.\n\n05. Focus on the face \nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nNow it’s time to refine the drawing, beginning with the head. We want to start using stronger, more decisive lines at this point.\n\n\nIt's very important to observe the correct position of the eyes. If you’re drawing a dog’s head straight-on, it’s fairly easy to maintain the correct proportions between the eyes and nose. However, drawing the face in a slightly turned view can be much trickier. Not only are the eyes now at a different angle, which changes their shape and size, but their position in relation to the nose also changes. \n\nIt's important to remember that the eye that is further away from the viewer will not be the same size as the one in the foreground. Perspective means the closer eye will be slightly bigger. \n\n06. Draw in the muzzle\nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nLike many other dogs, German Shepherds have quite long muzzles. Even pugs, which don't have prominent muzzles, don’t have entirely flat faces. The length of the dog’s muzzle will vary depending on its breed, so make sure to observe this carefully. \n\nMaking the muzzle too long or too short will drastically alter the likeness of the dog. Remember that in a three-quarter view, the muzzle will appear shorter. \n\nPay close attention to the shape and size of the nose as well. Most dog's noses look quite similar, but depending on the breed they can be bigger or smaller in relation to the rest of the head. If the dog has an open mouth they will usually show their teeth, gums and tongue, which is typically quite long and flexible.\n\n07. Move on to the ears\nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nAs with the eyes, it is necessary to pay close attention to perspective when drawing ears. Observe the shape of the head and how the ears are attached to it. The ears are generally a mirror image of each other, but even when painting uneven ears (some dogs have one droopy ear, for example) they will stay a consistent shape at their base. In this example I have altered one of the ears on purpose to show you what I mean.\n\n08. Refine the body \nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nAdvertisement\nWe already have a good idea of the musculature of the body, but on top of the muscles there is skin and fur. In some cases this can drastically change the look of the dog (think about how different certain dogs can look after they’ve been groomed). \n\nGerman Shepherds are still hairy in places, so where necessary use smaller strokes to indicate fur. The dog I'm drawing has thicker fur around its neck, under its belly and on its tail, but on the rest of his body, especially the head and legs, his hair is shorter. Avoid using the same kind of strokes all over unless it's a short-haired breed. \n\nWhen you're done, erase the underlying lines if working traditionally or turn off the skeleton/muscle layers if you’re working digitally.\n\n09. Consider fur patterns\nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nEvery dog is a little different, and their colours can vary greatly. This can still be shown even in a black-and-white sketch. Use varying pencil strokes when shading to ensure the coat pattern doesn't look flat. \n\nMy dog’s hair is mainly brown and black. I didn't want to recreate all of the tonal values, so instead I sketched in only the black parts of the fur. I also used lighter strokes along the dog's back to indicate a light source hitting the fur.\n\n10. Add final touches\nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nClick the icon in the top right to enlarge the image\n\nFinally, I added some subtle strokes along the dog’s legs to give a suggestion of muscles showing underneath the fur. The idea is to convey enough information to give the dog character without having to shade the entire silhouette. The last touch is to add some shadows under the paws and voilà – you drew a dog!\n\nIf you want to take your canine drawing skills further, we have more tips and tutorials for you:\n\nLearn how to draw a pencil portrait of a dog\nGet some tips for charcoal drawings of dogs\nA guide to drawing a dog's muscle groups\nDiscover the secret to drawing motion in this wagging tail tutorial",
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      "title": "8 How-To Videos We Love (and Why)",
      "body": "Have you ever learned how to do something with the help of an internet search?\n\nThe answer is most likely a resounding “yes.” Most recently, I taught myself how to fold a fitted sheet with a helpful video from homemaker extraordinaire and friend of Snoop Dogg Martha Stewart.\n\nVideos are an especially compelling way to learn how to do something online because, well, the video shows you exactly how to do it. I’m not alone here, either -- 4X as many customers would prefer to watch a video about a product, rather than read about it. So if you’re among the many marketers producing more video content this year, there could be a lot of value in making videos specifically for those in your audience who are trying to learn how to do something, too.\n\nIn this post, we’ll explore just how popular these searches are on YouTube and what you can learn from eight how-to videos about how to make great teaching videos of your own.\n\nHow-To Video Searches Are Popular\nHow-to searches are incredibly popular. Think about just in your own life for a moment, and reconsider my question at the beginning of this blog post.\n\nAs it turns out, 91% of smartphone users consult their various devices seeking help completing a task. But these searches aren’t all happening on Google. People are searching for videos to learn how to do things on YouTube.\n\nAccording to Think With Google, how-to searches are increasing 70% year-over-year on YouTube, and more than 100 million hours of how-to videos were watched in North America alone in recent years.\n\n8 How-To Videos on YouTube to Learn From\n1) How to Fold a Fitted Sheet\n\nYou may recognize the title of this how-to video -- it's the one I mentioned earlier in this very blog post. Are you always geting stymied when putting away fitted sheets on laundry day like me?\n\nWhat I love about this video is how it showcases personality. It's a simple how-to video of humans demonstrating how to do something, without any animations or high tech features, but it's still extremely effective at teaching the viewer. Stewart and her guests make jokes about how hard it is to fold the sheet -- Stewart even joking that her inability to do so led to her divorce -- and they show the viewer how easy it is to get tripped up in the process. Stewart and her guests also have empathy for the viewer and show exactly how to avoid pitfalls along the way.\n\nTakeaway for marketers: If you want to create a how-to video \"hosted\" by a real, live human, make sure they act like a human. Videos are an easy way for brands to showcase personality, so put yourself in the shoes of your viewer, and infuse humor, sincerity, and empathy into your instructions. If the concept you're explaining is complicated, tell the viewer that. If you had no idea how to use your product at first, share that. Speaking like a human -- instead of reading off a script like a robot -- will make your video memorable, effective, and enjoyable, too.\n\n2) How to Cook Perfect Pasta\n\nTasty on BuzzFeed shares cooking and recipe videos that frequently go viral on YouTube and other social media and reach millions of people every month. But this video isn't one of Tasty's trademark recipe videos -- it's one of several how-to videos that break down common or difficult cooking skills step-by-step. \n\nIn this video, Tasty uses hyperlapse to speed up the cooking demonstration and get the viewer the information they need as quickly as possible. This fast-paced filming style is eye-catching if it starts auto-playing in a social media feed, too. Tasty chose a smart how-to search term, too -- there's a ton of search volume around the phrase \"how to cook pasta.\"\n\nTakeaway for marketers: Viewers prefer YouTube videos on the shorter side, so sped-up hyperlapse filming helps conserve time and creates a neat visual effect. Work backward and conduct keyword research to learn what terms your audience is searching for to find a topic to make your video about.\n\n3) How to Escape Quicksand\n\nEvidently, Princess Buttercup's tragic fall into quicksand in The Princess Bride wouldn't have been quite as terrifying in real life.\n\nIn this how-to video, Tech Insider uses captions and animations to break down a complicated concept. I wasn't exactly searching for information on how to escape quicksand when I found this video, but the unique subject matter made me instantly click, intrigued. What's more, the sound isn't required -- although it does add dramatic effect -- which might make people more likely to click and watch all the way through, since many social media videos are watched on mute.\n\nTakeaway for marketers: Your how-to videos don't necessarily need to be about a dry topic related to your industry. If you create a fascinating piece of content that goes viral, you'll generate interest in your brand that way. Animations and captions help to show -- rather than explain -- trickier concepts like quicksand, so consider these visual elements for high-level explanations. And if there's a way to make your videos volume-agnostic, do so. Some videos will require narration or other sounds, but the visual elements mentioned previously could do the talking for you.\n\n4) How to Blow Out Curly Hair\n\nAnyone who's ever gotten a blowout knows that it can be expensive and time-consuming to have it professionally done.\n\nSo Bustle cleverly made a how-to video that teaches viewers how to DIY and save money -- a motivating factor behind many how-to online searches, I suspect. This video is also short, which MiniMatters suggests for enticing viewers to watch videos all the way through. YouTube counts a view as once a video has been watched for approximately 30 seconds, so viewers with short attention spans might be more likely to stick around for that long if they see a video is shorter, like this one.\n\nTakeaway for marketers: Almost everybody wants to save money where they can, so think about ways your how-to video could help viewers do that when brainstorming topics. When filming, try to keep videos as short as possible to attract viewers and keep them watching all the way through to steadily increase your number of YouTube views.\n\n5) How to Add a Friend to a Group\n\nIn this short and sweet how-to demonstration video, Facebook infuses humor to provide context for the topic it unpacks. It gives the viewer a chuckle, and research shows that content that elicits strong positive feelings makes the material more memorable and sticky.\n\nTakeaway for marketers: Don't be afraid to be humorous and silly in your videos -- even if it's a little dorky, like in this example. It helps place the lesson your video teaches in context for your viewer and shows off the more personable side of your brand.\n\n6) How to Asana: Planning with Asana calendar\n\nAsana cleverly brands its how-to video series as \"How to Asana,\" and all of the videos in the series feature a consistent theme. All of the videos in this series are under two minutes in length, are hosted by the same person, and feature an eye-popping yellow background. The meat of the video consists of a screencast of someone using the Asana calendar tool, but these branding details bring life to what would otherwise be a rather boring video.\n\nTakeaway for marketers: If you're thinking about creating a how-to video series, take the extra time to make it memorable and recognizable. These efforts will make videos look more professional and will make viewers want to keep tuning in for more helpful videos if they know they can expect more.\n\n7) How to Create an Animated GIF in Photoshop\n\nWho else here loves GIFs? That's right -- everyone loves GIFs.\n\nBut before I watched the video above, I had no idea how easy it was to make my own. That's the ideal reaction to a how-to video, by the way -- \"that was so easy.\"\n\nAdobe's how-to video is a great example of a software demonstration video because it zooms in on only the necessary information. Instead of confusing the viewer by showing the entire Photoshop interface, the video features magnified animations of only the buttons and tools they need to accomplish the task at hand.\n\nTakeaway for marketers: If you're making a technology demonstration how-to video, consider how it will appear to any first-time product users watching. Try to minimize any confusion by only filming elements of the technology needed for your video so viewers can follow along on their devices.\n\n8) How to Increase Your Facebook Reach and Outsmart the Algorithm\n\nYou might be hesitant to create videos to explain a complicated subject matter, but that could actually be the most effective medium to help your audience understand something.\n\nIn this video, my colleague Megan Conley breaks down the many nuances of Facebook's News Feed algorithm in a clear and concise manner. Then, graphics, animations, and screencasts supplement what she talks about with data visualizations to make the stats and figures more memorable for the viewer. Finally, the video ends with helpful next steps viewers can take to solve the problem outlined in the video. The video isn't about how to use HubSpot software at all -- it's only in the business of helping people get better results.\n\nTakeaway for marketers: The most compelling how-to video might be one that doesn't mention your product at all. Think about what questions your audience might be asking and establish your brand as a thought leader with helpful videos that don't end with a sales pitch.\n\nHow to Make How-To Videos\nNow that you have inspiration from real-life B2B and B2C brand videos, start thinking about how you could create helpful content for your audience.\n\nCreate buyer personas and use these to inform your strategy. What types of questions does your audience ask about your product? What questions do they ask about your industry? What problems does your product solve that you could demonstrate in a video? Use tools like Google Trends and HubSpot’s Keywords tool to learn more about the types of searches your audience is conducting and what content you could create to answer those questions.\n\nWhat’s the best how-to video you’ve ever seen? Share with us in the comments below.",
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      "parent_permlink": "photography",
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      "permlink": "russia-volgograd",
      "title": "HOW TO TAKE BETTER SHOTS OF YOUR MINIATURES WITH PHOTOGRAPHY FOR BEGINNERS",
      "body": "<html>\n<p>&nbsp;Your miniatures are set to do battle, conquer new realms or even fly to far-away planets, so when your photos of these mighty leaders end up making them look like out-of-focus bits of plastic, it’s a real shame. When you’ve spent a long time painting your miniatures, you want to show them off, whether this is on Facebook, Twitter, or just as a picture message to friends. If you’ve ever struggled to get great results and are unhappy with blurry images that have unsightly color casts, Photography for Beginners is here to help. In this tutorial we show you how to take your best-ever shots of your miniatures, from the right settings to creating your very own backdrop.</p>\n<p>The Guild Austringer selects his raptor’s next target. Keep reading and learn how to take great photos like this one!</p>\n<p><strong>Tip 1: Go Macro</strong> To get in really close to your miniatures you will need to shoot macro. You can do this in a few ways: set your compact to Macro mode (the flower symbol), use a dedicated macro lens if you have an interchangeable lens camera, or use close-up filters or extension tubes. To find out more about these options head over to the <a href=\"http://www.photoforbeginners.com/news/tutorials/macro-photography-kit-options\">Photography </a><a href=\"http://www.photoforbeginners.com/news/tutorials/macro-photography-kit-options\">for Beginners site</a>.</p>\n<p>Go Macro</p>\n<p><strong>Tip 2:</strong> <strong>Choose Your Settings</strong> If you have manual modes, set your camera to <a href=\"http://www.photoforbeginners.com/news/tutorials/understanding-camera-modes-aperture-priority\">Aperture</a> <a href=\"http://www.photoforbeginners.com/news/tutorials/understanding-camera-modes-aperture-priority\">Priority mode</a> and select a wide aperture (low f number) to blur the background. Keep the <a href=\"http://www.photoforbeginners.com/news/tutorials/understanding-camera-modes-program\">ISO</a> low to reduce noise and your camera will set the shutter speed. Compact users can simply set to Macro mode and the camera will do all the hard work. Make sure you set up on a tripod or prop your camera on a hard surface to keep shots steady and free from blur. you set up on a tripod or prop your camera on a hard surface to keep shots steady and free from blur.</p>\n<p>Be Sure to Choose the Right Setting</p>\n<p><strong>Tip 3:</strong> <strong>Set the White Balance</strong> Ever wondered why your shots keep coming out really orange or blue? These colour casts are down to the <a href=\"http://www.photoforbeginners.com/news/tutorials/tips-for-using-white-balance\">white</a> <a href=\"http://www.photoforbeginners.com/news/tutorials/tips-for-using-white-balance\">balance</a> the camera picks. Help it out by telling it what light you are using by selecting a preset white balance such as Incandescent or Tungsten.</p>\n<p>Don’y Forget to White Balance!</p>\n<p><strong>Tip 4: Create a Backdrop</strong> Cluttered backgrounds of desktops or living rooms can ruin your shot, so try <a href=\"http://www.photoforbeginners.com/news/tutorials/how-to-choose-a-backdrop-for-still-life\">creating </a><a href=\"http://www.photoforbeginners.com/news/tutorials/how-to-choose-a-backdrop-for-still-life\">your own backdrop</a>. Put up paper or card behind the miniatures to remove distractions or set them on the game board for context. Here we have printed out an image to give it some extra color.</p>\n<p>Consider Adding A Backdrop</p>\n<p><strong>Tip 5: Light It Up</strong> The most important thing to make your minis really stand out is the <a href=\"http://www.photoforbeginners.com/news/tutorials/tips-for-better-lighting\">lighting</a>. Either set them up by a window for natural light or simply use a desk lamp. Here we have used two desk lamps with tracing paper over them for softer light. Having two will fill in any shadows, but you could use one lamp and a piece of white paper to bounce the light back in on the other side.</p>\n<p>Lighting, Lighting, Lighting!</p>\n<p><strong>Tip 6: Consider Your Angle</strong> Think about the angle you are shooting from. It’s best to get down to the level your miniatures are on, or even try to shoot from a slightly lower angle to make them look big and imposing. Half press your shutter button to focus and then fully press it to shoot. Review your shot on the back of your camera, making sure the right area is sharp and the image is well exposed. Move your point of focus or adjust settings if needed.</p>\n<p>Have You Thought About Your Angle?</p>\n<p><strong>Tip 7: Edit the Shots</strong> To finish, take your image into editing software or an app to enhance it further. Use Unsharp Mask to sharpen it up, Levels to tweak the exposure, as well as Shadows and Highlights to brighten up dark areas. Get the best editing tips and creative ideas now over at <a href=\"http://www.photoforbeginners.com/\">Photoforbeginners.com</a>.</p>\n<p>Add Finishing Touches in Editing!</p>\n<p>Follow these essential photography tips and pretty soon you will be capturing amazing images. Bring your miniatures to life!&nbsp;</p>\n</html>",
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      "title": "Picking a Charity",
      "body": "<html>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<ol>\n  <li><strong>1Consider what the charity will do with the clothes you donate.</strong> There are lots of options for charities that accept baby clothes. Many charities, like Salvation Army or Goodwill, have locations across the country, while other charities may just be based in your area. Decide what you want your clothes to do:\n    <ul>\n      <li>Some charities will resell your items and use the proceeds to fund programs.</li>\n      <li>Other charities give used baby clothes directly to families in need.</li>\n    </ul>\n  </li>\n  <li><strong>2Ask for recommendations.</strong> Once you have narrowed down the mission of the charity, ask around for recommendations from family, friends, and local community members. They might be able to recommend a respected charity they had a good experience with.</li>\n  <li><strong>3Run an internet search.</strong> You can also check with local government offices or nonprofits to see if there are any programs in the area that need baby clothes.\n    <ul>\n      <li>Before deciding on a charity, check websites like CharityWatch.org and CharityNavigator.org, which grade charities around the world on their efforts and reliability.</li>\n    </ul>\n  </li>\n  <li><strong>4Find out what kind of donations your top charities accept.</strong> Once you have settled on a few options, check to see the qualifications for giving to that charity. Some charities might only accept a certain size or gender of clothes, while others may limit it to seasonal clothing.\n    <ul>\n      <li>Charity needs vary throughout the year depending on their donation levels, so be sure to check with the charity each time you donate.</li>\n    </ul>\n  </li>\n  <li><strong>5Consider donating to several different charities.</strong> If you have a lot of possible items to donate, check with a number of charities to see what they need most and divide your items to meet each charity’s needs.</li>\n</ol>\n</html>",
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      "parent_permlink": "openheart",
      "author": "jennamarbles",
      "permlink": "first-steem-crowdfunding-we-can-make-this-world-better",
      "title": "charity run",
      "body": "<html>\n<p>&nbsp;If you would like to create and manage a project you have to know exactly what its <strong>goal</strong> will be. Let’s use a <strong>charity run</strong> as an example, a very popular event in these last years. &nbsp;Its <strong>aim</strong> is not only a healthy way for participants to <strong>raise money</strong> for a good cause, but also a very visible way of <strong>publicising your charitable cause</strong> to the community.<br>\n<strong>Step 1: Define outcome and assign tasks</strong>When the project is clear and you have determined the desired outcome, you can start to <strong>outline</strong> each of the <strong>project’s component tasks</strong> and the <strong>resources</strong> that you need.&nbsp; Considering the charity run, you should firstly <strong>choose a route. &nbsp;</strong>It will play a central role in other decisions you make concerning resources as staff size, security and transportation. Moreover, since it’s a <strong>charity event</strong> you should be <strong>as inclusive as possible</strong>, involving people of all ages. But the route is not the only thing: also safety, transportation, resources and legalities of a Charity Run are important points that have to be considered.<strong>Step 2:&nbsp; Identify the players and spread the news.</strong>Who can <strong>participate</strong> in this kind of project (internal or external persons) and who can be the <strong>competitors</strong>? In this case the main participants can be local people who are living close to the location where the run takes place; but for finding them you have to <strong>spread the news about the event.</strong> You can use <strong>traditional marketing</strong> such as post, TV, radio, newspaper advertisements (not always you can afford it) or <strong>free marketing channels</strong> such as Facebook, Twitter and all social media that is ideal for creating a buzz about your charity event.<strong>Step 3: Create a timeline.</strong>In our case study <strong>the deadline</strong> is the day of the run. Until that day you should be really busy <strong>collecting contact information</strong>, entry fees, and fundraising commitments from people who want to participate and keeping them motivated. Most of these events use an <strong>integrated online event management system</strong> that allows them to build a custom online <strong>registration form</strong>, link that form to the website and collect participant contact data online. Ideally, you would also collect payment online during the registration process.<strong>Step 4: Leave room for improvement!</strong>When everything is planned, the last step is to <strong>review your project</strong> and, if needed, make amendments to it, according to any last minute unexpected difficulties or complications.<strong>Step 5: Get FeedbackAfter the charity run,</strong> you could already be thinking about the next event and send those who registered a <strong>follow-up email</strong> in which you offer a discounted rate. Another important thing to do would be to send an <strong>online survey</strong> to your participants and ask them what they liked and what can be improved for next event. This <strong>feedback</strong> is extremely valuable and will help you to <strong>monitor</strong> your project and to <strong>generate new ideas</strong>for the next.&nbsp;</p>\n</html>",
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      "permlink": "one-more-historical-day-for-steem-the-first-pizza-is-prepared",
      "title": "PIZZA",
      "body": "<html>\n<h3>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h2>Ingredients</h2>\n<h3>For the dough</h3>\n<ul>\n  <li>400g/14oz <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/food/strong_white_flour\">strong white flour</a></li>\n  <li>100g/3½oz <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/food/semolina\">semolina</a>, plus extra for dusting</li>\n  <li>2 tsp <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/food/salt\">salt</a></li>\n  <li>15g/½oz fresh <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/food/yeast\">yeast</a> or 1½ tsp of dry <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/food/yeast\">yeast</a></li>\n  <li>275ml/9½fl oz tepid water</li>\n  <li>50ml/2fl oz <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/food/olive_oil\">olive oil</a>, plus extra for oiling</li>\n</ul>\n<h3>For the topping</h3>\n<ul>\n  <li>2 tbsp tomato sauce</li>\n  <li>pizza toppings of your choice</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/food/recipes/how_to_make_pizza_50967#recipe-tips\">Recipe tips</a></p>\n<h2>Method</h2>\n<ol>\n  <li>In a large mixing bowl, stir together the flour, semolina and salt. Stir in the dried yeast (or crumble in the fresh yeast). Make a well in the centre of the flour mixture and pour in most of the water along with the olive oil. Bring the dough together with your hands or a wooden spoon. As the flour is incorporated, the dough will start to take shape. Add the remaining water if the dough feels tight or hard.</li>\n  <li>Turn the dough out onto a clean surface and knead for 10 minutes, or until it is smooth and elastic. Cut off a small piece of the dough and stretch part of it as thinly as you can. If you can see the shadow of your fingers through the dough (the light should shine through the dough like a window pane) without it tearing, it is ready to prove.</li>\n  <li>Knead the cut piece back into the dough and shape the dough into an even ball. Place in an oiled bowl, cover with a damp tea towel and allow to prove in a warm place for 1–1½ hours, or until it has doubled in size (the temperature of your kitchen can affect the timing of this).</li>\n  <li>When the dough has risen, take it out of the bowl and knock the air out. Divide the dough into two equal portions, and shape each portion into a ball. Cover with a damp cloth and allow to prove again for about 15 minutes.</li>\n  <li>Place a pizza stone or an upturned baking tray into the oven and preheat to its highest setting.</li>\n  <li>Dust the work surface liberally with semolina. Roll out one piece of the dough to form a circle that will fit on your pizza stone or baking tray.</li>\n  <li>Transfer the pizza base onto a plastic chopping board (or another upturned baking tray) dusted with semolina. The tray will be used to slide the pizza base directly onto the pizza stone.</li>\n  <li>Cover the surface with half of the tomato sauce and toppings of your choice.</li>\n  <li>When ready to bake, slide the pizza directly onto the pizza stone and cook for 8–10 minutes, or until the base is golden-brown and the toppings are bubbling. Repeat with the remaining dough, tomato sauce and toppings.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3>Recipe Tips</h3>\n<p>The semonlina in this recipe will give the base added crunch and stop it from sticking. But you can replace it with an equivalent amount of flour if you don't have any.If you are making the pizza bases in advance, once the dough has been divided and rolled, cover and place into the fridge. Remove one hour before needed to allow the dough to come up to temperature.If you want to freeze the pizza bases roll them out before you put them in the freezer.&nbsp;</p>\n</html>",
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      "title": "Economist Guide: 3 Lessons Karl Marx Teaches Us",
      "body": "<html>\n<h3>&nbsp;Karl Marx is often associated with such ideas as socialism and communism. It is surprising that so few are familiar with his actual philosophies and theories. Marx’s best-known works are “Capital: A Critique of Political Economy,” more commonly referred to as “Das Kapital,” and “The Communist Manifesto,” co-authored with his lifelong friend Friedrich Engels. He was, without question, one of the most important and revolutionary thinkers of his time.“Capital,” published in 1867, was by far the more academic work, laying forth Marx’s theories on commodities, labor markets, the division of labor and a basic understanding of the rate of return to owners of capital. Nearly everything Marx wrote was viewed through the lens of the common laborer. From Marx comes the idea that capitalist profits are possible because value is “stolen” from the working class and transferred to the employers.Marxist ideas have very few direct adherents in contemporary times; indeed, very few Western thinkers embraced Marxism after 1898, when economist Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk’s “Karl Marx and the Close of His System” was first translated into English. In his damning rebuke, Böhm-Bawerk shows that Karl Marx fails to incorporate capital markets or subjective values in his analysis, nullifying most of Marx’s more pronounced conclusions. Still, there are some lessons that even modern economic thinkers can learn from Marx, including the following.<em><strong>1.&nbsp; Capitalism Is the Most Productive Economic System</strong></em>Though he was its harshest critic, Marx understood the capitalist system was far more productive than previous economic systems. In “Capital,” he wrote of “capitalist production” that combined “together of various processes into a social whole,” which included developing new technologies. He believed all countries should become capitalist and develop that productive capacity, and then workers would naturally revolt into communism.You do not have to believe in Marx’s final conclusions to understand he is exactly correct: capitalism is the most productive economic system in world history. According to a 2003 report from the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, per capita income and productivity around the world never grew faster than populations until the late 18th century, when Britain first adopted pro-free market policies.<em><strong>2.&nbsp; The Labor Theory of Value Cannot Explain Profits</strong></em>Like all of the classical economists, Karl Marx believed in the labor theory of value to explain market prices. This theory stated that the value of a produced economic good can be measured objectively by the average number of labor hours required to produce it. In other words, if a table takes twice as long to make as a chair, then the table should be considered twice as valuable.Marx understood the labor theory better than his predecessors and contemporaries, even Adam Smith, and presented a devastating intellectual challenge to laissez-faire economists in “Capital;” if goods and services tend to be sold at their true objective labor values as measured in labor hours, how do any capitalists enjoy profits? It must mean, Marx concluded, that capitalists were underpaying or overworking, and thereby exploiting, laborers to drive down the cost of production.While Marx’s answer was eventually proven incorrect and later economists adopted the subjective theory of value, his simple assertion was enough to show the weakness of the labor theory’s logic and assumptions; Marx unintentionally helped fuel a revolution in economic thinking.<em><strong>3.&nbsp; Economic Change Leads to Social Transformation</strong></em>Dr. James Bradford “Brad” DeLong, influential professor of economics at U.C. Berkeley, wrote in 2011 that Marx’s “primary contribution” to economic science actually came in a 10-paragraph stretch of “The Communist Manifesto.” Marx describes how economic growth causes shifts among social classes, often leading to a struggle for political power.This underlies an often unappreciated aspect about economics: the emotions and political activity of the actors involved. A corollary of this argument was later made by French economist Thomas Piketty, who proposed that while nothing was wrong with income inequality in an economic sense, it could create blowback against capitalism among the people. Thus, there is a moral and anthropological consideration to any economic system.Source: Investopedia&nbsp;</h3>\n</html>",
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      "body": "<html>\n<h2>&nbsp;<strong>Economist Guide: 5 Lessons Milton Friedman Teaches Us</strong>By Sean Ross | February 12, 2016When Milton Friedman won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1976, it marked the turning of the tide in academic economic thought, away from doctrinaire Keynesianism and toward the burgeoning “Chicago school.” Friedman brought about a renewed emphasis on prices, inflation and human incentives, a direct counter to Keynes’ focus on employment, interest and public policy.To the extent that Keynes saw himself as the enemy of laissez-faire (evidence suggests this is exactly how he felt), Friedman was the new public face of free markets. Friedman won a major intellectual victory after three decades of Keynesian policies ended in stagflation in the late 1970s, something establishment Keynesians, such as Paul Samuelson, thought was impossible.From a technical perspective, Milton Friedman is best known for his monetary policy and “A Monetary History of the United States,” an epic volume devoted to his scientific work. But this is only one of the many contributions Friedman made to the political economy. The following are five lessons contemporary economists can still learn from Milton Friedman.<em><strong>1.&nbsp; You Should Judge Policies by Their Results, Not Their Intentions</strong></em>In many ways, Milton Friedman was an idealist and libertarian activist, but his economic analysis was always grounded in practical reality. He famously told Richard Heffner, host of “The Open Mind,” in an interview: “One of the great mistakes is to judge policies and programs by their intentions rather than their results.”Many of Friedman’s most controversial positions were based on this principle. He opposed raising the minimum wage because he felt it unintentionally harmed young and low-skilled workers, particularly minorities. He opposed tariffs and subsidies because they unintentionally harmed domestic consumers. His famous 1990 “Open Letter” to then-drug czar Bill Bennett called for the decriminalization of all drugs, mostly because of the devastating unintended effects of the drug war; this letter lost Friedman a swath of conservative supporters, whom he said failed “to recognize that the very measures you favor are a major source of the evils you deplore.”This lesson is critical for economists and policy wonks of all stripes. As Henry Hazlitt once put it: a bad economist only looks at the seen; the good economist looks at the seen and unseen consequences.<em><strong>2.&nbsp; Economics Can Be Communicated to the Masses</strong></em>During Friedman’s landmark interviews on Phil Donahue’s show in 1979 and 1980, the host said his guest was “a man who will never be accused of making economics confusing,” and told Friedman “the nice thing about you is that when you speak, I almost always understand you.” Dr. Friedman gave lectures on college campuses, including Stanford and NYU. He ran a 10-series television program entitled “Free to Choose” and wrote a book with the same name. At all times, Friedman adjusted his content for his audience.Friedman’s gift for communication was rare. Economist Walter Block, sometimes a friendly agitator of Friedman, memorialized his contemporary’s 2006 death by writing, “Milton’s valiant, witty, wise, eloquent and yes, I’ll say it, inspirational analysis must stand out as an example to us all.” More economists should learn from Friedman’s success; learning a social science is not very useful if you cannot communicate it to laypeople.<em><strong>3.&nbsp; Inflation Is Always and Everywhere a Monetary Phenomenon</strong></em>The most famous excerpt from Friedman’s writings and speeches is, “Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon.” He defied the intellectual climate of his era and reasserted the quantity theory of money as a viable economic tenet. In a 1956 paper titled “Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money,” Friedman found that, in the long run, increased monetary growth increases prices but does not really affect output.Friedman’s work busted the classic Keynesian dichotomy on inflation, which asserted that prices rose from either “cost-push” or “demand-pull” sources. It also put monetary policy on the same level as fiscal policy. Amusingly, Friedman’s insight was so sharp in his criticism of the Federal Reserve’s mismanagement of the money supply that the Fed actually stopped releasing minutes from the board’s meetings to avoid his scrutiny.<em><strong>4.&nbsp; Technocrats Cannot Control the Economy</strong></em>In a 1980 Newsweek column, Milton Friedman said: “If you put the federal government in charge of the Sahara Desert, in five years there’d be a shortage of sand.”Friedman was a vicious critic of government power and was convinced free markets operated better on grounds of morality and efficiency. In terms of the actual economics, Friedman rested on a few truisms and basic, incentive-based analyses. He offered that no bureaucrat would or could spend money as wisely or as carefully as the taxpayers from whom it was confiscated. He spoke often of regulatory capture, that phenomenon where powerful special interests co-opt the very agencies designed to control them.Friedman’s lesson is easy to understand: government policy is created and carried out through force, and that force creates unintended consequences that do not come from voluntary trade. Indeed, the valuable political power of government force creates an incentive for the wealthy and devious to misuse it, helping generate what Friedman dubbed “government failure.”<em><strong>5.&nbsp; Government Failures Can Be Just as Bad, or Worse, Than Market Failures</strong></em>Friedman combined his lessons about unintended consequences and the bad incentives of government policy. “Here you have a market failure,” Friedman told a Chicago student in a recorded lecture, “but in those same cases it’s also difficult to have government do anything about it…You have to put into the balance that when government seeks to achieve an answer, you’re likely to have a government failure.”Friedman loved pointing out government failures. He exposed how President Nixon’s wage and price controls led to gas shortages and higher unemployment. He railed against the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) and Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for creating de facto monopolies in transportation and media. Famously, he contended that the combination of public schooling, minimum wage laws, drug prohibition and welfare programs had unintentionally forced many inner city families into cycles of crime and poverty.This concept wraps up many of Friedman’s most powerful ideas: policies have unintended consequences; economists should focus on results, not intentions; and voluntary interactions between consumers and businesses often produce superior results to crafted government decrees.Source: Investopedia&nbsp;</h2>\n</html>",
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