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      "title": "Neurotransmitters: What You need to Know",
      "body": "![Neurotransmitter.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmVppNA3TDnWZaGWV5WwMh4aat6SLXxhZuW73x9YF3cRp3/Neurotransmitter.png)\n\n\n**Neurotransmitters** are chemicals that cross synapses to transmit impulses from a neuron to another neuron, glandular cell, or muscle cell. In other words, neurotransmitters are used to send signals from one part of the body to another. Over 100 neurotransmitters are known. Many are simply constructed from amino acids. Others are more complex molecules.\n\n\n>Neurotransmitters play a major role in shaping everyday life and functions. \n\nTheir exact numbers are unknown, but more than 100 chemical messengers have been uniquely identified.\nFor example, they regulate heartbeat, tell the lungs when to breathe, determine the set point for weight, stimulate thirst, affect mood, and control digestion.\n\nThe synaptic cleft was discovered by Spanish pathologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal in the early 20th century. In 1921, German pharmacologist Otto Loewi verified that communication between neurons was the result of released chemicals. Loewi discovered the first known neurotransmitter, acetylcholine.\n\n![shutterstock_235015666.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmQBaSPv2zbZ1XAuSzDDszG6zA5jQQuw3idC34j3Lx2Vmp/shutterstock_235015666.jpg)\nNeurons and neurological cells\n\n\n# How Neurotransmitters Work\n\nThe axon terminal of a synapse stores neurotransmitters in vesicles. When stimulated by an action potential, synaptic vesicles of a synapse release neurotransmitters, which cross the small distance (synaptic cleft) between an axon terminal and a dendrite via diffusion. When the neurotransmitter binds a receptor at the dendrite, the signal is communicated. The neurotransmitter remains in the synaptic cleft for a short time.\n\nThen it is either returned to the presynaptic neuron through the process of reuptake, metabolized by enzymes, or bound to the receptor.\n\nWhen a neurotransmitter binds to a postsynaptic neuron, it can either excite it or inhibit it. Neurons are often connected to other neurons, so at any given time a neuron may be subject to multiple neurotransmitters.\n\n![Generic_Neurotransmitter_System.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmQfSDAoKsWnWkKwicGEjrMXkaPM6UpBJvXmota3wbAdqp/Generic_Neurotransmitter_System.jpg)\nGeneric Neurotransmitter System\n\n# Types Of Neurotransmitters\n\n\nThere are many different ways to classify neurotransmitters. Dividing them into amino acids, peptides, and monoamines is sufficient for some classification purposes.\n\n**Major Neurotransmitters**\n\n**Amino acids**: glutamate, aspartate, D-serine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine\n\n**Gasotransmitters**: nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)\n**Monoamines**: dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (noradrenaline; NE, NA), epinephrine (adrenaline), histamine, serotonin (SER, 5-HT)\n\n**Trace amines**: phenethylamine, N-methylphenethylamine, tyramine, 3-iodothyronamine, octopamine, tryptamine, etc.\n\n**Peptides**: somatostatin, substance P, cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript, opioid peptides \n\n**Purines**: adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine\n\n**Others**: acetylcholine (ACh), anandamide, etc.\n\nIn addition, over 50 neuroactive peptides have been found, and new ones are discovered regularly. Many of these are \"co-released\" along with a small-molecule transmitter. Nevertheless, in some cases a peptide is the primary transmitter at a synapse. β-endorphinis a relatively well-known example of a peptide neurotransmitter because it engages in highly specific interactions with opioid receptors in the central nervous system.\n\n\n\n![main-qimg-03c36635ca386f74a5e1dd0e064ac067-c.jpeg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmReFRWZuh6bT9hBFa6mdd8ftMUXXiaj7ZhAUYWvaEKDjQ/main-qimg-03c36635ca386f74a5e1dd0e064ac067-c.jpeg)\n\n\n\n\n# Important Neurotransmitter Actions\n\nGlutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in humans, used by about half of the neurons in the human brain. It is the primary excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system. One of its functions is to help form memories. Interestingly, glutamate is toxic to neurons. Brain damage or a stroke can lead to an excess of glutamate, killing neurons.\n\n**GABA** is the primary inhibitory transmitter in the vertebrate brain. It helps to control anxiety. GABA deficiency may result in seizures.\n\n**Glycine** is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate spinal cord.\n\n**Acetylcholine** stimulates muscles, functions in the autonomic nervous system and sensory neurons, and is associated with REM sleep. Many poisons act by blocking acetylcholine receptors. Examples include botulin, curare, and hemlock. Alzheimer's disease is associated with a significant drop in acetylcholine levels.\n\n**Norepinephrine** (noradrenaline) increases heart rate and blood pressure. It is part of the body's \"fight or flight\" system. Norepinephrine is also needed to form memories. Stress depletes stores of this neurotransmitter.\n\n**Dopamine** is an inhibitory transmitter associated with the reward center of the brain. Low dopamine levels are associated with social anxiety and Parkinson's disease, while excess dopamine is related to schizophrenia.\n\n\n**Serotonin** is an inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in mood, emotion, and perception. Low serotonin levels can lead to depression, suicidal tendencies, anger management issues, difficulty sleeping, migraines, and an increased craving for carbohydrates. The body can synthesize serotonin from the amino acid tryptophan, which is found in foods such as warm milk and turkey.\n\n\n**Endorphins** are a class of molecules similar to opioids (e.g., morphine, heroin) in terms of structure and function. The word \"endorphin\" is short for \"endogenous morphine.\" Endorphins are inhibitory transmitters associated with pleasure and pain relief. In other animals, these chemicals slow metabolism and permit hibernation.\n\n![Dollarphotoclub_74190043.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZBdESHYStCAQSkjEAGWpNJdi44iY2hHYcNRdDhniEWGx/Dollarphotoclub_74190043.jpg)\nBrain Chemistry \n\n# Brain neurotransmitter \n\nNeurons expressing certain types of neurotransmitters sometimes form distinct systems, where activation of the system affects large volumes of the brain, called volume transmission. Major neurotransmitter systems include the noradrenaline(norepinephrine) system, the dopaminesystem, the serotonin system, and the cholinergic system, among others. Trace amines have a modulatory effect on neurotransmission in monoamine pathways (i.e., dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin pathways) throughout the brain via signaling through trace amine-associated receptor\n\n\n\n>A balanced brain supports a homeostatic relationship between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter activity.\n\n\n\n\n# Diseases and disorders\n\n\nDiseases and disorders may also affect specific neurotransmitter systems. For example, problems in producing dopamine can result in Parkinson's disease, a disorder that affects a person's ability to move as they want to, resulting in stiffness, tremors or shaking, and other symptoms. Some studies suggest that having too little or too much dopamine or problems using dopamine in the thinking and feeling regions of the brain may play a role in disorders like schizophrenia or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). Similarly, after some research suggested that drugs that block the recycling, or reuptake, of serotonin seemed to help some people diagnosed with depression, it was theorized that people with depressionmight have lower-than-normal serotonin levels. Though widely popularized, this theory was not borne out in subsequent research. Furthermore, problems with producing or using glutamate have been suggestively and tentatively linked to many mental disorders, including autism, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, and depression.\n\n\n\n# Causes of neurotransmitter dysfunction\n\nProlonged periods of stress can deplete neurotransmitters levels. Our fast paced, fast food society greatly contributes to these imbalances.                                                                  \nPoor Diet. Neurotransmitters are made in the body from proteins. Also required are certain vitamins and minerals called \"cofactors\" If your nutrition is poor and you do not take in enough protein, vitamins, or minerals to build the neurotransmitters, a neurotransmitter imbalance develops. We really do think and feel what we eat.\n\nGenetic factors, faulty metabolism, and digestive issues can impair absorption and breakdown of our food which reduces are ability to build neurotransmitters.\n\nToxic substances like heavy metals, pesticides, drug use, and some prescription drugs can cause permanent damage to the nerves that make neurotransmitters.\n\nCertain drugs and substances such as caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, NutraSweet, antidepressants, and some cholesterol lowering medications deplete neurotransmitter levels leading to neurotransmitter imbalances. \n\nHormone changes cause neurotransmitter imbalances\n\n*Resources*\n\n[integrativepsychiatry.net:Imbalance Be Causing Your Mood Problems](https://www.integrativepsychiatry.net/can_a_neurotransmitter_imbalance_be_causing_your_mood_problems.html) \n\n[thoughtco.com: Neurotransmitters Definition And List](https://www.thoughtco.com/neurotransmitters-definition-and-list-4151711) \n\n[en.m.wikipedia.org: Neurotransmitter](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter) \n\n[mindlabpro.com: Neurotransmitters](https://www.mindlabpro.com/blog/nootropics/nootropics-neurotransmitters/) \n\n[psychology.wikia.com: Neurotransmitters](http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Neurotransmitters) \n\n\n*image source*\n[1](http://blog.contentraven.com/learning/3-neurotransmitters-to-enhance-corporate-learning) [2](https://supplementsinreview.com/nootropic/what-are-neurotransmitters/) [3](https://owlcation.com/stem/Structure-of-a-Neuron) [4](https://www.google.com.ng/amp/s/www.jillcarnahan.com/2011/08/16/balancing-your-brain-chemistry-testing-and-treating-neurotransmitter-imbalances/amp/) [5](https://www.slideshare.net/syedabdulnaveed/ans-sns-by-sanaveeed) \n\n*Thanks for visiting my page.\nLeave a comment below if you find the topic helpful. Don't forget to Upvote and Follow @jaybaba. Best Regards @jaybaba*",
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      "body": "![distillation-setup-56a12ce95f9b58b7d0bccb27.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmfHTHyvZmvDDgQ3CMPpQUP3wVd8wYPWnSox3rvsF2aM9r/distillation-setup-56a12ce95f9b58b7d0bccb27.png)\n\n\n\n# Water Purification\n\nWater purification is the removal of contaminants from raw water to produce drinking water that is pure enough for human consumption or for industrial use.\n\nSubstances that are removed during the process include parasites (such as Giardia or Cryptosporidium) , bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, minerals (including toxic metals such as Lead, Copper etc.), and man-made chemical pollutants.\n\nMany contaminants can be dangerous—but depending on the quality standards, others are removed to improve the water's smell, taste, and appearance.\n\nA small amount of disinfectant is usually intentionally left in the water at the end of the treatment process to reduce the risk of re-contamination in the distribution system.\n\n>Many environmental and cost considerations affect the location and design of water purification plants.\n\nGroundwater is cheaper to treat, but aquifers usually have limited output and can take thousands of years to recharge.\n\nSurface water sources should be carefully monitored for the presence of unusual types or levels of microbial/disease causing contaminants.\n\nThe treatment plant itself must be kept secure from vandalism and terrorism.\n\nIt is not possible to tell whether water is safe to drink just by looking at it.\n\nSimple procedures such as boiling or the use of a household charcoal filter are not sufficient for treating water from an unknown source.\n\nEven natural spring water - considered safe for all practical purposes in the 1800s - must now be tested before determining what kind of treatment is needed\n\n![800px-WATER_PURIFIER.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSZXPmAZVMTPpteFybjeBd7qNaG7aLqGqUiWsHPKpNd3f/800px-WATER_PURIFIER.jpg)\nWater purifier\n\nThe goals of the treatment are to remove unwanted constituents in the water and to make it safe to drink or fit for a specific purpose in industry or medical applications. Widely varied techniques are available to remove contaminants like fine solids, micro-organisms and some dissolved inorganic and organic materials, or environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants. The choice of method will depend on the quality of the water being treated, the cost of the treatment process and the quality standards expected of the processed water.\n\nThe processes below are some of the few basic water purification methods. \n\n\n# Boiling\n\nBoiling water is the cheapest and safest method of water purification. Water sources and or channels of distribution may render your water unsafe. For example, parasites and germs are things you may not see by bare eyes, but their effects can be life threatening.\n\n\nBoiling water is used as a method of making it potable by killing microbes that may be present. The sensitivity of different micro-organisms to heat varies, but if water is held at 70 °C (158 °F) for ten minutes, many organisms are killed, but some are more resistant to heat and require one minute at the boiling point of water.\n\n\n![Boiling-Water1_1.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmWishRV7zvYkJ3n3AUULzFtrELU3GupGviygGSvQf5QDB/Boiling-Water1_1.jpg)\n\nBoiling Water \n\nIn this method, clean water should be brought to boil and left at rolling-boil for 1-3 minutes. For people living in high altitude areas, it is recommended to boil your water for longer than water boiled at lower altitudes. This is because water boils at lower temperatures in higher altitudes. Boiled water should be covered and left to cool before drinking. For water drawn from wells, leave it for compounds to settle before you filter out clean water for use.\n\n\n\n![HB-filtration-Process.jpg.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmfZgDjdjNfN5nmvrv8ovbA9gVMLyDbrdx2HYTxovTMZaJ/HB-filtration-Process.jpg.jpg)\nFiltration Process \n\n# Filtration\n\nA water filter removes impurities by lowering contamination of water using a fine physical barrier, a chemical process, or a biological process. Filters cleanse water to different extents for purposes such as providing agricultural irrigation, accessible drinking water, public and private aquaria, and the safe use of ponds and swimming pools.\n\n\n\nFiltration is one of the effective ways of purifying water and when using the right multimedia filters it’s effective in ridding water of the compounds. This method uses chemical and physical processes to purify water and make it safe for human consumption. Filtration eliminates both large compounds and small, dangerous contaminants that cause diseases with a simple and quick filtration process.. Since filtration does not deplete all the mineral salts, water that has been filtered is considered healthier compared to water purified using other methods. \n\n>It’s one of the effective water purification methods that utilize chemical absorption process that effectively removes unwanted compounds from water.\n\n\nCompared to reverse osmosis, filtration is considered effective when it comes to selective elimination of much smaller molecular compounds such as chlorine and pesticides. The other factor that makes filtration less costly is that it does not require a lot of energy needed in distillation and reverse osmosis. It is an economic method of water purification because little water is lost during purification.\n\n\n# Methods of filtration\n\nFilters use sieving, adsorption, ion exchangesand other processes to remove unwanted substances from water. Unlike a sieve or screen, a filter can potentially remove particles much smaller than the holes through which its water passes.\n\nTypes of water filters include media filters, screen filters, disk filters, slow sand filter beds, rapid sand filters, cloth filters, and biological filters such as algae scrubbers. \n\n\n# Portable water filters\n\nWater filters are used by hikers, aid organizations during humanitarian emergencies, and the military. These filters are usually small, portable and lightweight (1-2 pounds/0.5-1.0 kg or less), and usually filter water by working a mechanical hand pump, although some use a siphon drip system to force water through while others are built into water bottles. Dirty water is pumped via a screen-filtered flexible silicon tube through a specialized filter, ending up in a container. These filters work to remove bacteria, protozoa and microbial cysts that can cause disease. Filters may have fine meshes that must be replaced or cleaned, and ceramic water filters must have their outside abraded when they have become clogged with impurities.\n\n![Steam_water_distiller.JPG](https://steemitimages.com/DQmWj9JNPRcQ5yfvPrr8Voj9k3dRXvynxvYihthzxYbhU3P/Steam_water_distiller.JPG)\nWater distiller \n\nA boiling water distiller. Boiling tank on top and holding tank on the bottom.\n\n# Distillation\n\n\nDistilled water is water that has had many of its impurities removed through distillation. Distillation involves boiling the water and then condensing the steam into a clean container.\n\n\nDistillation is a water purification method that utilizes heat to collect pure water in the form of vapor. This method is effective by the scientific fact that water has a lower boiling point than other contaminants and disease-causing elements found in water. Water is subjected to a heat source until it attains its boiling point. It is then left at the boiling point until it vaporizes. This vapor is directed into a condenser to cool. Upon cooling, vapor is reversed into liquid water that is clean and safe for drinking. Other substances that have a higher boiling point are left as sediments in the container.\n\nThis method is effective in removing bacteria, germs, salts and other heavy metals such as lead, mercury and arsenic. \n\n>Distillation is ideal for people who have access to raw, untreated water. \n\nThis method has both advantages and disadvantages. A notable disadvantage is that it is a slow process of water purification. In addition, it requires a heat source for the purification to work. Although cheap sources of energy are being developed, distillation remains a costly process of purifying water. It is only ideal (effective and least costly) when purifying small quantities of water (It is not ideal for large scale, commercial or industrial purification).\n\n\n\n# Applications \n\nDistilled water is preferable to tap water for use in automotive cooling systems. The minerals and ions typically found in tap watercan be corrosive to internal engine components, and can cause a faster depletion of the anti-corrosion additives found in most antifreeze formulations.\n\nDistilled water is also preferable to tap water for use in model steam engine boilers and model engines of other types. Mineral build-up resulting from the use of tap water in model boilers can severely reduce the efficiency of the boilers if run for long periods. This build-up is known as boiler scale.\n\n![disinfection-vacuum-chlorinator-chlorine-cylinder.gif](https://steemitimages.com/DQmboE4iLG1gtkTgrEnXAQqazFPcmbPPr2TCsAyjJiGSTCW/disinfection-vacuum-chlorinator-chlorine-cylinder.gif)\nVacuum Chlorinator with connection to Chlorine Cylinder\n\n\n# Chlorination\n\n\nWater chlorination is the process of adding chlorine (Cl<sub>2 </sub>) or hypochlorite to water. This method is used to kill certain bacteria and other microbes in tap water as chlorine is highly toxic. In particular, chlorination is used to prevent the spread of waterborne diseasessuch as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.\n\n\nChlorine is a powerful chemical that has been in use for many years to treat water for home consumption. \n\n>Chlorine is an effective water purification method that kills germs, parasites and other disease-causing organisms found in ground or tap water. \n\nWater can be purified using chlorine tablets or liquid chlorine. As an off-the-shelf water purification product, chlorine is cheap and effective. However, caution should be taken when using chlorine liquid or tablets to treat drinking water. For example, people suffering from thyroid problems should talk to a medical practitioner before using this product. When using chlorine tablets, it is important to apply them in heated water, as they dissolve well in water that is at 21 degree Celsius or higher. Chlorine tablets kill all bacteria leaving your water clean and safe.\n\n# Disadvantage \n\nDisinfection by chlorination can be problematic, in some circumstances. Chlorine can react with naturally occurring organic compounds found in the water supply to produce compounds known as disinfection by-products (DBPs). The most common DBPs are trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Trihalomethanes are the main disinfectant by-products created from chlorination with two different types, bromoform and dibromochloromethane, which are mainly responsible for health hazards. Their effects depend strictly on the duration of their exposure to the chemicals and the amount ingested into the body. In high doses, bromoform mainly slows down regular brain activity, which is manifested by symptoms such as sleepiness or sedation. Chronic exposure of both bromoform and dibromochloromethane can cause liver and kidney cancer, as well as heart disease, unconsciousness, or death in high doses. Due to the potential carcinogenicity of these compounds, drinking water regulations across the developed world require regular monitoring of the concentration of these compounds in the distribution systems of municipal water systems. The World Health Organization has stated that \"the risks to health from these by-products are extremely small in comparison with the risks associated with inadequate disinfection\".\n\n\nThere are also other concerns regarding chlorine, including its volatile nature which causes it to disappear too quickly from the water system, and organoleptic concerns such as taste and odor.\n\n\n*Sources*\n\n[Wikipedia: Water Chlorination](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_chlorination) \n\n[Methods To Purify Your Water](http://www.schultzsoftwater.com/blog/4-methods-to-purify-your-water) \n\n\n[Wikipedia: Water Filter](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_filter) \n\n[Wikipedia: Water Purification](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification) \n\n[Wikipedia: Distilled Water](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_water) \n\n[Wikipedia: Boiling](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling) \n\n[Science Daily](https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/water_purification.htm) \n\n\n*image sources*\n[1](https://plastomatic.com/industries-served/water-purification/) [2](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_water) [3](http://newbraunfelswatersoftener.com/drinking-water-purification/) [4](http://zeopad.com/water-boiling/) [5](https://www.google.com.ng/amp/www.thewatertreatments.com/disinfection/chlorinators/amp/) [6](http://www.eweb.org/outages-and-safety/water-safety-in-your-home-or-business/drinking-water-quality/water-filtration-process)\n\n*Thanks for visiting my page.\nLeave a comment below if you find the topic helpful. Don't forget to Upvote and Follow @jaybaba. Best Regards @jaybaba*",
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      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"steemstem\",\"science\",\"nigeria\",\"steemiteducation\",\"stemng\"],\"users\":[\"jaybaba\"],\"image\":[\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmUungTNdTWUCorpa1GPJur8KW5ChjViTZiVo8ivQoN95F/bluetooth-nfc-slider.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmPwbqiUWXDTj3tpAXzE1h2XgzdG8BDcH9hN1PsRmXmgfr/bluetooth-1690677_1280.png\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmXQvTv16g3aN9AJp1H61Ak4LmqpkgD5bE7xco4Ve1w6Xs/deepdive1-c594a79f493bf03e1ca9c94a0a98c1ca.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmZ1jC7j9E3iTgaZyHZGB4wN4LPBb3wLoWhXPWonoJiT3x/bluetooth.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmUpnpCcRMiRkTpH9aNnWeSjAwEnFJa2y1Fv6PL5bjum9K/nfc-uses.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmcNGNvjtEN29e7SBjZG7sWq9uxGRnboMTSGCN4YEFkNoL/adventure-2345835_1920.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmWy4Kn1oiix2iq2Wdfc6pZ81sCq7UkfDv1U3FsNxkYao6/DQmWy4Kn1oiix2iq2Wdfc6pZ81sCq7UkfDv1U3FsNxkYao6.gif\"],\"links\":[\"http://www.explainthatstuff.com/howbluetoothworks.html\",\"http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/hardware-technology/difference-between-nfc-and-bluetooth\",\"https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/nfc-explained/2\",\"http://www.viral4real.com/smartphone-users-believed-a-fake-video-regarding-spy-microchip-from-smartphone-batteries-and-started-removing-their-nfc-chips\",\"https://www.easyacc.com/media-center/what-is-bluetooth\",\"https://squareup.com/ca/guides/nfc\",\"https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/what-is-nfc-and-should-you-buy-a-phone-that-has-it-makeuseof-explains/\",\"https://www.secureidnews.com/news-item/will-bluetooth-kill-the-nfc-chip/\",\"pixabay.com\",\"engadget.com\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}"
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      "title": "Explaining Bluetooth And NFC",
      "body": "![bluetooth-nfc-slider.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmUungTNdTWUCorpa1GPJur8KW5ChjViTZiVo8ivQoN95F/bluetooth-nfc-slider.jpg)\n\nBluetooth and NFC have long made their way into mainstream cell phone and devices .But a lot of users don't really no the difference between both devices. As long as they serve our daily uses. \n\n\n**First let's explain the what is Bluetooth and NFC.**\n\n\n# What is Bluetooth\n\nBluetooth is a similar radio-wave technology, but it's mainly designed for communicating over short distances less than about 10m or 30ft. Typically, you might use it to download photos from a digital camera to a PC, to hook up a wireless mouse to a laptop, to link a hands-free headset to your cellphone so you can talk and drive safely at the same time, and so on. Electronic gadgets that work this way have built-in radio antennas (transmitters and receivers) so they can simultaneously send and receive wireless signals to other Bluetooth gadgets. Older gadgets can be converted to work with Bluetooth using plug-in adapters (in the form of USB sticks, PCMCIA laptop cards, and so on). The power of the transmitter governs the range over which a Bluetooth device can operate and, generally, devices are said to fall into one of three classes: class 1 are the most powerful and can operate up to 100m (330ft), class 2 (the most common kind) operate up to 10m (33ft), and class 3 are the least powerful and don't go much beyond 1m (3.3ft).\n\n![bluetooth-1690677_1280.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmPwbqiUWXDTj3tpAXzE1h2XgzdG8BDcH9hN1PsRmXmgfr/bluetooth-1690677_1280.png)\n\n# How Does Bluetooth Work? \n\nBluetooth sends and receives radio waves in a band of 79 different frequencies (channels) centered on 2.45 GHz, set apart from radio, television, and cellphones, and reserved for use by industrial, scientific, and medical gadgets. Don't worry: you're not going to interfere with someone's life-support machine by using Bluetooth in your home, because the low power of your transmitters won't carry your signals that far! Bluetooth's short-range transmitters are one of its biggest plus points. They use virtually no power and, because they don't travel far, are theoretically more secure than wireless networks that operate over longer ranges, such as Wi-Fi. (In practice, there are some security concerns.)\n\n“Bluetooth devices automatically detect and connect to one another and up to eight of them can communicate at any one time. \"\n\n**Quite Interesting. Isn't it?**\n\n\nThey don't interfere with one another because each pair of devices uses a different one of the 79 available channels. If two devices want to talk, they pick a channel randomly and, if that's already taken, randomly switch to one of the others (a technique known as spread-spectrum frequency hopping). To minimize the risks of interference from other electrical appliances (and also to improve security), pairs of devices constantly shift the frequency they're using—thousands of times a second.\n\nWhen a group of two or more Bluetooth devices are sharing information together, they form a kind of ad-hoc, mini computer networkcalled a piconet. Other devices can join or leave an existing piconet at any time. One device (known as the master) acts as the overall controller of the network, while the others (known as slaves) obey its instructions. Two or more separate piconets can also join up and share information forming what's called a scatternet.\n\n\n# What is NFC\n\n\nNFC stands for Near-Field Communication and allows phones, tablets, and laptops to share data with other NFC-equipped devices. The technology evolved from radio-frequency identification (RFID) tech. RFID is behind those security scan cards that get you into the office every day or bypass that tollbooth on your morning commute.\n\n\nNFC is very much like RFID, but NFC is limited to communication within about four inches, which is why you have to hold your phone so close to the contactless reader if you’re using Apple Pay or Samsung Pay. Most people consider NFC’s small radius a major security benefit and it’s one of the reasons that NFC is taking off as a secure alternative to credit cards. The technology can be used for more than making purchases at Bloomingdales, however. NFC can transfer data like videos, contact information, and photos between two NFC-enabled devices.\n\n![deepdive1-c594a79f493bf03e1ca9c94a0a98c1ca.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmXQvTv16g3aN9AJp1H61Ak4LmqpkgD5bE7xco4Ve1w6Xs/deepdive1-c594a79f493bf03e1ca9c94a0a98c1ca.jpg)\n\n# How does NFC work?\n\nUnlike Bluetooth, NFC doesn’t require any kind of manual pairing or device discovery to transfer data. With NFC, a connection is automatically started when another NFC device enters into that previously specified four-inch range. Once in range, the two devices instantaneously communicate and send prompts to the user. There’s huge potential with NFC. Listed below are three major ways we already use NFC between devices.\n\n![bluetooth.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZ1jC7j9E3iTgaZyHZGB4wN4LPBb3wLoWhXPWonoJiT3x/bluetooth.jpg)\n\n# The Difference Between Bluetooth and NFC \n\nOne of the major differences between NFC and Bluetooth is ts range because Bluetooth can work from 10 to 100 meters while NFC is typically good when the 2 devices are no more than 20 centimeters apart. This is actually by design as NFC is only meant to work when the two devices are brought close to each other.\n\n\nAnother difference between the two is speed. Bluetooth may not be quite good enough for networking with just over 2 Mbps, it is good enough for sending a photo to another phone or to your laptop. In contrast, NFC has a speed comparable to a snail’s pace at just over 400 kbps. Again, this is by design as NFC was never meant to facilitate the transfer of files and such.\n\n![nfc-uses.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmUpnpCcRMiRkTpH9aNnWeSjAwEnFJa2y1Fv6PL5bjum9K/nfc-uses.jpg)\n\nWith its slow speed and short range, NFC doesn’t really need a powerful radio unlike Bluetooth. This allows NFC to consume as little power as possible so it can be left on at all times and not affect the phone’s battery by that much.\n\n\n\nadvantage of NFC over Bluetooth is its hassle-free approach to connections. With Bluetooth, you need to turn it on first, find the device, pair them together, then you can do what you want to do. With NFC, bringing the two devices within range is enough to facilitate the communication between the two.\n\n\n\nLastly, there is the ability of NFC to work with passive RFID tags like the ones used on dogs. So if implemented properly, you can use your Smartphone to read the ID of a lost dog to identify its owner. Bluetooth is not compatible with RFID and cannot work in the same way.\n\n\n\nThe many distinct differences between NFC and Bluetooth can be easily explained by their specific functions. Bluetooth is meant for prolonged connections with other devices like computers, headsets, keyboards, and other mobile phones. Fast data speeds and an acceptable range are necessary for its operation. NFC is not really meant for continuous data transfer. Instead, it is meant for short bursts of data to read tags. The applications where NFC can be applied include: payment systems, ID systems, and other similar applications.\n\n![adventure-2345835_1920.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmcNGNvjtEN29e7SBjZG7sWq9uxGRnboMTSGCN4YEFkNoL/adventure-2345835_1920.jpg)\n\n\n# In Conclusion\n\n1. NFC has a much shorter range than Bluetooth.\n2. Bluetooth is much faster than NFC.\n3. Bluetooth consumes more power than NFC.\n4. Bluetooth requires devices to be paired while NFC does not.\n5. NFC works with passive devices while Bluetooth does not.\n6. NFC has a different set of uses than Bluetooth.\n\n\n*Sources*\n[1](http://www.explainthatstuff.com/howbluetoothworks.html) [2](http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/hardware-technology/difference-between-nfc-and-bluetooth) [3](https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/nfc-explained/2) [4](http://www.viral4real.com/smartphone-users-believed-a-fake-video-regarding-spy-microchip-from-smartphone-batteries-and-started-removing-their-nfc-chips) [5](https://www.easyacc.com/media-center/what-is-bluetooth) \n\n\n*image source*\n[1](https://squareup.com/ca/guides/nfc) [2](https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/what-is-nfc-and-should-you-buy-a-phone-that-has-it-makeuseof-explains/) [3](https://www.secureidnews.com/news-item/will-bluetooth-kill-the-nfc-chip/) [4](pixabay.com) [5](pixabay.com) [6](engadget.com) \n\nThanks for visiting my page.\nLeave a comment below if you find the topic helpful. Don't forget to Upvote and Follow @jaybaba. Best Regards @jaybaba*\n\n![DQmWy4Kn1oiix2iq2Wdfc6pZ81sCq7UkfDv1U3FsNxkYao6.gif](https://steemitimages.com/DQmWy4Kn1oiix2iq2Wdfc6pZ81sCq7UkfDv1U3FsNxkYao6/DQmWy4Kn1oiix2iq2Wdfc6pZ81sCq7UkfDv1U3FsNxkYao6.gif)",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"steemstem\",\"science\",\"nigeria\",\"steemiteducation\",\"stemng\"],\"users\":[\"jaybaba\"],\"image\":[\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmUungTNdTWUCorpa1GPJur8KW5ChjViTZiVo8ivQoN95F/bluetooth-nfc-slider.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmPwbqiUWXDTj3tpAXzE1h2XgzdG8BDcH9hN1PsRmXmgfr/bluetooth-1690677_1280.png\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmXQvTv16g3aN9AJp1H61Ak4LmqpkgD5bE7xco4Ve1w6Xs/deepdive1-c594a79f493bf03e1ca9c94a0a98c1ca.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmZ1jC7j9E3iTgaZyHZGB4wN4LPBb3wLoWhXPWonoJiT3x/bluetooth.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmUpnpCcRMiRkTpH9aNnWeSjAwEnFJa2y1Fv6PL5bjum9K/nfc-uses.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmcNGNvjtEN29e7SBjZG7sWq9uxGRnboMTSGCN4YEFkNoL/adventure-2345835_1920.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmWy4Kn1oiix2iq2Wdfc6pZ81sCq7UkfDv1U3FsNxkYao6/DQmWy4Kn1oiix2iq2Wdfc6pZ81sCq7UkfDv1U3FsNxkYao6.gif\"],\"links\":[\"http://www.explainthatstuff.com/howbluetoothworks.html\",\"http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/hardware-technology/difference-between-nfc-and-bluetooth\",\"https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/nfc-explained/2\",\"http://www.viral4real.com/smartphone-users-believed-a-fake-video-regarding-spy-microchip-from-smartphone-batteries-and-started-removing-their-nfc-chips\",\"https://www.easyacc.com/media-center/what-is-bluetooth\",\"https://squareup.com/ca/guides/nfc\",\"https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/what-is-nfc-and-should-you-buy-a-phone-that-has-it-makeuseof-explains/\",\"https://www.secureidnews.com/news-item/will-bluetooth-kill-the-nfc-chip/\",\"pixabay.com\",\"engadget.com\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}"
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      "body": "Solid suggestions here @jaybaba. My big goal in 2018 is to live fully off of cryptocurrency. Ideally, I'd like to be full time on Steemit. I know it's possible and I've got the tangible goals zeroed in!\n\nThanks for sharing this @jaybaba. Yesterday I wrote about the power of NOT succeeding early on. I'd love to hear your thoughts about it: [This Is Why NOT Succeeding Early On Is The Best Thing For You](https://steemit.com/motivation/@axios/this-is-why-not-succeeding-early-on-is-the-best-thing-for-you)",
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