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      "permlink": "this-amazing-bridge-connects-denmark-and-sweden",
      "title": "This Amazing Bridge   Connects Denmark and Sweden",
      "body": "![copenhagen-oresund-bridge-from-the-air.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVQfpMrgYNXCgWyFaq7iovbgRF65PS999YZUVyvRZu1Z4/copenhagen-oresund-bridge-from-the-air.jpg)\nThe Øresund Bridge is an approximately 16 km long road and rail link between Sweden and Denmark. But it is much more than that. The Øresund Bridge has created a region with a population of 3.7 million inhabitants.\n\n## From vision to reality ##\n\nThe concept of a fixed link across Øresund is not new. For centuries, Øresund presented an obstacle to the transport of passengers and freight between Sweden and Denmark. Moreover, it also represented a psychological barrier simply because the mere thought of a difficult journey hampered trade and closer relations.\n\nWith the rise of industrialisation and internationalisation in Europe, the idea of a fixed link became more plausible. From the beginning of the 20th century, several proposals were put forward, although a lack of financing and political support meant that the proposals never got past the drawing board.\n\nStable political and economic environments in both Sweden and Denmark towards the end of the 20th century, however, laid a new foundation for the project. From vision to reality Stronger ties towards Europe also created a need to bring Scandinavia closer to the European continent.\n\nThe decision to build the bridge between Copenhagen and Malmö rather than Elsinore and Helsingborg was based on the wish to bring the two main cities of the Øresund Region closer together. Strategically, the position of the bridge near Copenhagen Airport also played a role.\n\n## Øresundsbro Konsortiet ##\n\nØresundsbro Konsortiet is owned jointly by the Danish and Swedish states. As an independent owner and operator, the Øresund Bridge is responsible for providing a fast, safe and convenient journey across Øresund at competitive prices for both private and corporate customers. \n\nØresundsbro Konsortiet's parent companies are the Danish A/S Øresund and the Swedish Svensk-Danska Broförbindelsen, SVEDAB AB. The two companies have built and financed the hinterland infrastructure in Denmark and Sweden.\n\nIn accordance with an agreement between the two countries, Øresundsbro Konsortiet is entitled to levy charges from users of the link across Øresund. Revenue must cover operating and interest expenses and finance the repayment of the loans raised for the construction of the coast-to-coast link and the landworks on both sides of Øresund.\n\nCommitted and well qualified employees are crucial for the Øresund Bridge’s success. The fact that the Øresund Bridge organisation is an integrated DanishSwedish enterprise where Swedes and Danes use both languages as their working language is a significant advantage in respect of contact with customers and for understanding the region’s integration process\n\n## The link ##\n\nThe Øresund Bridge is an approximately 16 km long road and rail link between Sweden and Denmark. It consists of three sections: a bridge, an artificial island and a tunnel.\n\nThe bridge accounts for half the length of the link (approx. 8 km) with the two 204 m high pylons supporting the 490 m long bridge span across the Flinte channel. This design is known as a cable-stayed bridge. On the bridge, the railway and motorway run on separate levels with the railway on the lower deck and vehicle traffic on the upper deck.\n\nMost of the bridge structures – the bridge piers and bridge spans – were built on land and subsequently towed out to the bridge alignment by a large floating crane. Only the pylons were cast in situ.\n\nLinking the bridge and tunnel, the man-made island of Peberholm, where the railway and motorway run The link parallel to each other, is neighbour to the natural island of Saltholm further to the north. 4 km long, Peberholm was constructed from the material dredged from the Øresund seabed to accommodate the bridge piers and the tunnel.\n\n Peberholm  was built to enable traffic to pass between the bridge, where rail and vehicle traffic run on two levels, to the tunnel where traffic runs on the same level.\n\nThe 4 km immersed tunnel was built by concrete elements cast on land and subsequently towed out and lowered into a trench dredged in the Øresund sea bed.\n\n \n## Peberholm ##\n\nThe artificial island of Peberholm does not merely connect the bridge and tunnel. Because its flora and fauna have been allowed to develop freely, undisturbed by man, the island has become a haven for biologists from Denmark and Sweden. \n\nSince Peberholm’s construction, Lund's Botanical Association has identified more than 500 different species of plant. Although birch, sallow, oak, beech and willow are all found on the island, the strong winds have restricted their growth. Copenhagen’s Zoological Museum has collected beetles and butterflies on the island.\n\nPeberholm serves as a popular breeding ground for birds as well as providing a habitat for the rare green toad. The island is also home to rare spiders and insects.\n\n \n## Safety and traffic ##\n\nThe Øresund Bridge has generated a significant increase in traffic across Øresund. Today, crossing the bridge by car is a matter of 10 minutes. Vehicles pay toll charges at the toll station at Lernacken on the Swedish side. \n\nThe railway is an important part of the Øresund Bridge. Around two-thirds of those travelling across the Øresund Bridge go by train, with the journey between Malmö and Copenhagen taking 35 minutes.\n\nTwo traffic controllers are permanently on duty at the traffic centre next to the toll station at Lernacken. By way of CCTV cameras and automatic alarm systems, the controllers continually monitor traffic and are prepared for any emergency.\n\nThe speed limit on the motorway is usually 90 km per hour in the tunnel and 110 km per hour elsewhere on the link.\n\nIn the event of an emergency, assistance can be summoned through the emergency telephones located along the link. The tunnel is equipped with emergency exits as well as alarm cabinets at intervals of 88 metres, which contain emergency telephones, fire extinguishers and fire alarms.\n\n \n## The Øresund Bridge and the region ##\n\nLinking Scania and Zealand, the Øresund Bridge has created a region with a population of 3.7 million inhabitants. Thanks to the fixed link, it is now easier than ever to live on the one side of Øresund and work on the other. As a result, commuting by car and train has increased dramatically since the bridge was opened, inspiring many Danes to move to Scania. \n\nCultural events, entertainment, shopping, sport and outdoor activities are world class – all within a 100 km radius of Copenhagen/Malmö.\n\nUniversities and other educational institutions work together through the Øresund University which offers students a wide range of opportunities as well as a stimulating research and development environment. The Øresund University ranks among the largest in Europe.\n\nBusiness and industry benefit from Northern Europe’s strongest home market and Copenhagen/Malmö has become the Nordic centre for a large number of international companies. The Øresund Region’s international marketing adds greater strength to many businesses’ export sales as well as attracting new business and jobs to the region.\n\nWelcome to the Øresund Bridge and the Øresund Region!\n\n \n## Historic milestones ##\n\nMarch 23, 1991: Sweden and Denmark sign an agreement to build a fixed link across Øresund.\n\nSeptember 16, 1993: Work begins on the Danish landworks which comprise 9 km motorway and 18 km railway.\n\nAugust 1995: Work on the coast-coast link begins with dredging operations in Øresund.\n\nApril 1, 1997: The first of the two foundations for the high bridge pylons are towed from Malmö to the bridge alignment and lowered into a 17 m deep trench excavated in the sea bed.\n\nAugust 8, 1997: The first of the 20 tunnel elements are towed from the factory at Copenhagen’s North Harbour to Drogden where they are lowered into the dredged tunnel trench.\n\nMarch 16, 1999: The tunnel is completed and the first vehicle drives through it.\n\nAugust 14, 1999: As the final bridge section is placed in position, the link between Denmark and Sweden becomes a reality.\n\nDecember 1, 1999: The final section of the railway between Copenhagen and Malmö is placed in position.\n\nJune 9 – 12, 2000: The Øresund Bridge opens to the public. 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      "body": "![haamonga-maui.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmdSuqv1yXhUhXE47MXuFDLjAyVKJh8wggqmL4N1AVvZJK/haamonga-maui.jpg)\n<div class=\"text-justify\"> Scattered over 700,000 square kilometres in the southern Pacific Ocean are the Tonga islands. On one of the 176 islands that make up Tonga, there stands one of the strangest megalithic monuments in the Pacific, a trilithon called Ha’amonga ‘a Maui (A carrying stick/burden of Maui).\n\nThe kingdom of Tonga is a Polynesian sovereign state and archipelago comprising nearly two hundred islands with around a quarter of them inhabited. The date that the first occupation of the islands took place is ambiguous - as is the dating of most of the archaeological sites in the region. However, the mainstream opinion suggests the first settlers of the islands arrived in around 1500 BC with the oldest occupied site found on the island of Tongatapu, where the unusual megalithic monument exists. </div>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\"> For a start, arriving at and inhabiting these isolated islands over three millennia ago was a big achievement for the Lapita people , the first ones that are believed to have inhabited the island. The Lapita people were a pre-historic culture predating the Polynesians who later populated the islands from Hawaii to Easter Island - clearly showing navigational skills.  The ancient capital of Tonga was the city of Mu’a, the name of which may remind us of the lost continent of Mu (identified with Atlantis), which today is considered by conventional archaeology to be a mythological place.\n\nThe Ha’amonga ‘a Maui is located about 30 km from Nuku-alofa, the capital city of Tongatapu.  The structure is a megalithic trilithon that was said to have been built in about 1200 AD by the king of the time, probably as the entrance to his royal compound Heketa. According to a Tonga nobleman, the trilithon was built to symbolize the brotherhood of the sons of king Tuʻitātui.\n\nA trilithon is a structure that consists of two vertical stones with a third stone supporting the top. Many would be familiar with the most famous trilithons that can be seen at Stonehenge in the United Kingdom. This specific one consists of three coral limestone slabs creating a structure of about 5.2 m high, 5.8 m long and 1.4 m wide with each stone weighing approximately 30 to 40 tonnes.\n\nThere are many legends about the Ha’amonga ‘a Maui. The most prominent story says that the trilithon was made by the Maui demigod(s) because no other mortals would be able to handle such giant stones. It was said that the Maui obtained the stones and carried them on a giant canoe. Maui were legendary demi-gods and they are present in most of the folklore of the Pacific islands. There were four brothers all with the name Maui, powerful with supernatural powers. Hawaii, Tonga, Tahiti and New Zealand all have legends related to the Maui, the first inhabitants of all those islands. But one of the most interesting aspects of the descriptions of Maui demigods is their interest in humans and their efforts to seek immortality for the human race – a topic that we will discuss another time.\n\nThe king of Tonga, Taufa’ahau Tupou IV, suggested in 1967 that the trilithon also had astronomical significance related to solstices and equinoxes.  However, there is no evidence to support this perspective.\n\nThere still remains doubt as to whether the Ha’amonga ‘a Maui was really built for a mortal king of the kingdom of the Tongas in 1200 AD, or whether it came much earlier.  It certainly bears a strong resemblance to prehistoric trilithons around the world, suggesting it is much older than 800 years.  If the latter is true, the questions remain - why was it built and by whom? </div>\n\n> By John Black\n\nhttp://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-oceania/megalithic-gate-haamonga-maui-001187",
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      "permlink": "the-lost-city-of-z-and-the-mysterious-disappearance-of-percy-fawcett",
      "title": "The Lost City of Z and the Mysterious Disappearance of Percy Fawcett",
      "body": "![Lost-City-of-Z.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcPit8fab3oJPtLXqAkdtVZ1eA32gqgR8pNvxndeYnk9R/Lost-City-of-Z.jpg)Since Europeans first arrived in the New World, there have been stories of a legendary jungle city of gold, sometimes referred to as El Dorado.  Spanish Conquistador, Francisco de Orellana was the first to venture along the Rio Negro in search of this fabled city.  In 1925, at the age of 58, explorer Percy Fawcett headed into the jungles of Brazil to find a mysterious lost city he called “Z”.  He and his team would vanish without a trace and the story would turn out be one of the biggest news stories of his day.  Despite countless rescue missions, Fawcett was never found.  Was he killed by Amazonian tribesmen? And is there any factual basis for his Lost City of Z?\n\n Colonel Percy Harrison Fawcett was born in England in 1867 and was a famous British explorer who’s legendary adventures captivated the world.  An officer in the Army and trained surveyor, Fawcett was the last of the great territorial explorers; men who ventured into blank spots on the map with little more than a machete and a compass.  For years he would survive without contact in the wilderness, and befriend tribes who had never before seen a white man.  His exploits in the Amazon inspired books and Hollywood movies; Indiana Jones is purportedly based on Fawcett. \n![Percy-Harrison-Fawcett.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmciNbptqErKXZbLv9c1e98zuSS48KsZdZoYfA1g8va22h/Percy-Harrison-Fawcett.jpg)\nThe Amazon wilderness is about the size of the continental United States and during Fawcett’s time, it remained one of the last unexplored regions on the map.  In 1906, the Royal Geographical Society, a British organization that sponsors scientific expeditions, invited Fawcett to survey part of the frontier between Brazil and Bolivia.  He spent 18 months in the Mato Grosso area and it was during his various expeditions that Fawcett became obsessed with the idea of lost civilizations in this area. \n![wild-wilderness-of-the-Amazon-in-Brazil.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTaWnZSKCZMnGs8emgt3Ns68sjxeJvS5zDcAVQTmhF9Sh/wild-wilderness-of-the-Amazon-in-Brazil.jpg)\n> The wild wilderness of the Amazon in Brazil, where Percy Fawcett conducted numerous expeditions ( Wikimedia Commons )\n\n### Fawcett describes the city of Z \nFawcett formulated theories of a city he called ‘Z’ in 1912.  His conviction was fueled in part by the rediscovery of the lost Inca city of Machu Picchu, in 1911, hidden away in Peru’s Andes Mountains.  During his travels, Fawcett also heard rumors of a secret city buried in the jungles of Chile that was said to have streets paved in silver and roofs made of gold.  Of Z itself, Fawcett had a specific idea of what the city looked like.  In a letter to his son Brian, Fawcett wrote:   \n> I expect the ruins to be monolithic in character, more ancient than the oldest Egyptian discoveries. Judging by inscriptions found in many parts of Brazil, the inhabitants used an alphabetical writing allied to many ancient European and Asian scripts. There are rumors, too, of a strange source of light in the buildings, a phenomenon that filled with terror the Indians who claimed to have seen it.\nThe central place I call “Z” — our main objective — is in a valley surmounted by lofty mountains. The valley is about ten miles wide, and the city is on an eminence in the middle of it, approached by a barreled roadway of stone. The houses are low and windowless, and there is a pyramidal temple. The inhabitants of the place are fairly numerous, they keep domestic animals, and they have well-developed mines in the surrounding hills. Not far away is a second town, but the people living in it are of an inferior order to those of “Z.” Farther to the south is another large city, half buried and completely destroyed. \n\n### Manuscript 512  \nIn 1920, Fawcett came across a document in the National Library of Rio De Janeiro called Manuscript 512.  It was written by a Portuguese explorer in 1753, who claimed to have found a walled city deep in the Mato Grosso region of the Amazon rainforest, reminiscent of ancient Greece.  The manuscript described a lost, silver laden city with multi-storied buildings, soaring stone arches, wide streets leading down towards a lake on which the explorer had seen two white Indians in a canoe.  On the sides of a building were carved letters that seemed to resemble Greek or an early European alphabet.  These claims were dismissed by archaeologists who believed the jungles could not hold such large cities, but for Fawcett, it all came together. \n+ Archaeologists find untouched ruins in their search for the Lost City of the Monkey God \n+ The Search for El Dorado – Lost City of Gold \n+ Have Scientists Finally Discovered the Lost City of Gold? \n![Manuscript.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmbpb6zBgVtStF696YoXYKJbmcrd9avUh19TxyTTE4e493/Manuscript.jpg)\nIn 1921, Fawcett set out on his first expedition to find Z. Not long after departing, he and his team became demoralized by the hardships of the jungle, dangerous animals, and rampant diseases.  The expedition was derailed, but Fawcett would depart in search of his fabled city later again that same year, this time from Bahia, Brazil, on a solo journey.  He traveled this way for three months before returning in failure once again. \n### The disappearance of Percy Fawcett\nPercy’s final search for Z culminated in his complete disappearance.  In April 1925, he attempted one last time to find Z, this time better equipped and better financed by newspapers and societies including the Royal Geographic Society and the Rockefellers.  Joining him on the expedition was his good friend Raleigh Rimell, his eldest 22 year old son, Jack, and two Brazilian laborers.\n\nOn May 29th, 1925, Fawcett and company reached the edge of unexplored territory, staring into jungles that no foreigner had ever seen.  He explained in a letter home they were crossing the Upper Xingu, a southeastern tributary of the Amazon River and had sent one of their Brazilian travel companions back, wishing to continue the journey alone.  The team got as far as a place called Dead Horse Camp, where Fawcett sent back dispatches for five months and after the fifth month they stopped.  In his final dispatch, Fawcett sent a message to his wife Nina and proclaimed “ We hope to get through this region in a few days.... You need have no fear of any failure .”  It was to be the last anyone would ever hear from them again.\n\nThe expedition had previously stated that they had planned to be gone for around a year, so when two years passed without any word, people began to worry.  Numerous expeditions seeking answers were mounted, many of which suffered the same fate as Fawcett.  A journalist named Albert de Winton went out in search of his team and was never seen again.  In total, 13 expeditions would be launched in an effort to find answers to Fawcett’s fate, and over 100 people would lose their lives or join the explorer to vanish into the jungle.  Thousands of people applied to go on these expeditions, and dozens set out looking for them over the next several decades. \n+ The Lost City of Aztlan – Legendary Homeland of the Aztecs \n+ The Search for Cibola, the Seven Cities of Gold\n![routes-taken-by-Percy-Fawcett.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmbdAv4ypVAhcioizk2vVD7tfLhctykRuDufxMU6hxSZU4/routes-taken-by-Percy-Fawcett.jpg)\nThe official report from one of the rescue missions said that Fawcett had gone up the Kululene River and was killed for insulting an Indian chief which is the story most believe today.  However, Fawcett had always talked about maintaining positive relationships with the indigenous people of the area and the way the natives remember him correlates with what Fawcett has written down.  Another possibility is that he and his team died as a result of an accident such as disease or drowning.  A third possibility is that they were caught off guard and robbed and killed.  There had been a revolution in the area not long before and renegade soldiers had been hiding out in the jungle.  On a number of occasions, within months of this expedition, travelers had been stopped, robbed and in some cases murdered by the rebels.\n\nIn 1952, the Kalapalo Indians of Central Brazil reported that some explorers had passed through their region and were killed for speaking badly to the children of the village. The details of their account suggested that the victims were Percy Fawcett, Jack Fawcett and Raleigh Rimmell. Following the report, Brazilian explorer Orlando Villas Boas, investigated the supposed area where they were killed and retrieved human bones, as well as personal objects including a knife, buttons, and small metal objects. \n![Orlando-Villas-Boas.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmPrQFpSeqoSZEV2HBckaXGHWdN7bskq9iSgSF44QcKMLe/Orlando-Villas-Boas.jpg)\nThe bones underwent numerous tests. However, without the DNA of members of Fawcett’s family, who refused to provide samples, no confirmation could be made regarding the identity of the remains. The bones currently reside in the Forensic Medicine Institute of the University of Sao Paulo.\n\nWhile Fawcett’s lost city of Z has never been found, numerous ancient cities and remains of religious sites have been uncovered in recent years in the jungles of Guatemala, Brazil, Bolivia and Honduras. With the advent of new scanning technology, it is possible that an ancient city that spurred the legends of Z, may one day be found. \n\nFeatured image: Illustration of El Dorado, licensed for reuse. ( TheRavens)\n> By Bryan Hilliard\n\nReferences\n\nLost in the Amazon. United States: PBS Home Video, 2011. Film.\n\n\"Secrets of The Dead: Lost in the Amazon.\" PBS. 2015. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/ajax/printable/?id=829&box=2.\n\nMinister, Christopher. \"Francisco De Orellana’s Amazon River Expedition.\" http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/latinamericatheconquest/p/Francisco-De-Orellana-S-Amazon-River-Expedition.htm.\n\n\"Secrets of the Lost City of Z.\" CBSNews. February 10, 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/secrets-of-the-lost-city-of-z/.\n\nSwancer, Brent. \"The Mysterious Lost Expedition for the City of Z | Mysterious Universe.\" Mysterious Universe. August 4, 2014. http://mysteriousuniverse.org/2014/08/the-mysterious-lost-expedition-for-the-city-z/.\n\nGrann, David. \"The Lost City of Z: A Quest to Uncover the Secrets of the Amazon.\" September 19, 2005. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005.",
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      "body": "![0447.jpeg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVdfEzuZoGNMTU1B1UmztGGT63He6AcVVSMHNnsz3mK9s/0447.jpeg)\n**“Los anfibios están realmente desapareciendo. Estamos observando una crisis de la biodiversidad del planeta” (…) unas 35 especies de anfibios se han extinguido durante las últimas décadas y cerca de 1900 especies —32% de los anfibios del Planeta— están amenazadas de extinción. Investigaciones recientes sugieren que las desapariciones de sapitos arlequines pudieran haber estado asociadas a epidemias de quitridiomicosis cutánea, probablemente propiciadas por condiciones climáticas particulares como resultado del cambio climático del planeta.**\n![atelopus_cruciger_imagen_02_1.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRiPR2JtY8pTz53d3hemi5wjAPDLBG3QVgdTUDYarM1ZD/atelopus_cruciger_imagen_02_1.jpg)\n\nA finales de los años 80 se empezaron a observar disminuciones poblacionales y desapariciones enigmáticas de anfibios. Ranas y sapos, otrora muy abundantes, se desvanecieron de varias regiones en todos los continentes, incluso en ambientes prístinos. El carácter anecdótico de muchos de los primeros reportes y el escepticismo de la comunidad científica ante la posibilidad de un fenómeno tan rápido y abrupto silenciaron estas primeras advertencias. Sin embargo, la acumulación y sistematización de evidencias durante la siguiente década finalmente disparó la alarma: **“Los anfibios están realmente desapareciendo. Estamos observando una crisis de la biodiversidad del planeta”.**\n\nHoy, 30 años después de esas primeras declinaciones poblacionales y tras un importante esfuerzo de la comunidad científica internacional para evaluar el estatus de riesgo actual de estos vertebrados a nivel mundial, se tiene una dramática realidad: unas 35 especies de anfibios se han extinguido durante las últimas décadas y cerca de 1900 especies —32% de los anfibios del Planeta— están amenazadas de extinción. Entre las más de mayor riesgo hay 130 especies de ranas que no se han visto desde hace décadas, y a pesar de que aún no han sido declaradas extintas, posiblemente también lo estén. Por ello actualmente los anfibios son, con creces, los vertebrados terrestres más amenazados del mundo y han sufrido la tasa de extinción más acelerada conocida en el registro de la vida – más de 1.000 veces superior al estimado con base al registro fósil. Entre las amenazas más frecuentes que modulan esta pérdida de biodiversidad están la destrucción y degradación de sus hábitats, la introducción de especies exóticas y el cambio climático, aunque la reciente diseminación de un hongo (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) que infecta la piel de los anfibios y produce una enfermedad llamada “quitridiomicosis cutánea” es considerada hoy en día como la mayor amenaza que enfrentan los anfibios.\n\n \n\nUno de los linajes de anfibios más afectados son los sapitos arlequines neotropicales del género Atelopus. Su distribución abarca la mayoría de los ecosistemas húmedos tropicales desde Costa Rica hasta Bolivia, incluyendo algunas especies en la cuenca Amazónica, pero su mayor diversidad está en la Cordillera Andina alrededor de los 1500 metros de elevación. Estos sapitos están activos durante el día y, por lo general, se les observa caminando en el suelo, en la vegetación o las rocas cerca de las quebradas de montaña. Muchos de los Atelopus exhiben coloraciones muy vistosas y llamativas, a veces con patrones muy contrastantes, y de allí su nombre común. Son de tamaño pequeño — desde 2 a 6 cm, siendo las hembras algo más grandes que los machos —, con el hocico aguzado, los ojos relativamente pequeños y con las patas traseras cortas. La textura de la piel es variable —desde lisa hasta tuberculada — y poseen glándulas que producen potentes sustancias tóxicas que alteran el sistema nervioso y cardiovascular de sus depredadores naturales. Los dedos de las manos y pies son cilíndricos y terminan en una punta redondeada —sin discos—, con el primer dedo de la mano bastante reducido en tamaño; no tienen palmeadura entre los dedos de las manos en tanto que los pies pueden exhibir diferentes grados de extensión.\n\n \n\nLos sapitos arlequines se alimentan de artrópodos, consumiendo preferencialmente coleópteros, colémbolos, dípteros, homópteros pero sobre todo hormigas y diminutos arácnidos. Aunque algunas especies se reproducen continuamente a lo largo de todo el año, el pico reproductivo aparentemente está sujeto a la estacionalidad climática– algunas especies se reproducen solo durante la sequía y otras solo en la época de lluvias. Los huevos son colocados sobre un sustrato sumergido en el agua, a orillas de las quebradas — troncos, piedras—, formando cadenas a modo de rosarios que contienen entre 200-300 huevos amarillentos. Los renacuajos de los Atelopus son de tamaño pequeño (aproximadamente 1-2 cm), con el cuerpo ligeramente aplanado, con colas musculosas y de coloración muy oscura salpicada de pequeñas manchitas claras; el aparato bucal está conformado por un disco a modo de ventosa que les permite adherirse firmemente a las rocas mientras se alimentan de algas microscópicas.\n\n \n\nEn las últimas tres décadas prácticamente todo este grupo de sapos ha desaparecido. De las 97 especies de Atelopus descritas hasta el momento, tres (3%) están extintas, 66 (68%) se consideran en peligro crítico, seis en peligro y otras cinco vulnerables. En Venezuela se conocen nueve especies (más otra aún sin describir) de las cuales ocho están en peligro crítico y una, el sapito arlequín de Maracay Atelopus vogli, ha sido formalmente declarado como extinto. Investigaciones recientes sugieren que las desapariciones de sapitos arlequines pudieran haber estado asociadas a epidemias de quitridiomicosis cutánea, probablemente propiciadas por condiciones climáticas particulares como resultado del cambio climático del planeta.\n\n \n\nEn vista de esta situación se ha sugerido desarrollar, a la brevedad, estrategias de conservación para los sapitos arlequines con un enfoque multidisciplinario. Estos programas incluyen desde estudios básicos de su taxonomía, genética, ecología y enfermedades, hasta la búsqueda y el monitoreo de poblaciones remanentes, la protección de sus hábitats y la reproducción y mantenimiento de ejemplares en cautiverio. En este sentido desde el 2005, y tras importantes esfuerzos para ubicar los Atelopus en las localidades históricamente conocidas, solo se han encontrado poblaciones de cinco especies con abundantes individuos —Atelopus cruciger, A. flavescens, A. gracilis, A. hoogmoedi y A. pulcher— todas ellas en localidades de baja elevación; en las tierras altas solo se ha encontrado a A. laetissimus y A. nahumae en algunas localidades de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta en Colombia. Las intensas prospecciones realizadas en la Cordillera de Mérida en Venezuela no tuvieron resultados nada esperanzadores; solo se encontró una hembra de Atelopus mucubajiensis en septiembre del 2004 – infectada con Bd - sin avistamientos de ninguna otra de las seis especies conocidas para esta región.\n\n \n\nDebido a que solo se conocen tratamientos para la quitridomicosis efectivos en individuos en cautiverio, la cría ex situ parece ser actualmente la única alternativa para la conservación de este grupo. Instituciones en Ecuador, Panamá y Estados Unidos adelantan proyectos de mantenimiento y reproducción en cautiverio de más de una docena de especies de sapitos arlequines (Tabla 1). Con base a estas experiencias, algunas de ellas con más de una década, actualmente se cuenta con protocolos eficientes para la cría de estos sapitos arlequines, los cuales sirven de base para implementar nuevas iniciativas.\n\n \n\n¿Qué pasó con el sapito rayado de la Cordillera de la Costa de Venezuela?\n\n \n\nEl sapito rayado o sapito arlequín de Rancho Grande, Atelopus cruciger, es la única especie venezolana de este género con una distribución geográfica y altitudinal amplia. Se le encontraba desde el nivel del mar hasta los 2400 m de elevación en toda la Cordillera de La Costa venezolana, tanto en los bosques nublados, semi-deciduos y de galería, hasta los ecotonos e incluso en áreas intervenidas. Este sapito, uno de los más abundantes y conspicuos en toda su distribución, fue visto por última vez en 1986. La presencia del hongo en los últimos ejemplares recolectados sugiere a la quitridiomicosis como causa probable de su desaparición. Por casi 20 años, y pese a las insistentes búsquedas para encontrarlo, no fue hasta el 2003 que se observó incidentalmente un ejemplar. Tras este hallazgo inicial, se desarrolló un intenso proyecto de exploraciones en localidades históricas y, en el 2004, se descubrieron dos poblaciones remanentes en las cuencas bajas de los ríos Cata y Cuyagua, en la cara norte de la Cordillera Central Costera de Venezuela.\n\n \n\nEstos descubrimientos trajeron esperanzas. En 2005 se inició un programa de monitoreo poblacional y epidemiológico de la población del río Cata, que se ha mantenido activo durante los últimos 10 años. Los resultados de este esfuerzo —el monitoreo más largo e intenso de cualquier especie de anfibios en Suramérica— señalan que la población de Atelopus cruciger en Cata no está declinando, incluso podría haber incrementado en el último par de años, pese a que el 10-17% de los individuos están infectados por el hongo. Se cree que el clima cálido, característico de esta localidad de tierras bajas (27°C en promedio), actúa como un “refugio térmico” donde el sapito rayado subsiste, ya que el hongo crece muy lentamente a estas temperaturas. Hace tres años se iniciaron actividades de monitoreo semejante en el río Cuyagua, a fin de comparar la dinámica de estas dos poblaciones relictuales.\n\n \n\nA la par de este proyecto, se han realizado estudios sobre la dieta de los adultos y los parásitos helmintos (con ejemplares de museos), los patrones de uso de hábitat y algunos aspectos reproductivos de los individuos silvestres. También se intentó implementar un plan piloto para la conservación ex situ del sapito rayado en 2005-2006, pero no se obtuvo el respaldo necesario para la recolecta y manipulación de esta especie en peligro crítico. Este es un tema de suma importancia que aún se encuentra pendiente. Además, se iniciarán estudios sobre la diversidad genética del sapito rayado con el uso de técnicas moleculares (microsatélites), de cara al desarrollo de estrategias de repoblación para su conservación a mediano y largo plazo.\n\n  # El futuro del sapito rayado es incierto.\n La presencia del hongo en las poblaciones remanentes amenaza con nuevas epidemias con consecuencias nefastas. Por ello recomendamos, muy firmemente, la protección integral – vegetación y cuerpos de agua - de las localidades donde actualmente persiste el sapito rayado y la continua supervisión de sus poblaciones. A la par, resulta urgente y prioritario iniciar la cría ex situ, probablemente la única alternativa eficaz para la conservación de hermoso y característico sapito de la Cordillera Costera de nuestro país. La buena voluntad y la sinergia entre investigadores y académicos, las comunidades locales, el Estado y los financistas públicos y privados son imprescindibles. En todos reposa la responsabilidad de salvar al sapito rayado. \n\n >Artículo de J. Celsa Señaris y Margarita Lampo",
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      "body": "# Caleta Tortel, the city that does not touch the ground (Chile)\n\nThe town of Caleta Tortel is located in one of the rainiest regions of the world: they can fall some 4000 millimeters per year. For this reason, the city of Caleta Tortel is elevated and proof against any setback due to the abundant rainfall, connected by numerous wooden footbridges. Of course, cars are not used nor there are streets, and until a few years ago, you could only reach the place by boat. ![1.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmemnJrArcNnCJz4dRgJv6A1axP7sqFjUJpRk3SHBfrMvC/1.jpg)\n\n# Purmamarca and the hill of seven colors \nPuermamarca that a small town in the Quebrada de Humahuaca, famous for being at the foot of a hill of \"Siete Colores\". The environment of the place and the environment could not be more special: a place stopped in time and surrounded by shades on the mountain that exceed our capacity for amazement.![2.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSJ6f5XQKZdhnvuMDhPKiQNiy4WjVbF7QAVjFK61KkNaV/2.jpg) ![3.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmPNrRJhP3sGgcEikGS2p39qcRX42efp5JTaLLo2nmDUhi/3.jpg)\n\n# Salinas de Uyuni, Bolivia\n![000.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmWSeHBdkHab1P3W2syUiKW6hy2B7LpQHfThUuCcYF989i/000.jpg)![00.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXVmPXn7xedjNZMDeWkiwdMbyq4ng5LqbGmBmciUGwn73/00.jpg)\nIt is the largest desert in the whole world. It is also where heaven and earth mingle, giving you a sin for opportunities to take photographs.\n# Jungle of the Amazon, on the border with Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Bolivia.  \n![amazonas.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTcCYSiY5U4hDwJuGpxjSmUyaGwC5Sztx1PrnccJGXnjM/amazonas.jpg) ![amazonxa_rpp.jpg_1718483347.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVcnjDf5ChahuUFCsiBxAQpyZDFhJ83WdTK5iQcqhnwoa/amazonxa_rpp.jpg_1718483347.jpg) \nSo different and monumental, we would need all the other destinations to do all the things you can do here. Regardless, it's amazing!\n\nhttps://www.buzzfeed.com/conzpreti/26-lugares-impresionantes-en-america-latina-que-us?utm_term=.qczVV8bdB#.sfL99LRYZ",
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